| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| TVC WP | 0.026 [-0.009, 0.062] | 0.036 [-0.004, 0.075] | 0.040 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.037 [-0.002, 0.076] | 0.037 [-0.001, 0.076] | 0.039 [0.000, 0.079] |
| TCE WP | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] | 0.006 [-0.018, 0.031] | 0.011 [-0.012, 0.037] | 0.009 [-0.014, 0.034] | 0.009 [-0.015, 0.034] | 0.009 [-0.014, 0.035] |
| SNS WP | 0.042 [0.011, 0.074] | 0.038 [0.004, 0.074] | 0.042 [0.008, 0.078] | 0.039 [0.008, 0.074] | 0.039 [0.008, 0.069] | 0.041 [0.009, 0.076] |
| Weekend WP | 0.033 [0.016, 0.050] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.052] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] |
| TVC WP variance | 0.065 [0.064, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] |
| TCE WP variance | 0.146 [0.143, 0.149] | 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] | 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] | 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] | 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] | 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] |
| SNS WP variance | 0.075 [0.073, 0.076] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.231 [0.226, 0.236] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] |
| R2 within | 0.046 [0.035, 0.056] | 0.044 [0.032, 0.053] | 0.044 [0.032, 0.053] | 0.043 [0.032, 0.053] | 0.042 [0.033, 0.053] | 0.044 [0.032, 0.053] |
| TVC BP | -0.403 [-0.807, -0.012] | -0.667 [-1.106, -0.242] | -0.529 [-0.968, -0.106] | -0.454 [-0.888, -0.032] | -0.508 [-0.905, -0.111] | -0.514 [-0.957, -0.081] |
| TCE BP | -0.162 [-0.306, -0.019] | -0.190 [-0.351, -0.035] | -0.147 [-0.304, 0.006] | -0.147 [-0.305, 0.005] | -0.087 [-0.226, 0.050] | -0.130 [-0.292, 0.026] |
| SNS BP | -0.165 [-0.347, 0.015] | -0.185 [-0.374, 0.005] | -0.165 [-0.352, 0.024] | -0.153 [-0.337, 0.036] | -0.100 [-0.279, 0.076] | -0.139 [-0.328, 0.053] |
| Personality trait | 0.106 [0.070, 0.143] | 0.141 [0.094, 0.188] | 0.147 [0.100, 0.193] | -0.273 [-0.309, -0.238] | 0.005 [-0.045, 0.053] | |
| Personality trait * TVC WP | -0.037 [-0.088, 0.012] | 0.042 [-0.023, 0.106] | -0.002 [-0.065, 0.065] | 0.036 [-0.018, 0.090] | 0.052 [-0.021, 0.122] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.033 [-0.064, -0.002] | 0.032 [-0.009, 0.070] | 0.030 [-0.010, 0.067] | 0.019 [-0.013, 0.052] | 0.009 [-0.033, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.025] | 0.040 [-0.006, 0.086] | 0.008 [-0.042, 0.059] | 0.030 [-0.016, 0.071] | 0.027 [-0.020, 0.081] | |
| Well-being - TVC WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] | -0.023 [-0.044, -0.003] | -0.027 [-0.048, -0.007] | -0.024 [-0.044, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.038, -0.001] | -0.026 [-0.046, -0.004] |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.028, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] | -0.022 [-0.035, -0.009] | -0.022 [-0.034, -0.009] | -0.016 [-0.027, -0.004] | -0.021 [-0.034, -0.008] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] | -0.017 [-0.034, 0.001] | -0.019 [-0.036, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.034, 0.000] | -0.015 [-0.031, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.035, 0.000] |
| TVC WP - TCE WP covariance | 0.031 [0.016, 0.047] | 0.023 [0.009, 0.040] | 0.023 [0.009, 0.040] | 0.024 [0.010, 0.041] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.043] | 0.024 [0.009, 0.040] |
| TVC WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.005, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.035] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.035] | 0.016 [-0.006, 0.036] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.020 [0.008, 0.030] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.028] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.030] |
| TVC BP mean | 0.084 [0.078, 0.090] | 0.082 [0.075, 0.089] | 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] | 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] | 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] | 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] |
| TCE BP mean | 0.280 [0.266, 0.294] | 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] | 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] | 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] | 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] | 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] |
| SNS BP mean | 0.127 [0.117, 0.138] | 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] | 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] | 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] | 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] | 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.955 [2.888, 3.022] | 3.000 [2.927, 3.073] | 2.973 [2.902, 3.044] | 2.964 [2.892, 3.035] | 2.947 [2.882, 3.014] | 2.963 [2.890, 3.036] |
| TVC BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.010] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| TCE BP variance | 0.051 [0.046, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] |
| SNS BP variance | 0.031 [0.028, 0.034] | 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] | 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] | 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] | 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] | 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.228 [0.210, 0.249] | 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] | 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] | 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] | 0.184 [0.168, 0.203] | 0.227 [0.207, 0.250] |
| Slope TVC WP residual variance | 0.066 [0.042, 0.096] | 0.073 [0.048, 0.101] | 0.072 [0.047, 0.101] | 0.072 [0.047, 0.102] | 0.069 [0.046, 0.099] | 0.071 [0.046, 0.101] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.022, 0.046] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] | 0.026 [0.012, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.014, 0.038] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.013, 0.043] | 0.023 [0.011, 0.041] | 0.022 [0.010, 0.041] | 0.024 [0.011, 0.042] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.041] | 0.023 [0.011, 0.041] |
| R2 between | 0.017 [0.004, 0.042] | 0.047 [0.021, 0.085] | 0.039 [0.018, 0.069] | 0.037 [0.018, 0.065] | 0.117 [0.089, 0.150] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.046] |
| R2 TVC WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.039] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.074] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| Number of participants | 1,333 | 1,121 | 1,121 | 1,121 | 1,120 | 1,121 |
| Number of observations | 19,007 | 16,426 | 16,426 | 16,426 | 16,421 | 16,426 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| TVC WP | 0.059 [0.016, 0.104] | 0.076 [0.023, 0.126] | 0.077 [0.026, 0.127] | 0.077 [0.024, 0.127] | 0.075 [0.024, 0.124] | 0.072 [0.020, 0.122] |
| TCE WP | 0.007 [-0.021, 0.035] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.026, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.025, 0.043] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.041] | 0.010 [-0.025, 0.043] |
| SNS WP | 0.043 [0.004, 0.079] | 0.031 [-0.007, 0.072] | 0.032 [-0.007, 0.072] | 0.029 [-0.010, 0.070] | 0.032 [-0.008, 0.072] | 0.034 [-0.005, 0.074] |
| Weekend WP | 0.078 [0.057, 0.100] | 0.078 [0.054, 0.103] | 0.078 [0.054, 0.103] | 0.077 [0.053, 0.102] | 0.077 [0.053, 0.102] | 0.078 [0.054, 0.103] |
| TVC WP variance | 0.068 [0.066, 0.069] | 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] | 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] |
| TCE WP variance | 0.138 [0.134, 0.142] | 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] | 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] | 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] | 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] | 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] |
| SNS WP variance | 0.072 [0.070, 0.074] | 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] | 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] | 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] | 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] | 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.240 [0.233, 0.247] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] | 0.242 [0.234, 0.249] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] |
| R2 within | 0.033 [0.025, 0.043] | 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] | 0.032 [0.020, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.020, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.020, 0.043] |
| TVC BP | -0.750 [-1.270, -0.211] | -0.714 [-1.332, -0.119] | -0.646 [-1.256, -0.055] | -0.609 [-1.208, -0.029] | -0.583 [-1.147, -0.038] | -0.632 [-1.251, -0.039] |
| TCE BP | -0.194 [-0.369, -0.014] | -0.131 [-0.335, 0.078] | -0.112 [-0.313, 0.093] | -0.088 [-0.286, 0.114] | -0.100 [-0.284, 0.090] | -0.104 [-0.306, 0.102] |
| SNS BP | -0.095 [-0.327, 0.132] | -0.012 [-0.265, 0.241] | -0.005 [-0.258, 0.244] | 0.034 [-0.212, 0.283] | 0.016 [-0.215, 0.248] | 0.011 [-0.241, 0.263] |
| Personality trait | 0.039 [-0.006, 0.086] | 0.070 [0.008, 0.132] | 0.127 [0.068, 0.186] | -0.247 [-0.294, -0.200] | 0.017 [-0.044, 0.079] | |
| Personality trait * TVC WP | -0.006 [-0.069, 0.053] | -0.075 [-0.156, 0.011] | -0.030 [-0.107, 0.049] | 0.036 [-0.035, 0.106] | -0.088 [-0.166, -0.008] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.016 [-0.058, 0.025] | -0.051 [-0.107, 0.005] | 0.003 [-0.051, 0.060] | 0.039 [-0.007, 0.083] | -0.013 [-0.068, 0.040] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | -0.013 [-0.067, 0.041] | 0.023 [-0.043, 0.090] | 0.038 [-0.027, 0.105] | 0.006 [-0.047, 0.061] | 0.006 [-0.069, 0.075] | |
| Well-being - TVC WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] | -0.003 [-0.028, 0.022] | -0.003 [-0.029, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.022, 0.023] | -0.004 [-0.029, 0.021] |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.012] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] | 0.006 [-0.010, 0.020] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.018] | 0.010 [-0.005, 0.023] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.018] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.028, 0.009] | -0.009 [-0.027, 0.012] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.011] | -0.011 [-0.030, 0.009] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.011] | -0.009 [-0.028, 0.012] |
| TVC WP - TCE WP covariance | 0.022 [0.006, 0.039] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.001, 0.037] | 0.020 [0.006, 0.039] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.019 [0.005, 0.038] |
| TVC WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.009, 0.028] | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.008 [-0.009, 0.026] | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.011] | 0.004 [-0.005, 0.015] | 0.005 [-0.005, 0.015] | 0.004 [-0.006, 0.014] | 0.005 [-0.005, 0.015] | 0.005 [-0.005, 0.016] |
| TVC BP mean | 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] |
| TCE BP mean | 0.264 [0.246, 0.281] | 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] | 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] | 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] | 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] | 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] |
| SNS BP mean | 0.120 [0.107, 0.134] | 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] | 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] | 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] | 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] | 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.949 [2.867, 3.028] | 2.936 [2.844, 3.024] | 2.924 [2.835, 3.011] | 2.910 [2.821, 2.994] | 2.915 [2.832, 2.994] | 2.920 [2.830, 3.007] |
| TVC BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.009] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| TCE BP variance | 0.049 [0.043, 0.055] | 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] | 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] | 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] | 0.045 [0.039, 0.052] | 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] |
| SNS BP variance | 0.028 [0.024, 0.031] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.207 [0.186, 0.232] | 0.192 [0.168, 0.219] | 0.191 [0.168, 0.218] | 0.187 [0.165, 0.213] | 0.159 [0.140, 0.183] | 0.193 [0.170, 0.221] |
| Slope TVC WP residual variance | 0.055 [0.030, 0.090] | 0.053 [0.022, 0.091] | 0.051 [0.023, 0.088] | 0.052 [0.022, 0.090] | 0.051 [0.023, 0.088] | 0.048 [0.018, 0.085] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.002, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.002, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.031] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.011 [0.004, 0.028] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.027] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.027] | 0.009 [0.003, 0.026] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.027] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.027] |
| R2 between | 0.033 [0.008, 0.072] | 0.031 [0.007, 0.076] | 0.028 [0.007, 0.069] | 0.039 [0.016, 0.078] | 0.114 [0.076, 0.161] | 0.023 [0.004, 0.063] |
| R2 TVC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.030 [0.001, 0.117] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.034 [0.000, 0.151] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.417] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.016 [0.000, 0.195] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.186] | 0.033 [0.000, 0.301] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.115] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.128] | |
| Number of participants | 824 | 619 | 619 | 619 | 619 | 619 |
| Number of observations | 11,802 | 9,350 | 9,350 | 9,350 | 9,350 | 9,350 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| TVC WP | 0.190 [0.145, 0.235] | 0.197 [0.148, 0.244] | 0.201 [0.152, 0.250] | 0.196 [0.147, 0.245] | 0.196 [0.147, 0.245] | 0.199 [0.152, 0.246] |
| TCE WP | 0.146 [0.093, 0.200] | 0.131 [0.071, 0.187] | 0.144 [0.088, 0.201] | 0.135 [0.078, 0.191] | 0.132 [0.074, 0.190] | 0.138 [0.081, 0.198] |
| SNS WP | 0.123 [0.011, 0.232] | 0.160 [0.043, 0.280] | 0.162 [0.042, 0.279] | 0.161 [0.040, 0.280] | 0.162 [0.040, 0.286] | 0.152 [0.019, 0.266] |
| Weekend WP | 0.209 [0.187, 0.231] | 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] | 0.212 [0.189, 0.236] | 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] | 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] | 0.210 [0.186, 0.233] |
| TVC WP variance | 0.070 [0.069, 0.071] | 0.071 [0.070, 0.072] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.071 [0.070, 0.072] |
| TCE WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.047 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] |
| SNS WP variance | 0.013 [0.013, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.904 [0.892, 0.917] | 0.910 [0.896, 0.924] | 0.912 [0.898, 0.925] | 0.914 [0.900, 0.927] | 0.912 [0.898, 0.926] | 0.908 [0.894, 0.921] |
| R2 within | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.022, 0.032] | 0.027 [0.023, 0.032] | 0.026 [0.022, 0.031] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.023, 0.032] |
| TVC BP | -0.062 [-0.878, 0.746] | -0.084 [-0.883, 0.716] | 0.017 [-0.809, 0.836] | 0.128 [-0.720, 0.973] | 0.267 [-0.492, 1.013] | 0.285 [-0.538, 1.133] |
| TCE BP | 0.021 [-0.495, 0.532] | 0.046 [-0.453, 0.538] | -0.001 [-0.549, 0.530] | 0.030 [-0.496, 0.539] | 0.433 [-0.030, 0.898] | 0.080 [-0.448, 0.612] |
| SNS BP | 1.101 [-0.500, 2.700] | 0.729 [-0.795, 2.296] | 1.187 [-0.438, 2.813] | 1.349 [-0.230, 2.904] | 1.083 [-0.323, 2.489] | 1.237 [-0.378, 2.837] |
| Personality trait | 0.371 [0.293, 0.450] | 0.279 [0.175, 0.384] | 0.235 [0.142, 0.328] | -0.517 [-0.583, -0.449] | 0.007 [-0.089, 0.101] | |
| Personality trait * TVC WP | -0.011 [-0.078, 0.057] | -0.051 [-0.134, 0.034] | -0.008 [-0.081, 0.066] | -0.009 [-0.069, 0.052] | 0.050 [-0.025, 0.124] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.079 [-0.165, 0.008] | -0.055 [-0.159, 0.041] | -0.043 [-0.130, 0.038] | 0.020 [-0.054, 0.094] | -0.018 [-0.108, 0.076] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | -0.031 [-0.184, 0.119] | -0.065 [-0.261, 0.130] | -0.008 [-0.186, 0.172] | 0.011 [-0.132, 0.153] | 0.022 [-0.160, 0.185] | |
| Well-being - TVC WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.075, 0.003] | -0.029 [-0.069, 0.009] | -0.026 [-0.066, 0.015] | -0.032 [-0.071, 0.008] | -0.035 [-0.071, 0.001] | -0.034 [-0.077, 0.005] |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.073, 0.031] | 0.002 [-0.051, 0.052] | -0.005 [-0.060, 0.048] | -0.006 [-0.056, 0.046] | -0.004 [-0.048, 0.043] | -0.006 [-0.059, 0.050] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.135, 0.073] | -0.012 [-0.118, 0.091] | -0.020 [-0.113, 0.084] | -0.022 [-0.124, 0.069] | -0.016 [-0.109, 0.073] | -0.034 [-0.138, 0.083] |
| TVC WP - TCE WP covariance | 0.039 [0.004, 0.072] | 0.040 [0.009, 0.073] | 0.036 [0.003, 0.071] | 0.035 [0.003, 0.071] | 0.036 [0.002, 0.072] | 0.041 [0.008, 0.078] |
| TVC WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.039, 0.088] | 0.012 [-0.054, 0.077] | 0.015 [-0.052, 0.079] | 0.017 [-0.041, 0.085] | 0.021 [-0.035, 0.090] | 0.006 [-0.055, 0.077] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.073 [-0.005, 0.147] | 0.073 [-0.001, 0.145] | 0.061 [-0.001, 0.130] | 0.079 [0.015, 0.145] | 0.081 [0.015, 0.149] | 0.074 [0.002, 0.143] |
| TVC BP mean | 0.088 [0.082, 0.094] | 0.089 [0.082, 0.096] | 0.090 [0.083, 0.096] | 0.089 [0.083, 0.096] | 0.089 [0.083, 0.096] | 0.089 [0.082, 0.096] |
| TCE BP mean | 0.072 [0.063, 0.081] | 0.072 [0.064, 0.082] | 0.072 [0.062, 0.081] | 0.072 [0.063, 0.081] | 0.072 [0.063, 0.082] | 0.072 [0.063, 0.082] |
| SNS BP mean | 0.016 [0.013, 0.019] | 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] | 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] | 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] | 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] | 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.764 [0.661, 0.868] | 0.763 [0.659, 0.870] | 0.750 [0.643, 0.857] | 0.733 [0.624, 0.841] | 0.696 [0.601, 0.793] | 0.720 [0.612, 0.826] |
| TVC BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| TCE BP variance | 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] | 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] | 0.015 [0.013, 0.016] | 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] | 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] | 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] |
| SNS BP variance | 0.002 [0.001, 0.002] | 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] | 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] | 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] | 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] | 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.758 [0.687, 0.840] | 0.634 [0.571, 0.705] | 0.685 [0.618, 0.764] | 0.680 [0.612, 0.756] | 0.536 [0.481, 0.597] | 0.709 [0.639, 0.789] |
| Slope TVC WP residual variance | 0.100 [0.066, 0.139] | 0.103 [0.066, 0.147] | 0.101 [0.068, 0.142] | 0.101 [0.066, 0.144] | 0.102 [0.067, 0.144] | 0.098 [0.062, 0.142] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.083 [0.046, 0.128] | 0.088 [0.048, 0.136] | 0.081 [0.046, 0.129] | 0.080 [0.045, 0.129] | 0.082 [0.047, 0.128] | 0.090 [0.051, 0.138] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.213 [0.109, 0.359] | 0.204 [0.096, 0.350] | 0.205 [0.102, 0.398] | 0.204 [0.098, 0.365] | 0.203 [0.104, 0.360] | 0.199 [0.084, 0.356] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.021] | 0.061 [0.039, 0.087] | 0.028 [0.013, 0.050] | 0.026 [0.011, 0.048] | 0.153 [0.118, 0.191] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.027] |
| R2 TVC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.033] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.019 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | |
| Number of participants | 861 | 761 | 756 | 760 | 760 | 758 |
| Number of observations | 41,035 | 36,563 | 36,371 | 36,553 | 36,557 | 36,491 |
Note: Effect of TVC, TCE, and SNS on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.033 [-0.077, 0.011] | -0.037 [-0.088, 0.013] | -0.038 [-0.089, 0.012] | -0.036 [-0.088, 0.014] | -0.037 [-0.089, 0.013] | -0.037 [-0.088, 0.013] |
| SNS WP | -0.024 [-0.081, 0.032] | -0.032 [-0.095, 0.028] | -0.033 [-0.096, 0.028] | -0.032 [-0.096, 0.030] | -0.034 [-0.101, 0.027] | -0.034 [-0.096, 0.028] |
| Family WP | -0.042 [-0.097, 0.010] | -0.037 [-0.097, 0.017] | -0.040 [-0.101, 0.015] | -0.039 [-0.100, 0.016] | -0.038 [-0.098, 0.017] | -0.035 [-0.095, 0.019] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.068 [-0.134, -0.006] | -0.063 [-0.129, -0.003] | -0.060 [-0.126, 0.001] | -0.064 [-0.131, -0.001] | -0.066 [-0.138, -0.004] | -0.062 [-0.128, -0.003] |
| Weekend WP | 0.018 [-0.013, 0.049] | 0.026 [-0.007, 0.059] | 0.026 [-0.008, 0.058] | 0.026 [-0.007, 0.059] | 0.024 [-0.009, 0.057] | 0.025 [-0.008, 0.058] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.238 [0.228, 0.248] | 0.235 [0.225, 0.246] | 0.235 [0.225, 0.246] | 0.235 [0.225, 0.245] | 0.234 [0.224, 0.245] | 0.235 [0.225, 0.246] |
| R2 within | 0.039 [0.028, 0.049] | 0.038 [0.024, 0.054] | 0.038 [0.024, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.025, 0.057] | 0.040 [0.032, 0.052] | 0.038 [0.025, 0.054] |
| Personality trait | 0.063 [0.023, 0.103] | 0.147 [0.096, 0.199] | 0.143 [0.092, 0.194] | -0.267 [-0.306, -0.226] | 0.013 [-0.039, 0.067] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | 0.012 [-0.058, 0.078] | -0.024 [-0.107, 0.070] | 0.046 [-0.034, 0.131] | 0.004 [-0.069, 0.081] | -0.020 [-0.110, 0.078] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.019 [-0.067, 0.097] | -0.008 [-0.107, 0.095] | 0.001 [-0.097, 0.099] | 0.035 [-0.067, 0.120] | -0.024 [-0.127, 0.102] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.034 [-0.031, 0.105] | -0.048 [-0.134, 0.042] | 0.024 [-0.063, 0.110] | -0.014 [-0.095, 0.066] | 0.055 [-0.039, 0.155] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.022 [-0.065, 0.110] | 0.035 [-0.067, 0.144] | -0.027 [-0.130, 0.086] | -0.016 [-0.104, 0.069] | 0.010 [-0.104, 0.124] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.020] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.021] | -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.020] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.042, 0.021] | -0.006 [-0.043, 0.029] | -0.004 [-0.039, 0.029] | -0.006 [-0.041, 0.027] | -0.001 [-0.030, 0.031] | -0.006 [-0.042, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.032, 0.019] | -0.010 [-0.040, 0.022] | -0.007 [-0.036, 0.025] | -0.012 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.012 [-0.038, 0.017] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.022] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.052, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.042, 0.029] | -0.008 [-0.044, 0.027] | -0.005 [-0.040, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.046, 0.020] | -0.007 [-0.043, 0.031] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.035 [0.004, 0.075] | 0.040 [0.004, 0.087] | 0.039 [0.004, 0.086] | 0.040 [0.007, 0.085] | 0.031 [0.004, 0.073] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.087] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.010, 0.039] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.020, 0.044] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.044] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.034, 0.025] | -0.007 [-0.036, 0.020] | -0.006 [-0.035, 0.020] | -0.008 [-0.037, 0.018] | -0.008 [-0.042, 0.028] | -0.007 [-0.035, 0.019] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.046] | 0.016 [-0.014, 0.053] | 0.017 [-0.013, 0.055] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.054] | 0.010 [-0.025, 0.047] | 0.017 [-0.013, 0.055] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.030, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.031, 0.042] | 0.006 [-0.032, 0.041] | 0.005 [-0.032, 0.041] | 0.011 [-0.026, 0.056] | 0.006 [-0.031, 0.042] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.037 [-0.001, 0.072] | 0.031 [-0.005, 0.071] | 0.032 [-0.004, 0.073] | 0.030 [-0.006, 0.071] | 0.032 [-0.002, 0.071] | 0.031 [-0.006, 0.072] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.850 [2.819, 2.880] | 2.867 [2.835, 2.900] | 2.867 [2.835, 2.899] | 2.866 [2.834, 2.899] | 2.870 [2.839, 2.901] | 2.867 [2.835, 2.900] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.214 [0.192, 0.239] | 0.208 [0.185, 0.234] | 0.202 [0.179, 0.227] | 0.203 [0.180, 0.228] | 0.171 [0.151, 0.193] | 0.210 [0.186, 0.236] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.039 [0.011, 0.073] | 0.052 [0.020, 0.096] | 0.050 [0.019, 0.092] | 0.052 [0.020, 0.095] | 0.047 [0.020, 0.091] | 0.050 [0.019, 0.094] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.060 [0.028, 0.117] | 0.056 [0.016, 0.124] | 0.055 [0.015, 0.124] | 0.055 [0.018, 0.121] | 0.053 [0.015, 0.119] | 0.058 [0.017, 0.127] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.020, 0.099] | 0.050 [0.022, 0.097] | 0.053 [0.024, 0.100] | 0.051 [0.023, 0.099] | 0.053 [0.016, 0.095] | 0.051 [0.022, 0.098] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.075 [0.031, 0.126] | 0.059 [0.016, 0.111] | 0.058 [0.016, 0.110] | 0.060 [0.017, 0.113] | 0.065 [0.031, 0.123] | 0.059 [0.017, 0.112] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.038] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.035] | 0.096 [0.069, 0.126] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.101] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.078] | |
| Number of participants | 1,203 | 1,016 | 1,016 | 1,016 | 1,015 | 1,016 |
| Number of observations | 6,700 | 5,701 | 5,701 | 5,701 | 5,696 | 5,701 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.080 [-0.138, -0.019] | -0.088 [-0.162, -0.019] | -0.088 [-0.162, -0.021] | -0.091 [-0.165, -0.022] | -0.092 [-0.169, -0.023] | -0.082 [-0.158, -0.013] |
| SNS WP | -0.048 [-0.126, 0.036] | -0.096 [-0.187, -0.010] | -0.099 [-0.190, -0.014] | -0.099 [-0.192, -0.014] | -0.103 [-0.194, -0.018] | -0.083 [-0.180, 0.005] |
| Family WP | -0.029 [-0.099, 0.045] | -0.045 [-0.128, 0.036] | -0.042 [-0.125, 0.040] | -0.043 [-0.127, 0.038] | -0.044 [-0.129, 0.036] | -0.047 [-0.131, 0.034] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.043 [-0.115, 0.027] | -0.058 [-0.150, 0.036] | -0.061 [-0.154, 0.032] | -0.054 [-0.147, 0.041] | -0.063 [-0.154, 0.030] | -0.059 [-0.152, 0.032] |
| Weekend WP | 0.090 [0.052, 0.130] | 0.090 [0.045, 0.137] | 0.090 [0.045, 0.137] | 0.088 [0.043, 0.135] | 0.092 [0.047, 0.139] | 0.088 [0.043, 0.135] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.236 [0.223, 0.249] | 0.241 [0.227, 0.257] | 0.241 [0.226, 0.257] | 0.241 [0.227, 0.257] | 0.240 [0.226, 0.256] | 0.241 [0.226, 0.257] |
| R2 within | 0.046 [0.032, 0.057] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.065] | 0.052 [0.035, 0.066] | 0.053 [0.034, 0.066] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.066] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.065] |
| Personality trait | 0.018 [-0.034, 0.070] | 0.050 [-0.023, 0.121] | 0.116 [0.048, 0.183] | -0.216 [-0.272, -0.159] | -0.015 [-0.084, 0.055] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | 0.010 [-0.064, 0.091] | 0.078 [-0.044, 0.186] | 0.028 [-0.075, 0.136] | 0.069 [-0.032, 0.165] | 0.085 [-0.014, 0.186] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.034 [-0.079, 0.147] | 0.056 [-0.097, 0.214] | -0.040 [-0.181, 0.113] | 0.077 [-0.041, 0.217] | 0.132 [-0.027, 0.286] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.035 [-0.133, 0.065] | 0.055 [-0.073, 0.192] | -0.026 [-0.152, 0.101] | 0.076 [-0.047, 0.194] | -0.013 [-0.141, 0.123] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [-0.097, 0.098] | 0.122 [-0.029, 0.266] | -0.080 [-0.212, 0.051] | -0.008 [-0.121, 0.110] | -0.002 [-0.135, 0.128] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.057, 0.008] | -0.012 [-0.046, 0.016] | -0.013 [-0.047, 0.016] | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.015] | -0.009 [-0.041, 0.018] | -0.011 [-0.045, 0.016] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.083, 0.002] | -0.046 [-0.093, 0.000] | -0.047 [-0.093, 0.001] | -0.042 [-0.088, 0.004] | -0.041 [-0.084, 0.005] | -0.043 [-0.090, 0.003] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.061, 0.013] | -0.033 [-0.074, 0.010] | -0.036 [-0.077, 0.006] | -0.032 [-0.073, 0.011] | -0.028 [-0.068, 0.013] | -0.033 [-0.074, 0.010] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.072, 0.004] | -0.024 [-0.067, 0.017] | -0.022 [-0.068, 0.018] | -0.020 [-0.064, 0.020] | -0.025 [-0.063, 0.014] | -0.024 [-0.068, 0.017] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.041 [0.008, 0.086] | 0.028 [-0.001, 0.080] | 0.027 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.028 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.029 [0.002, 0.079] | 0.025 [-0.002, 0.076] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.015, 0.049] | 0.016 [-0.015, 0.055] | 0.015 [-0.016, 0.053] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.055] | 0.016 [-0.016, 0.053] | 0.014 [-0.016, 0.052] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.015, 0.036] | 0.009 [-0.017, 0.038] | 0.009 [-0.018, 0.038] | 0.009 [-0.017, 0.039] | 0.010 [-0.018, 0.041] | 0.008 [-0.018, 0.036] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.059 [0.009, 0.113] | 0.070 [0.016, 0.144] | 0.069 [0.017, 0.141] | 0.069 [0.014, 0.142] | 0.069 [0.016, 0.140] | 0.067 [0.015, 0.139] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.037 [0.004, 0.078] | 0.037 [-0.005, 0.087] | 0.038 [-0.006, 0.088] | 0.036 [-0.006, 0.087] | 0.039 [-0.005, 0.091] | 0.035 [-0.007, 0.082] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.037 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.043 [0.004, 0.098] | 0.043 [0.005, 0.098] | 0.041 [0.004, 0.096] | 0.043 [0.005, 0.101] | 0.042 [0.003, 0.097] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.826 [2.785, 2.866] | 2.845 [2.801, 2.889] | 2.845 [2.801, 2.890] | 2.846 [2.801, 2.890] | 2.848 [2.805, 2.890] | 2.846 [2.801, 2.890] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.221 [0.192, 0.254] | 0.199 [0.170, 0.234] | 0.198 [0.169, 0.233] | 0.193 [0.163, 0.227] | 0.177 [0.150, 0.209] | 0.200 [0.170, 0.234] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.012, 0.072] | 0.023 [0.003, 0.073] | 0.022 [0.003, 0.069] | 0.023 [0.003, 0.072] | 0.023 [0.003, 0.072] | 0.022 [0.002, 0.070] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.098 [0.043, 0.182] | 0.086 [0.036, 0.175] | 0.085 [0.035, 0.171] | 0.085 [0.035, 0.173] | 0.088 [0.034, 0.172] | 0.079 [0.028, 0.167] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.082 [0.036, 0.153] | 0.110 [0.045, 0.196] | 0.110 [0.047, 0.195] | 0.110 [0.046, 0.197] | 0.110 [0.046, 0.197] | 0.109 [0.044, 0.196] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.041 [0.014, 0.092] | 0.052 [0.020, 0.121] | 0.053 [0.021, 0.121] | 0.051 [0.020, 0.121] | 0.055 [0.022, 0.125] | 0.051 [0.020, 0.121] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.014 [0.002, 0.033] | 0.063 [0.035, 0.098] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.185] | 0.045 [0.000, 0.480] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.203] | 0.052 [0.000, 0.384] | 0.058 [0.000, 0.505] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.092] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.140] | 0.040 [0.000, 0.213] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.044 [0.000, 0.235] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.172] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.091] | |
| Number of participants | 729 | 553 | 553 | 553 | 553 | 553 |
| Number of observations | 3,928 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.162 [-0.256, -0.070] | -0.177 [-0.279, -0.076] | -0.186 [-0.290, -0.081] | -0.182 [-0.282, -0.085] | -0.172 [-0.284, -0.070] | -0.171 [-0.274, -0.066] |
| SNS WP | -0.164 [-0.319, -0.013] | -0.161 [-0.344, 0.008] | -0.186 [-0.360, -0.010] | -0.158 [-0.340, 0.009] | -0.193 [-0.366, -0.002] | -0.187 [-0.344, -0.019] |
| Family WP | -0.230 [-0.341, -0.115] | -0.250 [-0.383, -0.111] | -0.249 [-0.373, -0.117] | -0.252 [-0.390, -0.115] | -0.247 [-0.371, -0.119] | -0.215 [-0.360, -0.088] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.268 [-0.356, -0.177] | -0.280 [-0.384, -0.184] | -0.301 [-0.393, -0.204] | -0.286 [-0.394, -0.183] | -0.286 [-0.383, -0.176] | -0.276 [-0.368, -0.181] |
| Weekend WP | 0.201 [0.128, 0.273] | 0.212 [0.134, 0.288] | 0.208 [0.130, 0.287] | 0.210 [0.132, 0.287] | 0.211 [0.134, 0.288] | 0.202 [0.125, 0.279] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.938 [0.900, 0.978] | 0.955 [0.913, 0.998] | 0.953 [0.912, 0.998] | 0.956 [0.914, 1.000] | 0.956 [0.914, 1.000] | 0.948 [0.907, 0.992] |
| R2 within | 0.047 [0.038, 0.060] | 0.053 [0.040, 0.064] | 0.055 [0.043, 0.067] | 0.052 [0.042, 0.065] | 0.049 [0.037, 0.061] | 0.051 [0.039, 0.065] |
| Personality trait | 0.359 [0.261, 0.455] | 0.273 [0.152, 0.395] | 0.250 [0.142, 0.361] | -0.539 [-0.621, -0.458] | 0.074 [-0.038, 0.187] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.053 [-0.198, 0.090] | 0.140 [-0.023, 0.309] | -0.033 [-0.182, 0.112] | 0.062 [-0.077, 0.193] | -0.054 [-0.212, 0.115] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.006 [-0.209, 0.218] | 0.269 [-0.028, 0.567] | 0.072 [-0.180, 0.338] | 0.060 [-0.173, 0.281] | -0.025 [-0.283, 0.236] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.066 [-0.098, 0.255] | 0.055 [-0.168, 0.269] | 0.091 [-0.099, 0.262] | -0.037 [-0.210, 0.122] | 0.018 [-0.158, 0.216] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.045 [-0.098, 0.179] | 0.153 [-0.012, 0.333] | 0.015 [-0.119, 0.150] | 0.033 [-0.085, 0.154] | 0.107 [-0.049, 0.262] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.049 [-0.137, 0.042] | -0.044 [-0.135, 0.046] | -0.066 [-0.159, 0.025] | -0.056 [-0.144, 0.038] | -0.027 [-0.110, 0.054] | -0.054 [-0.147, 0.039] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | 0.087 [-0.072, 0.236] | 0.102 [-0.053, 0.257] | 0.047 [-0.117, 0.203] | 0.087 [-0.068, 0.234] | 0.110 [-0.030, 0.256] | 0.087 [-0.080, 0.263] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.040 [-0.074, 0.156] | 0.026 [-0.092, 0.144] | 0.038 [-0.069, 0.161] | 0.032 [-0.080, 0.141] | 0.017 [-0.078, 0.120] | 0.006 [-0.113, 0.140] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.072 [-0.167, 0.011] | -0.091 [-0.180, -0.003] | -0.098 [-0.189, -0.017] | -0.089 [-0.175, 0.010] | -0.076 [-0.160, 0.004] | -0.089 [-0.176, -0.005] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.145 [0.017, 0.303] | 0.176 [0.024, 0.346] | 0.147 [0.021, 0.316] | 0.181 [0.014, 0.341] | 0.138 [0.005, 0.315] | 0.134 [-0.011, 0.295] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.115, 0.096] | 0.008 [-0.089, 0.113] | -0.022 [-0.125, 0.109] | 0.003 [-0.089, 0.113] | -0.001 [-0.123, 0.120] | -0.011 [-0.105, 0.095] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.038 [-0.030, 0.118] | 0.046 [-0.028, 0.129] | 0.032 [-0.027, 0.122] | 0.051 [-0.024, 0.149] | 0.042 [-0.032, 0.128] | 0.038 [-0.033, 0.145] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.039 [-0.120, 0.210] | 0.044 [-0.118, 0.246] | 0.063 [-0.085, 0.274] | 0.027 [-0.137, 0.248] | 0.071 [-0.115, 0.240] | 0.048 [-0.121, 0.241] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.091, 0.148] | 0.008 [-0.106, 0.129] | 0.020 [-0.088, 0.136] | 0.023 [-0.112, 0.201] | -0.011 [-0.108, 0.120] | -0.003 [-0.113, 0.140] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.066, 0.131] | 0.009 [-0.083, 0.127] | 0.003 [-0.087, 0.132] | 0.019 [-0.076, 0.117] | 0.015 [-0.076, 0.165] | 0.029 [-0.055, 0.151] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.894 [0.821, 0.966] | 0.898 [0.828, 0.968] | 0.898 [0.824, 0.972] | 0.893 [0.819, 0.967] | 0.901 [0.835, 0.968] | 0.901 [0.828, 0.975] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.771 [0.677, 0.872] | 0.640 [0.556, 0.742] | 0.690 [0.600, 0.796] | 0.680 [0.592, 0.783] | 0.527 [0.454, 0.611] | 0.711 [0.617, 0.816] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.156 [0.032, 0.264] | 0.181 [0.080, 0.302] | 0.167 [0.073, 0.322] | 0.180 [0.088, 0.310] | 0.172 [0.084, 0.301] | 0.176 [0.075, 0.310] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.343 [0.127, 0.700] | 0.382 [0.186, 0.696] | 0.383 [0.163, 0.712] | 0.389 [0.186, 0.721] | 0.330 [0.126, 0.668] | 0.333 [0.148, 0.692] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.133 [0.039, 0.323] | 0.147 [0.027, 0.360] | 0.162 [0.049, 0.377] | 0.157 [0.035, 0.349] | 0.178 [0.075, 0.404] | 0.152 [0.025, 0.378] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.103 [0.015, 0.229] | 0.107 [0.042, 0.220] | 0.094 [0.030, 0.206] | 0.112 [0.046, 0.230] | 0.100 [0.037, 0.229] | 0.106 [0.046, 0.245] |
| R2 between | 0.047 [0.025, 0.076] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.040] | 0.149 [0.108, 0.193] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.130] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.083] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.162] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.095] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.123] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.095] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.039 [0.000, 0.209] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.144] | |
| Number of participants | 775 | 694 | 690 | 694 | 693 | 691 |
| Number of observations | 5,701 | 5,074 | 5,043 | 5,083 | 5,084 | 5,057 |
Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.038 [-0.086, 0.011] | -0.038 [-0.094, 0.016] | -0.044 [-0.101, 0.009] | -0.038 [-0.095, 0.018] | -0.037 [-0.091, 0.019] | -0.040 [-0.097, 0.013] |
| SNS WP | -0.024 [-0.084, 0.035] | -0.031 [-0.104, 0.035] | -0.035 [-0.108, 0.030] | -0.028 [-0.100, 0.038] | -0.032 [-0.101, 0.035] | -0.033 [-0.106, 0.032] |
| Family WP | -0.029 [-0.083, 0.025] | -0.032 [-0.094, 0.031] | -0.032 [-0.099, 0.031] | -0.026 [-0.093, 0.039] | -0.026 [-0.090, 0.036] | -0.029 [-0.093, 0.035] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.061 [-0.127, 0.005] | -0.057 [-0.128, 0.012] | -0.053 [-0.120, 0.015] | -0.053 [-0.123, 0.016] | -0.056 [-0.126, 0.017] | -0.057 [-0.127, 0.012] |
| TCE * Family WP | 0.111 [-0.025, 0.251] | 0.070 [-0.088, 0.223] | 0.081 [-0.077, 0.235] | 0.055 [-0.100, 0.209] | 0.078 [-0.076, 0.230] | 0.070 [-0.094, 0.224] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.003 [-0.223, 0.222] | -0.060 [-0.316, 0.182] | -0.044 [-0.285, 0.193] | -0.047 [-0.292, 0.197] | -0.015 [-0.240, 0.259] | -0.050 [-0.299, 0.189] |
| SNS * Family WP | 0.120 [-0.070, 0.328] | 0.159 [-0.071, 0.382] | 0.168 [-0.059, 0.397] | 0.179 [-0.051, 0.404] | 0.142 [-0.069, 0.372] | 0.152 [-0.074, 0.373] |
| SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.125 [-0.240, 0.415] | 0.070 [-0.268, 0.386] | 0.123 [-0.222, 0.428] | 0.127 [-0.234, 0.439] | 0.161 [-0.188, 0.484] | 0.096 [-0.244, 0.419] |
| Weekend WP | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047] | 0.023 [-0.010, 0.056] | 0.022 [-0.011, 0.055] | 0.023 [-0.009, 0.056] | 0.021 [-0.011, 0.054] | 0.021 [-0.011, 0.055] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.232 [0.222, 0.241] | 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] | 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] | 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] | 0.228 [0.218, 0.239] | 0.228 [0.219, 0.239] |
| R2 within | 0.058 [0.049, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.052, 0.077] | 0.063 [0.054, 0.076] | 0.065 [0.055, 0.074] | 0.063 [0.052, 0.074] | 0.063 [0.052, 0.077] |
| Personality trait | 0.067 [0.026, 0.108] | 0.153 [0.101, 0.204] | 0.141 [0.090, 0.193] | -0.272 [-0.312, -0.230] | 0.013 [-0.043, 0.067] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.001 [-0.071, 0.068] | -0.049 [-0.147, 0.039] | 0.037 [-0.053, 0.128] | 0.006 [-0.076, 0.092] | -0.007 [-0.109, 0.090] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.007 [-0.080, 0.094] | -0.025 [-0.134, 0.082] | -0.015 [-0.130, 0.097] | 0.027 [-0.069, 0.125] | -0.008 [-0.131, 0.109] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.048 [-0.026, 0.123] | -0.031 [-0.130, 0.064] | -0.018 [-0.114, 0.085] | -0.042 [-0.133, 0.050] | 0.066 [-0.044, 0.172] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.002 [-0.093, 0.090] | 0.060 [-0.053, 0.169] | -0.003 [-0.111, 0.100] | -0.018 [-0.113, 0.083] | 0.017 [-0.095, 0.127] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Family WP | 0.219 [0.015, 0.421] | 0.064 [-0.182, 0.308] | 0.079 [-0.237, 0.341] | -0.100 [-0.341, 0.126] | 0.022 [-0.255, 0.275] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.229 [-0.100, 0.556] | -0.084 [-0.564, 0.317] | -0.145 [-0.533, 0.269] | -0.170 [-0.498, 0.247] | -0.079 [-0.597, 0.448] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Family WP | 0.212 [-0.089, 0.513] | 0.098 [-0.252, 0.462] | -0.461 [-0.839, -0.020] | -0.168 [-0.494, 0.148] | 0.036 [-0.396, 0.431] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.011 [-0.415, 0.498] | 0.155 [-0.407, 0.690] | -0.010 [-0.522, 0.594] | -0.458 [-0.925, 0.006] | -0.114 [-0.723, 0.451] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.034, 0.016] | -0.010 [-0.039, 0.020] | -0.006 [-0.035, 0.024] | -0.012 [-0.040, 0.017] | -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.020] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.046, 0.015] | -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032] | -0.003 [-0.043, 0.036] | -0.006 [-0.045, 0.032] | -0.003 [-0.038, 0.031] | -0.008 [-0.050, 0.030] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.038, 0.022] | -0.013 [-0.049, 0.022] | -0.011 [-0.045, 0.025] | -0.009 [-0.043, 0.026] | -0.015 [-0.043, 0.015] | -0.016 [-0.052, 0.020] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.059, 0.017] | -0.014 [-0.058, 0.027] | -0.018 [-0.060, 0.022] | -0.013 [-0.056, 0.027] | -0.014 [-0.052, 0.022] | -0.011 [-0.056, 0.030] |
| Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.101, 0.055] | -0.022 [-0.114, 0.066] | -0.016 [-0.109, 0.068] | -0.015 [-0.109, 0.067] | -0.007 [-0.083, 0.069] | -0.014 [-0.109, 0.073] |
| Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.150, 0.086] | 0.004 [-0.138, 0.140] | 0.018 [-0.146, 0.160] | 0.010 [-0.136, 0.148] | -0.025 [-0.153, 0.106] | 0.000 [-0.155, 0.141] |
| Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.123, 0.093] | -0.014 [-0.140, 0.116] | -0.023 [-0.144, 0.115] | 0.017 [-0.088, 0.133] | -0.016 [-0.129, 0.097] | -0.014 [-0.138, 0.112] |
| Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.161, 0.160] | 0.022 [-0.170, 0.219] | 0.030 [-0.155, 0.222] | 0.015 [-0.156, 0.202] | -0.029 [-0.178, 0.134] | 0.025 [-0.164, 0.222] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.037 [0.011, 0.076] | 0.050 [0.014, 0.095] | 0.047 [0.013, 0.092] | 0.048 [0.016, 0.094] | 0.050 [0.021, 0.098] | 0.051 [0.015, 0.094] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.020, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.041] | 0.006 [-0.021, 0.041] | 0.006 [-0.021, 0.039] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.042] | 0.006 [-0.022, 0.041] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.034, 0.035] | -0.008 [-0.042, 0.029] | -0.007 [-0.039, 0.032] | -0.008 [-0.041, 0.026] | -0.005 [-0.036, 0.028] | -0.009 [-0.041, 0.028] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.078 [-0.156, -0.022] | -0.074 [-0.162, -0.005] | -0.077 [-0.165, -0.007] | -0.076 [-0.164, -0.009] | -0.079 [-0.168, -0.008] | -0.076 [-0.170, -0.006] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.067 [-0.162, 0.005] | -0.057 [-0.156, 0.033] | -0.073 [-0.175, 0.014] | -0.065 [-0.168, 0.017] | -0.062 [-0.155, 0.034] | -0.064 [-0.164, 0.025] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.064 [-0.181, 0.026] | -0.065 [-0.177, 0.042] | -0.064 [-0.177, 0.038] | -0.068 [-0.183, 0.031] | -0.062 [-0.183, 0.049] | -0.066 [-0.179, 0.037] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.148, 0.086] | -0.051 [-0.185, 0.083] | -0.058 [-0.187, 0.076] | -0.050 [-0.180, 0.076] | -0.030 [-0.180, 0.087] | -0.053 [-0.184, 0.078] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.023, 0.042] | 0.006 [-0.024, 0.049] | 0.006 [-0.024, 0.047] | 0.008 [-0.021, 0.048] | 0.008 [-0.024, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.025, 0.048] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.033, 0.055] | 0.003 [-0.037, 0.039] | 0.003 [-0.036, 0.041] | 0.004 [-0.038, 0.039] | -0.001 [-0.034, 0.041] | 0.004 [-0.037, 0.041] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.038 [-0.119, 0.036] | -0.043 [-0.136, 0.026] | -0.045 [-0.134, 0.025] | -0.048 [-0.140, 0.022] | -0.039 [-0.130, 0.034] | -0.043 [-0.136, 0.026] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.145, 0.047] | -0.034 [-0.134, 0.075] | -0.043 [-0.152, 0.057] | -0.038 [-0.144, 0.063] | -0.037 [-0.139, 0.073] | -0.037 [-0.139, 0.075] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.135, 0.051] | -0.052 [-0.177, 0.044] | -0.047 [-0.177, 0.050] | -0.059 [-0.191, 0.032] | -0.045 [-0.153, 0.058] | -0.048 [-0.176, 0.047] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.153, 0.103] | -0.053 [-0.188, 0.101] | -0.059 [-0.192, 0.088] | -0.054 [-0.185, 0.099] | -0.032 [-0.183, 0.098] | -0.053 [-0.188, 0.099] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.035 [0.004, 0.071] | 0.026 [-0.004, 0.063] | 0.026 [-0.004, 0.064] | 0.026 [-0.004, 0.063] | 0.029 [-0.007, 0.067] | 0.025 [-0.005, 0.062] |
| Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.047, 0.084] | 0.017 [-0.054, 0.102] | 0.019 [-0.049, 0.095] | 0.022 [-0.046, 0.103] | 0.021 [-0.049, 0.090] | 0.020 [-0.049, 0.103] |
| Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.071, 0.083] | 0.008 [-0.088, 0.115] | 0.007 [-0.097, 0.103] | 0.011 [-0.094, 0.104] | 0.003 [-0.112, 0.095] | 0.014 [-0.091, 0.124] |
| Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.071, 0.102] | -0.003 [-0.092, 0.095] | 0.000 [-0.091, 0.102] | 0.003 [-0.085, 0.099] | 0.006 [-0.070, 0.112] | 0.002 [-0.089, 0.107] |
| Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.123, 0.117] | 0.004 [-0.143, 0.132] | 0.001 [-0.148, 0.140] | -0.004 [-0.152, 0.129] | 0.011 [-0.118, 0.151] | 0.020 [-0.134, 0.157] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.052, 0.101] | 0.020 [-0.048, 0.088] | 0.018 [-0.048, 0.091] | 0.020 [-0.047, 0.096] | 0.029 [-0.050, 0.106] | 0.022 [-0.046, 0.091] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.101, 0.071] | -0.017 [-0.119, 0.076] | -0.015 [-0.117, 0.071] | -0.017 [-0.120, 0.070] | -0.011 [-0.118, 0.071] | -0.009 [-0.120, 0.088] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.128, 0.075] | 0.004 [-0.098, 0.101] | 0.002 [-0.087, 0.096] | 0.004 [-0.082, 0.096] | 0.004 [-0.118, 0.101] | 0.007 [-0.091, 0.103] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.030 [-0.156, 0.086] | -0.011 [-0.138, 0.139] | -0.021 [-0.144, 0.109] | -0.015 [-0.142, 0.124] | -0.004 [-0.136, 0.122] | -0.003 [-0.132, 0.141] |
| TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.152 [-0.016, 0.366] | 0.128 [-0.053, 0.412] | 0.148 [-0.051, 0.460] | 0.140 [-0.046, 0.437] | 0.130 [-0.056, 0.400] | 0.144 [-0.057, 0.456] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.140 [-0.046, 0.388] | 0.108 [-0.059, 0.398] | 0.124 [-0.055, 0.404] | 0.107 [-0.072, 0.406] | 0.149 [-0.064, 0.443] | 0.124 [-0.054, 0.419] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.038 [-0.202, 0.319] | 0.038 [-0.233, 0.359] | 0.044 [-0.236, 0.375] | 0.037 [-0.238, 0.361] | 0.032 [-0.231, 0.360] | 0.050 [-0.232, 0.376] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.162 [-0.072, 0.427] | 0.144 [-0.177, 0.504] | 0.150 [-0.132, 0.515] | 0.127 [-0.159, 0.482] | 0.079 [-0.200, 0.468] | 0.151 [-0.156, 0.514] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.333 [0.058, 0.736] | 0.385 [0.051, 0.987] | 0.406 [0.082, 1.021] | 0.363 [0.055, 0.943] | 0.357 [0.029, 0.876] | 0.384 [0.064, 1.007] |
| SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.112 [-0.177, 0.547] | 0.111 [-0.249, 0.715] | 0.115 [-0.234, 0.700] | 0.121 [-0.212, 0.655] | 0.106 [-0.242, 0.503] | 0.099 [-0.257, 0.686] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.852 [2.820, 2.883] | 2.870 [2.835, 2.904] | 2.870 [2.837, 2.903] | 2.869 [2.835, 2.902] | 2.872 [2.841, 2.904] | 2.870 [2.835, 2.903] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.217 [0.195, 0.242] | 0.212 [0.188, 0.239] | 0.205 [0.181, 0.231] | 0.206 [0.183, 0.233] | 0.174 [0.154, 0.197] | 0.213 [0.189, 0.241] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.058 [0.026, 0.098] | 0.072 [0.037, 0.115] | 0.068 [0.035, 0.114] | 0.070 [0.036, 0.115] | 0.071 [0.039, 0.119] | 0.071 [0.037, 0.117] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.022, 0.110] | 0.074 [0.036, 0.133] | 0.071 [0.034, 0.134] | 0.072 [0.034, 0.136] | 0.066 [0.028, 0.134] | 0.075 [0.036, 0.134] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.023, 0.101] | 0.054 [0.023, 0.096] | 0.060 [0.027, 0.102] | 0.059 [0.026, 0.101] | 0.056 [0.026, 0.110] | 0.057 [0.026, 0.098] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.074 [0.035, 0.125] | 0.066 [0.027, 0.124] | 0.064 [0.025, 0.115] | 0.066 [0.026, 0.122] | 0.067 [0.029, 0.125] | 0.066 [0.026, 0.123] |
| Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance | 0.301 [0.118, 0.558] | 0.281 [0.104, 0.595] | 0.296 [0.095, 0.635] | 0.288 [0.094, 0.613] | 0.335 [0.137, 0.625] | 0.293 [0.089, 0.627] |
| Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.420 [0.170, 0.847] | 0.464 [0.211, 0.947] | 0.520 [0.232, 1.054] | 0.496 [0.220, 0.998] | 0.450 [0.170, 0.932] | 0.495 [0.225, 1.010] |
| Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance | 0.454 [0.138, 0.955] | 0.520 [0.258, 1.097] | 0.506 [0.223, 1.058] | 0.456 [0.189, 0.982] | 0.471 [0.157, 0.980] | 0.507 [0.223, 1.094] |
| Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.685 [0.278, 1.428] | 0.801 [0.326, 1.756] | 0.798 [0.313, 1.793] | 0.748 [0.270, 1.744] | 0.761 [0.258, 1.701] | 0.803 [0.322, 1.747] |
| R2 between | 0.007 [0.001, 0.017] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.040] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.034] | 0.098 [0.071, 0.128] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.103] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.094] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] | |
| R2 TCE * Family WP | 0.050 [0.001, 0.225] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.076] | |
| R2 TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.034 [0.000, 0.236] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.168] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.131] | |
| R2 SNS * Family WP | 0.026 [0.000, 0.176] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.080 [0.001, 0.285] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.155] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.089] | |
| R2 SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.138] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.114] | 0.069 [0.000, 0.302] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.137] | |
| Number of participants | 1,203 | 1,016 | 1,016 | 1,016 | 1,015 | 1,016 |
| Number of observations | 6,700 | 5,701 | 5,701 | 5,701 | 5,696 | 5,701 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.079 [-0.146, -0.021] | -0.084 [-0.161, -0.006] | -0.081 [-0.159, -0.004] | -0.098 [-0.173, -0.023] | -0.091 [-0.165, -0.018] | -0.078 [-0.154, 0.000] |
| SNS WP | -0.044 [-0.130, 0.039] | -0.089 [-0.190, 0.014] | -0.093 [-0.195, 0.008] | -0.101 [-0.198, -0.005] | -0.101 [-0.198, -0.005] | -0.075 [-0.179, 0.027] |
| Family WP | -0.047 [-0.126, 0.029] | -0.075 [-0.175, 0.023] | -0.072 [-0.174, 0.029] | -0.065 [-0.161, 0.036] | -0.074 [-0.173, 0.025] | -0.073 [-0.173, 0.028] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.067 [-0.145, 0.008] | -0.078 [-0.185, 0.021] | -0.090 [-0.202, 0.016] | -0.091 [-0.189, 0.004] | -0.097 [-0.204, 0.007] | -0.090 [-0.200, 0.012] |
| TCE * Family WP | -0.068 [-0.241, 0.132] | -0.147 [-0.381, 0.097] | -0.137 [-0.378, 0.121] | -0.128 [-0.351, 0.104] | -0.146 [-0.378, 0.089] | -0.113 [-0.341, 0.138] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.256 [-0.052, 0.527] | 0.099 [-0.328, 0.470] | 0.107 [-0.335, 0.492] | 0.110 [-0.285, 0.468] | 0.091 [-0.306, 0.503] | 0.141 [-0.315, 0.533] |
| SNS * Family WP | -0.193 [-0.497, 0.090] | -0.291 [-0.629, 0.062] | -0.270 [-0.618, 0.074] | -0.226 [-0.551, 0.164] | -0.327 [-0.653, 0.043] | -0.139 [-0.533, 0.277] |
| SNS * Weak ties WP | -0.150 [-0.586, 0.263] | -0.299 [-0.799, 0.207] | -0.333 [-0.853, 0.180] | -0.409 [-0.962, 0.146] | -0.278 [-0.902, 0.209] | -0.269 [-0.821, 0.262] |
| Weekend WP | 0.090 [0.050, 0.130] | 0.092 [0.047, 0.139] | 0.090 [0.044, 0.136] | 0.089 [0.043, 0.135] | 0.095 [0.049, 0.142] | 0.089 [0.044, 0.136] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.229 [0.217, 0.242] | 0.235 [0.221, 0.249] | 0.234 [0.220, 0.249] | 0.235 [0.221, 0.250] | 0.234 [0.220, 0.249] | 0.234 [0.221, 0.249] |
| R2 within | 0.072 [0.060, 0.084] | 0.082 [0.068, 0.100] | 0.084 [0.069, 0.099] | 0.081 [0.065, 0.095] | 0.085 [0.072, 0.100] | 0.084 [0.069, 0.101] |
| Personality trait | 0.021 [-0.033, 0.077] | 0.046 [-0.028, 0.120] | 0.118 [0.048, 0.187] | -0.216 [-0.274, -0.156] | 0.000 [-0.072, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | 0.015 [-0.078, 0.106] | 0.084 [-0.056, 0.212] | 0.014 [-0.119, 0.144] | 0.101 [-0.021, 0.209] | 0.053 [-0.071, 0.170] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.038 [-0.084, 0.162] | 0.055 [-0.121, 0.225] | -0.064 [-0.236, 0.107] | 0.138 [-0.015, 0.282] | 0.148 [-0.018, 0.313] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.041 [-0.165, 0.067] | 0.036 [-0.119, 0.183] | 0.000 [-0.142, 0.143] | 0.092 [-0.050, 0.233] | 0.040 [-0.112, 0.181] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.008 [-0.115, 0.115] | 0.075 [-0.094, 0.228] | -0.054 [-0.210, 0.090] | -0.025 [-0.166, 0.109] | 0.007 [-0.148, 0.151] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Family WP | 0.045 [-0.250, 0.346] | 0.110 [-0.301, 0.501] | 0.297 [-0.105, 0.722] | -0.163 [-0.475, 0.206] | 0.144 [-0.245, 0.535] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.206 [-0.160, 0.568] | 0.102 [-0.507, 0.757] | 0.321 [-0.253, 0.876] | 0.047 [-0.487, 0.590] | 0.162 [-0.390, 0.660] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Family WP | -0.187 [-0.672, 0.205] | -0.275 [-0.867, 0.322] | -0.012 [-0.543, 0.541] | 0.226 [-0.216, 0.750] | 0.499 [-0.131, 1.092] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.855 [0.291, 1.416] | 0.134 [-0.763, 0.953] | 0.877 [0.003, 1.713] | -0.112 [-0.919, 0.689] | 0.270 [-0.533, 0.995] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.061, 0.009] | -0.014 [-0.053, 0.028] | -0.012 [-0.051, 0.028] | -0.012 [-0.058, 0.030] | -0.007 [-0.044, 0.030] | -0.013 [-0.051, 0.029] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | -0.046 [-0.094, 0.000] | -0.048 [-0.100, 0.005] | -0.049 [-0.100, 0.001] | -0.046 [-0.103, 0.008] | -0.039 [-0.089, 0.011] | -0.047 [-0.099, 0.003] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.065, 0.021] | -0.031 [-0.080, 0.021] | -0.031 [-0.079, 0.019] | -0.031 [-0.081, 0.020] | -0.024 [-0.074, 0.028] | -0.032 [-0.079, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.030 [-0.073, 0.008] | -0.027 [-0.070, 0.020] | -0.024 [-0.067, 0.022] | -0.018 [-0.067, 0.027] | -0.031 [-0.075, 0.013] | -0.026 [-0.070, 0.024] |
| Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.075, 0.144] | 0.040 [-0.085, 0.162] | 0.043 [-0.079, 0.168] | 0.016 [-0.110, 0.146] | 0.039 [-0.075, 0.148] | 0.046 [-0.075, 0.165] |
| Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.053 [-0.210, 0.083] | -0.036 [-0.227, 0.122] | -0.016 [-0.182, 0.131] | -0.040 [-0.272, 0.174] | 0.006 [-0.187, 0.165] | -0.023 [-0.196, 0.134] |
| Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.098, 0.200] | 0.080 [-0.096, 0.252] | 0.074 [-0.096, 0.248] | 0.046 [-0.124, 0.225] | 0.103 [-0.069, 0.271] | 0.083 [-0.093, 0.261] |
| Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.303, 0.162] | -0.061 [-0.348, 0.200] | -0.056 [-0.315, 0.209] | -0.148 [-0.467, 0.153] | -0.029 [-0.324, 0.224] | -0.050 [-0.309, 0.218] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.053 [0.018, 0.105] | 0.064 [0.015, 0.132] | 0.061 [0.012, 0.125] | 0.054 [0.015, 0.121] | 0.062 [0.015, 0.125] | 0.058 [0.012, 0.124] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.016, 0.061] | 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] | 0.021 [-0.024, 0.070] | 0.020 [-0.023, 0.074] | 0.025 [-0.020, 0.075] | 0.022 [-0.024, 0.070] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.026, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.020, 0.053] | 0.015 [-0.022, 0.052] | 0.010 [-0.023, 0.046] | 0.015 [-0.022, 0.051] | 0.012 [-0.024, 0.050] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.106, 0.050] | -0.020 [-0.137, 0.077] | -0.023 [-0.127, 0.076] | -0.035 [-0.148, 0.055] | -0.026 [-0.136, 0.074] | -0.021 [-0.128, 0.079] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.084, 0.117] | 0.001 [-0.114, 0.115] | -0.007 [-0.125, 0.101] | -0.007 [-0.140, 0.106] | -0.012 [-0.137, 0.106] | -0.004 [-0.122, 0.115] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.137, 0.079] | -0.014 [-0.134, 0.113] | -0.015 [-0.131, 0.105] | -0.027 [-0.171, 0.095] | -0.017 [-0.143, 0.096] | -0.025 [-0.153, 0.105] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.130, 0.173] | 0.000 [-0.166, 0.189] | -0.010 [-0.187, 0.186] | 0.007 [-0.176, 0.186] | -0.008 [-0.191, 0.189] | -0.012 [-0.187, 0.186] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.057 [0.005, 0.117] | 0.067 [-0.006, 0.151] | 0.067 [-0.004, 0.145] | 0.055 [-0.013, 0.143] | 0.066 [-0.001, 0.149] | 0.065 [-0.005, 0.146] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] | 0.029 [-0.027, 0.088] | 0.036 [-0.022, 0.098] | 0.027 [-0.030, 0.083] | 0.036 [-0.021, 0.098] | 0.029 [-0.025, 0.089] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.054 [-0.180, 0.064] | -0.078 [-0.233, 0.066] | -0.091 [-0.246, 0.059] | -0.086 [-0.235, 0.036] | -0.086 [-0.232, 0.063] | -0.078 [-0.224, 0.066] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.176, 0.179] | -0.001 [-0.182, 0.185] | -0.038 [-0.226, 0.151] | -0.030 [-0.220, 0.155] | -0.034 [-0.230, 0.163] | -0.024 [-0.221, 0.161] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.166, 0.151] | -0.018 [-0.201, 0.176] | -0.023 [-0.191, 0.151] | -0.024 [-0.205, 0.176] | -0.025 [-0.210, 0.161] | -0.036 [-0.215, 0.147] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.183, 0.257] | 0.026 [-0.219, 0.278] | -0.025 [-0.261, 0.249] | -0.003 [-0.272, 0.254] | -0.015 [-0.293, 0.251] | -0.002 [-0.259, 0.246] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.028 [-0.006, 0.068] | 0.036 [-0.013, 0.097] | 0.040 [-0.012, 0.099] | 0.030 [-0.018, 0.093] | 0.040 [-0.012, 0.102] | 0.037 [-0.013, 0.097] |
| Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.044 [-0.138, 0.044] | -0.048 [-0.190, 0.107] | -0.052 [-0.193, 0.101] | -0.048 [-0.181, 0.102] | -0.057 [-0.197, 0.093] | -0.041 [-0.179, 0.115] |
| Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.037 [-0.174, 0.093] | -0.079 [-0.262, 0.089] | -0.093 [-0.272, 0.061] | -0.078 [-0.285, 0.087] | -0.090 [-0.288, 0.071] | -0.094 [-0.280, 0.072] |
| Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.142, 0.113] | 0.012 [-0.144, 0.216] | 0.010 [-0.142, 0.230] | 0.028 [-0.182, 0.260] | -0.004 [-0.189, 0.235] | 0.005 [-0.164, 0.232] |
| Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.152, 0.201] | -0.019 [-0.287, 0.246] | -0.028 [-0.277, 0.227] | 0.011 [-0.276, 0.249] | -0.031 [-0.322, 0.222] | -0.008 [-0.287, 0.272] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.100, 0.069] | -0.039 [-0.156, 0.065] | -0.054 [-0.179, 0.060] | -0.035 [-0.149, 0.059] | -0.050 [-0.172, 0.054] | -0.048 [-0.166, 0.062] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.047 [-0.160, 0.038] | -0.037 [-0.200, 0.096] | -0.048 [-0.221, 0.075] | -0.049 [-0.205, 0.072] | -0.050 [-0.214, 0.074] | -0.048 [-0.223, 0.082] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.127, 0.106] | -0.019 [-0.155, 0.116] | -0.022 [-0.165, 0.118] | -0.035 [-0.166, 0.094] | -0.045 [-0.183, 0.094] | -0.033 [-0.179, 0.113] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.148, 0.110] | 0.008 [-0.190, 0.206] | -0.025 [-0.214, 0.175] | 0.007 [-0.180, 0.188] | -0.019 [-0.235, 0.157] | -0.010 [-0.211, 0.199] |
| TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.152 [-0.097, 0.436] | 0.175 [-0.150, 0.558] | 0.204 [-0.140, 0.598] | 0.156 [-0.179, 0.587] | 0.157 [-0.143, 0.548] | 0.192 [-0.136, 0.588] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.300 [0.061, 0.661] | 0.318 [0.032, 0.823] | 0.325 [0.028, 0.815] | 0.310 [-0.017, 0.863] | 0.324 [0.039, 0.810] | 0.351 [0.055, 0.866] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.321, 0.417] | 0.152 [-0.317, 0.703] | 0.175 [-0.327, 0.743] | 0.100 [-0.384, 0.659] | 0.112 [-0.405, 0.683] | 0.138 [-0.339, 0.671] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.163 [-0.165, 0.490] | 0.097 [-0.328, 0.554] | 0.096 [-0.382, 0.516] | 0.090 [-0.374, 0.600] | 0.111 [-0.318, 0.563] | 0.128 [-0.331, 0.592] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.332 [0.022, 0.997] | 0.471 [-0.024, 1.364] | 0.460 [-0.060, 1.308] | 0.586 [0.042, 1.564] | 0.540 [0.010, 1.452] | 0.444 [-0.039, 1.274] |
| SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.160 [-0.271, 0.614] | 0.182 [-0.381, 0.858] | 0.157 [-0.446, 0.822] | 0.106 [-0.599, 0.744] | 0.127 [-0.530, 0.847] | 0.148 [-0.477, 0.870] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.822 [2.782, 2.864] | 2.842 [2.796, 2.887] | 2.840 [2.794, 2.886] | 2.841 [2.796, 2.885] | 2.842 [2.798, 2.886] | 2.841 [2.795, 2.887] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.228 [0.197, 0.262] | 0.205 [0.173, 0.243] | 0.205 [0.173, 0.242] | 0.198 [0.167, 0.235] | 0.182 [0.154, 0.216] | 0.206 [0.174, 0.243] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.020, 0.097] | 0.056 [0.026, 0.109] | 0.055 [0.025, 0.105] | 0.053 [0.021, 0.107] | 0.053 [0.023, 0.105] | 0.053 [0.025, 0.105] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.125 [0.064, 0.210] | 0.143 [0.063, 0.256] | 0.143 [0.061, 0.252] | 0.131 [0.061, 0.236] | 0.143 [0.063, 0.244] | 0.132 [0.054, 0.242] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.091 [0.043, 0.161] | 0.116 [0.056, 0.218] | 0.118 [0.060, 0.210] | 0.116 [0.054, 0.222] | 0.117 [0.056, 0.221] | 0.120 [0.060, 0.222] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.022, 0.120] | 0.070 [0.028, 0.141] | 0.073 [0.031, 0.148] | 0.065 [0.024, 0.132] | 0.078 [0.033, 0.151] | 0.071 [0.029, 0.143] |
| Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance | 0.376 [0.170, 0.672] | 0.483 [0.158, 0.923] | 0.511 [0.178, 0.975] | 0.454 [0.190, 0.898] | 0.477 [0.193, 0.908] | 0.478 [0.146, 0.935] |
| Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.480 [0.167, 1.014] | 0.651 [0.203, 1.435] | 0.613 [0.189, 1.256] | 0.660 [0.222, 1.461] | 0.654 [0.198, 1.454] | 0.653 [0.197, 1.396] |
| Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance | 0.582 [0.271, 1.228] | 0.711 [0.201, 1.680] | 0.710 [0.249, 1.626] | 0.754 [0.275, 1.880] | 0.708 [0.235, 1.671] | 0.825 [0.269, 1.900] |
| Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.742 [0.241, 2.127] | 1.259 [0.419, 3.113] | 1.277 [0.501, 3.078] | 1.527 [0.489, 3.505] | 1.394 [0.516, 3.268] | 1.308 [0.465, 3.338] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.014 [0.002, 0.034] | 0.061 [0.032, 0.097] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.143] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.046 [0.000, 0.214] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.106] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.093] | 0.033 [0.000, 0.146] | 0.031 [0.000, 0.165] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.117] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.127] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.146] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.097] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] | |
| R2 TCE * Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.038 [0.000, 0.208] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.137] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.126] | |
| R2 TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.021 [0.000, 0.166] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.129] | 0.034 [0.000, 0.216] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.141] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.130] | |
| R2 SNS * Family WP | 0.018 [0.000, 0.215] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.231] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.097] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.184] | 0.055 [0.000, 0.232] | |
| R2 SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.161 [0.016, 0.436] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.133] | 0.092 [0.001, 0.351] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.187] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.148] | |
| Number of participants | 729 | 553 | 553 | 553 | 553 | 553 |
| Number of observations | 3,928 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 | 2,905 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| TCE WP | -0.149 [-0.251, -0.048] | -0.166 [-0.276, -0.063] | -0.168 [-0.292, -0.056] | -0.165 [-0.272, -0.057] | -0.170 [-0.281, -0.061] | -0.170 [-0.275, -0.062] |
| SNS WP | -0.155 [-0.340, 0.018] | -0.178 [-0.379, 0.026] | -0.196 [-0.396, 0.005] | -0.191 [-0.400, 0.016] | -0.180 [-0.394, 0.026] | -0.188 [-0.390, 0.005] |
| Family WP | -0.258 [-0.389, -0.119] | -0.275 [-0.413, -0.131] | -0.264 [-0.426, -0.123] | -0.277 [-0.418, -0.127] | -0.259 [-0.409, -0.109] | -0.234 [-0.384, -0.105] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.238 [-0.336, -0.136] | -0.267 [-0.374, -0.157] | -0.260 [-0.384, -0.157] | -0.265 [-0.371, -0.159] | -0.268 [-0.377, -0.162] | -0.263 [-0.367, -0.156] |
| TCE * Family WP | 0.004 [-0.375, 0.389] | 0.042 [-0.375, 0.484] | 0.054 [-0.368, 0.480] | 0.045 [-0.363, 0.441] | 0.076 [-0.358, 0.514] | 0.122 [-0.337, 0.510] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.195 [-0.087, 0.433] | 0.168 [-0.094, 0.465] | 0.254 [-0.005, 0.530] | 0.174 [-0.083, 0.443] | 0.185 [-0.098, 0.473] | 0.179 [-0.082, 0.465] |
| SNS * Family WP | -0.236 [-1.103, 0.670] | -0.270 [-1.274, 0.824] | -0.066 [-1.368, 1.141] | -0.295 [-1.370, 0.747] | -0.118 [-1.117, 0.922] | 0.157 [-0.926, 1.268] |
| SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.303 [-0.176, 0.823] | 0.280 [-0.235, 0.837] | 0.290 [-0.237, 0.848] | 0.332 [-0.189, 0.888] | 0.426 [-0.152, 1.014] | 0.373 [-0.219, 0.953] |
| Weekend WP | 0.201 [0.129, 0.272] | 0.210 [0.130, 0.288] | 0.210 [0.131, 0.288] | 0.213 [0.134, 0.291] | 0.208 [0.130, 0.286] | 0.199 [0.121, 0.274] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.918 [0.880, 0.957] | 0.931 [0.890, 0.974] | 0.930 [0.890, 0.973] | 0.934 [0.894, 0.976] | 0.933 [0.894, 0.976] | 0.926 [0.887, 0.968] |
| R2 within | 0.072 [0.060, 0.084] | 0.076 [0.062, 0.088] | 0.078 [0.068, 0.089] | 0.077 [0.066, 0.089] | 0.077 [0.067, 0.089] | 0.077 [0.067, 0.088] |
| Personality trait | 0.370 [0.271, 0.470] | 0.249 [0.122, 0.380] | 0.272 [0.158, 0.385] | -0.551 [-0.638, -0.466] | 0.089 [-0.024, 0.205] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -0.069 [-0.228, 0.095] | 0.146 [-0.037, 0.339] | -0.015 [-0.180, 0.149] | 0.054 [-0.088, 0.202] | -0.050 [-0.226, 0.121] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | 0.093 [-0.175, 0.358] | 0.261 [-0.129, 0.604] | 0.074 [-0.211, 0.387] | 0.060 [-0.196, 0.312] | 0.006 [-0.286, 0.288] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.088 [-0.122, 0.288] | 0.073 [-0.165, 0.317] | 0.055 [-0.162, 0.280] | -0.048 [-0.235, 0.121] | 0.063 [-0.171, 0.283] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.030 [-0.113, 0.185] | 0.105 [-0.091, 0.293] | 0.037 [-0.122, 0.201] | 0.019 [-0.112, 0.149] | 0.115 [-0.039, 0.289] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Family WP | 0.621 [0.040, 1.204] | -0.096 [-0.772, 0.688] | 0.435 [-0.131, 1.038] | -0.424 [-0.976, 0.170] | 0.612 [-0.107, 1.216] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP | -0.050 [-0.435, 0.386] | -0.488 [-1.031, 0.020] | 0.458 [0.063, 0.845] | -0.246 [-0.602, 0.092] | -0.028 [-0.440, 0.376] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Family WP | 0.294 [-1.038, 1.716] | 0.940 [-1.372, 3.629] | -0.353 [-1.685, 1.014] | -0.238 [-1.626, 1.029] | 0.064 [-1.492, 1.685] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.535 [-0.343, 1.335] | -0.824 [-1.667, 0.304] | 0.809 [0.002, 1.685] | 0.217 [-0.455, 0.887] | 0.764 [-0.120, 1.640] | |
| Well-being - TCE WP covariance | -0.068 [-0.166, 0.024] | -0.063 [-0.162, 0.031] | -0.091 [-0.195, 0.009] | -0.072 [-0.173, 0.028] | -0.046 [-0.133, 0.040] | -0.060 [-0.169, 0.044] |
| Well-being - SNS WP covariance | 0.088 [-0.096, 0.275] | 0.047 [-0.125, 0.245] | 0.056 [-0.132, 0.240] | 0.042 [-0.143, 0.239] | 0.108 [-0.055, 0.293] | 0.093 [-0.110, 0.283] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.028 [-0.093, 0.157] | 0.009 [-0.117, 0.142] | 0.021 [-0.109, 0.152] | 0.006 [-0.125, 0.140] | -0.002 [-0.115, 0.121] | 0.010 [-0.121, 0.148] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.072 [-0.172, 0.023] | -0.081 [-0.176, 0.013] | -0.076 [-0.172, 0.024] | -0.084 [-0.183, 0.009] | -0.068 [-0.158, 0.023] | -0.074 [-0.183, 0.036] |
| Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance | 0.127 [-0.212, 0.469] | -0.025 [-0.391, 0.318] | 0.068 [-0.285, 0.441] | 0.012 [-0.363, 0.369] | -0.033 [-0.339, 0.306] | 0.069 [-0.286, 0.469] |
| Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.178 [-0.072, 0.457] | 0.180 [-0.048, 0.412] | 0.244 [0.025, 0.491] | 0.116 [-0.125, 0.368] | 0.072 [-0.150, 0.290] | 0.184 [-0.051, 0.437] |
| Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.082 [-0.705, 0.930] | -0.099 [-1.073, 0.828] | 0.054 [-1.028, 1.241] | -0.038 [-1.068, 0.985] | -0.069 [-0.771, 0.753] | -0.034 [-0.914, 1.032] |
| Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.321 [-0.133, 0.879] | 0.206 [-0.281, 0.776] | 0.389 [-0.099, 0.918] | 0.171 [-0.378, 0.777] | 0.596 [0.135, 1.125] | 0.486 [-0.100, 1.054] |
| TCE WP - SNS WP covariance | 0.148 [0.006, 0.317] | 0.173 [0.023, 0.367] | 0.164 [0.007, 0.364] | 0.158 [0.012, 0.343] | 0.164 [0.018, 0.333] | 0.134 [-0.008, 0.327] |
| TCE WP - Family WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.091, 0.132] | 0.026 [-0.106, 0.154] | 0.035 [-0.091, 0.159] | 0.011 [-0.107, 0.145] | 0.029 [-0.087, 0.161] | 0.017 [-0.094, 0.160] |
| TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.012, 0.179] | 0.062 [-0.023, 0.184] | 0.052 [-0.031, 0.175] | 0.068 [-0.016, 0.177] | 0.068 [-0.017, 0.184] | 0.065 [-0.026, 0.176] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.104 [-0.398, 0.188] | -0.048 [-0.366, 0.266] | -0.056 [-0.378, 0.234] | -0.069 [-0.411, 0.197] | -0.068 [-0.396, 0.244] | -0.082 [-0.350, 0.225] |
| TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.177, 0.240] | 0.004 [-0.197, 0.235] | 0.015 [-0.195, 0.216] | 0.040 [-0.151, 0.265] | 0.043 [-0.163, 0.227] | 0.023 [-0.155, 0.205] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.085 [-0.499, 0.693] | 0.130 [-0.513, 0.867] | 0.175 [-0.542, 0.862] | 0.193 [-0.484, 0.909] | 0.108 [-0.635, 0.741] | 0.120 [-0.614, 0.936] |
| TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.162 [-0.582, 0.222] | -0.234 [-0.647, 0.186] | -0.151 [-0.618, 0.261] | -0.158 [-0.577, 0.272] | -0.237 [-0.674, 0.135] | -0.242 [-0.657, 0.199] |
| SNS WP - Family WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.127, 0.277] | 0.081 [-0.121, 0.284] | 0.089 [-0.071, 0.292] | 0.064 [-0.139, 0.318] | 0.066 [-0.131, 0.274] | 0.074 [-0.086, 0.289] |
| SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.085, 0.211] | 0.057 [-0.068, 0.222] | 0.077 [-0.062, 0.260] | 0.037 [-0.109, 0.213] | 0.040 [-0.084, 0.198] | 0.045 [-0.081, 0.212] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.088 [-0.546, 0.326] | -0.152 [-0.648, 0.333] | -0.162 [-0.716, 0.377] | -0.160 [-0.667, 0.311] | -0.163 [-0.651, 0.387] | -0.097 [-0.549, 0.355] |
| SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.369, 0.298] | -0.050 [-0.357, 0.282] | -0.046 [-0.393, 0.266] | -0.063 [-0.377, 0.243] | -0.069 [-0.414, 0.268] | -0.013 [-0.342, 0.323] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.168 [-0.577, 1.280] | 0.057 [-0.879, 1.282] | 0.480 [-0.459, 1.899] | 0.273 [-0.669, 1.584] | 0.034 [-1.025, 1.352] | 0.306 [-0.855, 1.675] |
| SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.037 [-0.498, 0.437] | -0.123 [-0.678, 0.557] | 0.029 [-0.476, 0.692] | -0.047 [-0.588, 0.615] | -0.013 [-0.566, 0.647] | 0.028 [-0.518, 0.671] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.064 [-0.035, 0.180] | 0.064 [-0.047, 0.210] | 0.087 [-0.040, 0.228] | 0.049 [-0.053, 0.180] | 0.066 [-0.047, 0.208] | 0.051 [-0.047, 0.165] |
| Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.034 [-0.346, 0.312] | -0.037 [-0.423, 0.315] | -0.035 [-0.375, 0.420] | -0.063 [-0.429, 0.281] | -0.018 [-0.401, 0.392] | -0.052 [-0.409, 0.367] |
| Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.066 [-0.186, 0.299] | 0.050 [-0.227, 0.395] | 0.072 [-0.183, 0.340] | 0.012 [-0.271, 0.313] | 0.025 [-0.273, 0.294] | 0.040 [-0.216, 0.383] |
| Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.082 [-0.502, 0.775] | 0.166 [-0.521, 1.069] | 0.406 [-0.303, 1.473] | 0.058 [-0.635, 0.943] | 0.233 [-0.521, 1.290] | 0.096 [-0.541, 1.110] |
| Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.065 [-0.575, 0.395] | -0.231 [-0.767, 0.275] | -0.207 [-0.868, 0.347] | -0.114 [-0.647, 0.422] | -0.185 [-0.730, 0.302] | -0.129 [-0.709, 0.390] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.342, 0.169] | -0.043 [-0.327, 0.246] | -0.005 [-0.279, 0.278] | -0.068 [-0.361, 0.263] | 0.002 [-0.342, 0.364] | -0.066 [-0.360, 0.258] |
| Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.078 [-0.092, 0.269] | 0.091 [-0.121, 0.297] | 0.086 [-0.085, 0.331] | 0.089 [-0.077, 0.304] | 0.103 [-0.046, 0.301] | 0.083 [-0.063, 0.310] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.623, 0.554] | 0.075 [-0.573, 0.640] | 0.123 [-0.497, 0.724] | -0.010 [-0.747, 0.615] | 0.050 [-0.671, 0.819] | -0.008 [-0.667, 0.706] |
| Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.117 [-0.497, 0.247] | -0.113 [-0.495, 0.285] | -0.048 [-0.449, 0.387] | -0.090 [-0.434, 0.291] | -0.137 [-0.538, 0.241] | -0.205 [-0.577, 0.190] |
| TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.321 [-0.290, 0.975] | 0.306 [-0.248, 0.979] | 0.481 [-0.178, 1.327] | 0.237 [-0.352, 0.961] | 0.306 [-0.374, 1.077] | 0.336 [-0.320, 1.044] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.240 [-1.050, 1.523] | 0.336 [-1.918, 2.565] | 0.024 [-2.528, 2.124] | 0.201 [-1.636, 2.331] | 0.455 [-1.439, 2.735] | 0.080 [-2.040, 2.244] |
| TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.483 [-0.635, 1.751] | 0.155 [-1.047, 1.414] | 0.257 [-0.958, 1.574] | 0.152 [-1.001, 1.381] | 0.222 [-1.039, 1.583] | 0.358 [-1.021, 1.538] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance | 0.090 [-1.080, 1.210] | 0.319 [-1.201, 1.546] | 0.233 [-1.311, 1.815] | 0.181 [-1.046, 1.419] | 0.128 [-1.312, 1.707] | 0.373 [-0.864, 1.758] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.144 [-0.534, 0.997] | -0.050 [-0.787, 0.877] | 0.130 [-0.757, 1.168] | -0.048 [-0.727, 0.740] | 0.082 [-0.685, 0.992] | 0.087 [-0.717, 1.033] |
| SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.118 [-2.166, 1.921] | -0.375 [-3.113, 2.575] | -0.162 [-3.168, 2.726] | 0.114 [-2.492, 3.127] | -0.251 [-3.453, 2.618] | -0.154 [-2.887, 2.818] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.901 [0.828, 0.976] | 0.909 [0.834, 0.982] | 0.909 [0.834, 0.985] | 0.902 [0.828, 0.977] | 0.910 [0.842, 0.979] | 0.912 [0.834, 0.988] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.797 [0.699, 0.908] | 0.663 [0.572, 0.765] | 0.719 [0.625, 0.831] | 0.700 [0.605, 0.808] | 0.543 [0.465, 0.633] | 0.741 [0.642, 0.858] |
| Slope TCE WP residual variance | 0.205 [0.097, 0.339] | 0.209 [0.108, 0.355] | 0.214 [0.117, 0.372] | 0.211 [0.110, 0.358] | 0.219 [0.129, 0.370] | 0.215 [0.105, 0.368] |
| Slope SNS WP residual variance | 0.418 [0.184, 0.758] | 0.449 [0.210, 0.844] | 0.476 [0.241, 0.878] | 0.488 [0.258, 0.873] | 0.457 [0.214, 0.854] | 0.430 [0.199, 0.818] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.225 [0.088, 0.447] | 0.284 [0.131, 0.525] | 0.279 [0.084, 0.524] | 0.251 [0.111, 0.487] | 0.265 [0.117, 0.487] | 0.240 [0.104, 0.496] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.159 [0.071, 0.283] | 0.155 [0.053, 0.309] | 0.146 [0.066, 0.294] | 0.151 [0.064, 0.285] | 0.150 [0.064, 0.281] | 0.148 [0.068, 0.287] |
| Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance | 1.203 [0.410, 2.648] | 1.298 [0.491, 2.722] | 1.609 [0.582, 3.168] | 1.311 [0.371, 2.835] | 1.612 [0.627, 3.221] | 1.393 [0.601, 2.818] |
| Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.770 [0.313, 1.578] | 0.785 [0.351, 1.479] | 0.914 [0.394, 1.698] | 0.685 [0.244, 1.385] | 0.791 [0.282, 1.532] | 0.731 [0.145, 1.478] |
| Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance | 3.998 [1.134, 11.172] | 5.774 [1.749, 15.678] | 7.956 [2.760, 20.044] | 5.790 [1.765, 14.207] | 5.218 [1.815, 15.159] | 6.650 [2.271, 17.372] |
| Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance | 2.130 [0.750, 4.590] | 2.587 [0.875, 5.011] | 2.880 [1.270, 5.971] | 2.494 [0.873, 5.051] | 3.093 [1.573, 6.032] | 3.050 [1.338, 6.115] |
| R2 between | 0.049 [0.026, 0.078] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.007, 0.043] | 0.151 [0.108, 0.197] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 TCE WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.051] | |
| R2 SNS WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.122] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.076] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.109] | |
| R2 TCE * Family WP | 0.065 [0.001, 0.272] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.032 [0.000, 0.180] | 0.034 [0.000, 0.222] | 0.052 [0.000, 0.230] | |
| R2 TCE * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.040 [0.000, 0.169] | 0.062 [0.002, 0.225] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.149] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.072] | |
| R2 SNS * Family WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.122] | 0.024 [0.000, 0.178] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.128] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.146] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.094] | |
| R2 SNS * Weak ties WP | 0.028 [0.000, 0.190] | 0.037 [0.000, 0.183] | 0.055 [0.001, 0.214] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.038 [0.000, 0.178] | |
| Number of participants | 775 | 694 | 690 | 694 | 693 | 691 |
| Number of observations | 5,701 | 5,074 | 5,043 | 5,083 | 5,084 | 5,057 |
Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TVC WP | .154 [.124, .184] | .166 [.130, .201] | .172 [.136, .207] | .168 [.133, .204] | .162 [.128, .197] | .171 [.136, .206] |
| TCE WP | .038 [.011, .065] | .052 [.021, .083] | .062 [.031, .092] | .055 [.024, .086] | .060 [.028, .092] | .059 [.028, .090] |
| SNS WP | .094 [.049, .139] | .083 [.035, .130] | .084 [.037, .132] | .080 [.031, .128] | .076 [.031, .122] | .093 [.046, .141] |
| TVC BP | -.065 [-.112, -.019] | -.080 [-.130, -.029] | -.065 [-.116, -.014] | -.053 [-.104, -.002] | -.053 [-.102, -.004] | -.051 [-.102, -.001] |
| TCE BP | -.054 [-.096, -.011] | -.046 [-.092, -.000] | -.040 [-.086, .006] | -.036 [-.083, .010] | -.004 [-.047, .039] | -.032 [-.078, .014] |
| SNS BP | -.019 [-.061, .023] | -.017 [-.063, .029] | -.007 [-.054, .039] | .002 [-.044, .048] | .005 [-.039, .050] | .000 [-.046, .046] |
| Personality trait | .147 [.119, .176] | .118 [.089, .147] | .133 [.104, .162] | -.333 [-.359, -.307] | .007 [-.022, .036] | |
| Personality trait * TVC WP | -.043 [-.113, .027] | -.024 [-.094, .045] | -.017 [-.085, .052] | .038 [-.033, .108] | .033 [-.038, .104] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -.118 [-.202, -.035] | -.011 [-.092, .071] | .022 [-.058, .103] | .066 [-.018, .149] | -.006 [-.087, .076] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | -.049 [-.158, .060] | .055 [-.051, .160] | .030 [-.080, .140] | .062 [-.046, .170] | .053 [-.054, .160] |
Note: Effect of TVC, TCE, and SNS (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCE WP | -.120 [-.175, -.065] | -.130 [-.188, -.073] | -.137 [-.194, -.079] | -.137 [-.192, -.082] | -.133 [-.194, -.072] | -.120 [-.178, -.062] |
| SNS WP | -.095 [-.169, -.021] | -.123 [-.208, -.037] | -.130 [-.215, -.046] | -.133 [-.214, -.051] | -.138 [-.223, -.053] | -.126 [-.207, -.045] |
| Family WP | -.123 [-.183, -.063] | -.133 [-.209, -.058] | -.136 [-.211, -.060] | -.147 [-.220, -.074] | -.117 [-.188, -.047] | -.118 [-.192, -.045] |
| Weak ties WP | -.190 [-.256, -.125] | -.210 [-.272, -.148] | -.225 [-.288, -.162] | -.214 [-.281, -.148] | -.253 [-.313, -.193] | -.208 [-.270, -.147] |
| Personality trait | .108 [.075, .141] | .117 [.084, .149] | .133 [.099, .166] | -.319 [-.350, -.289] | .015 [-.018, .048] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -.011 [-.126, .104] | .062 [-.059, .183] | .030 [-.080, .141] | .065 [-.056, .187] | -.020 [-.142, .102] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | .033 [-.082, .148] | .084 [-.032, .200] | .005 [-.110, .121] | .090 [-.037, .217] | .032 [-.097, .161] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .025 [-.088, .137] | .005 [-.103, .112] | .028 [-.080, .136] | .017 [-.100, .135] | .034 [-.082, .150] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .047 [-.084, .178] | .146 [.011, .281] | -.042 [-.168, .085] | -.004 [-.125, .117] | .061 [-.073, .195] |
Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCE WP | -.120 [-.174, -.066] | -.129 [-.190, -.068] | -.126 [-.189, -.063] | -.136 [-.200, -.072] | -.144 [-.207, -.081] | -.121 [-.182, -.061] |
| SNS WP | -.072 [-.147, .002] | -.111 [-.206, -.017] | -.126 [-.223, -.029] | -.108 [-.195, -.020] | -.129 [-.219, -.039] | -.117 [-.209, -.024] |
| Family WP | -.133 [-.201, -.064] | -.149 [-.222, -.076] | -.132 [-.208, -.057] | -.132 [-.208, -.057] | -.120 [-.202, -.037] | -.118 [-.191, -.044] |
| Weak ties WP | -.200 [-.263, -.136] | -.198 [-.274, -.121] | -.214 [-.295, -.133] | -.209 [-.284, -.134] | -.214 [-.287, -.141] | -.212 [-.288, -.137] |
| TCE * Family WP | .054 [-.109, .217] | .061 [-.144, .266] | .026 [-.180, .232] | -.004 [-.211, .203] | .042 [-.159, .244] | .039 [-.169, .246] |
| TCE * Weak ties WP | .196 [-.001, .393] | .089 [-.151, .329] | .151 [-.083, .385] | .094 [-.115, .303] | .084 [-.141, .309] | .121 [-.082, .323] |
| SNS * Family WP | -.075 [-.378, .228] | -.023 [-.345, .299] | .073 [-.281, .426] | .148 [-.189, .486] | -.071 [-.401, .259] | .194 [-.160, .549] |
| SNS * Weak ties WP | .154 [-.218, .526] | .119 [-.241, .479] | .089 [-.289, .467] | .111 [-.284, .506] | .279 [-.070, .628] | .113 [-.259, .486] |
| Personality trait | .114 [.080, .147] | .113 [.079, .147] | .135 [.101, .168] | -.321 [-.352, -.290] | .020 [-.014, .054] | |
| Personality trait * TCE WP | -.018 [-.120, .084] | .043 [-.062, .147] | .026 [-.077, .129] | .068 [-.040, .176] | -.004 [-.109, .102] | |
| Personality trait * SNS WP | .046 [-.065, .157] | .048 [-.064, .161] | -.014 [-.129, .101] | .095 [-.020, .211] | .048 [-.067, .163] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .041 [-.067, .149] | .012 [-.095, .119] | .003 [-.109, .115] | -.008 [-.124, .108] | .076 [-.037, .189] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .011 [-.113, .135] | .109 [-.016, .234] | -.004 [-.125, .117] | -.012 [-.134, .109] | .065 [-.053, .184] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Family WP | .171 [.032, .309] | .031 [-.100, .161] | .144 [.002, .285] | -.121 [-.260, .017] | .102 [-.038, .242] | |
| Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP | .084 [-.064, .231] | -.100 [-.247, .048] | .118 [-.028, .263] | -.106 [-.262, .050] | .007 [-.147, .161] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Family WP | .050 [-.106, .206] | .027 [-.132, .186] | -.124 [-.280, .032] | -.026 [-.187, .135] | .083 [-.070, .237] | |
| Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP | .196 [.037, .354] | -.046 [-.205, .113] | .182 [.028, .335] | -.054 [-.208, .101] | .103 [-.048, .253] |
Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.133 [0.119, 0.146] | 0.131 [0.116, 0.146] | 0.132 [0.117, 0.147] | 0.132 [0.117, 0.147] | 0.131 [0.117, 0.146] | 0.132 [0.116, 0.147] |
| Family WP | 0.056 [0.038, 0.073] | 0.058 [0.039, 0.078] | 0.058 [0.039, 0.078] | 0.058 [0.038, 0.078] | 0.057 [0.038, 0.075] | 0.058 [0.039, 0.078] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.024, 0.005] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] |
| Weekend WP | 0.090 [0.079, 0.101] | 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] | 0.089 [0.078, 0.101] | 0.089 [0.078, 0.100] | 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] | 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.189 [0.187, 0.192] | 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] | 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] | 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] | 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] | 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] |
| Family WP variance | 0.127 [0.125, 0.129] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.168 [0.166, 0.171] | 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] | 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] | 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] | 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] | 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.244 [0.241, 0.248] | 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] |
| R2 within | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.060 [0.054, 0.065] | 0.060 [0.054, 0.066] | 0.060 [0.053, 0.065] | 0.059 [0.054, 0.065] | 0.059 [0.053, 0.065] |
| Close peers BP | 0.053 [-0.077, 0.180] | -0.059 [-0.201, 0.083] | 0.024 [-0.112, 0.160] | 0.057 [-0.081, 0.193] | 0.043 [-0.082, 0.166] | 0.060 [-0.080, 0.198] |
| Family BP | 0.200 [0.032, 0.373] | 0.166 [-0.010, 0.345] | 0.090 [-0.085, 0.268] | 0.066 [-0.111, 0.247] | 0.211 [0.052, 0.372] | 0.156 [-0.023, 0.338] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.004 [-0.216, 0.209] | -0.076 [-0.304, 0.164] | -0.017 [-0.243, 0.216] | 0.018 [-0.212, 0.251] | -0.066 [-0.278, 0.146] | 0.010 [-0.224, 0.249] |
| Personality trait | 0.106 [0.073, 0.140] | 0.148 [0.105, 0.190] | 0.131 [0.088, 0.174] | -0.257 [-0.289, -0.225] | 0.013 [-0.032, 0.058] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] | 0.015 [-0.009, 0.039] | -0.019 [-0.042, 0.005] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.001 [-0.023, 0.025] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.034 [-0.058, -0.010] | -0.012 [-0.043, 0.018] | 0.002 [-0.028, 0.033] | 0.038 [0.013, 0.063] | -0.007 [-0.038, 0.024] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.008] | 0.013 [-0.011, 0.035] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] | 0.014 [-0.005, 0.033] | 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.020, -0.006] | -0.011 [-0.018, -0.005] | -0.013 [-0.020, -0.007] | -0.011 [-0.018, -0.005] | -0.009 [-0.015, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.019, -0.005] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.016, 0.001] | -0.009 [-0.018, 0.000] | -0.010 [-0.019, -0.001] | -0.011 [-0.019, -0.002] | -0.005 [-0.013, 0.003] | -0.010 [-0.019, -0.001] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.023, -0.009] | -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008] | -0.016 [-0.023, -0.009] | -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008] | -0.013 [-0.019, -0.007] | -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.005 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [0.001, 0.008] | 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.003] | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] | -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.624 [0.612, 0.637] | 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] | 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] | 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] | 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] | 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] |
| Family BP mean | 0.185 [0.175, 0.194] | 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] | 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] | 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] | 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] | 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.254 [0.245, 0.262] | 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] | 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] | 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] | 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] | 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.883 [2.787, 2.982] | 2.993 [2.885, 3.099] | 2.939 [2.837, 3.042] | 2.913 [2.811, 3.015] | 2.920 [2.826, 3.015] | 2.898 [2.795, 3.001] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.046 [0.042, 0.051] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] |
| Family BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.018 [0.016, 0.020] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.205 [0.189, 0.222] | 0.191 [0.175, 0.209] | 0.190 [0.174, 0.207] | 0.191 [0.176, 0.209] | 0.159 [0.146, 0.174] | 0.198 [0.181, 0.216] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.027] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.027] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.031 [0.024, 0.038] | 0.031 [0.024, 0.039] | 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] | 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] | 0.031 [0.024, 0.040] | 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.010, 0.019] | 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] |
| R2 between | 0.008 [0.001, 0.020] | 0.027 [0.014, 0.048] | 0.026 [0.014, 0.041] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.036] | 0.116 [0.091, 0.145] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.020] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.012 [0.001, 0.036] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.013 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 45,802 | 39,747 | 39,747 | 39,747 | 39,741 | 39,747 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.114 [0.097, 0.132] | 0.120 [0.100, 0.140] | 0.120 [0.100, 0.140] | 0.119 [0.099, 0.140] | 0.119 [0.099, 0.139] | 0.120 [0.100, 0.141] |
| Family WP | 0.078 [0.056, 0.099] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.091] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.092] | 0.065 [0.040, 0.090] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.092] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.091] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.014 [-0.032, 0.004] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.014] | -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] |
| Weekend WP | 0.122 [0.109, 0.137] | 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] | 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] | 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] | 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] | 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.195 [0.192, 0.198] | 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] |
| Family WP variance | 0.127 [0.125, 0.130] | 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] | 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] | 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] | 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] | 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.164 [0.161, 0.167] | 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] | 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] | 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] | 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] | 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.251 [0.247, 0.256] | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] |
| R2 within | 0.056 [0.050, 0.063] | 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] | 0.057 [0.049, 0.065] | 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] | 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] | 0.057 [0.049, 0.065] |
| Close peers BP | 0.069 [-0.080, 0.216] | 0.057 [-0.107, 0.225] | 0.088 [-0.070, 0.249] | 0.136 [-0.019, 0.296] | 0.099 [-0.048, 0.246] | 0.098 [-0.060, 0.260] |
| Family BP | 0.019 [-0.182, 0.224] | 0.062 [-0.156, 0.278] | 0.055 [-0.163, 0.270] | 0.014 [-0.202, 0.228] | 0.116 [-0.089, 0.317] | 0.061 [-0.157, 0.279] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.034 [-0.227, 0.289] | -0.055 [-0.332, 0.233] | -0.030 [-0.302, 0.253] | -0.028 [-0.297, 0.250] | -0.141 [-0.397, 0.124] | -0.023 [-0.298, 0.263] |
| Personality trait | 0.043 [0.001, 0.085] | 0.077 [0.022, 0.130] | 0.133 [0.080, 0.185] | -0.222 [-0.265, -0.180] | 0.024 [-0.032, 0.078] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.001 [-0.025, 0.023] | -0.011 [-0.045, 0.023] | 0.005 [-0.027, 0.037] | 0.036 [0.010, 0.063] | 0.012 [-0.019, 0.045] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.009 [-0.037, 0.020] | 0.007 [-0.031, 0.048] | 0.017 [-0.023, 0.056] | 0.012 [-0.020, 0.045] | -0.024 [-0.064, 0.016] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.013 [-0.038, 0.012] | -0.015 [-0.049, 0.019] | -0.016 [-0.050, 0.018] | 0.030 [0.002, 0.057] | -0.015 [-0.048, 0.019] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.017, -0.001] | -0.006 [-0.015, 0.003] | -0.006 [-0.014, 0.003] | -0.006 [-0.015, 0.002] | -0.001 [-0.009, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.015, 0.003] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.022, 0.000] | -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.020, 0.000] | -0.008 [-0.018, 0.002] | -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013] | -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] | -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] | -0.021 [-0.030, -0.012] | -0.018 [-0.027, -0.009] | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.007, 0.004] | 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] | 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] | 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] | 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] | 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [0.001, 0.011] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] | 0.003 [-0.002, 0.008] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.003, 0.009] | 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.574 [0.558, 0.591] | 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] | 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] | 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] | 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] | 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] |
| Family BP mean | 0.187 [0.175, 0.199] | 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] | 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] | 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] | 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] | 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.248 [0.237, 0.258] | 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] | 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] | 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] | 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] | 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.868 [2.754, 2.983] | 2.907 [2.782, 3.031] | 2.885 [2.765, 3.002] | 2.863 [2.746, 2.978] | 2.894 [2.784, 3.004] | 2.876 [2.755, 2.995] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.050 [0.045, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] |
| Family BP variance | 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.186 [0.168, 0.206] | 0.166 [0.148, 0.187] | 0.165 [0.147, 0.186] | 0.160 [0.143, 0.181] | 0.140 [0.124, 0.158] | 0.167 [0.149, 0.188] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.013, 0.025] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] | 0.020 [0.013, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.013, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.017 [0.011, 0.025] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] | 0.016 [0.009, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] |
| R2 between | 0.005 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.015 [0.004, 0.035] | 0.032 [0.014, 0.060] | 0.102 [0.069, 0.143] | 0.009 [0.002, 0.029] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.058] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| Number of participants | 850 | 634 | 634 | 634 | 634 | 634 |
| Number of observations | 26,648 | 21,146 | 21,146 | 21,146 | 21,146 | 21,146 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.359 [0.330, 0.388] | 0.364 [0.334, 0.395] | 0.363 [0.332, 0.394] | 0.364 [0.332, 0.394] | 0.363 [0.332, 0.394] | 0.364 [0.332, 0.394] |
| Family WP | 0.143 [0.110, 0.175] | 0.140 [0.106, 0.176] | 0.141 [0.107, 0.176] | 0.141 [0.106, 0.176] | 0.142 [0.107, 0.177] | 0.140 [0.105, 0.175] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.042 [0.007, 0.076] | 0.041 [0.005, 0.079] | 0.040 [0.004, 0.077] | 0.041 [0.004, 0.078] | 0.041 [0.004, 0.077] | 0.043 [0.007, 0.080] |
| Weekend WP | 0.258 [0.240, 0.275] | 0.264 [0.246, 0.282] | 0.266 [0.247, 0.284] | 0.264 [0.246, 0.283] | 0.264 [0.246, 0.283] | 0.263 [0.245, 0.282] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.167 [0.165, 0.169] | 0.167 [0.165, 0.168] | 0.167 [0.165, 0.169] | 0.167 [0.165, 0.168] | 0.166 [0.165, 0.168] | 0.166 [0.164, 0.168] |
| Family WP variance | 0.123 [0.121, 0.124] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] | 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.083 [0.082, 0.083] | 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] | 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] | 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] | 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] | 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.946 [0.935, 0.956] | 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] | 0.954 [0.943, 0.966] | 0.956 [0.945, 0.967] | 0.955 [0.944, 0.966] | 0.952 [0.941, 0.963] |
| R2 within | 0.066 [0.062, 0.070] | 0.067 [0.062, 0.071] | 0.067 [0.062, 0.071] | 0.066 [0.062, 0.071] | 0.066 [0.062, 0.071] | 0.066 [0.062, 0.071] |
| Close peers BP | 0.711 [0.454, 0.981] | 0.449 [0.193, 0.707] | 0.636 [0.371, 0.902] | 0.675 [0.411, 0.938] | 0.643 [0.415, 0.868] | 0.706 [0.442, 0.971] |
| Family BP | 0.280 [-0.087, 0.656] | 0.302 [-0.056, 0.658] | 0.271 [-0.102, 0.632] | 0.267 [-0.095, 0.632] | 0.346 [0.020, 0.669] | 0.245 [-0.142, 0.624] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.311 [-0.971, 0.357] | -0.374 [-1.038, 0.286] | -0.227 [-0.920, 0.466] | -0.161 [-0.859, 0.519] | -0.039 [-0.644, 0.570] | -0.173 [-0.883, 0.543] |
| Personality trait | 0.359 [0.282, 0.436] | 0.256 [0.157, 0.359] | 0.213 [0.122, 0.303] | -0.508 [-0.572, -0.444] | -0.003 [-0.093, 0.085] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.017 [-0.061, 0.025] | -0.047 [-0.101, 0.006] | -0.047 [-0.096, 0.002] | 0.020 [-0.019, 0.059] | -0.029 [-0.076, 0.019] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.013 [-0.061, 0.039] | 0.008 [-0.051, 0.065] | -0.025 [-0.079, 0.029] | -0.007 [-0.050, 0.037] | 0.025 [-0.029, 0.079] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.044 [-0.095, 0.005] | 0.018 [-0.045, 0.081] | -0.001 [-0.059, 0.055] | 0.005 [-0.040, 0.050] | 0.004 [-0.052, 0.060] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.047 [-0.073, -0.022] | -0.039 [-0.065, -0.015] | -0.038 [-0.064, -0.013] | -0.036 [-0.062, -0.011] | -0.034 [-0.057, -0.011] | -0.043 [-0.070, -0.017] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.052, 0.006] | -0.020 [-0.048, 0.008] | -0.020 [-0.049, 0.008] | -0.015 [-0.044, 0.013] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.007] | -0.019 [-0.049, 0.010] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.066, -0.008] | -0.021 [-0.048, 0.006] | -0.030 [-0.060, -0.001] | -0.027 [-0.058, 0.003] | -0.027 [-0.052, 0.000] | -0.028 [-0.057, 0.002] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.013, 0.016] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.017, 0.014] | 0.000 [-0.015, 0.015] | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.013] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] | 0.006 [-0.010, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.007, 0.023] | 0.007 [-0.009, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.007, 0.024] | 0.007 [-0.008, 0.023] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.019, 0.013] | -0.009 [-0.027, 0.008] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.008] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.009] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.344 [0.328, 0.360] | 0.345 [0.328, 0.362] | 0.346 [0.328, 0.363] | 0.345 [0.328, 0.363] | 0.345 [0.327, 0.362] | 0.345 [0.328, 0.363] |
| Family BP mean | 0.183 [0.171, 0.195] | 0.189 [0.177, 0.202] | 0.190 [0.177, 0.202] | 0.190 [0.177, 0.203] | 0.190 [0.177, 0.203] | 0.190 [0.177, 0.203] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.104 [0.097, 0.111] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.640 [0.522, 0.753] | 0.723 [0.608, 0.841] | 0.650 [0.529, 0.770] | 0.627 [0.511, 0.748] | 0.613 [0.509, 0.717] | 0.627 [0.504, 0.749] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.056 [0.051, 0.062] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] | 0.058 [0.052, 0.064] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] | 0.058 [0.052, 0.064] |
| Family BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.700 [0.633, 0.773] | 0.589 [0.531, 0.657] | 0.636 [0.574, 0.708] | 0.629 [0.568, 0.701] | 0.486 [0.436, 0.540] | 0.654 [0.590, 0.725] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.091 [0.075, 0.110] | 0.089 [0.073, 0.109] | 0.088 [0.071, 0.108] | 0.089 [0.072, 0.109] | 0.090 [0.072, 0.109] | 0.089 [0.072, 0.108] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.095 [0.077, 0.118] | 0.096 [0.076, 0.119] | 0.095 [0.074, 0.119] | 0.096 [0.075, 0.120] | 0.094 [0.073, 0.118] | 0.096 [0.075, 0.119] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.048, 0.091] | 0.068 [0.047, 0.093] | 0.067 [0.048, 0.092] | 0.068 [0.048, 0.093] | 0.068 [0.047, 0.093] | 0.067 [0.047, 0.089] |
| R2 between | 0.046 [0.021, 0.081] | 0.082 [0.055, 0.115] | 0.059 [0.033, 0.094] | 0.060 [0.033, 0.096] | 0.188 [0.149, 0.229] | 0.049 [0.023, 0.086] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 64,953 | 58,468 | 58,225 | 58,463 | 58,448 | 58,366 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), including episodes with multiple partners. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | .291 [.278, .304] | .285 [.271, .300] | .298 [.285, .311] | .297 [.283, .310] | .296 [.283, .309] | .286 [.271, .300] |
| Family WP | .131 [.116, .147] | .126 [.108, .145] | .127 [.109, .146] | .126 [.107, .144] | .124 [.107, .142] | .125 [.106, .144] |
| Weak ties WP | -.002 [-.017, .013] | -.004 [-.021, .013] | .001 [-.015, .017] | -.003 [-.020, .014] | .000 [-.016, .016] | -.004 [-.021, .013] |
| Close peers BP | .081 [.042, .120] | .041 [-.003, .085] | .075 [.032, .117] | .092 [.050, .135] | .091 [.050, .131] | .093 [.050, .136] |
| Family BP | .049 [.010, .088] | .053 [.010, .096] | .038 [-.005, .081] | .030 [-.014, .073] | .072 [.031, .113] | .047 [.003, .091] |
| Weak ties BP | -.008 [-.049, .033] | -.028 [-.073, .017] | -.013 [-.058, .032] | -.006 [-.051, .039] | -.022 [-.064, .021] | -.007 [-.052, .038] |
| Personality trait | .153 [.125, .182] | .124 [.097, .152] | .130 [.103, .158] | -.335 [-.360, -.310] | .011 [-.017, .039] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -.032 [-.077, .013] | -.012 [-.058, .033] | -.049 [-.094, -.004] | .074 [.028, .119] | -.009 [-.054, .037] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.061 [-.112, -.011] | -.005 [-.054, .044] | -.004 [-.053, .046] | .053 [.003, .103] | -.006 [-.055, .044] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.061 [-.116, -.005] | .018 [-.038, .074] | -.012 [-.069, .044] | .059 [.002, .116] | .011 [-.045, .066] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties (reference category: no social interaction), including episodes with multiple partners. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Friends and roommates WP | 0.165 [0.147, 0.184] | 0.166 [0.145, 0.185] | 0.170 [0.149, 0.189] | 0.168 [0.148, 0.188] | 0.168 [0.148, 0.187] | 0.168 [0.148, 0.188] |
| Significant others WP | 0.211 [0.175, 0.247] | 0.214 [0.176, 0.251] | 0.218 [0.181, 0.255] | 0.218 [0.181, 0.255] | 0.212 [0.173, 0.249] | 0.217 [0.180, 0.254] |
| Family WP | 0.162 [0.130, 0.195] | 0.170 [0.134, 0.205] | 0.175 [0.139, 0.209] | 0.170 [0.134, 0.204] | 0.170 [0.135, 0.205] | 0.173 [0.138, 0.208] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.038 [0.017, 0.059] | 0.035 [0.012, 0.059] | 0.040 [0.017, 0.064] | 0.038 [0.015, 0.061] | 0.038 [0.016, 0.060] | 0.038 [0.016, 0.062] |
| Weekend WP | 0.070 [0.057, 0.083] | 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] | 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] | 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] | 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] | 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] |
| Friends and roommates WP variance | 0.184 [0.181, 0.186] | 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] | 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] | 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] | 0.185 [0.182, 0.188] | 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] |
| Significant others WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] | 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] | 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] | 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] | 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] | 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] |
| Family WP variance | 0.063 [0.062, 0.064] | 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] | 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] | 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] | 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] | 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.240 [0.236, 0.244] | 0.238 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.242] |
| R2 within | 0.090 [0.082, 0.098] | 0.091 [0.080, 0.102] | 0.093 [0.082, 0.104] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.103] | 0.092 [0.083, 0.101] | 0.092 [0.081, 0.103] |
| Friends and roommates BP | 0.051 [-0.103, 0.208] | -0.025 [-0.193, 0.142] | 0.073 [-0.091, 0.233] | 0.119 [-0.044, 0.280] | 0.061 [-0.087, 0.216] | 0.130 [-0.036, 0.295] |
| Significant others BP | 0.023 [-0.185, 0.233] | -0.017 [-0.241, 0.206] | 0.037 [-0.184, 0.256] | 0.028 [-0.193, 0.248] | 0.143 [-0.059, 0.346] | 0.069 [-0.156, 0.294] |
| Family BP | 0.109 [-0.287, 0.513] | 0.183 [-0.236, 0.592] | 0.141 [-0.277, 0.549] | 0.132 [-0.286, 0.544] | 0.358 [-0.016, 0.744] | 0.247 [-0.175, 0.665] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.125 [-0.517, 0.266] | -0.263 [-0.695, 0.146] | -0.156 [-0.574, 0.250] | -0.115 [-0.537, 0.290] | -0.184 [-0.556, 0.209] | -0.063 [-0.495, 0.350] |
| Personality trait | 0.109 [0.075, 0.145] | 0.149 [0.106, 0.193] | 0.136 [0.094, 0.180] | -0.270 [-0.303, -0.237] | 0.019 [-0.027, 0.064] | |
| Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP | -0.025 [-0.049, 0.000] | 0.035 [0.005, 0.067] | -0.014 [-0.045, 0.018] | 0.023 [-0.003, 0.049] | 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.002 [-0.043, 0.048] | 0.031 [-0.029, 0.093] | -0.039 [-0.102, 0.023] | 0.048 [-0.001, 0.095] | -0.036 [-0.094, 0.027] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.020 [-0.065, 0.024] | 0.054 [-0.002, 0.111] | 0.038 [-0.021, 0.097] | 0.062 [0.014, 0.109] | 0.025 [-0.034, 0.083] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.032 [-0.059, -0.004] | 0.027 [-0.009, 0.063] | 0.008 [-0.028, 0.044] | 0.032 [0.002, 0.061] | 0.001 [-0.035, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.030, -0.011] | -0.019 [-0.028, -0.010] | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] | -0.019 [-0.028, -0.010] | -0.017 [-0.025, -0.008] | -0.020 [-0.029, -0.011] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.011] | -0.029 [-0.047, -0.011] | -0.029 [-0.047, -0.012] | -0.025 [-0.043, -0.008] | -0.020 [-0.038, -0.003] | -0.027 [-0.045, -0.009] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.038, -0.007] | -0.024 [-0.040, -0.009] | -0.028 [-0.044, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] | -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002] | -0.025 [-0.042, -0.010] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018] | -0.027 [-0.037, -0.017] | -0.030 [-0.040, -0.019] | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018] | -0.024 [-0.034, -0.015] | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance | 0.014 [0.002, 0.027] | 0.009 [-0.003, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance | 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.038] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.038] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.026 [0.013, 0.039] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [0.008, 0.022] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.022] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.022] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.022] | 0.013 [0.006, 0.021] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.022] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.001, 0.040] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.043] | 0.021 [0.002, 0.042] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.043] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.043] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.009, 0.016] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.017] | 0.006 [-0.006, 0.019] |
| Friends and roommates BP mean | 0.405 [0.392, 0.419] | 0.405 [0.390, 0.419] | 0.405 [0.390, 0.419] | 0.404 [0.390, 0.419] | 0.404 [0.390, 0.419] | 0.404 [0.389, 0.419] |
| Significant others BP mean | 0.085 [0.077, 0.094] | 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] |
| Family BP mean | 0.075 [0.069, 0.080] | 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.067, 0.079] | 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.138 [0.132, 0.145] | 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] | 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] | 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] | 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] | 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.926 [2.801, 3.051] | 2.990 [2.856, 3.126] | 2.933 [2.802, 3.065] | 2.910 [2.779, 3.041] | 2.918 [2.794, 3.035] | 2.887 [2.752, 3.021] |
| Friends and roommates BP variance | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] |
| Significant others BP variance | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.007, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.010] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.212 [0.195, 0.230] | 0.198 [0.181, 0.217] | 0.197 [0.180, 0.216] | 0.199 [0.182, 0.218] | 0.164 [0.150, 0.180] | 0.206 [0.188, 0.225] |
| Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.025, 0.043] | 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] | 0.032 [0.023, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.029, 0.071] | 0.047 [0.030, 0.070] | 0.046 [0.029, 0.069] | 0.047 [0.030, 0.069] | 0.044 [0.027, 0.068] | 0.047 [0.030, 0.069] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.085 [0.064, 0.109] | 0.087 [0.063, 0.113] | 0.085 [0.062, 0.112] | 0.086 [0.063, 0.113] | 0.084 [0.062, 0.112] | 0.087 [0.064, 0.114] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.023] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.056] | 0.030 [0.016, 0.052] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.052] | 0.127 [0.098, 0.161] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.041] |
| R2 Friends and roommates WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.017 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| Number of participants | 1,351 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,131 | 1,132 |
| Number of observations | 32,346 | 28,008 | 28,008 | 28,008 | 28,002 | 28,008 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Friends and roommates WP | 0.152 [0.129, 0.175] | 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] | 0.155 [0.129, 0.181] | 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] | 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] | 0.156 [0.130, 0.182] |
| Significant others WP | 0.255 [0.207, 0.297] | 0.264 [0.212, 0.314] | 0.263 [0.210, 0.312] | 0.261 [0.209, 0.310] | 0.253 [0.200, 0.302] | 0.261 [0.210, 0.311] |
| Family WP | 0.191 [0.152, 0.227] | 0.180 [0.138, 0.220] | 0.180 [0.138, 0.219] | 0.180 [0.138, 0.221] | 0.179 [0.137, 0.219] | 0.174 [0.133, 0.214] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.048 [0.020, 0.074] | 0.053 [0.019, 0.084] | 0.054 [0.019, 0.084] | 0.054 [0.019, 0.085] | 0.053 [0.020, 0.083] | 0.054 [0.019, 0.084] |
| Weekend WP | 0.100 [0.084, 0.116] | 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] | 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] | 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] | 0.102 [0.084, 0.121] | 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] |
| Friends and roommates WP variance | 0.172 [0.168, 0.175] | 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] | 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] | 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] | 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] | 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] |
| Significant others WP variance | 0.050 [0.049, 0.051] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] |
| Family WP variance | 0.077 [0.075, 0.078] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] | 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.112 [0.110, 0.115] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] | 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.246 [0.241, 0.252] | 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] | 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] | 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] | 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] | 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] |
| R2 within | 0.087 [0.075, 0.101] | 0.088 [0.075, 0.101] | 0.087 [0.075, 0.101] | 0.086 [0.075, 0.100] | 0.085 [0.074, 0.099] | 0.087 [0.075, 0.100] |
| Friends and roommates BP | 0.073 [-0.110, 0.253] | 0.098 [-0.114, 0.303] | 0.131 [-0.071, 0.328] | 0.171 [-0.027, 0.365] | 0.089 [-0.098, 0.272] | 0.152 [-0.049, 0.350] |
| Significant others BP | 0.160 [-0.117, 0.444] | 0.130 [-0.158, 0.421] | 0.179 [-0.104, 0.464] | 0.192 [-0.086, 0.475] | 0.271 [0.007, 0.533] | 0.173 [-0.111, 0.460] |
| Family BP | -0.005 [-0.360, 0.367] | 0.213 [-0.179, 0.607] | 0.229 [-0.161, 0.621] | 0.159 [-0.226, 0.548] | 0.265 [-0.098, 0.634] | 0.242 [-0.150, 0.636] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.076 [-0.496, 0.377] | -0.171 [-0.627, 0.297] | -0.152 [-0.600, 0.313] | -0.161 [-0.602, 0.295] | -0.207 [-0.625, 0.227] | -0.095 [-0.548, 0.366] |
| Personality trait | 0.040 [-0.003, 0.083] | 0.083 [0.026, 0.140] | 0.136 [0.082, 0.190] | -0.231 [-0.274, -0.188] | 0.022 [-0.034, 0.079] | |
| Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP | 0.003 [-0.028, 0.033] | -0.003 [-0.047, 0.041] | 0.001 [-0.041, 0.043] | 0.038 [0.003, 0.073] | 0.009 [-0.033, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | -0.036 [-0.096, 0.022] | 0.007 [-0.078, 0.097] | 0.016 [-0.068, 0.093] | 0.071 [0.001, 0.147] | -0.017 [-0.103, 0.057] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.006 [-0.044, 0.056] | -0.012 [-0.081, 0.059] | -0.010 [-0.077, 0.058] | 0.040 [-0.016, 0.096] | -0.101 [-0.169, -0.034] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.023] | -0.010 [-0.060, 0.038] | -0.019 [-0.066, 0.026] | 0.043 [0.005, 0.084] | 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048] | |
| Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.024, -0.004] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.002] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] | -0.005 [-0.016, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.002] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.043, -0.001] | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.017] | -0.013 [-0.039, 0.015] | -0.014 [-0.038, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.027, 0.017] | -0.013 [-0.038, 0.015] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.036, 0.000] | -0.013 [-0.030, 0.003] | -0.017 [-0.035, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.044, -0.020] | -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] | -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] | -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.018] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.014, 0.013] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.010] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.009] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.010] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance | 0.012 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.029] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.029] | 0.015 [0.002, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.002, 0.027] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.029] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.006, 0.013] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] | 0.001 [-0.006, 0.011] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.035] | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.016, 0.031] | 0.004 [-0.017, 0.030] | 0.003 [-0.017, 0.029] | 0.004 [-0.017, 0.029] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.009, 0.025] | -0.002 [-0.020, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.018, 0.021] | -0.002 [-0.019, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.022] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] | 0.007 [-0.007, 0.021] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] |
| Friends and roommates BP mean | 0.363 [0.345, 0.380] | 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] | 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] | 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] | 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] | 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] |
| Significant others BP mean | 0.081 [0.071, 0.092] | 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] | 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] | 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] | 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] | 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] |
| Family BP mean | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] | 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] | 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] | 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] | 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.148 [0.139, 0.157] | 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] | 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] | 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] | 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] | 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.883 [2.736, 3.023] | 2.884 [2.732, 3.041] | 2.863 [2.716, 3.015] | 2.854 [2.710, 3.004] | 2.876 [2.739, 3.017] | 2.847 [2.700, 2.999] |
| Friends and roommates BP variance | 0.056 [0.050, 0.063] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] |
| Significant others BP variance | 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.011 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.192 [0.173, 0.214] | 0.173 [0.154, 0.196] | 0.172 [0.152, 0.194] | 0.167 [0.148, 0.189] | 0.145 [0.128, 0.164] | 0.174 [0.155, 0.197] |
| Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.045 [0.023, 0.076] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.069] | 0.036 [0.014, 0.072] | 0.035 [0.015, 0.071] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.070] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.071] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.039, 0.085] | 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] | 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] | 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] | 0.057 [0.036, 0.082] | 0.054 [0.034, 0.078] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.017 [0.007, 0.030] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] |
| R2 between | 0.011 [0.002, 0.042] | 0.022 [0.006, 0.062] | 0.029 [0.009, 0.075] | 0.046 [0.020, 0.095] | 0.120 [0.080, 0.169] | 0.023 [0.005, 0.072] |
| R2 Friends and roommates WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.039 [0.000, 0.187] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.055] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.034 [0.004, 0.097] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.029 [0.001, 0.132] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| Number of participants | 841 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 |
| Number of observations | 19,801 | 15,692 | 15,692 | 15,692 | 15,692 | 15,692 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Friends and roommates WP | 0.439 [0.401, 0.476] | 0.454 [0.414, 0.494] | 0.454 [0.414, 0.493] | 0.452 [0.412, 0.493] | 0.453 [0.413, 0.492] | 0.449 [0.410, 0.489] |
| Significant others WP | 0.438 [0.355, 0.516] | 0.428 [0.342, 0.516] | 0.433 [0.349, 0.519] | 0.427 [0.341, 0.513] | 0.421 [0.333, 0.508] | 0.436 [0.346, 0.523] |
| Family WP | 0.258 [0.210, 0.305] | 0.261 [0.211, 0.313] | 0.262 [0.212, 0.312] | 0.259 [0.210, 0.311] | 0.260 [0.211, 0.309] | 0.259 [0.208, 0.310] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.132 [0.090, 0.177] | 0.135 [0.090, 0.185] | 0.134 [0.085, 0.182] | 0.136 [0.088, 0.186] | 0.134 [0.087, 0.182] | 0.137 [0.086, 0.189] |
| Weekend WP | 0.235 [0.216, 0.255] | 0.239 [0.219, 0.259] | 0.241 [0.221, 0.261] | 0.240 [0.220, 0.260] | 0.239 [0.219, 0.259] | 0.239 [0.219, 0.259] |
| Friends and roommates WP variance | 0.112 [0.110, 0.113] | 0.110 [0.109, 0.111] | 0.110 [0.109, 0.112] | 0.110 [0.109, 0.111] | 0.110 [0.109, 0.112] | 0.110 [0.109, 0.112] |
| Significant others WP variance | 0.032 [0.032, 0.033] | 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] | 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] | 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] | 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] | 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] |
| Family WP variance | 0.074 [0.073, 0.074] | 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] | 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] | 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] | 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] | 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.048 [0.048, 0.049] | 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] | 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] | 0.049 [0.048, 0.050] | 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] | 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.917 [0.906, 0.928] | 0.923 [0.911, 0.935] | 0.925 [0.913, 0.937] | 0.926 [0.914, 0.938] | 0.925 [0.913, 0.937] | 0.922 [0.910, 0.934] |
| R2 within | 0.077 [0.071, 0.083] | 0.079 [0.074, 0.086] | 0.080 [0.074, 0.086] | 0.080 [0.074, 0.086] | 0.079 [0.074, 0.085] | 0.080 [0.074, 0.086] |
| Friends and roommates BP | 0.909 [0.540, 1.267] | 0.682 [0.334, 1.033] | 0.935 [0.563, 1.311] | 0.998 [0.633, 1.361] | 0.813 [0.491, 1.135] | 1.038 [0.671, 1.406] |
| Significant others BP | 1.057 [0.571, 1.543] | 0.670 [0.204, 1.145] | 0.817 [0.327, 1.313] | 0.875 [0.383, 1.362] | 1.143 [0.715, 1.572] | 0.942 [0.444, 1.430] |
| Family BP | 0.862 [0.281, 1.439] | 0.860 [0.328, 1.412] | 0.834 [0.276, 1.402] | 0.908 [0.331, 1.473] | 0.913 [0.403, 1.417] | 0.888 [0.302, 1.474] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.009 [-1.068, 1.039] | 0.009 [-1.016, 1.044] | 0.236 [-0.825, 1.340] | 0.312 [-0.753, 1.357] | 0.705 [-0.254, 1.664] | 0.341 [-0.777, 1.440] |
| Personality trait | 0.364 [0.285, 0.443] | 0.260 [0.161, 0.363] | 0.217 [0.127, 0.310] | -0.518 [-0.583, -0.453] | -0.009 [-0.099, 0.082] | |
| Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP | -0.039 [-0.094, 0.016] | -0.020 [-0.089, 0.049] | -0.047 [-0.110, 0.014] | 0.036 [-0.013, 0.087] | 0.006 [-0.053, 0.066] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.064 [-0.059, 0.185] | -0.132 [-0.292, 0.028] | -0.047 [-0.180, 0.086] | 0.050 [-0.062, 0.165] | -0.082 [-0.209, 0.048] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.019 [-0.054, 0.087] | 0.018 [-0.069, 0.105] | -0.041 [-0.115, 0.035] | -0.003 [-0.066, 0.062] | 0.025 [-0.052, 0.105] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.013 [-0.084, 0.054] | 0.043 [-0.043, 0.127] | 0.016 [-0.053, 0.090] | 0.015 [-0.043, 0.076] | 0.031 [-0.044, 0.106] | |
| Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance | -0.067 [-0.099, -0.034] | -0.053 [-0.086, -0.023] | -0.059 [-0.094, -0.025] | -0.054 [-0.090, -0.021] | -0.049 [-0.079, -0.020] | -0.060 [-0.094, -0.026] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.097, 0.049] | -0.043 [-0.112, 0.029] | -0.024 [-0.098, 0.052] | -0.023 [-0.099, 0.049] | -0.017 [-0.080, 0.053] | -0.023 [-0.101, 0.053] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.038 [-0.079, 0.003] | -0.034 [-0.075, 0.004] | -0.033 [-0.075, 0.009] | -0.026 [-0.068, 0.015] | -0.028 [-0.065, 0.007] | -0.033 [-0.075, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.057 [-0.097, -0.017] | -0.043 [-0.083, -0.007] | -0.048 [-0.089, -0.011] | -0.046 [-0.084, -0.009] | -0.037 [-0.074, -0.002] | -0.044 [-0.087, -0.005] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance | 0.043 [-0.003, 0.088] | 0.048 [0.000, 0.092] | 0.044 [-0.005, 0.094] | 0.044 [-0.007, 0.095] | 0.043 [-0.007, 0.094] | 0.048 [-0.003, 0.100] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance | 0.028 [0.001, 0.055] | 0.024 [-0.004, 0.052] | 0.026 [-0.003, 0.054] | 0.023 [-0.005, 0.052] | 0.026 [-0.003, 0.054] | 0.025 [-0.002, 0.053] |
| Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] | 0.027 [0.001, 0.054] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.056] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.053] | 0.027 [-0.001, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.003, 0.056] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.027, 0.075] | 0.028 [-0.026, 0.082] | 0.030 [-0.024, 0.083] | 0.030 [-0.025, 0.084] | 0.028 [-0.029, 0.084] | 0.028 [-0.029, 0.085] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.047, 0.059] | 0.009 [-0.045, 0.063] | 0.010 [-0.041, 0.064] | 0.014 [-0.040, 0.064] | 0.007 [-0.045, 0.061] | 0.011 [-0.042, 0.067] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.010, 0.049] | 0.014 [-0.017, 0.045] | 0.017 [-0.015, 0.050] | 0.013 [-0.018, 0.045] | 0.014 [-0.015, 0.048] | 0.014 [-0.018, 0.046] |
| Friends and roommates BP mean | 0.181 [0.169, 0.194] | 0.178 [0.165, 0.192] | 0.179 [0.165, 0.192] | 0.179 [0.165, 0.192] | 0.178 [0.165, 0.192] | 0.179 [0.165, 0.192] |
| Significant others BP mean | 0.057 [0.048, 0.066] | 0.060 [0.050, 0.069] | 0.060 [0.050, 0.069] | 0.059 [0.050, 0.068] | 0.059 [0.050, 0.069] | 0.059 [0.050, 0.068] |
| Family BP mean | 0.094 [0.086, 0.102] | 0.098 [0.089, 0.106] | 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.057 [0.052, 0.061] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] | 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.571 [0.433, 0.714] | 0.626 [0.488, 0.764] | 0.561 [0.416, 0.710] | 0.533 [0.389, 0.674] | 0.527 [0.400, 0.653] | 0.525 [0.383, 0.671] |
| Friends and roommates BP variance | 0.032 [0.029, 0.036] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.036] | 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.029, 0.036] | 0.033 [0.029, 0.036] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] |
| Significant others BP variance | 0.016 [0.014, 0.018] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.018] | 0.017 [0.015, 0.018] | 0.016 [0.015, 0.018] | 0.016 [0.015, 0.018] | 0.016 [0.015, 0.018] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.717 [0.650, 0.793] | 0.599 [0.538, 0.667] | 0.647 [0.585, 0.721] | 0.641 [0.577, 0.714] | 0.495 [0.446, 0.552] | 0.665 [0.601, 0.739] |
| Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance | 0.115 [0.090, 0.143] | 0.113 [0.086, 0.145] | 0.113 [0.087, 0.144] | 0.112 [0.085, 0.144] | 0.113 [0.087, 0.145] | 0.111 [0.085, 0.141] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.238 [0.172, 0.327] | 0.254 [0.179, 0.346] | 0.256 [0.182, 0.349] | 0.262 [0.184, 0.357] | 0.257 [0.182, 0.355] | 0.261 [0.182, 0.365] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.165 [0.127, 0.208] | 0.172 [0.134, 0.220] | 0.173 [0.133, 0.221] | 0.172 [0.130, 0.219] | 0.172 [0.133, 0.220] | 0.174 [0.133, 0.224] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.037, 0.103] | 0.069 [0.041, 0.111] | 0.068 [0.037, 0.107] | 0.071 [0.038, 0.109] | 0.069 [0.035, 0.110] | 0.066 [0.035, 0.107] |
| R2 between | 0.073 [0.035, 0.122] | 0.106 [0.070, 0.152] | 0.090 [0.049, 0.144] | 0.098 [0.053, 0.154] | 0.230 [0.179, 0.282] | 0.088 [0.042, 0.143] |
| R2 Friends and roommates WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 54,435 | 48,759 | 48,547 | 48,733 | 48,731 | 48,656 |
Note: Effect of friends and roommates, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.247 [-0.269, -0.225] | -0.244 [-0.268, -0.220] | -0.243 [-0.267, -0.220] | -0.243 [-0.267, -0.220] | -0.243 [-0.268, -0.218] | -0.244 [-0.268, -0.220] |
| Mixed WP | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.035, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018] | -0.009 [-0.039, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018] |
| Significant others WP | 0.095 [0.057, 0.133] | 0.097 [0.054, 0.139] | 0.099 [0.055, 0.141] | 0.098 [0.055, 0.141] | 0.097 [0.054, 0.138] | 0.099 [0.056, 0.141] |
| Family WP | 0.017 [-0.015, 0.050] | 0.026 [-0.009, 0.061] | 0.027 [-0.009, 0.062] | 0.024 [-0.012, 0.059] | 0.024 [-0.010, 0.058] | 0.026 [-0.010, 0.061] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.186 [-0.208, -0.162] | -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164] | -0.188 [-0.214, -0.163] | -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164] | -0.188 [-0.214, -0.164] | -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164] |
| Weekend WP | 0.058 [0.041, 0.073] | 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] | 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] | 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] | 0.057 [0.040, 0.074] | 0.058 [0.041, 0.074] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.231 [0.226, 0.236] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] |
| R2 within | 0.105 [0.097, 0.114] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] | 0.109 [0.099, 0.120] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] |
| Personality trait | 0.090 [0.058, 0.124] | 0.156 [0.114, 0.200] | 0.131 [0.090, 0.175] | -0.253 [-0.286, -0.221] | 0.015 [-0.030, 0.061] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.004 [-0.033, 0.026] | 0.014 [-0.024, 0.052] | 0.034 [-0.002, 0.072] | -0.044 [-0.076, -0.011] | -0.024 [-0.064, 0.015] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.012 [-0.020, 0.045] | 0.036 [-0.008, 0.076] | 0.028 [-0.014, 0.068] | 0.012 [-0.020, 0.044] | -0.006 [-0.047, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.031 [-0.019, 0.081] | 0.003 [-0.064, 0.073] | -0.008 [-0.077, 0.063] | 0.039 [-0.014, 0.095] | -0.044 [-0.110, 0.024] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.016 [-0.027, 0.058] | 0.025 [-0.032, 0.080] | 0.036 [-0.019, 0.093] | 0.036 [-0.008, 0.081] | 0.010 [-0.048, 0.069] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.012 [-0.018, 0.043] | 0.005 [-0.037, 0.044] | 0.030 [-0.008, 0.071] | -0.006 [-0.039, 0.027] | -0.008 [-0.050, 0.034] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.022 [0.011, 0.033] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.033] | 0.020 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.015 [0.004, 0.025] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.034] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.017] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.017] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.037, 0.001] | -0.022 [-0.043, -0.001] | -0.020 [-0.041, 0.000] | -0.019 [-0.040, 0.002] | -0.013 [-0.033, 0.006] | -0.019 [-0.040, 0.002] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.019, 0.012] | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] | -0.011 [-0.026, 0.005] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.016, 0.006] | -0.005 [-0.017, 0.006] | -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.018, 0.005] | -0.006 [-0.016, 0.005] | -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.016] | 0.000 [-0.015, 0.016] | 0.001 [-0.015, 0.015] | 0.000 [-0.016, 0.016] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.018, 0.006] | -0.007 [-0.020, 0.005] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.005] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.004] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.020, 0.005] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.022 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.033] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.015, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.013, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.009] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.018, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.008] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.029] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.025] | 0.010 [-0.012, 0.034] | 0.010 [-0.011, 0.034] | 0.010 [-0.012, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.010, 0.032] | 0.010 [-0.011, 0.035] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.025] | 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] | 0.013 [-0.003, 0.031] | 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] | 0.014 [-0.002, 0.031] | 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.012] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.013, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.011, 0.014] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.016] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.984 [2.959, 3.009] | 3.000 [2.973, 3.027] | 3.000 [2.973, 3.027] | 2.999 [2.972, 3.026] | 3.001 [2.976, 3.026] | 3.000 [2.973, 3.028] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.200 [0.184, 0.218] | 0.187 [0.171, 0.206] | 0.183 [0.167, 0.201] | 0.186 [0.170, 0.204] | 0.155 [0.142, 0.170] | 0.193 [0.176, 0.212] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.047 [0.036, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.037, 0.063] | 0.049 [0.037, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.036, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.036, 0.062] | 0.049 [0.036, 0.063] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.012, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.035] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.030, 0.073] | 0.057 [0.034, 0.084] | 0.058 [0.036, 0.085] | 0.058 [0.035, 0.085] | 0.056 [0.033, 0.084] | 0.057 [0.034, 0.084] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.058 [0.039, 0.079] | 0.057 [0.036, 0.081] | 0.056 [0.036, 0.081] | 0.057 [0.037, 0.081] | 0.058 [0.037, 0.083] | 0.057 [0.037, 0.081] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.023, 0.047] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] | 0.035 [0.024, 0.050] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.105 [0.081, 0.132] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.003] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.011 [0.001, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.040] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| Number of participants | 1,346 | 1,130 | 1,130 | 1,130 | 1,129 | 1,130 |
| Number of observations | 21,805 | 18,815 | 18,815 | 18,815 | 18,810 | 18,815 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.238 [-0.266, -0.209] | -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] | -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] | -0.234 [-0.266, -0.202] | -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] | -0.234 [-0.266, -0.201] |
| Mixed WP | -0.026 [-0.063, 0.010] | -0.034 [-0.075, 0.001] | -0.035 [-0.076, 0.000] | -0.038 [-0.079, -0.002] | -0.035 [-0.076, 0.001] | -0.035 [-0.076, 0.000] |
| Significant others WP | 0.130 [0.079, 0.182] | 0.145 [0.083, 0.206] | 0.143 [0.080, 0.205] | 0.142 [0.080, 0.203] | 0.136 [0.074, 0.196] | 0.142 [0.080, 0.202] |
| Family WP | 0.048 [0.008, 0.084] | 0.042 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.041 [-0.001, 0.083] | 0.042 [-0.001, 0.084] | 0.040 [-0.003, 0.082] | 0.036 [-0.006, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.145 [-0.176, -0.113] | -0.139 [-0.175, -0.105] | -0.140 [-0.176, -0.106] | -0.139 [-0.176, -0.105] | -0.141 [-0.177, -0.106] | -0.139 [-0.175, -0.105] |
| Weekend WP | 0.092 [0.071, 0.112] | 0.096 [0.073, 0.119] | 0.096 [0.072, 0.118] | 0.096 [0.072, 0.118] | 0.096 [0.073, 0.119] | 0.096 [0.072, 0.118] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.235 [0.229, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] |
| R2 within | 0.109 [0.099, 0.120] | 0.106 [0.095, 0.119] | 0.106 [0.095, 0.119] | 0.107 [0.095, 0.119] | 0.107 [0.096, 0.119] | 0.106 [0.094, 0.119] |
| Personality trait | 0.033 [-0.009, 0.074] | 0.082 [0.025, 0.137] | 0.122 [0.068, 0.177] | -0.204 [-0.249, -0.161] | 0.015 [-0.041, 0.071] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] | 0.015 [-0.040, 0.068] | 0.014 [-0.038, 0.066] | -0.061 [-0.105, -0.017] | -0.008 [-0.059, 0.046] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.024 [-0.069, 0.026] | 0.027 [-0.039, 0.091] | 0.039 [-0.029, 0.094] | -0.009 [-0.057, 0.042] | 0.018 [-0.045, 0.081] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | -0.034 [-0.111, 0.040] | 0.002 [-0.102, 0.113] | 0.020 [-0.080, 0.121] | 0.053 [-0.035, 0.144] | -0.039 [-0.135, 0.060] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.003 [-0.054, 0.048] | -0.002 [-0.072, 0.071] | -0.010 [-0.077, 0.061] | 0.002 [-0.058, 0.061] | -0.092 [-0.159, -0.026] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.021 [-0.063, 0.023] | 0.020 [-0.040, 0.083] | -0.019 [-0.075, 0.041] | -0.019 [-0.068, 0.028] | 0.014 [-0.042, 0.070] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.015 [0.001, 0.028] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.032] | 0.017 [0.002, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.032] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.020, 0.012] | 0.000 [-0.018, 0.016] | -0.002 [-0.019, 0.014] | -0.002 [-0.020, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.019, 0.013] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.015] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.047, 0.003] | -0.031 [-0.057, -0.004] | -0.033 [-0.060, -0.006] | -0.035 [-0.061, -0.007] | -0.028 [-0.053, -0.004] | -0.032 [-0.059, -0.005] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.015, 0.020] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] | -0.012 [-0.029, 0.006] | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.028, 0.007] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.036, -0.008] | -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] | -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.011] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.020 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.031] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.031] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.003] | -0.007 [-0.027, 0.013] | -0.007 [-0.027, 0.013] | -0.006 [-0.026, 0.014] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.015] | -0.006 [-0.026, 0.013] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.038, -0.008] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.031, -0.002] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026] | 0.012 [-0.001, 0.026] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026] | 0.012 [-0.001, 0.026] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.034, 0.009] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.018] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.019] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] | -0.001 [-0.021, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.003] | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.014] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.029] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.018, 0.038] | 0.013 [-0.012, 0.040] | 0.013 [-0.013, 0.040] | 0.013 [-0.012, 0.040] | 0.013 [-0.013, 0.040] | 0.010 [-0.014, 0.036] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.007, 0.036] | 0.020 [-0.003, 0.046] | 0.021 [-0.002, 0.047] | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.048] | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.047] | 0.021 [-0.001, 0.047] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.012, 0.015] | 0.005 [-0.011, 0.025] | 0.005 [-0.011, 0.025] | 0.005 [-0.011, 0.026] | 0.004 [-0.012, 0.024] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.027] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.957 [2.925, 2.989] | 2.972 [2.937, 3.006] | 2.972 [2.938, 3.006] | 2.970 [2.937, 3.004] | 2.973 [2.940, 3.005] | 2.972 [2.937, 3.006] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.182 [0.164, 0.205] | 0.165 [0.145, 0.187] | 0.163 [0.144, 0.185] | 0.159 [0.141, 0.181] | 0.142 [0.125, 0.161] | 0.165 [0.146, 0.188] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.050 [0.035, 0.067] | 0.045 [0.030, 0.063] | 0.045 [0.030, 0.063] | 0.045 [0.030, 0.064] | 0.043 [0.029, 0.061] | 0.045 [0.030, 0.063] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.031 [0.015, 0.051] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.037] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.039] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.038] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.064 [0.036, 0.103] | 0.075 [0.042, 0.125] | 0.077 [0.043, 0.128] | 0.076 [0.043, 0.127] | 0.076 [0.042, 0.125] | 0.074 [0.041, 0.126] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.033, 0.075] | 0.044 [0.023, 0.071] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.071] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.071] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.072] | 0.041 [0.021, 0.067] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.032 [0.016, 0.050] | 0.039 [0.023, 0.061] | 0.038 [0.023, 0.061] | 0.039 [0.023, 0.061] | 0.039 [0.024, 0.061] | 0.039 [0.023, 0.062] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.020] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.036] | 0.076 [0.048, 0.109] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.024 [0.002, 0.072] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.108] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.037 [0.003, 0.113] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 12,960 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.347 [-0.400, -0.295] | -0.350 [-0.406, -0.294] | -0.340 [-0.397, -0.283] | -0.349 [-0.405, -0.292] | -0.344 [-0.400, -0.288] | -0.347 [-0.403, -0.290] |
| Mixed WP | 0.014 [-0.043, 0.076] | 0.001 [-0.074, 0.074] | -0.005 [-0.071, 0.062] | -0.001 [-0.070, 0.065] | 0.005 [-0.065, 0.070] | 0.006 [-0.065, 0.072] |
| Significant others WP | 0.040 [-0.063, 0.146] | 0.025 [-0.088, 0.138] | 0.027 [-0.086, 0.134] | 0.017 [-0.100, 0.127] | 0.012 [-0.104, 0.123] | 0.022 [-0.083, 0.132] |
| Family WP | -0.264 [-0.333, -0.195] | -0.278 [-0.351, -0.205] | -0.275 [-0.349, -0.203] | -0.280 [-0.350, -0.208] | -0.277 [-0.346, -0.203] | -0.278 [-0.349, -0.208] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.208 [-0.275, -0.139] | -0.218 [-0.286, -0.151] | -0.223 [-0.292, -0.156] | -0.220 [-0.289, -0.150] | -0.220 [-0.291, -0.150] | -0.213 [-0.283, -0.144] |
| Weekend WP | 0.243 [0.210, 0.274] | 0.250 [0.217, 0.284] | 0.251 [0.217, 0.284] | 0.251 [0.218, 0.285] | 0.249 [0.215, 0.283] | 0.248 [0.215, 0.282] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.931 [0.912, 0.952] | 0.940 [0.919, 0.961] | 0.941 [0.920, 0.963] | 0.942 [0.921, 0.963] | 0.941 [0.921, 0.963] | 0.938 [0.917, 0.960] |
| R2 within | 0.094 [0.085, 0.102] | 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] | 0.097 [0.089, 0.106] | 0.097 [0.088, 0.107] | 0.097 [0.088, 0.106] | 0.097 [0.089, 0.105] |
| Personality trait | 0.382 [0.302, 0.458] | 0.283 [0.179, 0.384] | 0.213 [0.120, 0.305] | -0.499 [-0.565, -0.433] | 0.018 [-0.075, 0.112] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.061 [-0.018, 0.140] | -0.029 [-0.125, 0.070] | 0.101 [0.016, 0.190] | -0.099 [-0.171, -0.030] | -0.028 [-0.112, 0.054] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.010 [-0.106, 0.086] | -0.030 [-0.148, 0.082] | -0.023 [-0.134, 0.089] | 0.026 [-0.052, 0.112] | 0.019 [-0.077, 0.120] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.119 [-0.041, 0.270] | -0.102 [-0.318, 0.115] | -0.015 [-0.181, 0.151] | -0.035 [-0.175, 0.106] | -0.075 [-0.233, 0.080] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.126 [0.023, 0.231] | 0.044 [-0.080, 0.165] | 0.045 [-0.066, 0.152] | -0.100 [-0.190, -0.010] | -0.006 [-0.119, 0.103] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.050 [-0.041, 0.143] | 0.063 [-0.058, 0.184] | 0.026 [-0.074, 0.131] | -0.007 [-0.087, 0.076] | 0.072 [-0.034, 0.170] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.091 [0.047, 0.138] | 0.081 [0.036, 0.126] | 0.097 [0.051, 0.147] | 0.084 [0.038, 0.134] | 0.063 [0.022, 0.106] | 0.096 [0.047, 0.146] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.054, 0.062] | 0.001 [-0.053, 0.055] | 0.002 [-0.054, 0.055] | 0.005 [-0.054, 0.061] | 0.014 [-0.037, 0.061] | 0.004 [-0.052, 0.059] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | 0.073 [-0.025, 0.164] | 0.039 [-0.047, 0.131] | 0.061 [-0.033, 0.156] | 0.067 [-0.030, 0.160] | 0.051 [-0.035, 0.134] | 0.063 [-0.038, 0.161] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.106 [0.047, 0.167] | 0.085 [0.026, 0.144] | 0.106 [0.047, 0.167] | 0.105 [0.044, 0.167] | 0.076 [0.025, 0.128] | 0.109 [0.047, 0.171] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.085, 0.030] | -0.027 [-0.082, 0.026] | -0.022 [-0.079, 0.035] | -0.022 [-0.080, 0.036] | -0.025 [-0.076, 0.027] | -0.020 [-0.079, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.054 [0.009, 0.096] | 0.065 [0.020, 0.118] | 0.063 [0.021, 0.108] | 0.056 [0.011, 0.106] | 0.056 [0.010, 0.107] | 0.071 [0.019, 0.124] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.099, 0.042] | -0.041 [-0.115, 0.035] | -0.038 [-0.120, 0.033] | -0.039 [-0.123, 0.036] | -0.042 [-0.123, 0.028] | -0.040 [-0.125, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.049 [0.002, 0.100] | 0.049 [0.001, 0.105] | 0.052 [-0.001, 0.109] | 0.048 [-0.010, 0.108] | 0.042 [-0.016, 0.098] | 0.050 [-0.004, 0.107] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.084, 0.014] | -0.044 [-0.096, 0.002] | -0.037 [-0.091, 0.010] | -0.044 [-0.101, 0.007] | -0.043 [-0.099, 0.006] | -0.038 [-0.093, 0.008] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.098, 0.084] | -0.006 [-0.123, 0.093] | -0.026 [-0.113, 0.067] | 0.002 [-0.083, 0.093] | 0.002 [-0.084, 0.097] | 0.006 [-0.087, 0.109] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.052, 0.062] | 0.015 [-0.046, 0.078] | 0.010 [-0.051, 0.069] | 0.016 [-0.048, 0.079] | 0.015 [-0.051, 0.073] | 0.008 [-0.050, 0.075] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.071, 0.043] | -0.011 [-0.060, 0.045] | -0.011 [-0.065, 0.039] | -0.004 [-0.054, 0.053] | -0.007 [-0.059, 0.051] | -0.016 [-0.075, 0.043] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.081 [-0.007, 0.175] | 0.078 [-0.024, 0.182] | 0.078 [-0.026, 0.186] | 0.088 [-0.018, 0.192] | 0.086 [-0.014, 0.192] | 0.076 [-0.023, 0.187] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.092 [-0.005, 0.183] | 0.083 [0.005, 0.179] | 0.097 [0.002, 0.205] | 0.090 [0.000, 0.185] | 0.092 [0.000, 0.188] | 0.077 [-0.015, 0.169] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.097 [0.037, 0.161] | 0.088 [0.022, 0.160] | 0.091 [0.026, 0.157] | 0.090 [0.024, 0.158] | 0.090 [0.023, 0.158] | 0.090 [0.026, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.079 [1.021, 1.140] | 1.074 [1.017, 1.132] | 1.072 [1.012, 1.134] | 1.069 [1.010, 1.129] | 1.073 [1.019, 1.127] | 1.074 [1.014, 1.134] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.692 [0.624, 0.772] | 0.567 [0.508, 0.637] | 0.624 [0.558, 0.699] | 0.624 [0.559, 0.698] | 0.486 [0.434, 0.545] | 0.647 [0.578, 0.725] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.136 [0.095, 0.192] | 0.143 [0.098, 0.202] | 0.140 [0.091, 0.201] | 0.138 [0.090, 0.197] | 0.135 [0.084, 0.195] | 0.139 [0.091, 0.204] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.074 [0.031, 0.138] | 0.102 [0.052, 0.173] | 0.093 [0.039, 0.155] | 0.091 [0.039, 0.158] | 0.089 [0.041, 0.157] | 0.100 [0.052, 0.163] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.337 [0.221, 0.505] | 0.351 [0.213, 0.534] | 0.355 [0.227, 0.531] | 0.380 [0.249, 0.552] | 0.378 [0.250, 0.556] | 0.348 [0.219, 0.524] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.290 [0.216, 0.381] | 0.313 [0.233, 0.411] | 0.310 [0.224, 0.406] | 0.313 [0.232, 0.416] | 0.309 [0.229, 0.407] | 0.316 [0.236, 0.413] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.168 [0.100, 0.255] | 0.165 [0.093, 0.257] | 0.159 [0.088, 0.250] | 0.160 [0.092, 0.242] | 0.160 [0.097, 0.241] | 0.151 [0.088, 0.233] |
| R2 between | 0.062 [0.040, 0.089] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.030] | 0.143 [0.109, 0.179] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.023 [0.002, 0.070] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.011 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.013 [0.001, 0.043] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 19,828 | 17,950 | 17,889 | 17,948 | 17,941 | 17,901 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.238 [-0.260, -0.216] | -0.235 [-0.259, -0.211] | -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] | -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] | -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] | -0.235 [-0.259, -0.211] |
| Mixed WP | -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] | -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] | -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] | -0.002 [-0.032, 0.024] | -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025] | -0.003 [-0.031, 0.024] |
| Significant others WP | 0.106 [0.066, 0.147] | 0.107 [0.058, 0.151] | 0.108 [0.059, 0.153] | 0.110 [0.060, 0.155] | 0.113 [0.067, 0.159] | 0.108 [0.060, 0.152] |
| Family WP | 0.030 [-0.004, 0.063] | 0.042 [0.005, 0.077] | 0.042 [0.005, 0.077] | 0.040 [0.002, 0.076] | 0.040 [0.002, 0.076] | 0.042 [0.005, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.158 [-0.183, -0.133] | -0.163 [-0.190, -0.136] | -0.162 [-0.189, -0.135] | -0.164 [-0.191, -0.137] | -0.165 [-0.191, -0.139] | -0.164 [-0.190, -0.136] |
| CMC * Significant others WP | -0.223 [-0.330, -0.113] | -0.242 [-0.361, -0.129] | -0.243 [-0.364, -0.128] | -0.236 [-0.354, -0.122] | -0.228 [-0.344, -0.108] | -0.232 [-0.354, -0.117] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.103 [-0.179, -0.026] | -0.118 [-0.197, -0.037] | -0.117 [-0.196, -0.039] | -0.116 [-0.195, -0.037] | -0.105 [-0.182, -0.025] | -0.115 [-0.194, -0.035] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.142 [0.075, 0.208] | 0.131 [0.061, 0.200] | 0.131 [0.062, 0.201] | 0.133 [0.063, 0.205] | 0.131 [0.063, 0.199] | 0.131 [0.062, 0.200] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP | -0.043 [-0.233, 0.133] | 0.009 [-0.205, 0.215] | 0.030 [-0.183, 0.238] | 0.011 [-0.213, 0.226] | 0.033 [-0.179, 0.211] | -0.012 [-0.223, 0.201] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.004 [-0.136, 0.139] | 0.000 [-0.151, 0.154] | 0.003 [-0.144, 0.158] | 0.001 [-0.152, 0.156] | -0.005 [-0.165, 0.142] | -0.007 [-0.157, 0.146] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.079 [-0.002, 0.164] | 0.087 [0.002, 0.170] | 0.076 [-0.010, 0.159] | 0.071 [-0.013, 0.156] | 0.065 [-0.013, 0.146] | 0.071 [-0.015, 0.154] |
| Weekend WP | 0.051 [0.034, 0.066] | 0.051 [0.033, 0.068] | 0.050 [0.033, 0.068] | 0.050 [0.033, 0.067] | 0.050 [0.032, 0.067] | 0.050 [0.033, 0.067] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.224 [0.219, 0.228] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] |
| R2 within | 0.133 [0.125, 0.143] | 0.138 [0.126, 0.148] | 0.138 [0.128, 0.148] | 0.139 [0.130, 0.149] | 0.141 [0.132, 0.150] | 0.138 [0.127, 0.148] |
| Personality trait | 0.090 [0.057, 0.122] | 0.156 [0.113, 0.198] | 0.132 [0.090, 0.174] | -0.251 [-0.283, -0.218] | 0.018 [-0.027, 0.062] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.001 [-0.029, 0.031] | 0.016 [-0.023, 0.054] | 0.032 [-0.006, 0.072] | -0.046 [-0.078, -0.013] | -0.020 [-0.060, 0.021] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.012 [-0.021, 0.044] | 0.029 [-0.014, 0.072] | 0.024 [-0.019, 0.068] | 0.015 [-0.020, 0.050] | -0.011 [-0.054, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.023 [-0.033, 0.077] | -0.008 [-0.087, 0.070] | -0.016 [-0.093, 0.059] | 0.042 [-0.017, 0.102] | -0.048 [-0.116, 0.025] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.016 [-0.030, 0.061] | 0.027 [-0.031, 0.085] | 0.034 [-0.026, 0.093] | 0.038 [-0.011, 0.087] | 0.005 [-0.057, 0.066] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.013 [-0.019, 0.045] | 0.011 [-0.033, 0.054] | 0.037 [-0.004, 0.078] | -0.003 [-0.037, 0.031] | -0.005 [-0.048, 0.038] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP | -0.071 [-0.205, 0.067] | -0.074 [-0.253, 0.120] | 0.011 [-0.178, 0.207] | -0.064 [-0.219, 0.076] | -0.071 [-0.241, 0.100] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.023 [-0.077, 0.122] | -0.088 [-0.213, 0.041] | -0.025 [-0.151, 0.103] | -0.070 [-0.184, 0.038] | 0.090 [-0.055, 0.233] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.045 [-0.042, 0.132] | 0.015 [-0.095, 0.127] | 0.016 [-0.094, 0.124] | -0.014 [-0.106, 0.079] | 0.058 [-0.054, 0.178] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP | -0.220 [-0.474, 0.036] | -0.395 [-0.763, -0.026] | 0.008 [-0.349, 0.388] | 0.162 [-0.098, 0.401] | -0.144 [-0.465, 0.183] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.112 [-0.068, 0.303] | -0.009 [-0.229, 0.221] | -0.057 [-0.309, 0.197] | -0.058 [-0.265, 0.146] | 0.074 [-0.172, 0.327] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.078 [-0.183, 0.024] | 0.052 [-0.084, 0.196] | 0.029 [-0.100, 0.153] | -0.024 [-0.136, 0.085] | -0.047 [-0.180, 0.092] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.021 [0.010, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.033] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.025] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.033] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] | 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.017] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.038, 0.003] | -0.025 [-0.047, -0.003] | -0.022 [-0.043, 0.000] | -0.020 [-0.043, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.036, 0.005] | -0.021 [-0.043, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.018, 0.013] | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.027, 0.006] | -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.008] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.020, 0.003] | -0.008 [-0.020, 0.004] | -0.007 [-0.019, 0.004] | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.002] | -0.008 [-0.020, 0.003] | -0.007 [-0.019, 0.005] |
| Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.048, 0.054] | 0.027 [-0.026, 0.084] | 0.022 [-0.031, 0.077] | 0.016 [-0.034, 0.071] | 0.004 [-0.046, 0.054] | 0.020 [-0.033, 0.077] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.040, 0.031] | 0.003 [-0.032, 0.039] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.044] | 0.006 [-0.029, 0.041] | -0.006 [-0.039, 0.026] | 0.002 [-0.033, 0.038] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.033, 0.033] | -0.001 [-0.034, 0.031] | -0.002 [-0.033, 0.030] | -0.001 [-0.032, 0.031] | -0.003 [-0.033, 0.027] | 0.000 [-0.033, 0.033] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.071, 0.120] | 0.040 [-0.061, 0.140] | 0.033 [-0.061, 0.126] | 0.011 [-0.091, 0.101] | 0.039 [-0.062, 0.141] | 0.014 [-0.084, 0.110] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.036 [-0.027, 0.101] | 0.035 [-0.033, 0.107] | 0.037 [-0.031, 0.107] | 0.042 [-0.028, 0.116] | 0.029 [-0.036, 0.101] | 0.036 [-0.034, 0.108] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.047, 0.034] | 0.001 [-0.041, 0.045] | -0.005 [-0.044, 0.036] | -0.007 [-0.047, 0.033] | -0.012 [-0.049, 0.026] | -0.008 [-0.049, 0.038] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] | 0.003 [-0.015, 0.018] | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.014, 0.019] | 0.005 [-0.011, 0.022] | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.017] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.020, 0.006] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.009] | -0.006 [-0.018, 0.008] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [0.004, 0.022] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.028] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.017 [0.006, 0.027] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.028] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.056, 0.013] | -0.006 [-0.044, 0.035] | -0.004 [-0.044, 0.037] | -0.006 [-0.045, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.048, 0.022] | -0.006 [-0.045, 0.035] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.011, 0.041] | 0.009 [-0.016, 0.037] | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.038] | 0.011 [-0.016, 0.040] | 0.009 [-0.019, 0.038] | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.038] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.050, -0.006] | -0.017 [-0.042, 0.005] | -0.018 [-0.042, 0.005] | -0.017 [-0.041, 0.007] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.006] | -0.016 [-0.040, 0.007] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.077, 0.041] | -0.005 [-0.069, 0.056] | -0.005 [-0.073, 0.055] | -0.011 [-0.078, 0.057] | 0.004 [-0.061, 0.077] | -0.015 [-0.082, 0.046] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.045, 0.048] | 0.012 [-0.041, 0.064] | 0.010 [-0.043, 0.064] | 0.014 [-0.038, 0.064] | 0.016 [-0.037, 0.066] | 0.012 [-0.040, 0.066] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.043, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.034, 0.024] | -0.007 [-0.037, 0.021] | -0.004 [-0.034, 0.026] | -0.002 [-0.028, 0.026] | -0.006 [-0.034, 0.022] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.012] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.016] | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.015, 0.011] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.015, 0.013] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.022] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.022] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.022] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.023] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.023] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.041, 0.033] | 0.001 [-0.039, 0.040] | 0.004 [-0.036, 0.044] | 0.002 [-0.039, 0.042] | 0.004 [-0.033, 0.041] | 0.002 [-0.038, 0.042] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] | 0.016 [-0.008, 0.041] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.042] | 0.018 [-0.007, 0.044] | 0.015 [-0.009, 0.041] | 0.016 [-0.007, 0.041] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.035, 0.012] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.016] | -0.006 [-0.030, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.018] | -0.008 [-0.030, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.017] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.052, 0.042] | -0.005 [-0.059, 0.055] | -0.007 [-0.058, 0.057] | -0.009 [-0.063, 0.056] | -0.002 [-0.052, 0.062] | -0.011 [-0.063, 0.055] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.022, 0.054] | 0.017 [-0.021, 0.066] | 0.017 [-0.020, 0.065] | 0.019 [-0.019, 0.066] | 0.022 [-0.018, 0.072] | 0.018 [-0.020, 0.065] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.040, 0.004] | -0.008 [-0.032, 0.014] | -0.010 [-0.031, 0.013] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.028, 0.016] | -0.009 [-0.031, 0.015] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.025] | 0.010 [-0.009, 0.030] | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.011, 0.031] | 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [0.001, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.001, 0.035] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.036] | 0.018 [0.001, 0.034] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.037] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.034] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.042 [-0.088, 0.003] | -0.042 [-0.096, 0.003] | -0.045 [-0.099, 0.000] | -0.046 [-0.099, 0.000] | -0.044 [-0.094, 0.002] | -0.047 [-0.100, 0.000] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.057, 0.029] | -0.014 [-0.066, 0.044] | -0.017 [-0.070, 0.040] | -0.018 [-0.067, 0.040] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.042] | -0.015 [-0.067, 0.041] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.052, 0.027] | -0.023 [-0.060, 0.021] | -0.026 [-0.065, 0.017] | -0.026 [-0.065, 0.017] | -0.023 [-0.061, 0.017] | -0.025 [-0.062, 0.017] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.065, 0.075] | 0.005 [-0.071, 0.086] | 0.013 [-0.064, 0.097] | 0.002 [-0.074, 0.092] | 0.005 [-0.081, 0.099] | 0.001 [-0.073, 0.084] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.058, 0.090] | 0.026 [-0.071, 0.100] | 0.021 [-0.075, 0.099] | 0.023 [-0.076, 0.105] | 0.023 [-0.059, 0.103] | 0.028 [-0.069, 0.103] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.023, 0.051] | 0.015 [-0.019, 0.058] | 0.013 [-0.023, 0.054] | 0.014 [-0.025, 0.055] | 0.013 [-0.024, 0.050] | 0.014 [-0.023, 0.054] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.009, 0.019] | 0.004 [-0.009, 0.018] |
| Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.054, 0.050] | -0.013 [-0.062, 0.033] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.035] | -0.013 [-0.060, 0.034] | -0.008 [-0.061, 0.042] | -0.010 [-0.061, 0.037] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.048, 0.015] | -0.017 [-0.051, 0.013] | -0.017 [-0.052, 0.013] | -0.016 [-0.051, 0.014] | -0.014 [-0.048, 0.017] | -0.017 [-0.051, 0.013] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.013, 0.058] | 0.023 [-0.012, 0.058] | 0.022 [-0.014, 0.057] | 0.023 [-0.012, 0.058] | 0.021 [-0.016, 0.055] | 0.022 [-0.012, 0.057] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.081, 0.078] | 0.003 [-0.075, 0.074] | 0.007 [-0.067, 0.078] | 0.003 [-0.079, 0.072] | 0.003 [-0.069, 0.087] | 0.007 [-0.073, 0.074] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094] | 0.049 [-0.001, 0.108] | 0.047 [-0.002, 0.105] | 0.052 [0.002, 0.111] | 0.058 [0.006, 0.115] | 0.052 [0.002, 0.112] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.013, 0.056] | 0.016 [-0.018, 0.052] | 0.016 [-0.019, 0.052] | 0.014 [-0.020, 0.050] | 0.015 [-0.020, 0.054] | 0.018 [-0.015, 0.054] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.052, 0.026] | -0.008 [-0.050, 0.030] | -0.006 [-0.047, 0.035] | -0.006 [-0.048, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.049, 0.024] | -0.008 [-0.051, 0.032] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.017, 0.035] | 0.017 [-0.011, 0.047] | 0.016 [-0.011, 0.046] | 0.018 [-0.010, 0.047] | 0.016 [-0.011, 0.044] | 0.017 [-0.010, 0.047] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] | -0.006 [-0.027, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.028, 0.017] | -0.006 [-0.028, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.028, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.028, 0.019] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.061, 0.038] | -0.007 [-0.074, 0.059] | -0.009 [-0.072, 0.059] | -0.008 [-0.071, 0.057] | -0.007 [-0.067, 0.053] | -0.012 [-0.079, 0.057] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.049, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.044, 0.058] | 0.006 [-0.043, 0.057] | 0.004 [-0.047, 0.055] | 0.006 [-0.048, 0.061] | 0.006 [-0.044, 0.058] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.018, 0.028] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.031] | 0.004 [-0.019, 0.028] | 0.004 [-0.019, 0.029] | 0.003 [-0.021, 0.028] | 0.005 [-0.018, 0.029] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.057, 0.141] | -0.018 [-0.128, 0.101] | -0.018 [-0.121, 0.102] | -0.008 [-0.124, 0.128] | -0.002 [-0.106, 0.104] | -0.020 [-0.132, 0.107] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.063 [-0.025, 0.158] | 0.025 [-0.068, 0.124] | 0.033 [-0.058, 0.129] | 0.034 [-0.055, 0.131] | 0.025 [-0.057, 0.121] | 0.027 [-0.063, 0.124] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.149 [-0.025, 0.362] | 0.119 [-0.058, 0.314] | 0.094 [-0.113, 0.282] | 0.113 [-0.105, 0.319] | 0.083 [-0.080, 0.299] | 0.142 [-0.042, 0.345] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.040 [-0.214, 0.149] | -0.074 [-0.231, 0.130] | -0.053 [-0.220, 0.151] | -0.060 [-0.230, 0.151] | -0.041 [-0.192, 0.134] | -0.063 [-0.229, 0.151] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.083, 0.105] | -0.001 [-0.082, 0.087] | 0.010 [-0.069, 0.096] | -0.002 [-0.087, 0.085] | -0.008 [-0.095, 0.073] | 0.004 [-0.073, 0.090] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.048 [-0.018, 0.119] | 0.046 [-0.015, 0.122] | 0.048 [-0.014, 0.124] | 0.048 [-0.015, 0.120] | 0.051 [-0.021, 0.124] | 0.049 [-0.014, 0.125] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.048 [-0.195, 0.088] | -0.025 [-0.196, 0.114] | -0.037 [-0.191, 0.106] | -0.031 [-0.197, 0.117] | -0.053 [-0.201, 0.110] | -0.038 [-0.199, 0.103] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.062 [-0.037, 0.173] | 0.079 [-0.039, 0.204] | 0.081 [-0.034, 0.209] | 0.075 [-0.045, 0.199] | 0.076 [-0.044, 0.203] | 0.072 [-0.044, 0.199] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.077, 0.056] | 0.010 [-0.053, 0.081] | 0.008 [-0.055, 0.076] | 0.005 [-0.056, 0.081] | -0.004 [-0.079, 0.071] | 0.012 [-0.049, 0.081] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.126, 0.148] | 0.003 [-0.159, 0.155] | 0.002 [-0.153, 0.150] | 0.020 [-0.152, 0.161] | 0.011 [-0.144, 0.143] | 0.001 [-0.159, 0.147] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.069 [-0.042, 0.184] | 0.073 [-0.049, 0.200] | 0.072 [-0.053, 0.194] | 0.073 [-0.048, 0.196] | 0.076 [-0.049, 0.214] | 0.079 [-0.049, 0.206] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.061 [-0.002, 0.129] | 0.067 [0.007, 0.134] | 0.065 [0.009, 0.132] | 0.063 [0.004, 0.130] | 0.061 [-0.006, 0.126] | 0.066 [0.011, 0.134] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.217, 0.209] | -0.017 [-0.250, 0.240] | -0.008 [-0.222, 0.253] | -0.018 [-0.250, 0.256] | 0.027 [-0.215, 0.247] | -0.032 [-0.255, 0.257] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.078 [-0.023, 0.195] | 0.053 [-0.050, 0.178] | 0.059 [-0.039, 0.185] | 0.053 [-0.053, 0.179] | 0.056 [-0.061, 0.185] | 0.050 [-0.054, 0.177] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.049 [-0.049, 0.154] | 0.061 [-0.044, 0.189] | 0.063 [-0.037, 0.182] | 0.068 [-0.036, 0.181] | 0.068 [-0.044, 0.187] | 0.070 [-0.034, 0.193] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.993 [2.967, 3.018] | 3.010 [2.983, 3.037] | 3.010 [2.984, 3.037] | 3.009 [2.983, 3.037] | 3.011 [2.986, 3.037] | 3.010 [2.982, 3.038] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.201 [0.184, 0.219] | 0.188 [0.171, 0.206] | 0.183 [0.167, 0.202] | 0.186 [0.170, 0.205] | 0.156 [0.142, 0.172] | 0.193 [0.176, 0.212] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.044 [0.033, 0.056] | 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] | 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] | 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] | 0.045 [0.033, 0.058] | 0.046 [0.035, 0.060] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.021 [0.011, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.012, 0.038] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.037] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.037] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.036, 0.083] | 0.063 [0.040, 0.092] | 0.065 [0.042, 0.094] | 0.064 [0.042, 0.095] | 0.066 [0.042, 0.097] | 0.063 [0.041, 0.091] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.054 [0.035, 0.076] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.077] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.030 [0.020, 0.043] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.047] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.047] | 0.033 [0.022, 0.047] | 0.033 [0.022, 0.048] | 0.034 [0.023, 0.048] |
| Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance | 0.360 [0.226, 0.537] | 0.297 [0.169, 0.471] | 0.301 [0.176, 0.474] | 0.303 [0.175, 0.465] | 0.311 [0.189, 0.475] | 0.308 [0.174, 0.484] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.169 [0.094, 0.269] | 0.169 [0.096, 0.271] | 0.172 [0.097, 0.275] | 0.172 [0.097, 0.279] | 0.184 [0.100, 0.288] | 0.169 [0.093, 0.271] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.175 [0.109, 0.261] | 0.156 [0.088, 0.241] | 0.156 [0.090, 0.239] | 0.157 [0.087, 0.241] | 0.170 [0.100, 0.256] | 0.158 [0.092, 0.243] |
| Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance | 0.442 [0.157, 0.837] | 0.538 [0.268, 1.023] | 0.521 [0.233, 0.990] | 0.524 [0.226, 0.993] | 0.470 [0.217, 0.941] | 0.556 [0.271, 1.043] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.351 [0.184, 0.588] | 0.444 [0.231, 0.739] | 0.422 [0.210, 0.716] | 0.444 [0.227, 0.728] | 0.442 [0.233, 0.714] | 0.442 [0.220, 0.740] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.123 [0.061, 0.214] | 0.110 [0.048, 0.200] | 0.108 [0.045, 0.198] | 0.109 [0.048, 0.194] | 0.111 [0.053, 0.193] | 0.112 [0.049, 0.203] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.103 [0.078, 0.129] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.039] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.040] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 CMC * Significant others WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.056] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] | |
| R2 Mixed * Significant others WP | 0.028 [0.000, 0.132] | 0.055 [0.001, 0.202] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.105] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.018 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| Number of participants | 1,346 | 1,130 | 1,130 | 1,130 | 1,129 | 1,130 |
| Number of observations | 21,805 | 18,815 | 18,815 | 18,815 | 18,810 | 18,815 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.235 [-0.264, -0.205] | -0.234 [-0.267, -0.201] | -0.234 [-0.267, -0.202] | -0.235 [-0.267, -0.202] | -0.234 [-0.266, -0.201] | -0.235 [-0.267, -0.201] |
| Mixed WP | -0.032 [-0.070, 0.007] | -0.046 [-0.087, -0.003] | -0.047 [-0.086, -0.005] | -0.049 [-0.090, -0.007] | -0.047 [-0.086, -0.006] | -0.046 [-0.088, -0.003] |
| Significant others WP | 0.135 [0.078, 0.192] | 0.150 [0.083, 0.221] | 0.148 [0.080, 0.218] | 0.149 [0.081, 0.221] | 0.140 [0.071, 0.213] | 0.148 [0.080, 0.219] |
| Family WP | 0.050 [0.012, 0.090] | 0.042 [-0.001, 0.083] | 0.043 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.043 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.042 [-0.001, 0.085] | 0.035 [-0.007, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.128 [-0.161, -0.096] | -0.125 [-0.163, -0.086] | -0.126 [-0.165, -0.088] | -0.125 [-0.163, -0.086] | -0.126 [-0.164, -0.087] | -0.126 [-0.165, -0.088] |
| CMC * Significant others WP | -0.165 [-0.295, -0.049] | -0.182 [-0.325, -0.037] | -0.171 [-0.317, -0.026] | -0.195 [-0.346, -0.048] | -0.167 [-0.316, -0.018] | -0.193 [-0.339, -0.046] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.019 [-0.111, 0.076] | -0.025 [-0.131, 0.075] | -0.030 [-0.134, 0.068] | -0.020 [-0.126, 0.084] | -0.028 [-0.132, 0.072] | -0.024 [-0.130, 0.079] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.096 [0.015, 0.171] | 0.057 [-0.041, 0.151] | 0.053 [-0.041, 0.147] | 0.057 [-0.043, 0.155] | 0.056 [-0.033, 0.151] | 0.051 [-0.050, 0.149] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP | -0.144 [-0.400, 0.097] | -0.238 [-0.554, 0.116] | -0.188 [-0.514, 0.169] | -0.210 [-0.539, 0.142] | -0.159 [-0.499, 0.189] | -0.213 [-0.530, 0.135] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.027 [-0.133, 0.164] | -0.035 [-0.206, 0.143] | -0.041 [-0.220, 0.133] | -0.007 [-0.183, 0.174] | -0.037 [-0.219, 0.144] | -0.031 [-0.207, 0.149] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.027 [-0.093, 0.149] | 0.045 [-0.093, 0.201] | 0.048 [-0.083, 0.200] | 0.041 [-0.095, 0.189] | 0.047 [-0.080, 0.200] | 0.041 [-0.100, 0.192] |
| Weekend WP | 0.088 [0.067, 0.108] | 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] | 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] | 0.092 [0.070, 0.116] | 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] | 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.230 [0.224, 0.237] | 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] | 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] | 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] | 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] | 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] |
| R2 within | 0.135 [0.124, 0.147] | 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] | 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] | 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] | 0.139 [0.127, 0.151] | 0.138 [0.126, 0.150] |
| Personality trait | 0.034 [-0.007, 0.075] | 0.084 [0.028, 0.141] | 0.125 [0.071, 0.179] | -0.205 [-0.249, -0.162] | 0.016 [-0.040, 0.073] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.000 [-0.037, 0.040] | 0.021 [-0.034, 0.077] | 0.016 [-0.036, 0.067] | -0.058 [-0.100, -0.013] | -0.011 [-0.063, 0.041] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.018 [-0.073, 0.036] | 0.018 [-0.052, 0.083] | 0.025 [-0.042, 0.097] | -0.028 [-0.083, 0.029] | 0.027 [-0.044, 0.095] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | -0.035 [-0.118, 0.051] | -0.036 [-0.152, 0.078] | 0.020 [-0.088, 0.133] | 0.058 [-0.042, 0.154] | -0.030 [-0.135, 0.080] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.004 [-0.058, 0.048] | -0.004 [-0.078, 0.073] | -0.009 [-0.077, 0.062] | -0.009 [-0.068, 0.052] | -0.103 [-0.171, -0.027] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.022 [-0.065, 0.021] | 0.032 [-0.034, 0.092] | -0.014 [-0.074, 0.046] | -0.017 [-0.069, 0.034] | 0.012 [-0.047, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP | -0.055 [-0.231, 0.133] | 0.184 [-0.072, 0.449] | 0.043 [-0.186, 0.297] | -0.105 [-0.303, 0.095] | -0.125 [-0.346, 0.127] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.029 [-0.157, 0.097] | -0.125 [-0.299, 0.055] | -0.069 [-0.239, 0.103] | 0.071 [-0.067, 0.211] | 0.053 [-0.108, 0.225] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.058 [-0.160, 0.043] | 0.145 [-0.024, 0.292] | -0.002 [-0.146, 0.150] | 0.002 [-0.117, 0.124] | -0.017 [-0.155, 0.118] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP | 0.134 [-0.289, 0.614] | 0.159 [-0.438, 0.771] | 0.045 [-0.539, 0.699] | -0.402 [-0.877, 0.075] | -0.136 [-0.678, 0.394] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.009 [-0.218, 0.263] | -0.199 [-0.494, 0.079] | -0.259 [-0.544, 0.018] | 0.060 [-0.183, 0.321] | 0.040 [-0.263, 0.375] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.022 [-0.177, 0.151] | 0.020 [-0.216, 0.281] | 0.012 [-0.189, 0.238] | -0.032 [-0.203, 0.160] | 0.086 [-0.127, 0.311] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.002, 0.026] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.032] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.018] | -0.002 [-0.021, 0.016] | -0.002 [-0.022, 0.015] | -0.004 [-0.022, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.019] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001] | -0.034 [-0.065, -0.003] | -0.034 [-0.066, -0.003] | -0.038 [-0.070, -0.008] | -0.032 [-0.060, -0.005] | -0.036 [-0.067, -0.005] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020] | -0.012 [-0.032, 0.008] | -0.011 [-0.031, 0.008] | -0.011 [-0.030, 0.008] | -0.012 [-0.031, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] | -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012] | -0.030 [-0.047, -0.013] | -0.029 [-0.046, -0.013] | -0.033 [-0.049, -0.017] | -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012] |
| Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.041, 0.078] | 0.023 [-0.044, 0.098] | 0.006 [-0.061, 0.085] | 0.017 [-0.053, 0.093] | 0.015 [-0.049, 0.086] | 0.018 [-0.046, 0.094] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.072, 0.014] | -0.029 [-0.076, 0.015] | -0.026 [-0.073, 0.018] | -0.028 [-0.072, 0.016] | -0.023 [-0.065, 0.018] | -0.028 [-0.074, 0.016] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.046, 0.027] | -0.009 [-0.042, 0.030] | -0.016 [-0.050, 0.023] | -0.012 [-0.044, 0.028] | -0.009 [-0.041, 0.027] | -0.011 [-0.043, 0.028] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.077 [-0.044, 0.239] | 0.099 [-0.082, 0.268] | 0.103 [-0.076, 0.271] | 0.106 [-0.060, 0.274] | 0.068 [-0.086, 0.227] | 0.110 [-0.072, 0.269] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.052 [-0.134, 0.028] | -0.046 [-0.127, 0.034] | -0.039 [-0.120, 0.037] | -0.037 [-0.121, 0.042] | -0.037 [-0.116, 0.039] | -0.046 [-0.125, 0.035] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.067, 0.048] | -0.026 [-0.085, 0.031] | -0.028 [-0.087, 0.025] | -0.030 [-0.091, 0.026] | -0.030 [-0.088, 0.021] | -0.023 [-0.082, 0.036] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.020 [0.008, 0.035] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.034] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.033] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.033] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.004, 0.034] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.026, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.025, 0.022] | -0.001 [-0.025, 0.020] | 0.000 [-0.024, 0.022] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.024, 0.021] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.035, -0.006] | -0.015 [-0.032, 0.000] | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.032, 0.000] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.024] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.023] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.032, 0.052] | 0.019 [-0.022, 0.059] | 0.017 [-0.024, 0.058] | 0.022 [-0.019, 0.064] | 0.017 [-0.023, 0.056] | 0.018 [-0.022, 0.057] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.020, 0.045] | 0.007 [-0.028, 0.043] | 0.006 [-0.028, 0.042] | 0.007 [-0.028, 0.044] | 0.009 [-0.023, 0.046] | 0.006 [-0.029, 0.041] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.042, 0.010] | -0.012 [-0.037, 0.013] | -0.014 [-0.039, 0.011] | -0.013 [-0.039, 0.014] | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] | -0.013 [-0.038, 0.012] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.040 [-0.044, 0.116] | 0.010 [-0.079, 0.105] | 0.017 [-0.072, 0.112] | 0.016 [-0.082, 0.115] | 0.002 [-0.088, 0.094] | 0.023 [-0.064, 0.117] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.088, 0.014] | -0.042 [-0.105, 0.015] | -0.036 [-0.099, 0.023] | -0.040 [-0.101, 0.019] | -0.038 [-0.104, 0.017] | -0.043 [-0.107, 0.016] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.071, 0.016] | -0.021 [-0.060, 0.025] | -0.019 [-0.061, 0.026] | -0.021 [-0.062, 0.023] | -0.017 [-0.060, 0.025] | -0.019 [-0.057, 0.024] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.027, 0.017] | 0.000 [-0.024, 0.025] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.024] | 0.000 [-0.023, 0.024] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] | 0.001 [-0.023, 0.025] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.013] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.012] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.014] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.019] | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.006, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.007, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.038, 0.041] | 0.001 [-0.047, 0.046] | 0.001 [-0.047, 0.045] | 0.003 [-0.043, 0.044] | 0.001 [-0.044, 0.043] | 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.030, 0.041] | 0.006 [-0.029, 0.039] | 0.010 [-0.024, 0.043] | 0.005 [-0.028, 0.039] | 0.008 [-0.026, 0.041] | 0.006 [-0.029, 0.040] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.026, 0.026] | -0.007 [-0.033, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.032, 0.018] | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.016] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.050, 0.097] | 0.009 [-0.078, 0.107] | 0.014 [-0.078, 0.106] | 0.014 [-0.072, 0.115] | 0.010 [-0.074, 0.104] | 0.013 [-0.070, 0.110] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.050, 0.044] | -0.015 [-0.072, 0.042] | -0.010 [-0.067, 0.048] | -0.013 [-0.071, 0.044] | -0.016 [-0.074, 0.042] | -0.016 [-0.071, 0.038] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.060, 0.009] | -0.023 [-0.059, 0.015] | -0.022 [-0.060, 0.014] | -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] | -0.021 [-0.058, 0.017] | -0.022 [-0.059, 0.012] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.014, 0.034] | 0.006 [-0.022, 0.037] | 0.006 [-0.021, 0.038] | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.037] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.038] | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.004, 0.040] | 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] | 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] | 0.024 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.023 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.050] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.064, 0.036] | -0.021 [-0.087, 0.045] | -0.014 [-0.081, 0.052] | -0.022 [-0.089, 0.046] | -0.017 [-0.081, 0.049] | -0.023 [-0.089, 0.042] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.032, 0.078] | 0.042 [-0.024, 0.099] | 0.041 [-0.027, 0.096] | 0.043 [-0.028, 0.102] | 0.042 [-0.024, 0.098] | 0.044 [-0.021, 0.102] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038] | 0.008 [-0.034, 0.052] | 0.009 [-0.032, 0.053] | 0.008 [-0.031, 0.053] | 0.007 [-0.034, 0.052] | 0.007 [-0.034, 0.052] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.135, 0.090] | -0.004 [-0.160, 0.141] | -0.010 [-0.167, 0.141] | -0.019 [-0.178, 0.132] | -0.011 [-0.158, 0.138] | -0.007 [-0.163, 0.140] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.070, 0.073] | 0.013 [-0.097, 0.112] | 0.014 [-0.100, 0.107] | 0.010 [-0.102, 0.107] | 0.008 [-0.109, 0.105] | 0.013 [-0.100, 0.112] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.034, 0.073] | 0.013 [-0.055, 0.083] | 0.014 [-0.055, 0.083] | 0.019 [-0.050, 0.088] | 0.015 [-0.058, 0.087] | 0.015 [-0.053, 0.085] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.024] | 0.004 [-0.018, 0.024] | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.025] | 0.004 [-0.015, 0.024] | 0.006 [-0.013, 0.025] |
| Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.064, 0.035] | -0.015 [-0.072, 0.041] | -0.011 [-0.066, 0.044] | -0.015 [-0.073, 0.041] | -0.015 [-0.072, 0.047] | -0.014 [-0.070, 0.038] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.061, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.056, 0.027] | -0.011 [-0.055, 0.027] | -0.014 [-0.057, 0.025] | -0.012 [-0.056, 0.027] | -0.011 [-0.054, 0.026] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.034, 0.025] | 0.002 [-0.027, 0.031] | 0.001 [-0.028, 0.031] | 0.002 [-0.029, 0.032] | 0.001 [-0.029, 0.031] | 0.003 [-0.026, 0.031] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.136, 0.053] | -0.032 [-0.147, 0.084] | -0.038 [-0.151, 0.090] | -0.039 [-0.154, 0.082] | -0.036 [-0.149, 0.091] | -0.039 [-0.155, 0.079] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.028, 0.075] | 0.042 [-0.011, 0.099] | 0.035 [-0.021, 0.096] | 0.041 [-0.014, 0.101] | 0.042 [-0.014, 0.104] | 0.039 [-0.013, 0.095] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.027, 0.055] | 0.001 [-0.046, 0.043] | 0.001 [-0.044, 0.048] | 0.003 [-0.044, 0.046] | 0.000 [-0.049, 0.044] | -0.001 [-0.048, 0.041] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.059, 0.023] | -0.018 [-0.068, 0.029] | -0.014 [-0.063, 0.034] | -0.015 [-0.066, 0.032] | -0.015 [-0.065, 0.030] | -0.016 [-0.065, 0.031] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.029, 0.037] | 0.008 [-0.032, 0.047] | 0.011 [-0.029, 0.048] | 0.009 [-0.034, 0.047] | 0.011 [-0.031, 0.048] | 0.010 [-0.032, 0.047] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.007, 0.038] | 0.016 [-0.009, 0.044] | 0.016 [-0.009, 0.043] | 0.016 [-0.008, 0.044] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.045] | 0.015 [-0.009, 0.043] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.102, 0.056] | -0.026 [-0.119, 0.066] | -0.025 [-0.120, 0.071] | -0.035 [-0.132, 0.058] | -0.032 [-0.126, 0.062] | -0.025 [-0.119, 0.067] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.053, 0.032] | -0.018 [-0.070, 0.031] | -0.013 [-0.069, 0.037] | -0.017 [-0.072, 0.032] | -0.017 [-0.072, 0.034] | -0.018 [-0.071, 0.032] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.033, 0.044] | 0.002 [-0.040, 0.046] | 0.005 [-0.037, 0.046] | 0.003 [-0.040, 0.047] | 0.005 [-0.038, 0.047] | 0.001 [-0.041, 0.044] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.068, 0.109] | 0.017 [-0.086, 0.141] | 0.015 [-0.084, 0.129] | 0.018 [-0.080, 0.137] | 0.020 [-0.079, 0.135] | 0.011 [-0.088, 0.130] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.051, 0.074] | 0.012 [-0.061, 0.097] | 0.014 [-0.056, 0.099] | 0.011 [-0.060, 0.094] | 0.013 [-0.061, 0.098] | 0.013 [-0.057, 0.097] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.146 [-0.047, 0.357] | 0.146 [-0.086, 0.431] | 0.147 [-0.075, 0.423] | 0.158 [-0.089, 0.458] | 0.149 [-0.090, 0.412] | 0.144 [-0.084, 0.415] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.037 [-0.087, 0.161] | 0.010 [-0.188, 0.185] | 0.019 [-0.165, 0.186] | 0.006 [-0.182, 0.184] | 0.021 [-0.166, 0.202] | 0.006 [-0.187, 0.180] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.038 [-0.133, 0.054] | -0.010 [-0.126, 0.111] | -0.009 [-0.122, 0.113] | -0.014 [-0.133, 0.113] | -0.008 [-0.132, 0.119] | -0.016 [-0.132, 0.103] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.020, 0.079] | 0.020 [-0.043, 0.094] | 0.024 [-0.029, 0.099] | 0.023 [-0.038, 0.102] | 0.022 [-0.035, 0.097] | 0.020 [-0.040, 0.093] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.169, 0.151] | -0.019 [-0.290, 0.229] | -0.036 [-0.284, 0.189] | -0.034 [-0.322, 0.207] | -0.026 [-0.274, 0.212] | -0.019 [-0.289, 0.232] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.083, 0.140] | 0.019 [-0.127, 0.164] | 0.006 [-0.133, 0.147] | 0.005 [-0.137, 0.149] | 0.000 [-0.139, 0.147] | 0.013 [-0.126, 0.159] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.084, 0.082] | 0.007 [-0.096, 0.111] | 0.012 [-0.085, 0.106] | 0.014 [-0.086, 0.118] | 0.015 [-0.085, 0.110] | 0.008 [-0.088, 0.109] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.139, 0.091] | -0.019 [-0.156, 0.130] | -0.031 [-0.163, 0.117] | -0.027 [-0.168, 0.113] | -0.024 [-0.164, 0.122] | -0.030 [-0.172, 0.103] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.059, 0.083] | 0.001 [-0.094, 0.092] | 0.001 [-0.097, 0.086] | 0.005 [-0.092, 0.097] | -0.003 [-0.102, 0.090] | 0.002 [-0.093, 0.091] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.048, 0.072] | 0.001 [-0.054, 0.070] | 0.008 [-0.047, 0.074] | 0.004 [-0.050, 0.070] | 0.006 [-0.049, 0.072] | -0.001 [-0.057, 0.068] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.215, 0.272] | 0.042 [-0.338, 0.390] | 0.061 [-0.321, 0.393] | 0.046 [-0.354, 0.381] | 0.075 [-0.274, 0.416] | 0.020 [-0.378, 0.345] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.165, 0.187] | 0.074 [-0.134, 0.299] | 0.068 [-0.150, 0.301] | 0.063 [-0.158, 0.302] | 0.076 [-0.139, 0.309] | 0.067 [-0.145, 0.303] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.105, 0.125] | 0.026 [-0.114, 0.176] | 0.010 [-0.129, 0.171] | 0.021 [-0.116, 0.184] | 0.015 [-0.119, 0.167] | 0.017 [-0.124, 0.170] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.962 [2.931, 2.993] | 2.976 [2.941, 3.011] | 2.976 [2.941, 3.011] | 2.975 [2.940, 3.010] | 2.977 [2.944, 3.010] | 2.976 [2.940, 3.011] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.185 [0.165, 0.207] | 0.168 [0.147, 0.191] | 0.166 [0.145, 0.189] | 0.162 [0.142, 0.185] | 0.144 [0.126, 0.165] | 0.168 [0.148, 0.192] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.035, 0.067] | 0.046 [0.032, 0.066] | 0.046 [0.032, 0.065] | 0.047 [0.032, 0.067] | 0.045 [0.031, 0.064] | 0.046 [0.031, 0.065] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.016, 0.057] | 0.031 [0.016, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.014, 0.052] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.053] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.052] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.079 [0.046, 0.123] | 0.096 [0.057, 0.150] | 0.096 [0.056, 0.151] | 0.097 [0.058, 0.152] | 0.096 [0.055, 0.148] | 0.097 [0.057, 0.152] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.032, 0.074] | 0.045 [0.022, 0.073] | 0.044 [0.023, 0.072] | 0.044 [0.023, 0.071] | 0.046 [0.025, 0.071] | 0.042 [0.021, 0.069] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.021, 0.053] | 0.043 [0.025, 0.065] | 0.042 [0.026, 0.064] | 0.043 [0.025, 0.066] | 0.043 [0.027, 0.066] | 0.042 [0.025, 0.064] |
| Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance | 0.196 [0.090, 0.370] | 0.264 [0.132, 0.483] | 0.256 [0.128, 0.481] | 0.265 [0.132, 0.478] | 0.259 [0.131, 0.466] | 0.261 [0.140, 0.470] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.166 [0.088, 0.281] | 0.198 [0.093, 0.341] | 0.185 [0.083, 0.332] | 0.200 [0.094, 0.345] | 0.191 [0.094, 0.335] | 0.199 [0.095, 0.338] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.024, 0.126] | 0.078 [0.036, 0.159] | 0.077 [0.037, 0.151] | 0.076 [0.036, 0.158] | 0.077 [0.036, 0.156] | 0.073 [0.033, 0.154] |
| Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance | 0.646 [0.243, 1.363] | 0.909 [0.356, 1.783] | 0.966 [0.414, 1.889] | 1.011 [0.405, 1.978] | 0.933 [0.385, 1.803] | 0.932 [0.386, 1.833] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.293 [0.141, 0.537] | 0.392 [0.219, 0.702] | 0.371 [0.200, 0.673] | 0.387 [0.213, 0.681] | 0.408 [0.227, 0.720] | 0.396 [0.219, 0.708] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.163 [0.070, 0.319] | 0.186 [0.082, 0.358] | 0.193 [0.081, 0.359] | 0.187 [0.081, 0.363] | 0.194 [0.078, 0.356] | 0.192 [0.081, 0.360] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.036] | 0.075 [0.047, 0.109] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.061] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.045 [0.003, 0.130] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 CMC * Significant others WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.023 [0.000, 0.126] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.099] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.086] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.015 [0.000, 0.104] | 0.043 [0.000, 0.221] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.075] | |
| R2 Mixed * Significant others WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.046 [0.000, 0.222] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.093] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.032 [0.000, 0.137] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.071] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.093] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 12,960 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 | 10,079 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.340 [-0.394, -0.284] | -0.340 [-0.399, -0.282] | -0.331 [-0.389, -0.272] | -0.340 [-0.399, -0.280] | -0.336 [-0.394, -0.275] | -0.335 [-0.393, -0.275] |
| Mixed WP | 0.002 [-0.065, 0.072] | -0.017 [-0.094, 0.055] | -0.022 [-0.093, 0.051] | -0.023 [-0.093, 0.055] | -0.020 [-0.093, 0.054] | -0.027 [-0.103, 0.052] |
| Significant others WP | 0.055 [-0.053, 0.162] | 0.026 [-0.097, 0.148] | 0.039 [-0.076, 0.155] | 0.028 [-0.092, 0.152] | 0.034 [-0.089, 0.153] | 0.036 [-0.084, 0.157] |
| Family WP | -0.258 [-0.329, -0.188] | -0.282 [-0.357, -0.204] | -0.276 [-0.349, -0.204] | -0.282 [-0.358, -0.206] | -0.278 [-0.355, -0.203] | -0.281 [-0.357, -0.207] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.263 [-0.340, -0.186] | -0.282 [-0.365, -0.200] | -0.290 [-0.370, -0.210] | -0.279 [-0.361, -0.199] | -0.285 [-0.365, -0.204] | -0.276 [-0.355, -0.193] |
| CMC * Significant others WP | -0.325 [-0.547, -0.100] | -0.331 [-0.592, -0.023] | -0.359 [-0.607, -0.090] | -0.375 [-0.616, -0.138] | -0.418 [-0.672, -0.194] | -0.356 [-0.606, -0.123] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.157 [0.001, 0.314] | 0.144 [-0.024, 0.310] | 0.175 [0.005, 0.337] | 0.160 [-0.011, 0.320] | 0.155 [-0.012, 0.319] | 0.193 [0.018, 0.364] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.198 [0.044, 0.349] | 0.204 [0.043, 0.365] | 0.221 [0.050, 0.383] | 0.205 [0.041, 0.370] | 0.203 [0.037, 0.365] | 0.206 [0.041, 0.367] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP | -0.030 [-0.555, 0.499] | -0.112 [-0.797, 0.460] | -0.070 [-0.690, 0.590] | -0.216 [-0.820, 0.352] | -0.146 [-0.702, 0.457] | -0.106 [-0.737, 0.507] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.179 [-0.101, 0.483] | 0.066 [-0.224, 0.386] | 0.101 [-0.183, 0.386] | 0.096 [-0.201, 0.392] | 0.078 [-0.260, 0.380] | 0.084 [-0.216, 0.398] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.165 [-0.475, 0.152] | -0.223 [-0.583, 0.149] | -0.214 [-0.569, 0.136] | -0.197 [-0.552, 0.187] | -0.212 [-0.565, 0.142] | -0.203 [-0.568, 0.121] |
| Weekend WP | 0.241 [0.209, 0.273] | 0.247 [0.213, 0.280] | 0.248 [0.214, 0.282] | 0.248 [0.214, 0.281] | 0.246 [0.213, 0.279] | 0.246 [0.212, 0.280] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.910 [0.891, 0.930] | 0.918 [0.898, 0.939] | 0.919 [0.899, 0.940] | 0.920 [0.900, 0.940] | 0.919 [0.899, 0.941] | 0.916 [0.897, 0.937] |
| R2 within | 0.116 [0.107, 0.125] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] | 0.122 [0.113, 0.131] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] | 0.122 [0.114, 0.131] |
| Personality trait | 0.369 [0.290, 0.448] | 0.283 [0.179, 0.387] | 0.209 [0.117, 0.303] | -0.489 [-0.556, -0.423] | 0.015 [-0.079, 0.109] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.050 [-0.029, 0.130] | -0.038 [-0.139, 0.060] | 0.080 [-0.008, 0.167] | -0.086 [-0.159, -0.014] | -0.014 [-0.102, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.008 [-0.113, 0.100] | -0.043 [-0.166, 0.082] | -0.013 [-0.131, 0.105] | 0.009 [-0.091, 0.116] | 0.011 [-0.103, 0.122] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | 0.164 [0.001, 0.324] | -0.076 [-0.306, 0.146] | 0.007 [-0.177, 0.183] | -0.102 [-0.254, 0.060] | -0.077 [-0.247, 0.095] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.118 [0.015, 0.223] | 0.039 [-0.087, 0.170] | 0.049 [-0.066, 0.162] | -0.090 [-0.189, 0.004] | 0.001 [-0.116, 0.117] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.023 [-0.091, 0.143] | 0.097 [-0.045, 0.246] | 0.022 [-0.098, 0.146] | -0.004 [-0.102, 0.102] | 0.073 [-0.056, 0.198] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP | -0.283 [-0.663, 0.085] | 0.202 [-0.222, 0.677] | -0.212 [-0.567, 0.128] | 0.226 [-0.090, 0.538] | 0.083 [-0.252, 0.420] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.090 [-0.325, 0.138] | -0.010 [-0.298, 0.291] | -0.059 [-0.312, 0.181] | 0.137 [-0.079, 0.343] | -0.005 [-0.258, 0.252] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.006 [-0.209, 0.237] | -0.070 [-0.354, 0.216] | -0.012 [-0.272, 0.232] | -0.019 [-0.222, 0.176] | 0.010 [-0.236, 0.254] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP | 0.105 [-0.797, 0.919] | -0.487 [-1.727, 0.627] | 0.503 [-0.480, 1.369] | -0.624 [-1.421, 0.122] | -0.500 [-1.297, 0.275] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.099 [-0.492, 0.316] | -0.035 [-0.525, 0.471] | 0.098 [-0.361, 0.570] | 0.037 [-0.351, 0.433] | -0.180 [-0.692, 0.261] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.113 [-0.568, 0.363] | 0.051 [-0.547, 0.620] | -0.026 [-0.549, 0.476] | -0.039 [-0.486, 0.373] | -0.239 [-0.826, 0.332] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.093 [0.045, 0.142] | 0.085 [0.039, 0.135] | 0.101 [0.052, 0.150] | 0.091 [0.043, 0.143] | 0.072 [0.029, 0.116] | 0.099 [0.047, 0.152] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.062, 0.060] | 0.004 [-0.058, 0.063] | 0.005 [-0.058, 0.066] | 0.003 [-0.060, 0.065] | 0.011 [-0.043, 0.069] | 0.005 [-0.063, 0.068] |
| Well-being - Significant others WP covariance | 0.089 [-0.007, 0.189] | 0.062 [-0.034, 0.161] | 0.087 [-0.013, 0.190] | 0.097 [-0.007, 0.201] | 0.058 [-0.032, 0.147] | 0.091 [-0.017, 0.202] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.096 [0.032, 0.160] | 0.079 [0.018, 0.143] | 0.098 [0.037, 0.164] | 0.096 [0.030, 0.163] | 0.068 [0.012, 0.126] | 0.098 [0.032, 0.165] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.083, 0.052] | -0.006 [-0.071, 0.061] | -0.008 [-0.078, 0.060] | -0.003 [-0.070, 0.066] | -0.007 [-0.066, 0.053] | -0.004 [-0.076, 0.064] |
| Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.140 [-0.354, 0.069] | -0.122 [-0.328, 0.079] | -0.165 [-0.364, 0.031] | -0.119 [-0.342, 0.097] | -0.089 [-0.268, 0.086] | -0.146 [-0.360, 0.112] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.043 [-0.174, 0.089] | -0.033 [-0.163, 0.096] | -0.061 [-0.200, 0.080] | -0.062 [-0.203, 0.086] | -0.021 [-0.144, 0.096] | -0.056 [-0.199, 0.087] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.102 [-0.237, 0.028] | -0.116 [-0.244, 0.010] | -0.124 [-0.259, 0.006] | -0.133 [-0.273, 0.012] | -0.128 [-0.248, -0.009] | -0.110 [-0.251, 0.032] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.169 [-0.720, 0.408] | -0.198 [-0.696, 0.266] | -0.154 [-0.686, 0.348] | -0.159 [-0.625, 0.368] | -0.299 [-0.849, 0.144] | -0.137 [-0.669, 0.416] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.082 [-0.163, 0.347] | 0.130 [-0.113, 0.374] | 0.116 [-0.145, 0.356] | 0.113 [-0.148, 0.349] | 0.121 [-0.080, 0.318] | 0.107 [-0.151, 0.399] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.087 [-0.383, 0.203] | -0.054 [-0.362, 0.234] | -0.105 [-0.390, 0.194] | -0.110 [-0.406, 0.157] | -0.085 [-0.360, 0.181] | -0.084 [-0.385, 0.205] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.057 [0.012, 0.104] | 0.064 [0.017, 0.119] | 0.067 [0.023, 0.117] | 0.071 [0.023, 0.124] | 0.069 [0.025, 0.119] | 0.071 [0.020, 0.124] |
| CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.103, 0.058] | -0.034 [-0.124, 0.055] | -0.030 [-0.116, 0.050] | -0.014 [-0.095, 0.067] | -0.029 [-0.108, 0.054] | -0.028 [-0.108, 0.052] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.048 [-0.006, 0.104] | 0.047 [-0.009, 0.108] | 0.052 [-0.002, 0.110] | 0.050 [-0.004, 0.110] | 0.047 [-0.006, 0.107] | 0.043 [-0.010, 0.101] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.062, 0.041] | -0.021 [-0.078, 0.032] | -0.022 [-0.084, 0.032] | -0.016 [-0.079, 0.050] | -0.015 [-0.079, 0.035] | -0.024 [-0.083, 0.033] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.137, 0.117] | 0.007 [-0.129, 0.159] | -0.005 [-0.151, 0.149] | -0.005 [-0.129, 0.136] | -0.016 [-0.152, 0.127] | 0.001 [-0.135, 0.142] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.065 [-0.162, 0.036] | -0.043 [-0.153, 0.069] | -0.064 [-0.174, 0.049] | -0.043 [-0.153, 0.065] | -0.038 [-0.146, 0.072] | -0.048 [-0.156, 0.070] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.121 [-0.237, -0.010] | -0.111 [-0.234, -0.003] | -0.122 [-0.241, -0.008] | -0.131 [-0.254, -0.023] | -0.131 [-0.255, -0.023] | -0.111 [-0.223, -0.001] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.062 [-0.264, 0.395] | 0.056 [-0.309, 0.395] | 0.064 [-0.295, 0.413] | 0.049 [-0.291, 0.369] | 0.041 [-0.325, 0.356] | 0.054 [-0.299, 0.404] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.197, 0.151] | -0.020 [-0.197, 0.154] | -0.024 [-0.204, 0.152] | -0.022 [-0.178, 0.139] | -0.011 [-0.182, 0.155] | -0.020 [-0.199, 0.144] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.213, 0.150] | -0.035 [-0.251, 0.195] | -0.062 [-0.279, 0.122] | -0.060 [-0.255, 0.115] | -0.046 [-0.260, 0.146] | -0.042 [-0.236, 0.170] |
| Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.102, 0.064] | -0.012 [-0.103, 0.079] | -0.029 [-0.118, 0.068] | -0.011 [-0.106, 0.096] | -0.021 [-0.130, 0.089] | -0.025 [-0.112, 0.069] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.040, 0.082] | 0.010 [-0.056, 0.077] | 0.009 [-0.056, 0.078] | 0.017 [-0.046, 0.085] | 0.013 [-0.048, 0.077] | 0.017 [-0.050, 0.083] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.065, 0.048] | -0.019 [-0.084, 0.044] | -0.018 [-0.086, 0.046] | -0.020 [-0.088, 0.039] | -0.026 [-0.089, 0.047] | -0.021 [-0.079, 0.046] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.138, 0.106] | 0.004 [-0.128, 0.143] | 0.016 [-0.107, 0.157] | 0.005 [-0.140, 0.143] | -0.008 [-0.160, 0.126] | 0.001 [-0.131, 0.128] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.061 [-0.177, 0.057] | -0.039 [-0.174, 0.091] | -0.037 [-0.158, 0.095] | -0.042 [-0.168, 0.088] | -0.025 [-0.156, 0.089] | -0.038 [-0.166, 0.081] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.059 [-0.166, 0.044] | -0.031 [-0.162, 0.095] | -0.043 [-0.157, 0.072] | -0.033 [-0.158, 0.097] | -0.045 [-0.181, 0.074] | -0.045 [-0.163, 0.083] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.300, 0.299] | -0.005 [-0.355, 0.329] | -0.002 [-0.299, 0.343] | 0.033 [-0.268, 0.335] | 0.003 [-0.290, 0.297] | -0.011 [-0.304, 0.310] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.145, 0.161] | -0.005 [-0.163, 0.171] | -0.013 [-0.160, 0.169] | -0.006 [-0.154, 0.163] | -0.005 [-0.163, 0.156] | 0.007 [-0.136, 0.161] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.053 [-0.219, 0.124] | -0.020 [-0.208, 0.168] | -0.052 [-0.228, 0.164] | -0.037 [-0.252, 0.195] | -0.049 [-0.238, 0.143] | -0.031 [-0.213, 0.180] |
| Significant others WP - Family WP covariance | 0.067 [-0.024, 0.167] | 0.067 [-0.029, 0.169] | 0.069 [-0.026, 0.178] | 0.074 [-0.029, 0.193] | 0.049 [-0.052, 0.173] | 0.059 [-0.051, 0.173] |
| Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.063 [-0.032, 0.160] | 0.064 [-0.026, 0.176] | 0.067 [-0.027, 0.178] | 0.059 [-0.038, 0.173] | 0.043 [-0.068, 0.162] | 0.038 [-0.058, 0.147] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | -0.068 [-0.313, 0.116] | -0.094 [-0.320, 0.101] | -0.113 [-0.367, 0.122] | -0.103 [-0.339, 0.085] | -0.068 [-0.297, 0.116] | -0.092 [-0.312, 0.107] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.028 [-0.206, 0.241] | -0.002 [-0.235, 0.217] | 0.001 [-0.253, 0.228] | 0.016 [-0.198, 0.235] | 0.039 [-0.169, 0.254] | 0.008 [-0.212, 0.226] |
| Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.071 [-0.111, 0.260] | 0.036 [-0.151, 0.217] | 0.033 [-0.182, 0.207] | 0.042 [-0.139, 0.240] | 0.057 [-0.141, 0.259] | 0.100 [-0.090, 0.284] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.469, 0.489] | -0.066 [-0.533, 0.393] | -0.052 [-0.590, 0.461] | -0.061 [-0.557, 0.475] | -0.158 [-0.729, 0.318] | -0.075 [-0.615, 0.498] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.097 [-0.212, 0.396] | 0.152 [-0.160, 0.431] | 0.101 [-0.184, 0.417] | 0.139 [-0.160, 0.435] | 0.131 [-0.181, 0.446] | 0.132 [-0.195, 0.441] |
| Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.108 [-0.253, 0.456] | 0.061 [-0.304, 0.411] | 0.053 [-0.319, 0.399] | 0.084 [-0.252, 0.463] | 0.085 [-0.313, 0.514] | 0.116 [-0.249, 0.516] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.102 [0.036, 0.177] | 0.106 [0.027, 0.191] | 0.103 [0.035, 0.184] | 0.109 [0.027, 0.194] | 0.098 [0.026, 0.179] | 0.098 [0.023, 0.189] |
| Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.050 [-0.129, 0.230] | 0.039 [-0.126, 0.225] | 0.015 [-0.166, 0.190] | 0.033 [-0.141, 0.197] | 0.048 [-0.133, 0.210] | 0.032 [-0.134, 0.225] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.296 [-0.431, -0.174] | -0.314 [-0.455, -0.176] | -0.324 [-0.470, -0.195] | -0.330 [-0.471, -0.193] | -0.307 [-0.451, -0.167] | -0.322 [-0.472, -0.194] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.100 [-0.233, 0.034] | -0.121 [-0.272, 0.018] | -0.136 [-0.283, -0.001] | -0.131 [-0.270, -0.001] | -0.126 [-0.277, -0.006] | -0.094 [-0.243, 0.043] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.327, 0.483] | 0.086 [-0.401, 0.491] | 0.081 [-0.278, 0.534] | 0.100 [-0.351, 0.595] | 0.001 [-0.453, 0.531] | 0.150 [-0.279, 0.593] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.236, 0.182] | -0.013 [-0.225, 0.190] | -0.053 [-0.269, 0.164] | -0.077 [-0.290, 0.151] | -0.062 [-0.263, 0.127] | -0.025 [-0.247, 0.184] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.108 [-0.133, 0.353] | 0.132 [-0.130, 0.421] | 0.136 [-0.123, 0.403] | 0.094 [-0.164, 0.410] | 0.106 [-0.174, 0.386] | 0.151 [-0.112, 0.404] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.162, 0.173] | 0.007 [-0.161, 0.174] | -0.021 [-0.196, 0.143] | -0.030 [-0.203, 0.132] | -0.011 [-0.196, 0.165] | 0.003 [-0.170, 0.180] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.079 [-0.217, 0.049] | -0.086 [-0.232, 0.053] | -0.093 [-0.244, 0.049] | -0.109 [-0.262, 0.031] | -0.083 [-0.229, 0.063] | -0.118 [-0.272, 0.022] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.144 [-0.290, -0.028] | -0.187 [-0.356, -0.054] | -0.176 [-0.332, -0.041] | -0.185 [-0.333, -0.068] | -0.200 [-0.352, -0.055] | -0.146 [-0.303, -0.023] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.131 [-0.232, 0.501] | 0.144 [-0.246, 0.495] | 0.122 [-0.260, 0.503] | 0.155 [-0.222, 0.576] | 0.126 [-0.366, 0.583] | 0.165 [-0.242, 0.572] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.182, 0.193] | 0.030 [-0.182, 0.259] | 0.022 [-0.202, 0.241] | -0.026 [-0.216, 0.183] | 0.015 [-0.204, 0.245] | 0.021 [-0.178, 0.212] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.195, 0.251] | 0.014 [-0.213, 0.223] | -0.009 [-0.285, 0.256] | -0.010 [-0.234, 0.215] | -0.025 [-0.283, 0.207] | 0.020 [-0.213, 0.239] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.250, 0.456] | 0.078 [-0.273, 0.454] | 0.151 [-0.220, 0.556] | 0.094 [-0.222, 0.469] | 0.079 [-0.239, 0.436] | 0.120 [-0.221, 0.536] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.223 [-0.026, 0.597] | 0.198 [-0.082, 0.518] | 0.229 [-0.076, 0.593] | 0.235 [-0.050, 0.603] | 0.223 [-0.091, 0.574] | 0.170 [-0.103, 0.521] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | 0.159 [-0.593, 1.048] | 0.226 [-0.587, 1.230] | 0.354 [-0.484, 1.405] | 0.357 [-0.437, 1.296] | 0.461 [-0.347, 1.462] | 0.367 [-0.495, 1.390] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.506, 0.409] | -0.013 [-0.435, 0.405] | -0.022 [-0.444, 0.447] | -0.071 [-0.508, 0.364] | -0.057 [-0.469, 0.390] | 0.002 [-0.476, 0.458] |
| CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.379 [-0.054, 0.926] | 0.301 [-0.172, 0.917] | 0.328 [-0.187, 0.982] | 0.354 [-0.067, 0.906] | 0.328 [-0.196, 0.885] | 0.341 [-0.144, 0.965] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.256 [0.018, 0.562] | 0.242 [-0.025, 0.530] | 0.290 [0.036, 0.581] | 0.278 [0.013, 0.566] | 0.238 [-0.004, 0.550] | 0.282 [0.027, 0.587] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.819, 0.722] | 0.016 [-0.868, 0.826] | -0.090 [-0.977, 0.872] | -0.079 [-0.947, 0.720] | 0.140 [-0.926, 0.927] | -0.072 [-1.049, 0.816] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.290 [-0.055, 0.667] | 0.312 [-0.093, 0.771] | 0.339 [-0.039, 0.736] | 0.314 [-0.034, 0.713] | 0.315 [0.020, 0.713] | 0.336 [-0.053, 0.830] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.426, 0.489] | -0.044 [-0.501, 0.428] | 0.032 [-0.524, 0.564] | 0.015 [-0.516, 0.559] | -0.065 [-0.574, 0.526] | -0.087 [-0.575, 0.461] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance | -0.201 [-0.922, 0.534] | -0.172 [-0.873, 0.593] | -0.171 [-0.975, 0.707] | -0.161 [-0.935, 0.633] | -0.062 [-0.809, 0.704] | -0.197 [-0.923, 0.624] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.350, 0.387] | 0.043 [-0.380, 0.440] | 0.063 [-0.319, 0.458] | 0.113 [-0.292, 0.545] | 0.046 [-0.348, 0.439] | 0.086 [-0.282, 0.492] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.393 [-0.015, 0.864] | 0.315 [-0.175, 0.858] | 0.445 [-0.090, 1.032] | 0.446 [0.002, 0.973] | 0.453 [-0.046, 1.035] | 0.378 [-0.005, 0.904] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.457 [-0.459, 1.464] | 0.554 [-0.412, 1.681] | 0.483 [-0.552, 1.641] | 0.420 [-0.659, 1.489] | 0.672 [-0.343, 1.779] | 0.407 [-0.571, 1.567] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.078 [-1.085, 1.142] | 0.113 [-1.036, 1.391] | 0.188 [-1.097, 1.539] | 0.264 [-1.074, 1.545] | 0.289 [-0.865, 1.489] | 0.143 [-1.169, 1.381] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.036 [-0.464, 0.658] | 0.050 [-0.583, 0.655] | 0.012 [-0.570, 0.704] | -0.017 [-0.615, 0.682] | -0.028 [-0.625, 0.642] | 0.018 [-0.541, 0.674] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.086 [1.026, 1.146] | 1.080 [1.021, 1.138] | 1.079 [1.018, 1.141] | 1.077 [1.017, 1.138] | 1.080 [1.026, 1.134] | 1.082 [1.021, 1.144] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.696 [0.626, 0.775] | 0.578 [0.514, 0.650] | 0.628 [0.562, 0.707] | 0.627 [0.560, 0.707] | 0.493 [0.438, 0.555] | 0.650 [0.579, 0.731] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.140 [0.095, 0.197] | 0.154 [0.101, 0.221] | 0.151 [0.100, 0.213] | 0.153 [0.100, 0.215] | 0.149 [0.099, 0.208] | 0.156 [0.105, 0.219] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.096 [0.043, 0.167] | 0.115 [0.062, 0.191] | 0.113 [0.059, 0.183] | 0.119 [0.060, 0.193] | 0.113 [0.061, 0.191] | 0.114 [0.061, 0.190] |
| Slope Significant others WP residual variance | 0.349 [0.223, 0.515] | 0.379 [0.250, 0.570] | 0.385 [0.240, 0.579] | 0.385 [0.246, 0.578] | 0.363 [0.221, 0.561] | 0.364 [0.238, 0.543] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.268 [0.195, 0.362] | 0.281 [0.199, 0.378] | 0.282 [0.201, 0.378] | 0.283 [0.201, 0.389] | 0.277 [0.193, 0.374] | 0.286 [0.207, 0.386] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.190 [0.113, 0.288] | 0.209 [0.121, 0.325] | 0.188 [0.103, 0.300] | 0.197 [0.109, 0.303] | 0.193 [0.103, 0.303] | 0.182 [0.085, 0.296] |
| Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance | 0.623 [0.290, 1.192] | 0.664 [0.303, 1.222] | 0.722 [0.311, 1.271] | 0.684 [0.327, 1.246] | 0.656 [0.276, 1.226] | 0.715 [0.281, 1.285] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.852 [0.520, 1.277] | 0.912 [0.582, 1.319] | 0.932 [0.601, 1.333] | 0.924 [0.578, 1.364] | 0.886 [0.533, 1.284] | 0.947 [0.589, 1.379] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.633 [0.339, 1.010] | 0.616 [0.299, 0.990] | 0.641 [0.358, 1.040] | 0.691 [0.391, 1.096] | 0.683 [0.368, 1.120] | 0.569 [0.307, 0.958] |
| Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance | 3.139 [1.468, 6.260] | 3.330 [1.559, 6.230] | 3.873 [1.912, 7.098] | 3.458 [1.737, 6.358] | 4.105 [2.144, 7.366] | 3.798 [1.830, 7.116] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.944 [0.463, 1.723] | 1.025 [0.416, 2.064] | 1.041 [0.491, 1.882] | 1.023 [0.475, 1.963] | 1.070 [0.472, 1.977] | 1.002 [0.394, 1.945] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 1.424 [0.708, 2.436] | 1.280 [0.536, 2.567] | 1.630 [0.753, 3.003] | 1.495 [0.674, 2.734] | 1.655 [0.891, 3.064] | 1.494 [0.742, 2.793] |
| R2 between | 0.058 [0.036, 0.084] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.029] | 0.136 [0.103, 0.173] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.055] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 Significant others WP | 0.018 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.053] | |
| R2 CMC * Significant others WP | 0.030 [0.000, 0.181] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.106] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.093] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.143] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | |
| R2 Mixed * Significant others WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.075] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.115] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.114] | 0.031 [0.000, 0.137] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.094] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.117] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.103] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 19,828 | 17,950 | 17,889 | 17,948 | 17,941 | 17,901 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friends and roommates WP | .350 [.332, .368] | .364 [.345, .384] | .368 [.348, .387] | .365 [.346, .385] | .364 [.344, .383] | .365 [.346, .384] |
| Significant others WP | .430 [.388, .473] | .435 [.389, .480] | .439 [.394, .484] | .435 [.389, .480] | .426 [.380, .471] | .438 [.391, .485] |
| Family WP | .284 [.256, .311] | .290 [.258, .321] | .294 [.263, .325] | .287 [.255, .319] | .287 [.255, .319] | .289 [.258, .320] |
| Weak ties WP | .090 [.066, .114] | .097 [.071, .124] | .099 [.073, .126] | .100 [.073, .126] | .098 [.072, .125] | .098 [.072, .124] |
| Friends and roommates BP | .099 [.052, .145] | .075 [.024, .126] | .115 [.065, .165] | .134 [.084, .184] | .104 [.057, .151] | .138 [.089, .188] |
| Significant others BP | .076 [.032, .119] | .051 [.004, .097] | .068 [.022, .114] | .071 [.026, .117] | .116 [.073, .159] | .079 [.033, .126] |
| Family BP | .048 [.004, .093] | .073 [.026, .120] | .067 [.019, .114] | .067 [.021, .114] | .094 [.049, .139] | .078 [.030, .125] |
| Weak ties BP | -.013 [-.061, .034] | -.027 [-.077, .023] | -.012 [-.061, .038] | -.007 [-.056, .042] | -.002 [-.049, .046] | .000 [-.050, .051] |
| Personality trait | .152 [.123, .180] | .125 [.097, .153] | .131 [.103, .159] | -.339 [-.365, -.314] | .012 [-.016, .040] | |
| Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP | -.056 [-.107, -.004] | .028 [-.023, .080] | -.039 [-.091, .013] | .079 [.027, .130] | .014 [-.038, .065] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | .009 [-.071, .088] | -.013 [-.096, .069] | -.043 [-.123, .037] | .105 [.022, .189] | -.066 [-.142, .009] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.003 [-.058, .053] | .036 [-.018, .090] | -.002 [-.056, .053] | .063 [.007, .119] | -.009 [-.064, .045] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.072 [-.148, .004] | .052 [-.024, .128] | .006 [-.068, .080] | .101 [.023, .179] | .021 [-.054, .095] |
Note: Effect of friends and roommates, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.425 [-.448, -.401] | -.423 [-.448, -.397] | -.422 [-.448, -.396] | -.424 [-.450, -.398] | -.417 [-.443, -.391] | -.424 [-.450, -.398] |
| Mixed WP | -.013 [-.043, .017] | -.012 [-.045, .021] | -.015 [-.048, .018] | -.013 [-.046, .019] | -.017 [-.051, .017] | -.009 [-.041, .023] |
| Significant others WP | .168 [.122, .214] | .163 [.109, .216] | .170 [.116, .224] | .162 [.108, .216] | .154 [.102, .207] | .164 [.111, .217] |
| Family WP | -.060 [-.093, -.027] | -.083 [-.120, -.046] | -.082 [-.119, -.045] | -.085 [-.122, -.047] | -.076 [-.113, -.038] | -.084 [-.121, -.046] |
| Weak ties WP | -.300 [-.328, -.271] | -.303 [-.332, -.273] | -.300 [-.330, -.270] | -.302 [-.332, -.273] | -.298 [-.329, -.267] | -.302 [-.332, -.271] |
| Personality trait | .148 [.119, .176] | .136 [.107, .166] | .129 [.100, .157] | -.331 [-.357, -.304] | .014 [-.015, .043] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .016 [-.038, .070] | .014 [-.041, .068] | .073 [.019, .126] | -.129 [-.185, -.074] | -.036 [-.089, .018] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .002 [-.086, .091] | .057 [-.031, .146] | .056 [-.035, .147] | .034 [-.053, .120] | .012 [-.074, .098] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | .050 [-.029, .128] | -.018 [-.100, .063] | -.002 [-.080, .075] | .049 [-.030, .128] | -.066 [-.142, .009] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .063 [.000, .125] | .030 [-.032, .091] | .037 [-.024, .097] | -.013 [-.075, .049] | -.035 [-.097, .027] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .020 [-.043, .083] | .034 [-.032, .099] | .030 [-.033, .093] | -.023 [-.086, .039] | .023 [-.042, .087] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.418 [-.442, -.393] | -.414 [-.440, -.388] | -.405 [-.431, -.379] | -.414 [-.441, -.386] | -.414 [-.440, -.388] | -.410 [-.436, -.383] |
| Mixed WP | -.018 [-.051, .015] | -.024 [-.058, .009] | -.023 [-.057, .010] | -.023 [-.059, .014] | -.023 [-.058, .013] | -.025 [-.060, .010] |
| Significant others WP | .173 [.118, .228] | .169 [.111, .228] | .173 [.116, .231] | .197 [.140, .255] | .182 [.120, .244] | .182 [.124, .241] |
| Family WP | -.047 [-.082, -.012] | -.059 [-.099, -.018] | -.068 [-.106, -.029] | -.060 [-.099, -.020] | -.059 [-.098, -.019] | -.058 [-.097, -.018] |
| Weak ties WP | -.279 [-.310, -.247] | -.284 [-.317, -.251] | -.283 [-.316, -.251] | -.280 [-.313, -.247] | -.283 [-.316, -.250] | -.283 [-.315, -.252] |
| CMC * Significant others WP | -.386 [-.502, -.269] | -.371 [-.501, -.241] | -.389 [-.522, -.255] | -.405 [-.535, -.275] | -.404 [-.537, -.271] | -.395 [-.526, -.263] |
| CMC * Family WP | -.025 [-.104, .054] | -.052 [-.140, .037] | -.044 [-.131, .044] | -.046 [-.134, .041] | -.040 [-.129, .050] | -.040 [-.130, .049] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | .196 [.115, .277] | .201 [.124, .279] | .193 [.111, .275] | .203 [.115, .291] | .201 [.122, .280] | .190 [.107, .274] |
| Mixed * Significant others WP | -.285 [-.523, -.047] | -.036 [-.298, .225] | -.056 [-.345, .234] | -.107 [-.399, .184] | .015 [-.223, .253] | -.102 [-.386, .183] |
| Mixed * Family WP | .071 [-.107, .250] | -.004 [-.168, .160] | .055 [-.106, .216] | .046 [-.119, .212] | -.004 [-.181, .173] | .009 [-.165, .182] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | .066 [-.055, .187] | .079 [-.046, .204] | .043 [-.080, .165] | .103 [-.018, .225] | .071 [-.059, .201] | .068 [-.067, .203] |
| Personality trait | .140 [.111, .169] | .135 [.106, .164] | .129 [.101, .157] | -.326 [-.352, -.299] | .015 [-.015, .044] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .019 [-.034, .073] | .014 [-.040, .069] | .064 [.010, .119] | -.126 [-.182, -.070] | -.028 [-.083, .026] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .004 [-.083, .091] | .031 [-.053, .115] | .041 [-.045, .126] | .007 [-.081, .096] | .006 [-.079, .092] | |
| Personality trait * Significant others WP | .051 [-.029, .131] | -.036 [-.120, .049] | -.001 [-.080, .078] | .033 [-.048, .115] | -.063 [-.140, .013] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .063 [-.004, .130] | .030 [-.036, .097] | .036 [-.029, .101] | -.015 [-.083, .053] | -.039 [-.107, .030] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .006 [-.061, .073] | .055 [-.015, .124] | .037 [-.029, .103] | -.018 [-.085, .049] | .022 [-.048, .091] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP | -.091 [-.196, .014] | .036 [-.071, .143] | -.021 [-.124, .082] | -.026 [-.129, .078] | -.039 [-.135, .056] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.019 [-.100, .062] | -.060 [-.142, .023] | -.036 [-.114, .042] | .023 [-.060, .106] | .040 [-.041, .122] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | .010 [-.078, .097] | .022 [-.068, .112] | .006 [-.079, .091] | -.013 [-.098, .072] | .029 [-.060, .118] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP | -.048 [-.180, .083] | -.103 [-.239, .032] | .053 [-.083, .188] | -.066 [-.189, .057] | -.090 [-.205, .024] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | .032 [-.077, .140] | -.045 [-.149, .060] | -.060 [-.167, .047] | -.003 [-.116, .110] | .011 [-.101, .123] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.077 [-.196, .041] | .037 [-.080, .154] | .015 [-.095, .125] | -.032 [-.145, .082] | -.026 [-.142, .090] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.147 [0.132, 0.163] | 0.147 [0.130, 0.164] | 0.150 [0.133, 0.166] | 0.148 [0.132, 0.165] | 0.148 [0.131, 0.165] | 0.148 [0.132, 0.165] |
| Weekend WP | 0.105 [0.094, 0.116] | 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] | 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] | 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] | 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] | 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.251 [0.248, 0.255] | 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] | 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] | 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] | 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] | 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] |
| R2 within | 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] | 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.112 [-0.050, 0.276] | -0.024 [-0.205, 0.159] | 0.067 [-0.102, 0.241] | 0.107 [-0.063, 0.280] | 0.117 [-0.045, 0.279] | 0.144 [-0.028, 0.321] |
| Personality trait | 0.103 [0.070, 0.136] | 0.150 [0.107, 0.192] | 0.134 [0.093, 0.176] | -0.255 [-0.286, -0.223] | 0.014 [-0.030, 0.057] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.016 [-0.037, 0.005] | 0.037 [0.009, 0.064] | -0.003 [-0.031, 0.024] | 0.038 [0.016, 0.059] | 0.004 [-0.024, 0.032] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.030, -0.014] | -0.021 [-0.029, -0.014] | -0.024 [-0.032, -0.016] | -0.022 [-0.029, -0.014] | -0.016 [-0.024, -0.010] | -0.022 [-0.030, -0.014] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.786 [0.776, 0.795] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.858 [2.729, 2.988] | 2.982 [2.835, 3.125] | 2.909 [2.770, 3.044] | 2.879 [2.739, 3.013] | 2.871 [2.740, 2.999] | 2.850 [2.708, 2.987] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.206 [0.190, 0.223] | 0.192 [0.176, 0.209] | 0.190 [0.174, 0.207] | 0.192 [0.176, 0.209] | 0.161 [0.147, 0.175] | 0.199 [0.182, 0.216] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.026 [0.020, 0.032] | 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] | 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.032] | 0.025 [0.019, 0.031] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.032] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.013, 0.038] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.034] | 0.107 [0.084, 0.133] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.014] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.010 [0.001, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.016 [0.003, 0.040] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,717 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,526 | 40,532 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.142 [0.123, 0.161] | 0.145 [0.124, 0.165] | 0.144 [0.123, 0.165] | 0.144 [0.123, 0.164] | 0.143 [0.122, 0.163] | 0.144 [0.123, 0.164] |
| Weekend WP | 0.136 [0.123, 0.150] | 0.136 [0.121, 0.151] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] | 0.136 [0.121, 0.151] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.156 [0.153, 0.159] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.258 [0.254, 0.263] | 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] | 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] | 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] | 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] | 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] |
| R2 within | 0.032 [0.028, 0.037] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.040] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.092 [-0.101, 0.290] | 0.113 [-0.106, 0.334] | 0.157 [-0.052, 0.366] | 0.190 [-0.015, 0.396] | 0.148 [-0.047, 0.343] | 0.177 [-0.033, 0.387] |
| Personality trait | 0.039 [-0.003, 0.080] | 0.075 [0.021, 0.128] | 0.127 [0.077, 0.178] | -0.218 [-0.258, -0.177] | 0.023 [-0.030, 0.077] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.003 [-0.021, 0.026] | -0.007 [-0.042, 0.028] | -0.001 [-0.034, 0.030] | 0.046 [0.019, 0.073] | -0.013 [-0.048, 0.021] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.026, -0.010] | -0.016 [-0.025, -0.008] | -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] | -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] | -0.010 [-0.018, -0.002] | -0.016 [-0.025, -0.008] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.763 [0.750, 0.775] | 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.844 [2.688, 2.994] | 2.849 [2.678, 3.018] | 2.816 [2.654, 2.978] | 2.790 [2.632, 2.949] | 2.823 [2.673, 2.971] | 2.801 [2.639, 2.962] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.185 [0.167, 0.205] | 0.164 [0.146, 0.185] | 0.163 [0.145, 0.184] | 0.159 [0.141, 0.179] | 0.139 [0.123, 0.157] | 0.165 [0.147, 0.186] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.009, 0.021] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] | 0.015 [0.009, 0.022] | 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.023] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.011, 0.053] | 0.094 [0.063, 0.128] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.039 [0.006, 0.105] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| Number of participants | 851 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 |
| Number of observations | 27,150 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.345 [0.319, 0.372] | 0.348 [0.321, 0.376] | 0.349 [0.322, 0.376] | 0.349 [0.322, 0.376] | 0.348 [0.321, 0.375] | 0.349 [0.322, 0.376] |
| Weekend WP | 0.266 [0.249, 0.284] | 0.273 [0.255, 0.291] | 0.275 [0.256, 0.293] | 0.274 [0.256, 0.292] | 0.274 [0.255, 0.292] | 0.273 [0.255, 0.291] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.964 [0.953, 0.975] | 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] | 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] | 0.975 [0.964, 0.986] | 0.974 [0.962, 0.985] | 0.970 [0.959, 0.982] |
| R2 within | 0.050 [0.046, 0.053] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.053] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.890 [0.629, 1.155] | 0.653 [0.388, 0.909] | 0.829 [0.566, 1.103] | 0.883 [0.618, 1.148] | 0.917 [0.685, 1.151] | 0.917 [0.646, 1.191] |
| Personality trait | 0.352 [0.274, 0.430] | 0.251 [0.151, 0.350] | 0.217 [0.127, 0.306] | -0.512 [-0.576, -0.449] | -0.006 [-0.094, 0.084] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.002 [-0.039, 0.036] | -0.003 [-0.052, 0.044] | -0.032 [-0.076, 0.011] | 0.010 [-0.025, 0.044] | 0.000 [-0.042, 0.041] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.049 [-0.073, -0.028] | -0.041 [-0.064, -0.021] | -0.043 [-0.065, -0.020] | -0.039 [-0.061, -0.017] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.020] | -0.044 [-0.067, -0.022] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.498] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.475 [0.336, 0.613] | 0.580 [0.443, 0.720] | 0.495 [0.352, 0.634] | 0.466 [0.326, 0.608] | 0.451 [0.325, 0.575] | 0.453 [0.311, 0.597] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.698 [0.635, 0.772] | 0.584 [0.527, 0.650] | 0.630 [0.568, 0.701] | 0.623 [0.561, 0.692] | 0.479 [0.432, 0.532] | 0.648 [0.585, 0.719] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.077 [0.064, 0.092] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.091] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.090] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.090] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.091] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.090] |
| R2 between | 0.053 [0.027, 0.087] | 0.086 [0.059, 0.118] | 0.067 [0.039, 0.103] | 0.072 [0.042, 0.111] | 0.209 [0.167, 0.253] | 0.061 [0.031, 0.100] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.204 [0.184, 0.225] | 0.207 [0.183, 0.229] | 0.209 [0.186, 0.231] | 0.208 [0.185, 0.230] | 0.206 [0.183, 0.228] | 0.208 [0.185, 0.230] |
| Weekend WP | 0.144 [0.129, 0.159] | 0.145 [0.128, 0.161] | 0.145 [0.128, 0.161] | 0.144 [0.128, 0.161] | 0.144 [0.128, 0.160] | 0.144 [0.128, 0.161] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.509 [0.503, 0.516] | 0.507 [0.499, 0.514] | 0.507 [0.500, 0.514] | 0.507 [0.500, 0.514] | 0.507 [0.499, 0.514] | 0.507 [0.499, 0.514] |
| R2 within | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.734 [0.542, 0.924] | 0.538 [0.321, 0.755] | 0.686 [0.478, 0.894] | 0.733 [0.523, 0.943] | 0.731 [0.533, 0.929] | 0.776 [0.563, 0.987] |
| Personality trait | 0.140 [0.098, 0.179] | 0.177 [0.126, 0.228] | 0.125 [0.075, 0.176] | -0.263 [-0.302, -0.224] | 0.051 [-0.002, 0.104] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.009 [-0.036, 0.019] | 0.046 [0.011, 0.083] | -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] | 0.041 [0.012, 0.071] | 0.011 [-0.026, 0.048] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.028, -0.006] | -0.017 [-0.028, -0.005] | -0.021 [-0.032, -0.009] | -0.016 [-0.028, -0.005] | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.000] | -0.017 [-0.029, -0.006] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.045 [1.892, 2.199] | 2.207 [2.035, 2.379] | 2.090 [1.925, 2.256] | 2.052 [1.885, 2.218] | 2.056 [1.899, 2.215] | 2.021 [1.852, 2.188] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.281 [0.259, 0.305] | 0.270 [0.247, 0.295] | 0.269 [0.246, 0.294] | 0.275 [0.252, 0.301] | 0.241 [0.221, 0.264] | 0.280 [0.256, 0.306] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.036 [0.027, 0.047] | 0.036 [0.026, 0.047] | 0.035 [0.025, 0.046] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.047] | 0.035 [0.025, 0.048] | 0.036 [0.026, 0.048] |
| R2 between | 0.049 [0.027, 0.078] | 0.051 [0.032, 0.076] | 0.065 [0.041, 0.095] | 0.060 [0.036, 0.091] | 0.125 [0.094, 0.160] | 0.057 [0.031, 0.089] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.042] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,717 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,526 | 40,532 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.216 [0.192, 0.241] | 0.220 [0.192, 0.250] | 0.217 [0.188, 0.246] | 0.216 [0.188, 0.246] | 0.216 [0.188, 0.245] | 0.216 [0.188, 0.246] |
| Weekend WP | 0.179 [0.160, 0.198] | 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] | 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] | 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] | 0.183 [0.162, 0.206] | 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.156 [0.153, 0.158] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.521 [0.512, 0.530] | 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] | 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] | 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] | 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] | 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] |
| R2 within | 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.551 [0.306, 0.790] | 0.320 [0.045, 0.601] | 0.480 [0.219, 0.746] | 0.516 [0.257, 0.780] | 0.474 [0.224, 0.728] | 0.492 [0.230, 0.758] |
| Personality trait | 0.108 [0.056, 0.161] | 0.078 [0.010, 0.146] | 0.128 [0.064, 0.193] | -0.226 [-0.280, -0.172] | 0.068 [0.002, 0.137] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.023 [-0.009, 0.056] | -0.006 [-0.055, 0.038] | 0.003 [-0.041, 0.047] | 0.044 [0.008, 0.080] | -0.008 [-0.054, 0.038] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.006] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.010] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.010] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.763 [0.751, 0.776] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.140 [1.954, 2.330] | 2.316 [2.102, 2.527] | 2.195 [1.989, 2.397] | 2.168 [1.964, 2.366] | 2.199 [2.005, 2.391] | 2.187 [1.981, 2.389] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.029 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.274 [0.247, 0.305] | 0.253 [0.225, 0.288] | 0.257 [0.229, 0.293] | 0.253 [0.225, 0.288] | 0.232 [0.206, 0.264] | 0.258 [0.230, 0.294] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] |
| R2 between | 0.031 [0.010, 0.062] | 0.029 [0.012, 0.055] | 0.030 [0.009, 0.065] | 0.043 [0.017, 0.080] | 0.084 [0.052, 0.125] | 0.031 [0.009, 0.066] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.024 [0.001, 0.091] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| Number of participants | 851 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 |
| Number of observations | 27,150 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.333 [0.312, 0.354] | 0.336 [0.314, 0.358] | 0.336 [0.314, 0.358] | 0.335 [0.314, 0.357] | 0.335 [0.314, 0.357] | 0.336 [0.314, 0.357] |
| Weekend WP | 0.172 [0.159, 0.185] | 0.176 [0.162, 0.190] | 0.177 [0.163, 0.190] | 0.176 [0.162, 0.190] | 0.176 [0.162, 0.189] | 0.176 [0.162, 0.189] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.534 [0.528, 0.540] | 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] | 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] | 0.539 [0.533, 0.545] | 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] | 0.537 [0.531, 0.543] |
| R2 within | 0.064 [0.060, 0.067] | 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.832 [0.638, 1.027] | 0.636 [0.449, 0.823] | 0.779 [0.582, 0.976] | 0.825 [0.631, 1.020] | 0.854 [0.670, 1.036] | 0.846 [0.646, 1.049] |
| Personality trait | 0.300 [0.243, 0.357] | 0.197 [0.122, 0.273] | 0.168 [0.102, 0.234] | -0.312 [-0.360, -0.261] | 0.036 [-0.033, 0.103] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.004 [-0.025, 0.034] | -0.004 [-0.040, 0.033] | -0.033 [-0.067, 0.001] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.035] | 0.001 [-0.034, 0.034] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.052, -0.025] | -0.035 [-0.049, -0.023] | -0.035 [-0.049, -0.022] | -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] | -0.034 [-0.047, -0.021] | -0.036 [-0.050, -0.023] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] | 0.482 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.040 [1.939, 2.144] | 2.116 [2.017, 2.215] | 2.048 [1.944, 2.154] | 2.024 [1.919, 2.127] | 2.011 [1.913, 2.108] | 2.017 [1.909, 2.121] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.385 [0.350, 0.425] | 0.317 [0.286, 0.352] | 0.352 [0.318, 0.391] | 0.349 [0.315, 0.388] | 0.300 [0.270, 0.334] | 0.363 [0.327, 0.404] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.054 [0.046, 0.064] | 0.052 [0.043, 0.062] | 0.052 [0.044, 0.062] | 0.052 [0.043, 0.062] | 0.052 [0.044, 0.062] | 0.053 [0.044, 0.062] |
| R2 between | 0.081 [0.049, 0.121] | 0.122 [0.090, 0.159] | 0.095 [0.061, 0.136] | 0.102 [0.066, 0.145] | 0.183 [0.141, 0.230] | 0.090 [0.054, 0.134] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.070 [-0.090, -0.050] | -0.075 [-0.098, -0.053] | -0.077 [-0.099, -0.055] | -0.075 [-0.097, -0.053] | -0.076 [-0.097, -0.055] | -0.076 [-0.098, -0.054] |
| Weekend WP | -0.150 [-0.166, -0.135] | -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] | -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] | -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] | -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] | -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.552 [0.545, 0.559] | 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] | 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] | 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] | 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] | 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] |
| R2 within | 0.013 [0.011, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.014 [0.012, 0.017] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.348 [0.135, 0.564] | 0.449 [0.201, 0.690] | 0.413 [0.178, 0.642] | 0.374 [0.142, 0.602] | 0.359 [0.139, 0.570] | 0.328 [0.092, 0.559] |
| Personality trait | -0.067 [-0.112, -0.022] | -0.160 [-0.216, -0.104] | -0.141 [-0.196, -0.086] | 0.289 [0.247, 0.331] | -0.045 [-0.102, 0.011] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.005 [-0.021, 0.031] | -0.033 [-0.066, -0.001] | -0.014 [-0.046, 0.019] | -0.024 [-0.052, 0.002] | 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.037, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.013] | -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] | -0.021 [-0.033, -0.009] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.013] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.794] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.933 [1.761, 2.105] | 1.841 [1.648, 2.039] | 1.868 [1.685, 2.056] | 1.900 [1.717, 2.089] | 1.910 [1.742, 2.086] | 1.935 [1.751, 2.126] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.347 [0.319, 0.376] | 0.333 [0.306, 0.365] | 0.327 [0.300, 0.357] | 0.329 [0.302, 0.359] | 0.289 [0.264, 0.316] | 0.336 [0.308, 0.367] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.010, 0.029] | 0.016 [0.008, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.008, 0.026] | 0.016 [0.008, 0.027] | 0.017 [0.008, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.008, 0.027] |
| R2 between | 0.009 [0.001, 0.024] | 0.021 [0.006, 0.044] | 0.029 [0.013, 0.050] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.043] | 0.088 [0.065, 0.114] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.026] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,717 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,526 | 40,532 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.060 [-0.085, -0.036] | -0.064 [-0.094, -0.033] | -0.067 [-0.096, -0.036] | -0.064 [-0.094, -0.033] | -0.066 [-0.095, -0.035] | -0.065 [-0.094, -0.034] |
| Weekend WP | -0.180 [-0.201, -0.160] | -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] | -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] | -0.180 [-0.202, -0.157] | -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] | -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.156 [0.153, 0.159] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.571 [0.562, 0.581] | 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] | 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] | 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] | 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] | 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] |
| R2 within | 0.015 [0.011, 0.018] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.021] | 0.017 [0.013, 0.021] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.021] | 0.017 [0.013, 0.021] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.021] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.383 [0.123, 0.633] | 0.273 [-0.026, 0.571] | 0.254 [-0.030, 0.535] | 0.214 [-0.067, 0.492] | 0.254 [-0.017, 0.521] | 0.230 [-0.053, 0.509] |
| Personality trait | -0.031 [-0.088, 0.024] | -0.089 [-0.160, -0.017] | -0.128 [-0.196, -0.058] | 0.224 [0.168, 0.281] | -0.038 [-0.110, 0.034] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.013 [-0.021, 0.045] | -0.025 [-0.074, 0.024] | -0.012 [-0.058, 0.032] | -0.008 [-0.046, 0.028] | 0.022 [-0.026, 0.070] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.001] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.033, -0.001] | -0.016 [-0.031, 0.000] | -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.764 [0.751, 0.776] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] | 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.931 [1.732, 2.134] | 1.994 [1.763, 2.223] | 2.008 [1.791, 2.227] | 2.040 [1.825, 2.257] | 2.009 [1.798, 2.218] | 2.026 [1.808, 2.245] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.302 [0.273, 0.335] | 0.292 [0.259, 0.330] | 0.289 [0.257, 0.328] | 0.286 [0.254, 0.325] | 0.264 [0.235, 0.300] | 0.292 [0.259, 0.331] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.004, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.001, 0.037] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.039] | 0.058 [0.033, 0.091] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| Number of participants | 851 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 |
| Number of observations | 27,150 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.010 [-0.026, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.011 [-0.028, 0.007] | -0.011 [-0.029, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008] |
| Weekend WP | -0.251 [-0.264, -0.238] | -0.256 [-0.269, -0.242] | -0.257 [-0.270, -0.243] | -0.256 [-0.270, -0.243] | -0.256 [-0.270, -0.242] | -0.255 [-0.268, -0.241] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.539 [0.533, 0.545] | 0.543 [0.537, 0.550] | 0.543 [0.536, 0.549] | 0.544 [0.538, 0.551] | 0.543 [0.536, 0.549] | 0.542 [0.535, 0.548] |
| R2 within | 0.029 [0.026, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.066 [-0.145, 0.278] | 0.133 [-0.091, 0.364] | 0.071 [-0.153, 0.294] | 0.055 [-0.166, 0.273] | 0.063 [-0.140, 0.263] | 0.051 [-0.168, 0.267] |
| Personality trait | -0.080 [-0.146, -0.015] | -0.064 [-0.145, 0.018] | -0.028 [-0.101, 0.046] | 0.322 [0.266, 0.377] | 0.060 [-0.012, 0.133] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.001 [-0.023, 0.026] | -0.007 [-0.037, 0.023] | -0.005 [-0.032, 0.022] | 0.019 [-0.002, 0.042] | -0.021 [-0.049, 0.006] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.001] | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.000] | -0.015 [-0.026, -0.004] | -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.500] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.223 [2.110, 2.331] | 2.192 [2.074, 2.313] | 2.225 [2.108, 2.342] | 2.235 [2.118, 2.349] | 2.229 [2.122, 2.336] | 2.232 [2.117, 2.348] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.441 [0.401, 0.486] | 0.424 [0.384, 0.470] | 0.430 [0.387, 0.478] | 0.428 [0.387, 0.477] | 0.365 [0.329, 0.405] | 0.428 [0.387, 0.475] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.022 [0.017, 0.028] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.016, 0.028] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.017, 0.028] | 0.023 [0.017, 0.029] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.023] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.085 [0.059, 0.114] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.013] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.174 [-0.195, -0.153] | -0.164 [-0.186, -0.143] | -0.169 [-0.191, -0.148] | -0.168 [-0.189, -0.146] | -0.167 [-0.189, -0.145] | -0.168 [-0.190, -0.147] |
| Weekend WP | -0.021 [-0.033, -0.009] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] | -0.018 [-0.032, -0.005] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.347 [0.342, 0.352] | 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] | 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] | 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] | 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] | 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] |
| R2 within | 0.033 [0.030, 0.036] | 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] | 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] | 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] | 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] | 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.060 [-0.133, 0.249] | 0.173 [-0.044, 0.383] | 0.071 [-0.136, 0.274] | 0.052 [-0.156, 0.252] | 0.035 [-0.159, 0.232] | 0.027 [-0.183, 0.229] |
| Personality trait | -0.105 [-0.144, -0.066] | -0.112 [-0.163, -0.062] | -0.133 [-0.183, -0.085] | 0.212 [0.173, 0.252] | 0.055 [0.003, 0.106] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.036 [0.010, 0.063] | -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] | 0.003 [-0.032, 0.039] | -0.050 [-0.078, -0.022] | 0.002 [-0.034, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.075, -0.049] | -0.055 [-0.068, -0.044] | -0.058 [-0.071, -0.046] | -0.057 [-0.070, -0.045] | -0.051 [-0.063, -0.040] | -0.058 [-0.070, -0.045] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.794] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] | 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.526 [1.374, 1.682] | 1.414 [1.248, 1.586] | 1.493 [1.334, 1.659] | 1.509 [1.350, 1.675] | 1.520 [1.366, 1.674] | 1.529 [1.368, 1.695] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] | 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.297 [0.274, 0.322] | 0.267 [0.245, 0.292] | 0.270 [0.247, 0.294] | 0.268 [0.245, 0.292] | 0.246 [0.226, 0.269] | 0.274 [0.251, 0.298] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] | 0.054 [0.044, 0.064] | 0.054 [0.044, 0.065] | 0.054 [0.044, 0.065] | 0.053 [0.043, 0.064] | 0.054 [0.044, 0.065] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.035] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.022] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.051 [0.035, 0.071] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.010] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.008 [0.001, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.033] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,717 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,532 | 40,526 | 40,532 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.156 [-0.181, -0.131] | -0.159 [-0.187, -0.129] | -0.158 [-0.186, -0.129] | -0.159 [-0.188, -0.130] | -0.156 [-0.184, -0.127] | -0.159 [-0.187, -0.129] |
| Weekend WP | -0.049 [-0.065, -0.033] | -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] | -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] | -0.043 [-0.061, -0.026] | -0.043 [-0.061, -0.026] | -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.156 [0.153, 0.158] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] | 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.346 [0.340, 0.352] | 0.338 [0.332, 0.345] | 0.338 [0.332, 0.345] | 0.338 [0.331, 0.345] | 0.338 [0.331, 0.345] | 0.338 [0.331, 0.345] |
| R2 within | 0.030 [0.026, 0.035] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] | 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.125 [-0.372, 0.118] | -0.315 [-0.581, -0.040] | -0.256 [-0.510, 0.002] | -0.279 [-0.530, -0.023] | -0.230 [-0.474, 0.020] | -0.279 [-0.533, -0.021] |
| Personality trait | 0.024 [-0.027, 0.075] | -0.059 [-0.124, 0.007] | -0.128 [-0.190, -0.064] | 0.206 [0.154, 0.258] | 0.037 [-0.028, 0.104] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.001 [-0.033, 0.034] | 0.042 [-0.006, 0.090] | 0.027 [-0.019, 0.070] | -0.093 [-0.130, -0.055] | 0.002 [-0.045, 0.050] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.053 [-0.068, -0.039] | -0.053 [-0.069, -0.039] | -0.052 [-0.068, -0.038] | -0.052 [-0.068, -0.037] | -0.042 [-0.056, -0.027] | -0.053 [-0.069, -0.039] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.763 [0.751, 0.776] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] | 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.691 [1.500, 1.881] | 1.793 [1.584, 1.997] | 1.749 [1.551, 1.943] | 1.768 [1.572, 1.958] | 1.729 [1.536, 1.916] | 1.767 [1.568, 1.961] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.295 [0.267, 0.327] | 0.257 [0.229, 0.290] | 0.256 [0.228, 0.289] | 0.251 [0.223, 0.282] | 0.234 [0.208, 0.264] | 0.257 [0.229, 0.289] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.037, 0.061] | 0.051 [0.038, 0.066] | 0.050 [0.038, 0.065] | 0.051 [0.038, 0.065] | 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] | 0.051 [0.038, 0.065] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.011 [0.001, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.007, 0.048] | 0.056 [0.032, 0.086] | 0.011 [0.001, 0.034] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.049 [0.018, 0.097] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| Number of participants | 851 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 | 635 |
| Number of observations | 27,150 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 | 21,523 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.099 [-0.117, -0.082] | -0.096 [-0.115, -0.078] | -0.097 [-0.116, -0.079] | -0.097 [-0.115, -0.078] | -0.097 [-0.115, -0.078] | -0.097 [-0.116, -0.079] |
| Weekend WP | -0.038 [-0.048, -0.027] | -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] | -0.040 [-0.050, -0.029] | -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] | -0.039 [-0.050, -0.029] | -0.037 [-0.048, -0.027] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.341 [0.337, 0.345] | 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] | 0.339 [0.336, 0.343] | 0.340 [0.336, 0.344] | 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] | 0.337 [0.333, 0.341] |
| R2 within | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.030] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.308 [-0.489, -0.129] | -0.214 [-0.413, -0.020] | -0.264 [-0.452, -0.078] | -0.271 [-0.458, -0.082] | -0.278 [-0.456, -0.095] | -0.280 [-0.469, -0.093] |
| Personality trait | -0.070 [-0.128, -0.012] | -0.068 [-0.141, 0.004] | -0.062 [-0.126, 0.005] | 0.230 [0.179, 0.280] | 0.018 [-0.048, 0.084] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.021] | 0.029 [-0.002, 0.061] | 0.018 [-0.011, 0.047] | -0.032 [-0.056, -0.009] | -0.009 [-0.039, 0.019] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.045 [-0.057, -0.034] | -0.043 [-0.055, -0.031] | -0.042 [-0.054, -0.031] | -0.042 [-0.054, -0.031] | -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] | -0.043 [-0.055, -0.032] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] | 0.482 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.734 [1.639, 1.831] | 1.681 [1.579, 1.786] | 1.706 [1.607, 1.805] | 1.711 [1.608, 1.811] | 1.713 [1.617, 1.809] | 1.714 [1.612, 1.812] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.350 [0.318, 0.387] | 0.340 [0.306, 0.376] | 0.342 [0.308, 0.380] | 0.341 [0.308, 0.379] | 0.309 [0.279, 0.343] | 0.343 [0.310, 0.381] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.037, 0.050] | 0.042 [0.036, 0.050] | 0.042 [0.036, 0.049] | 0.042 [0.036, 0.049] | 0.042 [0.035, 0.049] | 0.042 [0.036, 0.049] |
| R2 between | 0.013 [0.002, 0.032] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.032] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] | 0.064 [0.040, 0.093] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.032] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.008 [0.001, 0.024] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.019] | 0.007 [-0.006, 0.019] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.007 [-0.006, 0.019] | 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] |
| Weekend WP | -0.027 [-0.035, -0.018] | -0.027 [-0.036, -0.018] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.234 [0.232, 0.237] | 0.230 [0.228, 0.233] | 0.232 [0.229, 0.234] | 0.231 [0.229, 0.234] | 0.231 [0.228, 0.234] | 0.230 [0.227, 0.233] |
| R2 within | 0.011 [0.008, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.009, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.009, 0.013] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.013] | 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.079 [-0.179, 0.022] | -0.070 [-0.164, 0.025] | -0.058 [-0.151, 0.034] | -0.075 [-0.166, 0.019] | -0.074 [-0.165, 0.016] | -0.079 [-0.172, 0.013] |
| Personality trait | -0.003 [-0.030, 0.025] | -0.069 [-0.103, -0.035] | -0.027 [-0.057, 0.005] | 0.087 [0.064, 0.112] | 0.005 [-0.026, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.026, 0.015] | 0.004 [-0.015, 0.023] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.001 [-0.018, 0.019] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.012, -0.004] | -0.007 [-0.010, -0.003] | -0.007 [-0.011, -0.004] | -0.007 [-0.010, -0.003] | -0.008 [-0.011, -0.004] | -0.007 [-0.011, -0.004] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.277 [1.225, 1.329] | 1.257 [1.207, 1.307] | 1.252 [1.204, 1.301] | 1.259 [1.210, 1.307] | 1.259 [1.212, 1.306] | 1.261 [1.213, 1.309] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.097 [0.088, 0.107] | 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] | 0.073 [0.066, 0.082] | 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.078] | 0.075 [0.067, 0.083] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.010, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] |
| R2 between | 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.030] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] | 0.039 [0.021, 0.062] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.020] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.020 [-0.035, -0.004] | -0.020 [-0.036, -0.003] | -0.021 [-0.038, -0.005] | -0.020 [-0.037, -0.003] | -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] | -0.020 [-0.038, -0.004] |
| Weekend WP | -0.218 [-0.230, -0.205] | -0.222 [-0.236, -0.209] | -0.223 [-0.237, -0.210] | -0.222 [-0.236, -0.209] | -0.222 [-0.235, -0.209] | -0.221 [-0.234, -0.209] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.500 [0.495, 0.506] | 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] | 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] | 0.506 [0.500, 0.512] | 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] | 0.503 [0.497, 0.509] |
| R2 within | 0.025 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.029] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.051 [-0.234, 0.133] | 0.027 [-0.168, 0.219] | -0.044 [-0.236, 0.149] | -0.049 [-0.235, 0.141] | -0.053 [-0.229, 0.122] | -0.067 [-0.258, 0.123] |
| Personality trait | -0.098 [-0.153, -0.041] | -0.035 [-0.106, 0.035] | -0.052 [-0.116, 0.012] | 0.275 [0.227, 0.322] | 0.076 [0.012, 0.140] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.014 [-0.010, 0.037] | -0.005 [-0.034, 0.023] | -0.010 [-0.036, 0.016] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] | -0.004 [-0.030, 0.022] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.028, -0.009] | -0.017 [-0.027, -0.007] | -0.017 [-0.028, -0.008] | -0.018 [-0.028, -0.008] | -0.017 [-0.026, -0.008] | -0.017 [-0.028, -0.008] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] | 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.885 [1.787, 1.981] | 1.845 [1.744, 1.946] | 1.881 [1.777, 1.983] | 1.885 [1.784, 1.985] | 1.885 [1.790, 1.978] | 1.890 [1.788, 1.992] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.339 [0.308, 0.374] | 0.317 [0.286, 0.352] | 0.324 [0.292, 0.360] | 0.322 [0.290, 0.358] | 0.276 [0.250, 0.307] | 0.320 [0.289, 0.357] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.014, 0.024] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.025] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.009 [0.002, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.082 [0.057, 0.110] | 0.006 [0.001, 0.017] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | -0.025 [-0.039, -0.012] | -0.024 [-0.038, -0.010] | -0.025 [-0.039, -0.011] | -0.025 [-0.039, -0.010] | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] |
| Weekend WP | -0.039 [-0.049, -0.029] | -0.045 [-0.056, -0.034] | -0.046 [-0.057, -0.035] | -0.046 [-0.056, -0.035] | -0.046 [-0.057, -0.035] | -0.045 [-0.056, -0.034] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.350 [0.347, 0.354] | 0.350 [0.346, 0.354] | 0.351 [0.347, 0.355] | 0.351 [0.347, 0.356] | 0.351 [0.347, 0.356] | 0.349 [0.345, 0.354] |
| R2 within | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.069 [-0.225, 0.084] | -0.027 [-0.191, 0.130] | -0.062 [-0.221, 0.097] | -0.062 [-0.218, 0.094] | -0.073 [-0.222, 0.070] | -0.079 [-0.238, 0.078] |
| Personality trait | -0.054 [-0.102, -0.006] | -0.059 [-0.117, 0.002] | -0.068 [-0.122, -0.015] | 0.238 [0.198, 0.278] | 0.048 [-0.005, 0.101] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.003 [-0.017, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.016, 0.032] | 0.007 [-0.015, 0.029] | -0.016 [-0.034, 0.002] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] | |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.027, -0.013] | -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] | -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] | -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] | -0.017 [-0.024, -0.010] | -0.019 [-0.027, -0.012] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.546 [1.466, 1.626] | 1.519 [1.434, 1.607] | 1.537 [1.451, 1.622] | 1.537 [1.455, 1.620] | 1.542 [1.464, 1.622] | 1.543 [1.459, 1.629] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.242 [0.220, 0.268] | 0.228 [0.206, 0.254] | 0.230 [0.207, 0.256] | 0.228 [0.206, 0.253] | 0.194 [0.175, 0.215] | 0.229 [0.207, 0.255] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.015 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.001, 0.015] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.006 [0.001, 0.017] | 0.088 [0.062, 0.118] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.016] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,496 | 58,946 | 58,699 | 58,940 | 58,924 | 58,840 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | .311 [.298, .324] | .316 [.303, .330] | .319 [.305, .332] | .316 [.303, .330] | .316 [.303, .330] | .318 [.305, .332] |
| Social interaction BP | .102 [.064, .140] | .071 [.028, .115] | .105 [.063, .147] | .119 [.077, .161] | .132 [.092, .171] | .126 [.084, .168] |
| Personality trait | .149 [.120, .177] | .125 [.097, .152] | .131 [.104, .158] | -.334 [-.359, -.309] | .011 [-.017, .039] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -.021 [-.067, .026] | .034 [-.014, .082] | -.027 [-.073, .020] | .090 [.043, .137] | -.003 [-.050, .044] |
Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | .367 [.353, .380] | .374 [.361, .387] | .373 [.359, .386] | .372 [.359, .385] | .372 [.359, .385] | .372 [.359, .386] |
| Social interaction BP | .232 [.194, .269] | .179 [.137, .222] | .223 [.182, .264] | .237 [.198, .277] | .245 [.206, .284] | .242 [.202, .281] |
| Personality trait | .183 [.155, .211] | .120 [.093, .147] | .110 [.083, .138] | -.270 [-.296, -.244] | .040 [.012, .067] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | .009 [-.040, .058] | .030 [-.019, .079] | -.050 [-.099, -.001] | .070 [.021, .120] | .006 [-.044, .055] |
Note: Effect of social interactions on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | -.046 [-.059, -.033] | -.046 [-.060, -.033] | -.050 [-.063, -.037] | -.046 [-.060, -.033] | -.046 [-.060, -.033] | -.048 [-.061, -.034] |
| Social interaction BP | .079 [.041, .118] | .090 [.046, .134] | .078 [.035, .121] | .068 [.026, .111] | .071 [.030, .113] | .063 [.020, .106] |
| Personality trait | -.058 [-.087, -.029] | -.084 [-.112, -.056] | -.080 [-.108, -.052] | .268 [.242, .294] | -.010 [-.038, .018] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | .019 [-.044, .082] | -.054 [-.118, .009] | -.028 [-.090, .034] | .010 [-.053, .072] | -.024 [-.086, .039] |
Note: Effect of social interactions on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | -.207 [-.221, -.194] | -.197 [-.211, -.183] | -.200 [-.214, -.186] | -.199 [-.213, -.185] | -.199 [-.213, -.185] | -.201 [-.214, -.187] |
| Social interaction BP | -.040 [-.078, -.002] | -.030 [-.073, .013] | -.046 [-.087, -.004] | -.050 [-.091, -.009] | -.051 [-.092, -.011] | -.056 [-.098, -.015] |
| Personality trait | -.064 [-.093, -.036] | -.069 [-.097, -.041] | -.094 [-.122, -.066] | .224 [.197, .251] | .032 [.004, .060] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | .030 [-.011, .071] | .024 [-.017, .064] | .031 [-.011, .072] | -.128 [-.169, -.088] | -.006 [-.048, .035] |
Note: Effect of social interactions on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.209 [0.191, 0.227] | 0.208 [0.189, 0.227] | 0.212 [0.193, 0.231] | 0.210 [0.191, 0.229] | 0.210 [0.191, 0.230] | 0.211 [0.192, 0.230] |
| CMC WP | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.032] | 0.017 [-0.003, 0.036] | 0.021 [0.002, 0.039] | 0.019 [-0.001, 0.037] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.038] |
| Mixed WP | 0.201 [0.181, 0.221] | 0.198 [0.176, 0.220] | 0.201 [0.180, 0.223] | 0.201 [0.179, 0.222] | 0.199 [0.178, 0.221] | 0.200 [0.179, 0.222] |
| Weekend WP | 0.096 [0.085, 0.107] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.138 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.240 [0.237, 0.244] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] | 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] |
| R2 within | 0.108 [0.099, 0.117] | 0.108 [0.099, 0.118] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.119] | 0.109 [0.100, 0.119] | 0.109 [0.099, 0.118] | 0.109 [0.100, 0.119] |
| FtF BP | 0.235 [-0.010, 0.480] | 0.054 [-0.225, 0.328] | 0.191 [-0.073, 0.452] | 0.240 [-0.022, 0.501] | 0.158 [-0.089, 0.410] | 0.270 [0.004, 0.536] |
| CMC BP | -0.271 [-0.491, -0.058] | -0.370 [-0.605, -0.130] | -0.256 [-0.483, -0.025] | -0.252 [-0.481, -0.019] | -0.191 [-0.413, 0.034] | -0.234 [-0.467, 0.002] |
| Mixed BP | 0.443 [0.258, 0.627] | 0.273 [0.072, 0.471] | 0.337 [0.144, 0.525] | 0.392 [0.202, 0.580] | 0.359 [0.177, 0.537] | 0.445 [0.252, 0.636] |
| Personality trait | 0.092 [0.059, 0.125] | 0.139 [0.097, 0.180] | 0.128 [0.087, 0.170] | -0.246 [-0.278, -0.215] | 0.020 [-0.023, 0.062] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000] | 0.033 [0.002, 0.065] | -0.007 [-0.039, 0.023] | 0.052 [0.027, 0.077] | 0.015 [-0.017, 0.046] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.018 [-0.042, 0.007] | 0.034 [0.005, 0.065] | 0.013 [-0.018, 0.044] | 0.020 [-0.005, 0.044] | 0.004 [-0.028, 0.035] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.020 [-0.046, 0.007] | 0.033 [-0.002, 0.068] | -0.018 [-0.053, 0.015] | 0.063 [0.035, 0.091] | 0.012 [-0.024, 0.047] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018] | -0.029 [-0.038, -0.021] | -0.027 [-0.035, -0.018] | -0.020 [-0.028, -0.013] | -0.027 [-0.036, -0.019] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.020, -0.003] | -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004] | -0.015 [-0.023, -0.006] | -0.013 [-0.022, -0.005] | -0.010 [-0.017, -0.003] | -0.013 [-0.022, -0.004] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.020] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.019] | -0.031 [-0.041, -0.021] | -0.028 [-0.038, -0.018] | -0.020 [-0.030, -0.011] | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.019] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.014 [0.008, 0.021] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.019] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.020] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.033 [0.026, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.025, 0.041] | 0.032 [0.025, 0.041] | 0.033 [0.025, 0.042] | 0.031 [0.024, 0.040] | 0.033 [0.025, 0.042] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.024 [0.017, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.014, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.014, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.030] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.319 [0.310, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.246, 0.265] | 0.252 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.209 [0.199, 0.218] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.852 [2.706, 3.000] | 2.982 [2.821, 3.144] | 2.895 [2.743, 3.049] | 2.867 [2.715, 3.017] | 2.887 [2.739, 3.034] | 2.842 [2.686, 2.998] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.197 [0.182, 0.214] | 0.185 [0.170, 0.202] | 0.184 [0.168, 0.201] | 0.184 [0.169, 0.201] | 0.157 [0.144, 0.171] | 0.191 [0.175, 0.208] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.039 [0.031, 0.048] | 0.038 [0.030, 0.047] | 0.038 [0.030, 0.047] | 0.039 [0.031, 0.047] | 0.037 [0.029, 0.046] | 0.039 [0.031, 0.047] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.016, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.030] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.046 [0.036, 0.058] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] | 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] | 0.042 [0.031, 0.054] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] |
| R2 between | 0.047 [0.023, 0.081] | 0.048 [0.027, 0.077] | 0.053 [0.031, 0.085] | 0.058 [0.034, 0.094] | 0.131 [0.101, 0.167] | 0.049 [0.022, 0.090] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.027 [0.008, 0.058] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,409 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,284 | 40,289 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.212 [0.190, 0.233] | 0.215 [0.192, 0.240] | 0.214 [0.191, 0.239] | 0.215 [0.191, 0.240] | 0.213 [0.190, 0.237] | 0.215 [0.191, 0.240] |
| CMC WP | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.031] | 0.019 [-0.005, 0.045] | 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044] | 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044] | 0.017 [-0.008, 0.043] | 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044] |
| Mixed WP | 0.183 [0.156, 0.210] | 0.179 [0.148, 0.209] | 0.177 [0.147, 0.207] | 0.176 [0.146, 0.206] | 0.176 [0.146, 0.206] | 0.177 [0.147, 0.207] |
| Weekend WP | 0.125 [0.111, 0.138] | 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] | 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] | 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] | 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] | 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.246 [0.242, 0.251] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] | 0.245 [0.240, 0.250] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] |
| R2 within | 0.096 [0.086, 0.108] | 0.097 [0.085, 0.108] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.108] | 0.097 [0.085, 0.108] | 0.096 [0.084, 0.107] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.108] |
| FtF BP | 0.306 [0.015, 0.610] | 0.255 [-0.072, 0.590] | 0.297 [-0.018, 0.616] | 0.303 [-0.006, 0.621] | 0.258 [-0.038, 0.559] | 0.318 [0.003, 0.640] |
| CMC BP | -0.180 [-0.423, 0.063] | -0.065 [-0.345, 0.216] | -0.031 [-0.304, 0.237] | 0.005 [-0.266, 0.273] | -0.062 [-0.323, 0.193] | -0.020 [-0.292, 0.255] |
| Mixed BP | 0.434 [0.190, 0.681] | 0.366 [0.089, 0.646] | 0.392 [0.127, 0.656] | 0.418 [0.155, 0.683] | 0.382 [0.135, 0.632] | 0.420 [0.153, 0.686] |
| Personality trait | 0.030 [-0.011, 0.072] | 0.070 [0.017, 0.124] | 0.121 [0.071, 0.173] | -0.216 [-0.257, -0.175] | 0.022 [-0.031, 0.076] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034] | 0.007 [-0.036, 0.049] | -0.024 [-0.062, 0.014] | 0.068 [0.036, 0.100] | -0.003 [-0.042, 0.035] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.003 [-0.033, 0.025] | -0.021 [-0.066, 0.024] | 0.010 [-0.029, 0.049] | 0.017 [-0.015, 0.052] | -0.019 [-0.058, 0.020] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.023] | 0.000 [-0.050, 0.050] | 0.007 [-0.042, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.011, 0.089] | -0.016 [-0.064, 0.030] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.036, -0.017] | -0.026 [-0.036, -0.016] | -0.026 [-0.037, -0.016] | -0.025 [-0.035, -0.015] | -0.017 [-0.027, -0.007] | -0.026 [-0.037, -0.016] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.015, 0.004] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.012, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.009, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.041, -0.016] | -0.024 [-0.038, -0.012] | -0.025 [-0.038, -0.013] | -0.025 [-0.038, -0.013] | -0.018 [-0.031, -0.006] | -0.025 [-0.038, -0.012] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.006, 0.006] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010] | 0.002 [-0.004, 0.010] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010] | 0.002 [-0.004, 0.009] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.023 [0.016, 0.032] | 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] | 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] | 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.011 [0.003, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.024] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.025] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.243, 0.268] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.787 [2.616, 2.948] | 2.805 [2.612, 2.995] | 2.778 [2.594, 2.958] | 2.763 [2.581, 2.939] | 2.802 [2.630, 2.972] | 2.764 [2.577, 2.943] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.178 [0.160, 0.198] | 0.162 [0.144, 0.183] | 0.160 [0.143, 0.181] | 0.157 [0.139, 0.177] | 0.136 [0.121, 0.154] | 0.162 [0.144, 0.183] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] | 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] | 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] | 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] | 0.027 [0.019, 0.038] | 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.013 [0.007, 0.022] | 0.016 [0.008, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.038 [0.027, 0.052] | 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] | 0.038 [0.025, 0.054] | 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] | 0.037 [0.023, 0.052] | 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] |
| R2 between | 0.043 [0.017, 0.088] | 0.033 [0.010, 0.086] | 0.041 [0.013, 0.096] | 0.056 [0.024, 0.115] | 0.121 [0.082, 0.173] | 0.040 [0.011, 0.098] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.046 [0.013, 0.101] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.061] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| Number of participants | 849 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 |
| Number of observations | 26,918 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.442 [0.409, 0.476] | 0.444 [0.408, 0.478] | 0.442 [0.408, 0.476] | 0.444 [0.409, 0.479] | 0.443 [0.408, 0.479] | 0.443 [0.408, 0.479] |
| CMC WP | 0.169 [0.137, 0.200] | 0.172 [0.137, 0.206] | 0.177 [0.142, 0.211] | 0.172 [0.137, 0.206] | 0.173 [0.138, 0.207] | 0.173 [0.140, 0.209] |
| Mixed WP | 0.400 [0.361, 0.438] | 0.410 [0.368, 0.450] | 0.405 [0.364, 0.446] | 0.408 [0.367, 0.449] | 0.407 [0.365, 0.449] | 0.405 [0.363, 0.447] |
| Weekend WP | 0.244 [0.226, 0.261] | 0.250 [0.231, 0.268] | 0.251 [0.233, 0.270] | 0.250 [0.232, 0.269] | 0.250 [0.232, 0.268] | 0.249 [0.231, 0.267] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.946 [0.936, 0.957] | 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] | 0.955 [0.943, 0.966] | 0.956 [0.945, 0.968] | 0.955 [0.944, 0.967] | 0.951 [0.941, 0.963] |
| R2 within | 0.084 [0.079, 0.090] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.079, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.090] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.090] |
| FtF BP | 1.328 [0.880, 1.779] | 1.036 [0.598, 1.490] | 1.259 [0.812, 1.723] | 1.312 [0.859, 1.754] | 1.154 [0.747, 1.555] | 1.362 [0.895, 1.814] |
| CMC BP | 0.199 [-0.327, 0.732] | 0.123 [-0.424, 0.682] | 0.109 [-0.448, 0.691] | 0.155 [-0.412, 0.733] | 0.549 [0.039, 1.047] | 0.263 [-0.300, 0.845] |
| Mixed BP | 0.946 [0.604, 1.286] | 0.699 [0.364, 1.037] | 0.890 [0.545, 1.238] | 0.941 [0.605, 1.283] | 0.955 [0.658, 1.247] | 0.957 [0.606, 1.300] |
| Personality trait | 0.342 [0.263, 0.418] | 0.259 [0.162, 0.359] | 0.223 [0.135, 0.313] | -0.503 [-0.567, -0.439] | -0.006 [-0.096, 0.082] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.013 [-0.037, 0.061] | 0.032 [-0.030, 0.092] | -0.034 [-0.088, 0.020] | 0.029 [-0.016, 0.074] | -0.001 [-0.056, 0.054] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.025 [-0.073, 0.022] | -0.054 [-0.113, 0.006] | 0.000 [-0.054, 0.053] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.036] | 0.019 [-0.034, 0.071] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.045 [-0.102, 0.012] | 0.001 [-0.068, 0.072] | -0.061 [-0.128, 0.005] | 0.039 [-0.017, 0.091] | 0.001 [-0.063, 0.063] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.065 [-0.095, -0.036] | -0.058 [-0.087, -0.031] | -0.060 [-0.089, -0.032] | -0.053 [-0.082, -0.024] | -0.050 [-0.076, -0.026] | -0.059 [-0.089, -0.029] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.059, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.047, 0.010] | -0.017 [-0.045, 0.011] | -0.022 [-0.051, 0.005] | -0.023 [-0.050, 0.002] | -0.024 [-0.053, 0.004] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.077 [-0.113, -0.044] | -0.057 [-0.089, -0.024] | -0.065 [-0.101, -0.033] | -0.057 [-0.092, -0.025] | -0.053 [-0.084, -0.024] | -0.066 [-0.102, -0.032] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.020 [0.004, 0.037] | 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.018 [0.001, 0.036] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.082 [0.063, 0.105] | 0.077 [0.057, 0.099] | 0.077 [0.056, 0.099] | 0.075 [0.055, 0.098] | 0.077 [0.056, 0.099] | 0.076 [0.057, 0.099] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.046 [0.027, 0.067] | 0.040 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.041 [0.021, 0.062] | 0.041 [0.021, 0.061] | 0.041 [0.021, 0.063] | 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.216] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.472 [0.321, 0.623] | 0.570 [0.412, 0.723] | 0.496 [0.333, 0.653] | 0.470 [0.313, 0.621] | 0.452 [0.315, 0.594] | 0.447 [0.288, 0.604] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.686 [0.622, 0.758] | 0.577 [0.521, 0.642] | 0.618 [0.558, 0.686] | 0.612 [0.552, 0.680] | 0.476 [0.430, 0.529] | 0.638 [0.576, 0.708] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.121 [0.101, 0.146] | 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] | 0.120 [0.099, 0.146] | 0.120 [0.099, 0.146] | 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] | 0.121 [0.100, 0.146] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.066 [0.046, 0.089] | 0.065 [0.046, 0.088] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.085] | 0.064 [0.043, 0.087] | 0.064 [0.044, 0.088] | 0.063 [0.043, 0.086] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.133 [0.105, 0.167] | 0.126 [0.096, 0.161] | 0.127 [0.097, 0.164] | 0.124 [0.094, 0.158] | 0.126 [0.098, 0.162] | 0.129 [0.097, 0.164] |
| R2 between | 0.082 [0.047, 0.124] | 0.106 [0.073, 0.146] | 0.099 [0.060, 0.146] | 0.105 [0.066, 0.152] | 0.226 [0.181, 0.275] | 0.093 [0.054, 0.141] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.258 [0.233, 0.283] | 0.261 [0.234, 0.287] | 0.264 [0.237, 0.290] | 0.262 [0.235, 0.288] | 0.263 [0.236, 0.290] | 0.263 [0.236, 0.289] |
| CMC WP | 0.081 [0.058, 0.106] | 0.078 [0.053, 0.104] | 0.081 [0.057, 0.107] | 0.079 [0.054, 0.105] | 0.081 [0.055, 0.108] | 0.080 [0.054, 0.105] |
| Mixed WP | 0.268 [0.241, 0.296] | 0.270 [0.240, 0.300] | 0.272 [0.242, 0.301] | 0.274 [0.244, 0.303] | 0.271 [0.242, 0.299] | 0.272 [0.242, 0.301] |
| Weekend WP | 0.135 [0.119, 0.150] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] | 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.496 [0.489, 0.502] | 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] | 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] | 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] | 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] | 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] |
| R2 within | 0.086 [0.077, 0.096] | 0.088 [0.077, 0.097] | 0.088 [0.078, 0.098] | 0.088 [0.077, 0.098] | 0.088 [0.078, 0.098] | 0.088 [0.078, 0.098] |
| FtF BP | 0.885 [0.595, 1.165] | 0.632 [0.307, 0.960] | 0.850 [0.535, 1.167] | 0.902 [0.585, 1.217] | 0.819 [0.520, 1.113] | 0.933 [0.616, 1.251] |
| CMC BP | 0.440 [0.178, 0.697] | 0.237 [-0.041, 0.529] | 0.401 [0.125, 0.684] | 0.403 [0.125, 0.688] | 0.459 [0.192, 0.725] | 0.419 [0.141, 0.709] |
| Mixed BP | 0.990 [0.770, 1.205] | 0.793 [0.548, 1.040] | 0.912 [0.679, 1.147] | 0.982 [0.747, 1.219] | 0.941 [0.721, 1.163] | 1.040 [0.804, 1.279] |
| Personality trait | 0.129 [0.090, 0.170] | 0.167 [0.117, 0.219] | 0.120 [0.070, 0.169] | -0.255 [-0.294, -0.216] | 0.055 [0.003, 0.108] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.016 [-0.046, 0.017] | 0.046 [0.002, 0.089] | -0.021 [-0.062, 0.022] | 0.061 [0.027, 0.095] | 0.031 [-0.012, 0.075] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] | 0.034 [-0.005, 0.074] | -0.006 [-0.043, 0.034] | 0.017 [-0.016, 0.050] | -0.005 [-0.045, 0.038] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.017 [-0.053, 0.017] | 0.053 [0.008, 0.099] | -0.049 [-0.095, -0.002] | 0.066 [0.028, 0.103] | 0.018 [-0.029, 0.066] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.035, -0.009] | -0.021 [-0.035, -0.007] | -0.026 [-0.040, -0.012] | -0.021 [-0.036, -0.008] | -0.014 [-0.027, -0.001] | -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] | -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.028, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] | -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.037, -0.006] | -0.020 [-0.036, -0.004] | -0.025 [-0.040, -0.009] | -0.019 [-0.034, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.027, 0.003] | -0.021 [-0.037, -0.005] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.016 [0.005, 0.028] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.028] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.028] | 0.017 [0.008, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.028] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.046 [0.034, 0.061] | 0.048 [0.034, 0.063] | 0.047 [0.033, 0.062] | 0.048 [0.034, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.034, 0.062] | 0.048 [0.034, 0.063] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.029 [0.017, 0.043] | 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.027 [0.013, 0.041] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.319 [0.310, 0.328] | 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.246, 0.265] | 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.201, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.023 [1.853, 2.196] | 2.201 [2.006, 2.392] | 2.064 [1.877, 2.250] | 2.033 [1.844, 2.217] | 2.055 [1.876, 2.232] | 2.008 [1.816, 2.193] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.273 [0.252, 0.297] | 0.265 [0.242, 0.291] | 0.262 [0.239, 0.288] | 0.267 [0.244, 0.293] | 0.236 [0.216, 0.259] | 0.271 [0.247, 0.298] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.046, 0.074] | 0.063 [0.048, 0.079] | 0.062 [0.048, 0.078] | 0.063 [0.048, 0.079] | 0.063 [0.049, 0.078] | 0.063 [0.049, 0.079] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.025 [0.014, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.034] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.034] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.034] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.033] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.034] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.060 [0.042, 0.080] | 0.060 [0.041, 0.081] | 0.059 [0.041, 0.080] | 0.059 [0.040, 0.080] | 0.057 [0.040, 0.077] | 0.061 [0.042, 0.082] |
| R2 between | 0.165 [0.100, 0.236] | 0.119 [0.069, 0.188] | 0.166 [0.102, 0.242] | 0.172 [0.106, 0.251] | 0.222 [0.156, 0.294] | 0.178 [0.108, 0.257] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.043] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.056] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,409 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,284 | 40,289 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.273 [0.244, 0.303] | 0.278 [0.246, 0.312] | 0.275 [0.243, 0.308] | 0.276 [0.244, 0.310] | 0.274 [0.243, 0.308] | 0.275 [0.243, 0.309] |
| CMC WP | 0.105 [0.076, 0.136] | 0.109 [0.077, 0.142] | 0.107 [0.074, 0.139] | 0.106 [0.074, 0.139] | 0.105 [0.073, 0.138] | 0.106 [0.074, 0.139] |
| Mixed WP | 0.260 [0.223, 0.299] | 0.256 [0.212, 0.299] | 0.250 [0.207, 0.293] | 0.251 [0.207, 0.294] | 0.250 [0.207, 0.293] | 0.251 [0.207, 0.294] |
| Weekend WP | 0.167 [0.148, 0.187] | 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] | 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] | 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] | 0.171 [0.149, 0.193] | 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.504 [0.495, 0.513] | 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] | 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] | 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] | 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] | 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] |
| R2 within | 0.087 [0.077, 0.098] | 0.089 [0.078, 0.101] | 0.088 [0.077, 0.100] | 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] | 0.088 [0.077, 0.100] | 0.088 [0.077, 0.100] |
| FtF BP | 0.744 [0.375, 1.125] | 0.463 [0.043, 0.887] | 0.668 [0.263, 1.081] | 0.677 [0.276, 1.085] | 0.654 [0.266, 1.051] | 0.674 [0.271, 1.084] |
| CMC BP | 0.450 [0.141, 0.746] | 0.203 [-0.157, 0.576] | 0.347 [-0.008, 0.712] | 0.393 [0.041, 0.756] | 0.337 [-0.001, 0.690] | 0.352 [-0.005, 0.716] |
| Mixed BP | 0.659 [0.361, 0.970] | 0.434 [0.084, 0.802] | 0.597 [0.255, 0.951] | 0.622 [0.280, 0.974] | 0.582 [0.254, 0.923] | 0.610 [0.266, 0.968] |
| Personality trait | 0.103 [0.049, 0.155] | 0.077 [0.009, 0.146] | 0.126 [0.061, 0.192] | -0.227 [-0.282, -0.174] | 0.066 [-0.003, 0.134] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.022 [-0.017, 0.061] | 0.012 [-0.043, 0.072] | -0.006 [-0.058, 0.048] | 0.057 [0.013, 0.099] | 0.003 [-0.050, 0.056] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.020 [-0.024, 0.062] | -0.041 [-0.099, 0.017] | 0.007 [-0.048, 0.059] | 0.013 [-0.031, 0.057] | -0.019 [-0.074, 0.032] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.002 [-0.052, 0.050] | 0.000 [-0.068, 0.067] | -0.001 [-0.068, 0.066] | 0.066 [0.011, 0.123] | -0.020 [-0.090, 0.048] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] | -0.005 [-0.022, 0.012] | -0.004 [-0.022, 0.013] | -0.004 [-0.021, 0.013] | 0.005 [-0.012, 0.021] | -0.004 [-0.021, 0.013] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.019] | 0.000 [-0.019, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.021] | 0.002 [-0.018, 0.020] | 0.004 [-0.014, 0.022] | 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.049, -0.008] | -0.023 [-0.047, -0.001] | -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000] | -0.024 [-0.047, -0.001] | -0.013 [-0.036, 0.009] | -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.008, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.036 [0.020, 0.056] | 0.044 [0.025, 0.063] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.064] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.065] | 0.042 [0.023, 0.062] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.064] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.004, 0.029] | 0.018 [-0.001, 0.034] | 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034] | 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034] | 0.016 [-0.002, 0.033] | 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.255 [0.243, 0.268] | 0.245 [0.230, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.087 [1.873, 2.302] | 2.280 [2.039, 2.516] | 2.149 [1.915, 2.376] | 2.130 [1.898, 2.352] | 2.159 [1.936, 2.377] | 2.145 [1.911, 2.372] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.272 [0.245, 0.302] | 0.254 [0.224, 0.288] | 0.257 [0.227, 0.291] | 0.253 [0.223, 0.286] | 0.231 [0.204, 0.262] | 0.258 [0.228, 0.292] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.045 [0.030, 0.062] | 0.047 [0.031, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.031, 0.069] | 0.049 [0.031, 0.069] | 0.047 [0.029, 0.067] | 0.049 [0.031, 0.069] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.015 [0.006, 0.033] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.034] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.074 [0.047, 0.102] | 0.076 [0.048, 0.107] | 0.076 [0.048, 0.108] | 0.076 [0.048, 0.108] | 0.073 [0.045, 0.104] | 0.076 [0.048, 0.108] |
| R2 between | 0.095 [0.035, 0.176] | 0.054 [0.021, 0.124] | 0.080 [0.027, 0.165] | 0.094 [0.037, 0.181] | 0.131 [0.074, 0.214] | 0.081 [0.027, 0.166] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.061] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.115] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.062] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.061] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| Number of participants | 849 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 |
| Number of observations | 26,918 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.397 [0.371, 0.424] | 0.400 [0.373, 0.428] | 0.397 [0.369, 0.425] | 0.399 [0.370, 0.428] | 0.399 [0.371, 0.427] | 0.400 [0.372, 0.428] |
| CMC WP | 0.192 [0.168, 0.216] | 0.192 [0.166, 0.218] | 0.195 [0.170, 0.220] | 0.192 [0.167, 0.217] | 0.194 [0.169, 0.219] | 0.193 [0.168, 0.217] |
| Mixed WP | 0.401 [0.370, 0.431] | 0.411 [0.380, 0.442] | 0.406 [0.374, 0.438] | 0.408 [0.377, 0.439] | 0.407 [0.376, 0.439] | 0.407 [0.374, 0.439] |
| Weekend WP | 0.155 [0.142, 0.168] | 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] | 0.159 [0.145, 0.173] | 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] | 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] | 0.158 [0.144, 0.171] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.524 [0.518, 0.530] | 0.527 [0.521, 0.533] | 0.527 [0.521, 0.534] | 0.528 [0.522, 0.535] | 0.528 [0.522, 0.534] | 0.527 [0.520, 0.533] |
| R2 within | 0.107 [0.101, 0.113] | 0.109 [0.103, 0.115] | 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] | 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] | 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] | 0.109 [0.103, 0.115] |
| FtF BP | 0.982 [0.660, 1.312] | 0.756 [0.432, 1.082] | 0.943 [0.608, 1.286] | 0.986 [0.651, 1.332] | 0.899 [0.590, 1.213] | 1.015 [0.673, 1.360] |
| CMC BP | 0.361 [-0.031, 0.756] | 0.265 [-0.140, 0.665] | 0.246 [-0.179, 0.668] | 0.287 [-0.127, 0.701] | 0.534 [0.147, 0.916] | 0.348 [-0.076, 0.774] |
| Mixed BP | 0.905 [0.653, 1.157] | 0.699 [0.454, 0.939] | 0.855 [0.606, 1.104] | 0.906 [0.655, 1.157] | 0.921 [0.688, 1.152] | 0.913 [0.654, 1.172] |
| Personality trait | 0.295 [0.238, 0.351] | 0.204 [0.131, 0.276] | 0.173 [0.108, 0.240] | -0.306 [-0.356, -0.256] | 0.038 [-0.029, 0.103] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.012 [-0.027, 0.052] | 0.028 [-0.021, 0.076] | -0.033 [-0.075, 0.010] | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] | -0.004 [-0.049, 0.040] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.013 [-0.047, 0.023] | -0.042 [-0.085, 0.000] | -0.017 [-0.055, 0.021] | -0.008 [-0.039, 0.023] | 0.019 [-0.020, 0.058] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.038 [-0.081, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.064, 0.044] | -0.056 [-0.103, -0.006] | 0.034 [-0.006, 0.076] | 0.004 [-0.046, 0.052] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.045 [-0.063, -0.028] | -0.041 [-0.058, -0.025] | -0.042 [-0.060, -0.025] | -0.037 [-0.055, -0.020] | -0.037 [-0.053, -0.022] | -0.041 [-0.060, -0.023] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.013] | -0.023 [-0.038, -0.008] | -0.022 [-0.037, -0.007] | -0.024 [-0.040, -0.009] | -0.025 [-0.040, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.060 [-0.080, -0.041] | -0.050 [-0.070, -0.032] | -0.055 [-0.075, -0.036] | -0.051 [-0.071, -0.032] | -0.048 [-0.067, -0.030] | -0.057 [-0.078, -0.038] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.029] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.060 [0.048, 0.073] | 0.057 [0.044, 0.072] | 0.057 [0.044, 0.071] | 0.056 [0.043, 0.069] | 0.057 [0.044, 0.070] | 0.057 [0.044, 0.071] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.032 [0.021, 0.043] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.042] | 0.030 [0.018, 0.043] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.065 [1.954, 2.177] | 2.135 [2.022, 2.250] | 2.078 [1.960, 2.193] | 2.054 [1.934, 2.170] | 2.040 [1.934, 2.147] | 2.041 [1.922, 2.159] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.382 [0.348, 0.421] | 0.316 [0.285, 0.352] | 0.349 [0.314, 0.388] | 0.346 [0.311, 0.385] | 0.300 [0.270, 0.334] | 0.360 [0.325, 0.402] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.087 [0.073, 0.102] | 0.085 [0.071, 0.102] | 0.085 [0.070, 0.102] | 0.084 [0.070, 0.100] | 0.085 [0.071, 0.102] | 0.086 [0.071, 0.102] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.035 [0.025, 0.046] | 0.032 [0.022, 0.043] | 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.020, 0.043] | 0.032 [0.022, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.021, 0.043] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.081 [0.064, 0.100] | 0.080 [0.062, 0.101] | 0.080 [0.063, 0.100] | 0.079 [0.061, 0.099] | 0.079 [0.061, 0.099] | 0.081 [0.063, 0.102] |
| R2 between | 0.104 [0.065, 0.149] | 0.138 [0.101, 0.181] | 0.121 [0.080, 0.168] | 0.129 [0.085, 0.180] | 0.200 [0.154, 0.251] | 0.116 [0.073, 0.168] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.111 [-0.134, -0.089] | -0.114 [-0.138, -0.089] | -0.116 [-0.140, -0.092] | -0.114 [-0.137, -0.090] | -0.115 [-0.138, -0.092] | -0.115 [-0.138, -0.091] |
| CMC WP | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.031] | -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025] | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.022] | -0.002 [-0.028, 0.024] | 0.000 [-0.026, 0.025] | -0.003 [-0.029, 0.023] |
| Mixed WP | -0.087 [-0.115, -0.060] | -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] | -0.094 [-0.123, -0.064] | -0.093 [-0.122, -0.063] | -0.092 [-0.122, -0.064] | -0.093 [-0.123, -0.063] |
| Weekend WP | -0.145 [-0.161, -0.129] | -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] | -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] | -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] | -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] | -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.545 [0.537, 0.552] | 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] | 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] | 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] | 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] | 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] |
| R2 within | 0.038 [0.031, 0.047] | 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] | 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] | 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] | 0.038 [0.032, 0.046] | 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] |
| FtF BP | 0.387 [0.053, 0.714] | 0.582 [0.213, 0.954] | 0.504 [0.155, 0.855] | 0.447 [0.102, 0.795] | 0.531 [0.202, 0.864] | 0.418 [0.065, 0.770] |
| CMC BP | 0.750 [0.461, 1.031] | 0.810 [0.484, 1.135] | 0.738 [0.423, 1.052] | 0.724 [0.408, 1.042] | 0.620 [0.329, 0.918] | 0.714 [0.394, 1.033] |
| Mixed BP | 0.092 [-0.164, 0.342] | 0.242 [-0.028, 0.507] | 0.229 [-0.026, 0.482] | 0.168 [-0.088, 0.421] | 0.211 [-0.032, 0.452] | 0.107 [-0.151, 0.360] |
| Personality trait | -0.065 [-0.109, -0.020] | -0.154 [-0.209, -0.098] | -0.137 [-0.193, -0.083] | 0.285 [0.242, 0.328] | -0.051 [-0.108, 0.006] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.013 [-0.017, 0.041] | -0.018 [-0.057, 0.019] | -0.019 [-0.056, 0.017] | -0.023 [-0.053, 0.008] | 0.004 [-0.037, 0.040] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.005 [-0.026, 0.034] | -0.044 [-0.081, -0.004] | -0.014 [-0.053, 0.025] | -0.039 [-0.071, -0.005] | -0.003 [-0.048, 0.039] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.006 [-0.041, 0.030] | -0.044 [-0.090, 0.003] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.038] | -0.031 [-0.069, 0.006] | -0.012 [-0.060, 0.035] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.036, -0.009] | -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009] | -0.024 [-0.038, -0.011] | -0.024 [-0.037, -0.010] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.007] | -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] | -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013] | -0.029 [-0.044, -0.015] | -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013] | -0.019 [-0.033, -0.005] | -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] | -0.036 [-0.054, -0.019] | -0.037 [-0.054, -0.021] | -0.034 [-0.052, -0.018] | -0.031 [-0.047, -0.015] | -0.034 [-0.052, -0.018] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.011 [0.002, 0.022] | 0.007 [-0.003, 0.019] | 0.007 [-0.003, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.015] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.029] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.029] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.032 [0.018, 0.047] | 0.025 [0.011, 0.040] | 0.024 [0.010, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.011, 0.040] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.037] | 0.025 [0.011, 0.040] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.320 [0.310, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.247, 0.265] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.262] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.201, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.870 [1.675, 2.067] | 1.749 [1.529, 1.972] | 1.795 [1.591, 2.004] | 1.830 [1.625, 2.039] | 1.819 [1.623, 2.014] | 1.854 [1.646, 2.065] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.339 [0.311, 0.368] | 0.326 [0.297, 0.357] | 0.320 [0.293, 0.351] | 0.323 [0.295, 0.354] | 0.284 [0.259, 0.310] | 0.329 [0.301, 0.360] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.011, 0.039] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.013, 0.040] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.038] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.038] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.038] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.038] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.028, 0.064] | 0.046 [0.028, 0.066] | 0.045 [0.027, 0.065] | 0.046 [0.028, 0.066] | 0.043 [0.027, 0.064] | 0.046 [0.028, 0.066] |
| R2 between | 0.053 [0.019, 0.105] | 0.078 [0.028, 0.151] | 0.075 [0.032, 0.138] | 0.065 [0.026, 0.126] | 0.128 [0.084, 0.187] | 0.052 [0.016, 0.110] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.001, 0.110] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,409 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,284 | 40,289 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.107 [-0.137, -0.079] | -0.111 [-0.145, -0.080] | -0.114 [-0.147, -0.084] | -0.114 [-0.147, -0.083] | -0.113 [-0.146, -0.083] | -0.112 [-0.146, -0.082] |
| CMC WP | 0.030 [-0.001, 0.061] | 0.020 [-0.017, 0.054] | 0.017 [-0.019, 0.051] | 0.019 [-0.018, 0.053] | 0.018 [-0.018, 0.052] | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.054] |
| Mixed WP | -0.069 [-0.107, -0.031] | -0.067 [-0.109, -0.024] | -0.069 [-0.111, -0.026] | -0.065 [-0.107, -0.022] | -0.068 [-0.110, -0.026] | -0.067 [-0.108, -0.024] |
| Weekend WP | -0.174 [-0.195, -0.154] | -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] | -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] | -0.173 [-0.197, -0.151] | -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] | -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.562 [0.552, 0.572] | 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] | 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] | 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] | 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] | 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] |
| R2 within | 0.041 [0.033, 0.051] | 0.042 [0.031, 0.054] | 0.042 [0.032, 0.054] | 0.042 [0.032, 0.053] | 0.042 [0.032, 0.054] | 0.042 [0.031, 0.054] |
| FtF BP | 0.388 [-0.011, 0.780] | 0.309 [-0.136, 0.762] | 0.290 [-0.138, 0.726] | 0.275 [-0.152, 0.707] | 0.310 [-0.099, 0.730] | 0.265 [-0.162, 0.699] |
| CMC BP | 0.620 [0.302, 0.933] | 0.385 [0.004, 0.775] | 0.366 [-0.008, 0.747] | 0.323 [-0.047, 0.704] | 0.374 [0.013, 0.743] | 0.353 [-0.022, 0.734] |
| Mixed BP | 0.105 [-0.212, 0.424] | 0.119 [-0.254, 0.493] | 0.112 [-0.249, 0.473] | 0.078 [-0.281, 0.438] | 0.111 [-0.236, 0.459] | 0.084 [-0.279, 0.445] |
| Personality trait | -0.026 [-0.083, 0.030] | -0.083 [-0.156, -0.011] | -0.120 [-0.190, -0.050] | 0.223 [0.165, 0.280] | -0.038 [-0.110, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.017 [-0.021, 0.055] | -0.031 [-0.084, 0.023] | 0.018 [-0.032, 0.068] | -0.030 [-0.073, 0.012] | 0.016 [-0.040, 0.068] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.010 [-0.034, 0.051] | -0.022 [-0.085, 0.037] | -0.023 [-0.079, 0.031] | 0.004 [-0.039, 0.053] | 0.026 [-0.030, 0.085] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.032 [-0.018, 0.084] | -0.011 [-0.076, 0.058] | -0.038 [-0.104, 0.028] | 0.018 [-0.037, 0.072] | 0.029 [-0.037, 0.097] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.040, -0.007] | -0.027 [-0.047, -0.010] | -0.029 [-0.048, -0.012] | -0.027 [-0.046, -0.010] | -0.024 [-0.042, -0.007] | -0.027 [-0.047, -0.010] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.020, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] | 0.000 [-0.020, 0.020] | 0.000 [-0.019, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.018, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.040, 0.004] | -0.017 [-0.041, 0.006] | -0.018 [-0.042, 0.005] | -0.020 [-0.042, 0.004] | -0.020 [-0.043, 0.003] | -0.018 [-0.041, 0.005] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.003, 0.018] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.002, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.022 [0.008, 0.038] | 0.025 [0.008, 0.043] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.025 [0.008, 0.044] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.027 [0.012, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.047] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.011, 0.046] | 0.027 [0.012, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.012, 0.047] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.243, 0.269] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.916 [1.695, 2.135] | 1.982 [1.723, 2.229] | 1.996 [1.750, 2.229] | 2.017 [1.773, 2.249] | 1.984 [1.747, 2.209] | 2.011 [1.767, 2.243] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.296 [0.266, 0.330] | 0.291 [0.258, 0.330] | 0.289 [0.256, 0.327] | 0.286 [0.254, 0.324] | 0.264 [0.234, 0.299] | 0.292 [0.258, 0.330] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.016, 0.042] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.026 [0.012, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.027, 0.077] | 0.052 [0.028, 0.082] | 0.053 [0.029, 0.083] | 0.052 [0.028, 0.081] | 0.053 [0.029, 0.082] | 0.053 [0.028, 0.082] |
| R2 between | 0.051 [0.012, 0.118] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.091] | 0.027 [0.005, 0.086] | 0.029 [0.008, 0.085] | 0.075 [0.039, 0.135] | 0.022 [0.003, 0.078] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.057] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | |
| Number of participants | 849 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 |
| Number of observations | 26,918 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.086 [-0.105, -0.066] | -0.085 [-0.107, -0.064] | -0.087 [-0.109, -0.067] | -0.087 [-0.109, -0.065] | -0.085 [-0.107, -0.064] | -0.084 [-0.105, -0.062] |
| CMC WP | 0.084 [0.060, 0.108] | 0.085 [0.059, 0.111] | 0.081 [0.056, 0.106] | 0.082 [0.057, 0.108] | 0.082 [0.057, 0.106] | 0.084 [0.058, 0.110] |
| Mixed WP | 0.021 [-0.006, 0.049] | 0.019 [-0.010, 0.049] | 0.020 [-0.009, 0.049] | 0.019 [-0.009, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.012, 0.047] | 0.018 [-0.011, 0.046] |
| Weekend WP | -0.237 [-0.250, -0.224] | -0.241 [-0.254, -0.227] | -0.242 [-0.256, -0.229] | -0.241 [-0.255, -0.227] | -0.241 [-0.255, -0.227] | -0.240 [-0.254, -0.226] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.532 [0.526, 0.538] | 0.536 [0.530, 0.543] | 0.535 [0.529, 0.542] | 0.537 [0.531, 0.543] | 0.535 [0.529, 0.542] | 0.534 [0.528, 0.541] |
| R2 within | 0.043 [0.039, 0.046] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] |
| FtF BP | -0.348 [-0.711, 0.017] | -0.242 [-0.626, 0.139] | -0.304 [-0.691, 0.071] | -0.324 [-0.691, 0.045] | -0.200 [-0.555, 0.152] | -0.348 [-0.719, 0.037] |
| CMC BP | 0.237 [-0.202, 0.676] | 0.313 [-0.176, 0.789] | 0.260 [-0.228, 0.738] | 0.232 [-0.247, 0.704] | 0.036 [-0.409, 0.468] | 0.193 [-0.274, 0.669] |
| Mixed BP | 0.147 [-0.130, 0.430] | 0.186 [-0.102, 0.476] | 0.137 [-0.149, 0.422] | 0.123 [-0.163, 0.412] | 0.136 [-0.122, 0.397] | 0.127 [-0.152, 0.413] |
| Personality trait | -0.074 [-0.139, -0.007] | -0.066 [-0.147, 0.014] | -0.031 [-0.106, 0.042] | 0.317 [0.262, 0.371] | 0.062 [-0.011, 0.136] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.001 [-0.030, 0.030] | 0.002 [-0.034, 0.039] | 0.004 [-0.029, 0.038] | 0.016 [-0.011, 0.042] | -0.013 [-0.046, 0.021] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.005 [-0.029, 0.040] | -0.004 [-0.048, 0.040] | -0.033 [-0.073, 0.005] | 0.020 [-0.010, 0.051] | -0.036 [-0.076, 0.002] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.006 [-0.034, 0.047] | -0.046 [-0.095, 0.003] | -0.002 [-0.048, 0.042] | 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] | -0.037 [-0.081, 0.008] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.003] | -0.016 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.016 [-0.031, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.031, -0.003] | -0.020 [-0.033, -0.007] | -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.019, 0.016] | -0.003 [-0.020, 0.014] | -0.003 [-0.020, 0.015] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.018, 0.016] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.043, -0.006] | -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] | -0.027 [-0.046, -0.007] | -0.026 [-0.047, -0.007] | -0.028 [-0.047, -0.010] | -0.026 [-0.046, -0.006] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] | -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.007, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] | 0.026 [0.017, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.017, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.017, 0.035] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.025 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.014, 0.036] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.270 [2.147, 2.394] | 2.237 [2.103, 2.370] | 2.265 [2.136, 2.398] | 2.276 [2.146, 2.405] | 2.272 [2.151, 2.389] | 2.282 [2.154, 2.413] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.437 [0.398, 0.483] | 0.422 [0.380, 0.469] | 0.427 [0.386, 0.475] | 0.426 [0.384, 0.472] | 0.366 [0.329, 0.407] | 0.426 [0.384, 0.474] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.019, 0.035] | 0.028 [0.021, 0.038] | 0.027 [0.018, 0.036] | 0.028 [0.021, 0.037] | 0.028 [0.019, 0.037] | 0.028 [0.020, 0.038] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.030 [0.020, 0.042] | 0.030 [0.021, 0.042] | 0.032 [0.021, 0.044] | 0.029 [0.020, 0.042] | 0.031 [0.022, 0.042] | 0.031 [0.021, 0.042] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.054 [0.040, 0.071] | 0.056 [0.041, 0.072] | 0.054 [0.040, 0.070] | 0.056 [0.041, 0.072] | 0.055 [0.042, 0.072] | 0.055 [0.040, 0.071] |
| R2 between | 0.011 [0.002, 0.028] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.035] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.032] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.029] | 0.088 [0.063, 0.118] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.032] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.039] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.025] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.268 [-0.292, -0.245] | -0.256 [-0.282, -0.231] | -0.262 [-0.287, -0.237] | -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236] | -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236] | -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236] |
| CMC WP | 0.021 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.027 [0.002, 0.051] | 0.021 [-0.004, 0.045] | 0.022 [-0.002, 0.046] | 0.021 [-0.004, 0.045] | 0.021 [-0.003, 0.046] |
| Mixed WP | -0.251 [-0.277, -0.225] | -0.238 [-0.265, -0.211] | -0.244 [-0.271, -0.217] | -0.242 [-0.270, -0.215] | -0.241 [-0.268, -0.214] | -0.242 [-0.269, -0.214] |
| Weekend WP | -0.009 [-0.021, 0.004] | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.004] | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005] | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005] | -0.009 [-0.021, 0.004] | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.138 [0.136, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.323 [0.319, 0.328] | 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] | 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] | 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] | 0.316 [0.311, 0.321] | 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] |
| R2 within | 0.131 [0.122, 0.141] | 0.127 [0.118, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.138] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.118, 0.138] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] |
| FtF BP | -0.185 [-0.468, 0.089] | -0.117 [-0.432, 0.189] | -0.254 [-0.556, 0.042] | -0.278 [-0.582, 0.021] | -0.222 [-0.509, 0.075] | -0.300 [-0.609, -0.001] |
| CMC BP | 0.522 [0.282, 0.768] | 0.529 [0.256, 0.800] | 0.421 [0.153, 0.685] | 0.424 [0.158, 0.691] | 0.375 [0.124, 0.640] | 0.407 [0.138, 0.675] |
| Mixed BP | -0.397 [-0.608, -0.186] | -0.243 [-0.466, -0.020] | -0.318 [-0.536, -0.105] | -0.347 [-0.563, -0.137] | -0.329 [-0.534, -0.115] | -0.379 [-0.597, -0.165] |
| Personality trait | -0.087 [-0.125, -0.048] | -0.095 [-0.144, -0.045] | -0.125 [-0.173, -0.077] | 0.199 [0.161, 0.237] | 0.047 [-0.004, 0.097] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.042 [0.011, 0.072] | -0.029 [-0.069, 0.011] | 0.022 [-0.017, 0.062] | -0.074 [-0.107, -0.041] | -0.014 [-0.056, 0.028] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.040 [0.009, 0.070] | -0.023 [-0.061, 0.016] | -0.031 [-0.070, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.042, 0.023] | -0.003 [-0.045, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.047 [0.013, 0.079] | 0.003 [-0.040, 0.045] | 0.019 [-0.026, 0.063] | -0.089 [-0.126, -0.054] | 0.001 [-0.046, 0.046] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.087 [-0.102, -0.074] | -0.083 [-0.097, -0.070] | -0.086 [-0.100, -0.072] | -0.084 [-0.098, -0.070] | -0.077 [-0.091, -0.064] | -0.085 [-0.099, -0.071] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.002] | -0.010 [-0.023, 0.003] | -0.012 [-0.024, 0.001] | -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.002] | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.003] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.083 [-0.099, -0.068] | -0.076 [-0.092, -0.061] | -0.077 [-0.094, -0.062] | -0.077 [-0.093, -0.062] | -0.067 [-0.082, -0.053] | -0.078 [-0.094, -0.063] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.026 [0.017, 0.037] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.013, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.013, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.088 [0.076, 0.103] | 0.082 [0.069, 0.096] | 0.082 [0.069, 0.097] | 0.083 [0.070, 0.097] | 0.078 [0.066, 0.093] | 0.083 [0.070, 0.098] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.038 [0.027, 0.051] | 0.031 [0.020, 0.044] | 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] | 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] | 0.032 [0.020, 0.044] | 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.319 [0.310, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] | 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.246, 0.266] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.262] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] | 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] | 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] | 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.578 [1.409, 1.745] | 1.502 [1.314, 1.690] | 1.589 [1.410, 1.768] | 1.602 [1.422, 1.782] | 1.592 [1.414, 1.762] | 1.619 [1.440, 1.802] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.277 [0.255, 0.301] | 0.253 [0.231, 0.277] | 0.256 [0.234, 0.280] | 0.253 [0.232, 0.277] | 0.235 [0.216, 0.257] | 0.258 [0.237, 0.283] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.086 [0.072, 0.100] | 0.083 [0.069, 0.098] | 0.083 [0.070, 0.099] | 0.083 [0.070, 0.099] | 0.082 [0.069, 0.097] | 0.084 [0.070, 0.099] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.052 [0.040, 0.065] | 0.050 [0.038, 0.064] | 0.051 [0.039, 0.065] | 0.051 [0.038, 0.065] | 0.051 [0.037, 0.065] | 0.051 [0.039, 0.065] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.099 [0.083, 0.117] | 0.086 [0.070, 0.105] | 0.087 [0.071, 0.105] | 0.087 [0.071, 0.105] | 0.081 [0.065, 0.099] | 0.087 [0.071, 0.106] |
| R2 between | 0.046 [0.026, 0.072] | 0.047 [0.026, 0.076] | 0.044 [0.024, 0.072] | 0.052 [0.030, 0.082] | 0.080 [0.056, 0.110] | 0.044 [0.023, 0.075] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.039] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.011 [0.001, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.008 [0.001, 0.024] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.028 [0.010, 0.056] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| Number of participants | 1,360 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,136 | 1,135 | 1,136 |
| Number of observations | 46,409 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,289 | 40,284 | 40,289 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.263 [-0.293, -0.234] | -0.259 [-0.291, -0.227] | -0.258 [-0.290, -0.226] | -0.261 [-0.294, -0.229] | -0.257 [-0.288, -0.226] | -0.259 [-0.292, -0.227] |
| CMC WP | 0.042 [0.014, 0.068] | 0.033 [0.002, 0.065] | 0.034 [0.003, 0.065] | 0.032 [0.001, 0.064] | 0.036 [0.005, 0.067] | 0.033 [0.002, 0.065] |
| Mixed WP | -0.224 [-0.258, -0.191] | -0.217 [-0.253, -0.181] | -0.214 [-0.251, -0.179] | -0.216 [-0.252, -0.180] | -0.213 [-0.249, -0.179] | -0.216 [-0.252, -0.181] |
| Weekend WP | -0.035 [-0.051, -0.019] | -0.028 [-0.046, -0.011] | -0.028 [-0.046, -0.011] | -0.028 [-0.045, -0.011] | -0.028 [-0.045, -0.011] | -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] | 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] | 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] | 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.322 [0.316, 0.328] | 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] | 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] | 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] | 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] | 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] |
| R2 within | 0.116 [0.105, 0.128] | 0.116 [0.105, 0.129] | 0.116 [0.105, 0.129] | 0.117 [0.105, 0.130] | 0.116 [0.104, 0.129] | 0.116 [0.105, 0.129] |
| FtF BP | -0.554 [-0.914, -0.204] | -0.587 [-0.968, -0.211] | -0.503 [-0.874, -0.135] | -0.504 [-0.872, -0.141] | -0.456 [-0.816, -0.095] | -0.531 [-0.902, -0.165] |
| CMC BP | 0.343 [0.058, 0.625] | 0.078 [-0.250, 0.391] | 0.133 [-0.186, 0.444] | 0.103 [-0.212, 0.414] | 0.164 [-0.145, 0.469] | 0.113 [-0.205, 0.424] |
| Mixed BP | -0.709 [-0.997, -0.420] | -0.713 [-1.043, -0.394] | -0.633 [-0.953, -0.326] | -0.656 [-0.972, -0.352] | -0.622 [-0.932, -0.325] | -0.668 [-0.986, -0.363] |
| Personality trait | 0.036 [-0.013, 0.087] | -0.051 [-0.117, 0.014] | -0.115 [-0.177, -0.051] | 0.204 [0.153, 0.255] | 0.041 [-0.025, 0.106] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.010 [-0.048, 0.028] | 0.041 [-0.012, 0.094] | 0.060 [0.010, 0.110] | -0.121 [-0.163, -0.079] | -0.004 [-0.058, 0.048] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] | 0.055 [0.006, 0.106] | 0.007 [-0.041, 0.057] | -0.047 [-0.086, -0.005] | 0.003 [-0.046, 0.053] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.010 [-0.032, 0.054] | 0.017 [-0.042, 0.077] | 0.026 [-0.028, 0.084] | -0.107 [-0.152, -0.060] | -0.007 [-0.068, 0.051] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.085 [-0.102, -0.069] | -0.082 [-0.100, -0.065] | -0.081 [-0.099, -0.064] | -0.079 [-0.098, -0.063] | -0.067 [-0.084, -0.051] | -0.082 [-0.100, -0.065] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.027, 0.003] | -0.014 [-0.030, 0.001] | -0.013 [-0.028, 0.002] | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.083 [-0.103, -0.064] | -0.077 [-0.097, -0.058] | -0.076 [-0.097, -0.057] | -0.075 [-0.096, -0.057] | -0.063 [-0.082, -0.046] | -0.076 [-0.097, -0.058] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.030] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.027] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.030] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.072 [0.057, 0.088] | 0.072 [0.056, 0.091] | 0.071 [0.056, 0.090] | 0.071 [0.056, 0.090] | 0.065 [0.050, 0.083] | 0.072 [0.056, 0.091] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.022 [0.009, 0.037] | 0.028 [0.014, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.013, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.014, 0.043] | 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.028 [0.014, 0.044] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.331 [0.320, 0.343] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] | 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.256 [0.243, 0.268] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] | 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] | 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] | 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] | 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] | 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] | 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.805 [1.610, 2.007] | 1.850 [1.636, 2.068] | 1.794 [1.587, 2.001] | 1.807 [1.601, 2.013] | 1.768 [1.567, 1.968] | 1.815 [1.608, 2.021] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] | 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.268 [0.242, 0.299] | 0.245 [0.218, 0.276] | 0.245 [0.218, 0.276] | 0.240 [0.214, 0.271] | 0.222 [0.198, 0.251] | 0.245 [0.218, 0.276] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.073 [0.060, 0.090] | 0.077 [0.061, 0.095] | 0.077 [0.061, 0.095] | 0.076 [0.060, 0.094] | 0.070 [0.054, 0.087] | 0.077 [0.061, 0.095] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.036 [0.023, 0.052] | 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] | 0.036 [0.021, 0.052] | 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] | 0.036 [0.021, 0.053] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.054] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.077 [0.058, 0.099] | 0.074 [0.056, 0.098] | 0.074 [0.056, 0.097] | 0.074 [0.056, 0.098] | 0.068 [0.050, 0.090] | 0.074 [0.056, 0.098] |
| R2 between | 0.076 [0.041, 0.127] | 0.074 [0.030, 0.143] | 0.060 [0.025, 0.118] | 0.071 [0.033, 0.130] | 0.105 [0.064, 0.161] | 0.065 [0.026, 0.126] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.056 [0.024, 0.101] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.045 [0.014, 0.093] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| Number of participants | 849 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 | 633 |
| Number of observations | 26,918 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 | 21,349 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.176 [-0.199, -0.153] | -0.172 [-0.196, -0.149] | -0.172 [-0.196, -0.149] | -0.172 [-0.195, -0.148] | -0.173 [-0.196, -0.150] | -0.172 [-0.196, -0.148] |
| CMC WP | 0.024 [0.002, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.005, 0.050] | 0.025 [0.002, 0.048] | 0.028 [0.005, 0.051] | 0.026 [0.003, 0.048] | 0.027 [0.005, 0.051] |
| Mixed WP | -0.119 [-0.145, -0.094] | -0.116 [-0.142, -0.089] | -0.116 [-0.143, -0.089] | -0.114 [-0.141, -0.087] | -0.114 [-0.141, -0.086] | -0.116 [-0.143, -0.089] |
| Weekend WP | -0.024 [-0.034, -0.013] | -0.024 [-0.035, -0.013] | -0.026 [-0.037, -0.015] | -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] | -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] | -0.023 [-0.034, -0.013] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.332 [0.328, 0.336] | 0.330 [0.326, 0.333] | 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] | 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] | 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] | 0.328 [0.324, 0.332] |
| R2 within | 0.064 [0.060, 0.069] | 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] | 0.064 [0.059, 0.068] | 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] | 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] | 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] |
| FtF BP | -0.792 [-1.095, -0.494] | -0.693 [-1.013, -0.381] | -0.730 [-1.044, -0.427] | -0.741 [-1.048, -0.433] | -0.683 [-0.983, -0.382] | -0.757 [-1.063, -0.454] |
| CMC BP | -0.061 [-0.429, 0.292] | -0.049 [-0.450, 0.329] | -0.074 [-0.461, 0.315] | -0.077 [-0.466, 0.307] | -0.193 [-0.566, 0.184] | -0.110 [-0.495, 0.278] |
| Mixed BP | -0.220 [-0.447, 0.013] | -0.140 [-0.380, 0.099] | -0.160 [-0.394, 0.071] | -0.177 [-0.412, 0.055] | -0.175 [-0.405, 0.053] | -0.180 [-0.421, 0.051] |
| Personality trait | -0.062 [-0.119, -0.004] | -0.070 [-0.140, 0.002] | -0.063 [-0.129, 0.001] | 0.221 [0.172, 0.273] | 0.019 [-0.046, 0.084] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.011 [-0.022, 0.043] | 0.014 [-0.027, 0.055] | 0.017 [-0.019, 0.054] | -0.074 [-0.102, -0.045] | 0.004 [-0.033, 0.042] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.021 [-0.054, 0.010] | 0.047 [0.007, 0.087] | 0.006 [-0.030, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035] | -0.036 [-0.072, -0.001] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.056] | 0.021 [-0.025, 0.070] | 0.025 [-0.017, 0.068] | -0.045 [-0.079, -0.009] | -0.005 [-0.047, 0.038] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.080 [-0.095, -0.066] | -0.079 [-0.095, -0.064] | -0.079 [-0.095, -0.064] | -0.079 [-0.096, -0.064] | -0.070 [-0.085, -0.056] | -0.080 [-0.096, -0.065] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.006] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.005] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.006] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.079, -0.046] | -0.055 [-0.072, -0.038] | -0.055 [-0.072, -0.038] | -0.055 [-0.073, -0.039] | -0.050 [-0.066, -0.034] | -0.056 [-0.074, -0.040] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.018] | 0.009 [0.002, 0.017] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.018] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.018] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] | 0.057 [0.047, 0.068] | 0.057 [0.046, 0.068] | 0.057 [0.047, 0.068] | 0.055 [0.045, 0.065] | 0.057 [0.047, 0.069] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [0.013, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.028] | 0.017 [0.009, 0.026] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.027] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.027] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.199, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.787 [1.688, 1.890] | 1.746 [1.637, 1.855] | 1.759 [1.653, 1.872] | 1.766 [1.658, 1.873] | 1.767 [1.663, 1.874] | 1.772 [1.665, 1.881] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.343 [0.312, 0.379] | 0.334 [0.302, 0.371] | 0.336 [0.303, 0.373] | 0.335 [0.302, 0.372] | 0.306 [0.276, 0.342] | 0.338 [0.304, 0.376] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.067 [0.057, 0.078] | 0.067 [0.057, 0.080] | 0.067 [0.057, 0.079] | 0.067 [0.057, 0.079] | 0.064 [0.054, 0.076] | 0.068 [0.057, 0.080] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.041 [0.032, 0.051] | 0.040 [0.031, 0.051] | 0.039 [0.030, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.031, 0.051] | 0.039 [0.030, 0.050] | 0.039 [0.030, 0.050] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.073 [0.060, 0.089] | 0.070 [0.056, 0.086] | 0.070 [0.056, 0.085] | 0.070 [0.056, 0.085] | 0.069 [0.056, 0.085] | 0.070 [0.057, 0.085] |
| R2 between | 0.040 [0.017, 0.072] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.065] | 0.037 [0.016, 0.069] | 0.039 [0.016, 0.071] | 0.082 [0.053, 0.118] | 0.038 [0.015, 0.072] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.027 [0.010, 0.050] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.005] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] |
| CMC WP | 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] | 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] | 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] |
| Mixed WP | 0.022 [0.004, 0.040] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.043] | 0.025 [0.005, 0.043] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.044] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.043] | 0.025 [0.006, 0.044] |
| Weekend WP | -0.026 [-0.034, -0.017] | -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] | -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] | -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] | -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] | -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.232 [0.229, 0.235] | 0.228 [0.226, 0.231] | 0.230 [0.227, 0.232] | 0.229 [0.227, 0.232] | 0.229 [0.226, 0.232] | 0.228 [0.225, 0.230] |
| R2 within | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] | 0.025 [0.021, 0.029] |
| FtF BP | -0.206 [-0.376, -0.034] | -0.180 [-0.340, -0.014] | -0.167 [-0.323, -0.011] | -0.182 [-0.340, -0.025] | -0.149 [-0.303, 0.004] | -0.190 [-0.346, -0.032] |
| CMC BP | 0.035 [-0.176, 0.239] | -0.030 [-0.228, 0.168] | -0.009 [-0.203, 0.194] | -0.034 [-0.236, 0.161] | -0.102 [-0.294, 0.090] | -0.051 [-0.251, 0.148] |
| Mixed BP | -0.063 [-0.192, 0.063] | -0.033 [-0.152, 0.087] | -0.023 [-0.141, 0.095] | -0.032 [-0.154, 0.086] | -0.031 [-0.147, 0.083] | -0.033 [-0.152, 0.085] |
| Personality trait | -0.002 [-0.030, 0.026] | -0.069 [-0.104, -0.035] | -0.027 [-0.059, 0.004] | 0.087 [0.062, 0.112] | 0.006 [-0.025, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.004 [-0.024, 0.016] | -0.012 [-0.036, 0.014] | 0.006 [-0.016, 0.028] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.022] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.006 [-0.019, 0.031] | 0.006 [-0.026, 0.036] | -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] | 0.013 [-0.009, 0.035] | -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.030] | -0.004 [-0.037, 0.030] | 0.008 [-0.022, 0.038] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.008 [-0.020, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.017, -0.007] | -0.011 [-0.015, -0.006] | -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007] | -0.011 [-0.016, -0.006] | -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007] | -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.011, 0.001] | -0.006 [-0.012, -0.001] | -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001] | -0.006 [-0.011, 0.000] | -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001] | -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.020, -0.006] | -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] | -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] | -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] | -0.007 [-0.013, -0.002] | -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.006 [0.003, 0.010] | 0.006 [0.002, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] | 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.011 [0.007, 0.015] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.010 [0.006, 0.015] | 0.010 [0.005, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.005, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.004, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.005, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.004, 0.014] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.286 [1.228, 1.343] | 1.269 [1.210, 1.323] | 1.263 [1.208, 1.317] | 1.270 [1.214, 1.325] | 1.271 [1.218, 1.325] | 1.273 [1.218, 1.327] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.096 [0.087, 0.106] | 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] | 0.073 [0.066, 0.082] | 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.078] | 0.075 [0.067, 0.083] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] | 0.014 [0.010, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] | 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.027] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] | 0.019 [0.013, 0.025] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.016, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.016, 0.030] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.016, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.015, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.016, 0.029] |
| R2 between | 0.012 [0.002, 0.033] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.023 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.073] | 0.014 [0.002, 0.038] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note:Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.064 [-0.082, -0.045] | -0.062 [-0.082, -0.042] | -0.064 [-0.084, -0.045] | -0.063 [-0.082, -0.044] | -0.062 [-0.082, -0.043] | -0.063 [-0.082, -0.044] |
| CMC WP | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] | 0.021 [-0.005, 0.047] | 0.019 [-0.006, 0.044] | 0.022 [-0.003, 0.047] | 0.021 [-0.004, 0.047] | 0.021 [-0.003, 0.047] |
| Mixed WP | 0.007 [-0.018, 0.034] | 0.007 [-0.021, 0.035] | 0.006 [-0.022, 0.033] | 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] | 0.004 [-0.025, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] |
| Weekend WP | -0.210 [-0.222, -0.197] | -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] | -0.215 [-0.228, -0.202] | -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] | -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] | -0.213 [-0.226, -0.200] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.494 [0.489, 0.500] | 0.499 [0.493, 0.504] | 0.499 [0.493, 0.504] | 0.500 [0.494, 0.506] | 0.498 [0.493, 0.504] | 0.497 [0.491, 0.503] |
| R2 within | 0.037 [0.034, 0.041] | 0.038 [0.034, 0.043] | 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] | 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] | 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] | 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] |
| FtF BP | -0.364 [-0.674, -0.055] | -0.261 [-0.583, 0.066] | -0.332 [-0.664, -0.010] | -0.337 [-0.655, -0.010] | -0.242 [-0.547, 0.054] | -0.378 [-0.702, -0.049] |
| CMC BP | 0.186 [-0.198, 0.566] | 0.245 [-0.150, 0.650] | 0.224 [-0.196, 0.618] | 0.206 [-0.190, 0.620] | 0.025 [-0.358, 0.394] | 0.139 [-0.270, 0.549] |
| Mixed BP | -0.035 [-0.281, 0.206] | 0.036 [-0.214, 0.284] | -0.031 [-0.277, 0.212] | -0.040 [-0.276, 0.207] | -0.032 [-0.256, 0.194] | -0.044 [-0.279, 0.202] |
| Personality trait | -0.093 [-0.149, -0.035] | -0.039 [-0.111, 0.030] | -0.054 [-0.118, 0.010] | 0.270 [0.222, 0.317] | 0.077 [0.014, 0.140] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.012 [-0.015, 0.040] | 0.005 [-0.027, 0.038] | -0.002 [-0.033, 0.028] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.017] | 0.002 [-0.028, 0.032] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.013 [-0.021, 0.049] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.037] | -0.034 [-0.073, 0.004] | 0.000 [-0.031, 0.031] | -0.024 [-0.064, 0.015] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.001 [-0.038, 0.039] | -0.031 [-0.079, 0.017] | -0.012 [-0.056, 0.031] | -0.006 [-0.043, 0.030] | -0.001 [-0.044, 0.041] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.036, -0.013] | -0.022 [-0.034, -0.010] | -0.022 [-0.034, -0.011] | -0.023 [-0.035, -0.012] | -0.022 [-0.033, -0.011] | -0.022 [-0.034, -0.011] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.009] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.044, -0.011] | -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] | -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] | -0.027 [-0.044, -0.011] | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] | -0.028 [-0.044, -0.011] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.011] | 0.004 [-0.002, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.018 [0.011, 0.026] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] | 0.018 [0.011, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.028] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.035] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.915 [1.808, 2.020] | 1.872 [1.760, 1.986] | 1.902 [1.791, 2.017] | 1.907 [1.795, 2.018] | 1.909 [1.805, 2.012] | 1.922 [1.811, 2.039] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.336 [0.306, 0.372] | 0.316 [0.284, 0.351] | 0.322 [0.289, 0.358] | 0.320 [0.289, 0.356] | 0.277 [0.250, 0.308] | 0.319 [0.288, 0.355] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.013, 0.026] | 0.018 [0.011, 0.026] | 0.017 [0.011, 0.025] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.026] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.025] | 0.018 [0.011, 0.026] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.024, 0.046] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.049] | 0.036 [0.026, 0.048] | 0.036 [0.025, 0.049] | 0.037 [0.027, 0.049] | 0.036 [0.026, 0.049] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] | 0.049 [0.036, 0.064] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.049 [0.035, 0.064] | 0.050 [0.037, 0.065] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] |
| R2 between | 0.012 [0.002, 0.030] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.037] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] | 0.015 [0.004, 0.034] | 0.085 [0.060, 0.115] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.039] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | -0.060 [-0.076, -0.044] | -0.057 [-0.074, -0.040] | -0.058 [-0.076, -0.041] | -0.058 [-0.076, -0.040] | -0.059 [-0.076, -0.042] | -0.056 [-0.074, -0.039] |
| CMC WP | 0.034 [0.014, 0.054] | 0.035 [0.013, 0.055] | 0.032 [0.011, 0.052] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.056] | 0.035 [0.014, 0.056] | 0.034 [0.014, 0.056] |
| Mixed WP | -0.031 [-0.054, -0.008] | -0.031 [-0.054, -0.009] | -0.028 [-0.051, -0.006] | -0.030 [-0.053, -0.007] | -0.029 [-0.051, -0.006] | -0.029 [-0.052, -0.006] |
| Weekend WP | -0.033 [-0.044, -0.022] | -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] | -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] | -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] | -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] | -0.038 [-0.050, -0.027] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] | 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] | 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] | 0.348 [0.344, 0.352] | 0.348 [0.344, 0.352] | 0.346 [0.342, 0.350] |
| R2 within | 0.024 [0.021, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.020, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.029] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.020, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.020, 0.028] |
| FtF BP | -0.470 [-0.725, -0.210] | -0.408 [-0.678, -0.144] | -0.440 [-0.708, -0.175] | -0.446 [-0.705, -0.178] | -0.367 [-0.615, -0.113] | -0.468 [-0.735, -0.202] |
| CMC BP | 0.193 [-0.113, 0.504] | 0.214 [-0.129, 0.544] | 0.192 [-0.140, 0.534] | 0.188 [-0.146, 0.511] | 0.038 [-0.272, 0.339] | 0.164 [-0.172, 0.494] |
| Mixed BP | 0.001 [-0.199, 0.200] | 0.019 [-0.185, 0.225] | 0.002 [-0.196, 0.198] | -0.007 [-0.202, 0.188] | -0.011 [-0.197, 0.172] | -0.011 [-0.209, 0.192] |
| Personality trait | -0.048 [-0.096, -0.001] | -0.061 [-0.121, -0.001] | -0.071 [-0.123, -0.017] | 0.231 [0.191, 0.272] | 0.049 [-0.004, 0.101] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.005 [-0.028, 0.018] | -0.001 [-0.030, 0.029] | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.030] | -0.028 [-0.049, -0.006] | -0.012 [-0.037, 0.013] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.009 [-0.020, 0.036] | 0.030 [-0.005, 0.066] | -0.009 [-0.040, 0.022] | -0.007 [-0.033, 0.018] | 0.011 [-0.021, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.026 [-0.005, 0.059] | -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032] | 0.029 [-0.008, 0.066] | -0.028 [-0.059, 0.002] | 0.005 [-0.030, 0.041] | |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.033 [-0.042, -0.025] | -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024] | -0.033 [-0.043, -0.025] | -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024] | -0.030 [-0.038, -0.022] | -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.012, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.010, 0.010] | 0.001 [-0.009, 0.010] | 0.000 [-0.011, 0.010] | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.040, -0.017] | -0.025 [-0.037, -0.014] | -0.026 [-0.038, -0.015] | -0.025 [-0.037, -0.014] | -0.023 [-0.034, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.038, -0.015] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.006 [0.001, 0.011] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.004 [-0.001, 0.010] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.011, 0.022] | 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] | 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.011, 0.023] | 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] | 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] | 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.020] | 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.020] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.130, 0.152] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.583 [1.493, 1.670] | 1.559 [1.466, 1.653] | 1.572 [1.478, 1.665] | 1.575 [1.483, 1.666] | 1.578 [1.490, 1.664] | 1.582 [1.489, 1.674] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.238 [0.216, 0.262] | 0.224 [0.203, 0.250] | 0.226 [0.204, 0.251] | 0.224 [0.202, 0.249] | 0.192 [0.173, 0.214] | 0.225 [0.204, 0.251] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] | 0.016 [0.012, 0.022] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.023] | 0.017 [0.013, 0.023] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.022] | 0.017 [0.012, 0.023] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.017, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.015, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.030] | 0.022 [0.016, 0.030] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.030] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.036 [0.027, 0.047] | 0.034 [0.025, 0.044] | 0.035 [0.026, 0.046] | 0.034 [0.025, 0.046] | 0.035 [0.025, 0.045] | 0.035 [0.026, 0.046] |
| R2 between | 0.022 [0.008, 0.045] | 0.023 [0.009, 0.046] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.049] | 0.027 [0.010, 0.051] | 0.097 [0.069, 0.129] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.052] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.044] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| Number of participants | 864 | 764 | 759 | 763 | 763 | 761 |
| Number of observations | 65,213 | 58,705 | 58,456 | 58,697 | 58,682 | 58,598 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FtF WP | .407 [.392, .421] | .406 [.388, .423] | .407 [.390, .425] | .406 [.389, .424] | .404 [.388, .421] | .408 [.390, .425] |
| CMC WP | .086 [.069, .103] | .086 [.066, .107] | .106 [.088, .124] | .103 [.084, .121] | .102 [.084, .120] | .089 [.069, .110] |
| Mixed WP | .368 [.348, .388] | .369 [.349, .389] | .370 [.350, .390] | .370 [.350, .390] | .366 [.346, .386] | .370 [.349, .390] |
| FtF BP | .150 [.103, .198] | .113 [.061, .166] | .147 [.096, .198] | .155 [.104, .205] | .140 [.091, .189] | .163 [.112, .214] |
| CMC BP | -.039 [-.084, .007] | -.045 [-.095, .005] | -.029 [-.078, .019] | -.023 [-.072, .026] | .006 [-.041, .053] | -.017 [-.066, .032] |
| Mixed BP | .168 [.127, .208] | .130 [.084, .176] | .154 [.110, .199] | .169 [.125, .212] | .172 [.130, .213] | .175 [.131, .219] |
| Personality trait | .136 [.108, .164] | .119 [.092, .146] | .127 [.100, .154] | -.325 [-.351, -.300] | .013 [-.014, .040] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -.016 [-.061, .028] | .049 [.004, .095] | -.036 [-.080, .008] | .120 [.075, .164] | .011 [-.033, .055] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.051 [-.113, .010] | -.000 [-.063, .062] | .023 [-.038, .083] | .038 [-.024, .099] | .007 [-.054, .067] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.056 [-.105, -.006] | .031 [-.017, .080] | -.042 [-.091, .008] | .123 [.072, .173] | .003 [-.045, .052] |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FtF WP | .428 [.413, .443] | .420 [.403, .438] | .412 [.396, .428] | .419 [.402, .437] | .420 [.402, .437] | .420 [.403, .437] |
| CMC WP | .185 [.167, .203] | .169 [.149, .189] | .186 [.168, .204] | .169 [.150, .189] | .170 [.150, .190] | .184 [.166, .201] |
| Mixed WP | .429 [.410, .447] | .426 [.404, .448] | .423 [.401, .445] | .426 [.404, .448] | .416 [.395, .437] | .423 [.401, .445] |
| FtF BP | .222 [.178, .266] | .167 [.117, .218] | .214 [.166, .262] | .223 [.175, .271] | .210 [.164, .257] | .226 [.179, .273] |
| CMC BP | .104 [.061, .146] | .058 [.010, .106] | .083 [.036, .129] | .087 [.042, .133] | .110 [.065, .156] | .091 [.044, .137] |
| Mixed BP | .245 [.207, .283] | .201 [.157, .245] | .237 [.195, .279] | .251 [.210, .292] | .254 [.214, .294] | .257 [.216, .298] |
| Personality trait | .173 [.145, .201] | .116 [.089, .142] | .106 [.079, .132] | -.257 [-.283, -.231] | .039 [.013, .066] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | .006 [-.040, .051] | .052 [.006, .098] | -.039 [-.084, .005] | .092 [.046, .138] | .018 [-.027, .064] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.019 [-.092, .054] | -.036 [-.109, .037] | -.025 [-.097, .046] | .013 [-.060, .087] | .012 [-.061, .084] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.043 [-.095, .008] | .028 [-.023, .078] | -.070 [-.121, -.019] | .111 [.059, .164] | .008 [-.042, .058] |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FtF WP | -.129 [-.143, -.114] | -.133 [-.149, -.116] | -.132 [-.147, -.117] | -.133 [-.150, -.116] | -.131 [-.149, -.114] | -.128 [-.144, -.113] |
| CMC WP | .064 [.048, .081] | .061 [.043, .078] | .054 [.037, .072] | .046 [.028, .065] | .050 [.030, .070] | .046 [.028, .065] |
| Mixed WP | -.054 [-.075, -.034] | -.047 [-.069, -.025] | -.032 [-.051, -.012] | -.045 [-.067, -.023] | -.047 [-.069, -.026] | -.049 [-.071, -.027] |
| FtF BP | .026 [-.024, .076] | .045 [-.010, .099] | .033 [-.020, .086] | .025 [-.028, .078] | .049 [-.003, .100] | .020 [-.034, .074] |
| CMC BP | .140 [.094, .186] | .128 [.077, .178] | .117 [.067, .166] | .111 [.061, .161] | .091 [.043, .139] | .107 [.057, .158] |
| Mixed BP | .030 [-.013, .073] | .053 [.006, .100] | .046 [.000, .092] | .036 [-.010, .082] | .045 [.001, .090] | .030 [-.016, .075] |
| Personality trait | -.053 [-.082, -.025] | -.081 [-.109, -.053] | -.077 [-.105, -.049] | .263 [.236, .289] | -.011 [-.039, .017] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | .029 [-.034, .091] | -.031 [-.093, .031] | -.002 [-.063, .059] | -.022 [-.084, .041] | -.006 [-.068, .057] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .021 [-.049, .091] | -.060 [-.132, .011] | -.068 [-.139, .003] | .005 [-.069, .079] | -.038 [-.109, .033] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .017 [-.042, .075] | -.072 [-.130, -.013] | -.022 [-.079, .036] | -.019 [-.079, .041] | -.029 [-.086, .029] |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FtF WP | -.356 [-.372, -.339] | -.340 [-.358, -.322] | -.343 [-.361, -.325] | -.343 [-.361, -.325] | -.349 [-.366, -.332] | -.343 [-.360, -.325] |
| CMC WP | .049 [.032, .066] | .052 [.032, .072] | .048 [.027, .068] | .049 [.029, .069] | .048 [.028, .068] | .048 [.028, .069] |
| Mixed WP | -.309 [-.327, -.291] | -.284 [-.305, -.264] | -.287 [-.307, -.267] | -.286 [-.306, -.266] | -.284 [-.304, -.264] | -.288 [-.308, -.268] |
| FtF BP | -.137 [-.183, -.092] | -.128 [-.179, -.078] | -.138 [-.187, -.088] | -.142 [-.191, -.093] | -.128 [-.177, -.080] | -.146 [-.195, -.097] |
| CMC BP | .077 [.033, .120] | .056 [.009, .103] | .048 [.001, .095] | .047 [.000, .094] | .037 [-.010, .083] | .041 [-.006, .088] |
| Mixed BP | -.121 [-.160, -.082] | -.096 [-.139, -.052] | -.100 [-.142, -.058] | -.109 [-.151, -.067] | -.106 [-.147, -.064] | -.113 [-.156, -.071] |
| Personality trait | -.049 [-.078, -.021] | -.061 [-.089, -.034] | -.087 [-.115, -.060] | .215 [.188, .242] | .031 [.003, .058] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | .037 [-.002, .076] | .004 [-.035, .043] | .047 [.008, .086] | -.169 [-.208, -.131] | -.007 [-.047, .032] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .035 [-.016, .085] | .039 [-.011, .089] | -.019 [-.068, .030] | -.029 [-.080, .023] | -.033 [-.083, .016] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .057 [.014, .100] | .019 [-.024, .062] | .036 [-.007, .079] | -.152 [-.196, -.108] | -.005 [-.048, .038] |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.174 [0.157, 0.192] | 0.175 [0.156, 0.194] | 0.179 [0.160, 0.198] | 0.177 [0.159, 0.196] | 0.177 [0.157, 0.196] | 0.177 [0.159, 0.196] |
| Family WP | 0.162 [0.129, 0.194] | 0.170 [0.134, 0.205] | 0.175 [0.140, 0.209] | 0.170 [0.135, 0.205] | 0.172 [0.135, 0.207] | 0.174 [0.139, 0.208] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.039 [0.016, 0.059] | 0.035 [0.012, 0.058] | 0.040 [0.017, 0.063] | 0.038 [0.015, 0.061] | 0.040 [0.016, 0.063] | 0.039 [0.016, 0.062] |
| Weekend WP | 0.077 [0.064, 0.089] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.089] | 0.075 [0.062, 0.089] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.089] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.088] | 0.075 [0.061, 0.089] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.200 [0.197, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] |
| Family WP variance | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.244 [0.240, 0.248] | 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] | 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] |
| R2 within | 0.077 [0.069, 0.085] | 0.077 [0.070, 0.086] | 0.078 [0.071, 0.087] | 0.078 [0.070, 0.086] | 0.078 [0.068, 0.087] | 0.078 [0.070, 0.087] |
| Close peers BP | 0.065 [-0.089, 0.215] | -0.016 [-0.188, 0.146] | 0.071 [-0.094, 0.228] | 0.108 [-0.056, 0.265] | 0.104 [-0.043, 0.246] | 0.130 [-0.038, 0.291] |
| Family BP | 0.106 [-0.289, 0.500] | 0.174 [-0.245, 0.582] | 0.141 [-0.278, 0.543] | 0.144 [-0.273, 0.553] | 0.356 [-0.022, 0.740] | 0.251 [-0.179, 0.662] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.128 [-0.529, 0.293] | -0.274 [-0.707, 0.170] | -0.168 [-0.594, 0.270] | -0.124 [-0.550, 0.320] | -0.189 [-0.579, 0.198] | -0.077 [-0.512, 0.376] |
| Personality trait | 0.107 [0.073, 0.142] | 0.150 [0.106, 0.193] | 0.134 [0.090, 0.176] | -0.263 [-0.295, -0.230] | 0.017 [-0.029, 0.061] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.022 [-0.044, 0.002] | 0.031 [0.003, 0.060] | -0.015 [-0.044, 0.014] | 0.033 [0.010, 0.057] | 0.001 [-0.029, 0.033] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.022 [-0.066, 0.021] | 0.052 [-0.005, 0.107] | 0.034 [-0.023, 0.089] | 0.061 [0.014, 0.108] | 0.019 [-0.037, 0.077] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.031 [-0.057, -0.003] | 0.027 [-0.010, 0.062] | 0.011 [-0.022, 0.047] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.002 [-0.033, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.031, -0.013] | -0.020 [-0.029, -0.012] | -0.023 [-0.032, -0.014] | -0.020 [-0.029, -0.012] | -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] | -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.036, -0.006] | -0.023 [-0.039, -0.008] | -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] | -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.001] | -0.025 [-0.041, -0.009] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.018] | -0.026 [-0.037, -0.017] | -0.029 [-0.039, -0.019] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.019] | -0.023 [-0.033, -0.014] | -0.027 [-0.038, -0.018] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.024 [0.013, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [0.007, 0.021] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.018] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.018] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.019] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.009, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.008, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.009, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.008, 0.015] | 0.003 [-0.008, 0.015] | 0.003 [-0.008, 0.016] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.529] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] |
| Family BP mean | 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.920 [2.791, 3.052] | 2.992 [2.853, 3.131] | 2.935 [2.801, 3.069] | 2.909 [2.774, 3.043] | 2.906 [2.783, 3.027] | 2.885 [2.746, 3.021] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.210 [0.193, 0.228] | 0.196 [0.179, 0.214] | 0.194 [0.178, 0.213] | 0.196 [0.180, 0.215] | 0.163 [0.149, 0.179] | 0.203 [0.186, 0.222] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] | 0.030 [0.023, 0.039] | 0.030 [0.023, 0.038] | 0.030 [0.023, 0.039] | 0.030 [0.023, 0.038] | 0.030 [0.023, 0.039] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.080 [0.059, 0.104] | 0.080 [0.058, 0.105] | 0.078 [0.057, 0.104] | 0.079 [0.057, 0.105] | 0.080 [0.058, 0.106] | 0.080 [0.058, 0.106] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.018 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.017 [0.009, 0.028] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.010, 0.028] | 0.017 [0.008, 0.029] | 0.017 [0.010, 0.029] |
| R2 between | 0.005 [0.001, 0.019] | 0.028 [0.014, 0.051] | 0.029 [0.016, 0.048] | 0.026 [0.013, 0.045] | 0.121 [0.094, 0.153] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.033] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.001, 0.032] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.041] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.019 [0.000, 0.071] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| Number of participants | 1,351 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,131 | 1,132 |
| Number of observations | 34,323 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,706 | 29,712 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.168 [0.148, 0.190] | 0.173 [0.149, 0.197] | 0.173 [0.149, 0.197] | 0.173 [0.148, 0.197] | 0.172 [0.148, 0.196] | 0.174 [0.149, 0.198] |
| Family WP | 0.190 [0.152, 0.226] | 0.179 [0.138, 0.221] | 0.178 [0.137, 0.220] | 0.178 [0.137, 0.221] | 0.177 [0.136, 0.219] | 0.172 [0.133, 0.214] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.047 [0.022, 0.074] | 0.054 [0.025, 0.087] | 0.055 [0.026, 0.087] | 0.055 [0.026, 0.087] | 0.054 [0.026, 0.086] | 0.055 [0.026, 0.087] |
| Weekend WP | 0.111 [0.095, 0.127] | 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] | 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] | 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] | 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] | 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] |
| Family WP variance | 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] | 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] | 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] | 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] | 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] | 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] |
| R2 within | 0.068 [0.058, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.063, 0.085] | 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] | 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] | 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] | 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] |
| Close peers BP | 0.110 [-0.073, 0.290] | 0.130 [-0.077, 0.331] | 0.162 [-0.036, 0.353] | 0.197 [0.004, 0.386] | 0.154 [-0.032, 0.334] | 0.183 [-0.015, 0.375] |
| Family BP | -0.025 [-0.411, 0.364] | 0.197 [-0.208, 0.602] | 0.214 [-0.191, 0.617] | 0.147 [-0.247, 0.544] | 0.244 [-0.128, 0.614] | 0.231 [-0.176, 0.636] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.076 [-0.511, 0.364] | -0.162 [-0.647, 0.325] | -0.137 [-0.610, 0.342] | -0.155 [-0.624, 0.314] | -0.212 [-0.651, 0.234] | -0.085 [-0.559, 0.392] |
| Personality trait | 0.038 [-0.006, 0.081] | 0.079 [0.022, 0.135] | 0.136 [0.082, 0.190] | -0.225 [-0.267, -0.182] | 0.020 [-0.035, 0.077] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.005 [-0.033, 0.025] | -0.009 [-0.047, 0.034] | 0.001 [-0.035, 0.040] | 0.047 [0.015, 0.078] | -0.002 [-0.040, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.006 [-0.045, 0.056] | -0.011 [-0.082, 0.062] | -0.007 [-0.076, 0.063] | 0.039 [-0.018, 0.095] | -0.109 [-0.178, -0.042] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.009 [-0.043, 0.028] | -0.007 [-0.058, 0.046] | -0.020 [-0.064, 0.028] | 0.041 [0.001, 0.081] | 0.005 [-0.044, 0.053] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.025, -0.005] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] | -0.013 [-0.023, -0.003] | -0.006 [-0.015, 0.004] | -0.013 [-0.023, -0.002] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.004] | -0.020 [-0.038, -0.002] | -0.019 [-0.038, -0.001] | -0.019 [-0.037, -0.002] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.002] | -0.018 [-0.037, -0.001] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.033 [-0.046, -0.021] | -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] | -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] | -0.032 [-0.045, -0.019] | -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015] | -0.033 [-0.046, -0.020] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.002, 0.021] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.026] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.011] | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.019] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.025] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.023] | 0.010 [-0.003, 0.025] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.467 [0.450, 0.485] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.441, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.441, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] |
| Family BP mean | 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.135 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.873 [2.723, 3.019] | 2.870 [2.715, 3.034] | 2.850 [2.702, 3.010] | 2.842 [2.695, 2.997] | 2.862 [2.723, 3.011] | 2.832 [2.684, 2.992] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.191 [0.172, 0.214] | 0.172 [0.152, 0.195] | 0.170 [0.151, 0.193] | 0.166 [0.147, 0.188] | 0.145 [0.128, 0.164] | 0.173 [0.153, 0.196] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.011, 0.028] | 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.035, 0.081] | 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] | 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] | 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] | 0.055 [0.034, 0.084] | 0.052 [0.032, 0.079] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.007, 0.029] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.031] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.033] |
| R2 between | 0.009 [0.001, 0.032] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.054] | 0.025 [0.007, 0.062] | 0.043 [0.018, 0.082] | 0.109 [0.073, 0.154] | 0.020 [0.004, 0.060] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.033 [0.004, 0.095] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.114] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | |
| Number of participants | 841 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 |
| Number of observations | 20,851 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.440 [0.406, 0.475] | 0.450 [0.413, 0.485] | 0.450 [0.415, 0.486] | 0.449 [0.413, 0.487] | 0.448 [0.412, 0.485] | 0.447 [0.411, 0.484] |
| Family WP | 0.257 [0.210, 0.304] | 0.260 [0.209, 0.310] | 0.260 [0.211, 0.310] | 0.258 [0.207, 0.307] | 0.259 [0.209, 0.309] | 0.258 [0.208, 0.309] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.131 [0.086, 0.176] | 0.132 [0.086, 0.181] | 0.137 [0.089, 0.184] | 0.135 [0.085, 0.183] | 0.131 [0.080, 0.181] | 0.138 [0.090, 0.185] |
| Weekend WP | 0.238 [0.220, 0.256] | 0.242 [0.223, 0.262] | 0.244 [0.224, 0.264] | 0.243 [0.224, 0.263] | 0.243 [0.223, 0.262] | 0.242 [0.222, 0.261] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.925 [0.914, 0.937] | 0.933 [0.921, 0.945] | 0.934 [0.922, 0.946] | 0.936 [0.924, 0.948] | 0.934 [0.923, 0.946] | 0.931 [0.919, 0.943] |
| R2 within | 0.071 [0.066, 0.076] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.078] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.078] |
| Close peers BP | 0.962 [0.666, 1.267] | 0.712 [0.407, 1.013] | 0.904 [0.593, 1.210] | 0.973 [0.671, 1.274] | 0.956 [0.687, 1.223] | 1.007 [0.702, 1.311] |
| Family BP | 0.893 [0.311, 1.456] | 0.896 [0.332, 1.454] | 0.837 [0.261, 1.421] | 0.920 [0.350, 1.486] | 0.955 [0.445, 1.460] | 0.908 [0.322, 1.491] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.012 [-1.061, 1.060] | 0.002 [-1.035, 1.080] | 0.212 [-0.932, 1.352] | 0.303 [-0.781, 1.407] | 0.715 [-0.277, 1.708] | 0.339 [-0.775, 1.459] |
| Personality trait | 0.359 [0.282, 0.438] | 0.257 [0.156, 0.357] | 0.212 [0.122, 0.302] | -0.509 [-0.572, -0.444] | -0.008 [-0.099, 0.085] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.021 [-0.071, 0.029] | -0.035 [-0.097, 0.027] | -0.055 [-0.112, 0.001] | 0.038 [-0.008, 0.084] | -0.007 [-0.062, 0.047] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.055, 0.089] | 0.018 [-0.065, 0.105] | -0.042 [-0.119, 0.035] | -0.001 [-0.063, 0.061] | 0.026 [-0.055, 0.105] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.016 [-0.086, 0.049] | 0.037 [-0.047, 0.122] | 0.015 [-0.059, 0.090] | 0.013 [-0.046, 0.072] | 0.034 [-0.043, 0.110] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.061 [-0.091, -0.031] | -0.054 [-0.083, -0.026] | -0.054 [-0.085, -0.024] | -0.052 [-0.082, -0.022] | -0.046 [-0.073, -0.020] | -0.058 [-0.088, -0.027] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.037 [-0.079, 0.003] | -0.032 [-0.072, 0.006] | -0.031 [-0.073, 0.009] | -0.025 [-0.067, 0.017] | -0.029 [-0.063, 0.007] | -0.031 [-0.075, 0.010] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.055 [-0.095, -0.015] | -0.044 [-0.081, -0.008] | -0.047 [-0.089, -0.009] | -0.045 [-0.085, -0.003] | -0.039 [-0.075, -0.006] | -0.043 [-0.083, -0.004] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.029 [0.005, 0.053] | 0.029 [0.004, 0.055] | 0.028 [0.004, 0.053] | 0.028 [0.004, 0.054] | 0.029 [0.005, 0.054] | 0.028 [0.005, 0.053] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.003, 0.044] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] | 0.026 [0.001, 0.051] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.026 [0.002, 0.050] | 0.026 [0.004, 0.050] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.008, 0.051] | 0.014 [-0.016, 0.047] | 0.015 [-0.015, 0.050] | 0.014 [-0.017, 0.048] | 0.012 [-0.016, 0.044] | 0.015 [-0.018, 0.044] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.554 [0.414, 0.695] | 0.610 [0.468, 0.749] | 0.554 [0.410, 0.700] | 0.520 [0.379, 0.663] | 0.500 [0.375, 0.624] | 0.516 [0.368, 0.661] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.709 [0.643, 0.785] | 0.590 [0.532, 0.657] | 0.638 [0.574, 0.708] | 0.632 [0.570, 0.703] | 0.489 [0.440, 0.545] | 0.656 [0.592, 0.731] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.115 [0.093, 0.141] | 0.116 [0.093, 0.143] | 0.115 [0.092, 0.141] | 0.115 [0.091, 0.142] | 0.115 [0.092, 0.142] | 0.115 [0.092, 0.141] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.160 [0.124, 0.205] | 0.168 [0.129, 0.214] | 0.168 [0.127, 0.214] | 0.168 [0.130, 0.214] | 0.168 [0.129, 0.216] | 0.169 [0.128, 0.217] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.067 [0.037, 0.106] | 0.071 [0.039, 0.112] | 0.068 [0.038, 0.111] | 0.066 [0.033, 0.108] | 0.070 [0.038, 0.112] | 0.069 [0.036, 0.108] |
| R2 between | 0.069 [0.034, 0.115] | 0.106 [0.069, 0.152] | 0.086 [0.047, 0.135] | 0.094 [0.053, 0.145] | 0.225 [0.176, 0.277] | 0.083 [0.041, 0.135] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.251 [0.226, 0.276] | 0.254 [0.228, 0.280] | 0.257 [0.231, 0.282] | 0.256 [0.231, 0.282] | 0.256 [0.230, 0.282] | 0.256 [0.230, 0.281] |
| Family WP | 0.285 [0.241, 0.328] | 0.299 [0.250, 0.347] | 0.302 [0.253, 0.348] | 0.297 [0.248, 0.343] | 0.301 [0.252, 0.348] | 0.301 [0.253, 0.348] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.010 [-0.019, 0.042] | 0.004 [-0.025, 0.032] | 0.007 [-0.022, 0.035] | 0.004 [-0.025, 0.032] | 0.009 [-0.022, 0.042] | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034] |
| Weekend WP | 0.096 [0.079, 0.114] | 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] | 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] | 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] | 0.097 [0.077, 0.116] | 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] |
| Family WP variance | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.495 [0.487, 0.503] | 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] | 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] | 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] | 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] | 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] |
| R2 within | 0.068 [0.061, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] | 0.071 [0.063, 0.080] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] | 0.071 [0.064, 0.080] | 0.071 [0.063, 0.080] |
| Close peers BP | 0.614 [0.437, 0.791] | 0.460 [0.261, 0.655] | 0.604 [0.412, 0.792] | 0.643 [0.449, 0.832] | 0.631 [0.445, 0.811] | 0.674 [0.478, 0.867] |
| Family BP | 0.814 [0.346, 1.279] | 0.779 [0.273, 1.270] | 0.761 [0.256, 1.251] | 0.780 [0.266, 1.275] | 0.985 [0.518, 1.459] | 0.883 [0.367, 1.378] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.547 [0.071, 1.011] | 0.231 [-0.276, 0.750] | 0.420 [-0.087, 0.931] | 0.464 [-0.040, 0.982] | 0.370 [-0.116, 0.846] | 0.503 [-0.002, 1.028] |
| Personality trait | 0.149 [0.107, 0.189] | 0.174 [0.123, 0.226] | 0.128 [0.076, 0.179] | -0.268 [-0.309, -0.228] | 0.052 [-0.002, 0.106] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.015 [-0.047, 0.017] | 0.034 [-0.008, 0.076] | -0.040 [-0.081, 0.002] | 0.045 [0.013, 0.078] | 0.017 [-0.027, 0.059] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.010 [-0.068, 0.049] | 0.055 [-0.024, 0.134] | 0.016 [-0.062, 0.096] | 0.081 [0.018, 0.144] | 0.032 [-0.045, 0.109] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.018 [-0.058, 0.024] | 0.029 [-0.023, 0.084] | 0.032 [-0.022, 0.083] | 0.014 [-0.024, 0.054] | 0.010 [-0.044, 0.060] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.036, -0.009] | -0.020 [-0.033, -0.006] | -0.024 [-0.037, -0.010] | -0.019 [-0.033, -0.005] | -0.014 [-0.027, -0.001] | -0.021 [-0.035, -0.007] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.055, -0.009] | -0.039 [-0.065, -0.016] | -0.044 [-0.070, -0.020] | -0.042 [-0.068, -0.018] | -0.030 [-0.052, -0.007] | -0.041 [-0.068, -0.017] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.041, -0.008] | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.008] | -0.027 [-0.042, -0.011] | -0.027 [-0.041, -0.011] | -0.024 [-0.039, -0.009] | -0.025 [-0.041, -0.009] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.045 [0.027, 0.066] | 0.042 [0.023, 0.063] | 0.041 [0.022, 0.062] | 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] | 0.043 [0.021, 0.066] | 0.042 [0.023, 0.064] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023] | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.022, 0.015] | -0.008 [-0.026, 0.018] | -0.008 [-0.026, 0.017] | -0.008 [-0.026, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.026, 0.017] | -0.008 [-0.026, 0.018] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] | 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] |
| Family BP mean | 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.171 [2.025, 2.324] | 2.305 [2.142, 2.472] | 2.205 [2.047, 2.369] | 2.178 [2.019, 2.341] | 2.184 [2.035, 2.337] | 2.150 [1.991, 2.316] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.284 [0.263, 0.310] | 0.271 [0.247, 0.297] | 0.272 [0.247, 0.297] | 0.277 [0.252, 0.303] | 0.242 [0.221, 0.266] | 0.282 [0.257, 0.308] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.037, 0.064] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.047 [0.034, 0.062] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.049 [0.035, 0.064] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.128 [0.094, 0.167] | 0.134 [0.098, 0.181] | 0.131 [0.095, 0.178] | 0.133 [0.097, 0.180] | 0.134 [0.095, 0.183] | 0.134 [0.098, 0.181] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.007, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.039] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.039] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.038] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.036] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.039] |
| R2 between | 0.085 [0.043, 0.139] | 0.079 [0.045, 0.125] | 0.099 [0.056, 0.153] | 0.098 [0.053, 0.154] | 0.168 [0.120, 0.224] | 0.099 [0.050, 0.158] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.037] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.046] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.092] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | |
| Number of participants | 1,351 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,131 | 1,132 |
| Number of observations | 34,323 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,706 | 29,712 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.274 [0.245, 0.303] | 0.273 [0.241, 0.306] | 0.272 [0.239, 0.305] | 0.271 [0.238, 0.304] | 0.271 [0.238, 0.304] | 0.272 [0.239, 0.305] |
| Family WP | 0.302 [0.253, 0.353] | 0.297 [0.244, 0.352] | 0.292 [0.239, 0.348] | 0.292 [0.237, 0.349] | 0.291 [0.238, 0.347] | 0.289 [0.236, 0.345] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.024 [-0.013, 0.061] | 0.032 [-0.013, 0.075] | 0.030 [-0.013, 0.074] | 0.034 [-0.011, 0.077] | 0.030 [-0.013, 0.073] | 0.032 [-0.011, 0.075] |
| Weekend WP | 0.137 [0.115, 0.160] | 0.148 [0.123, 0.173] | 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] | 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] | 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] | 0.148 [0.123, 0.172] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] |
| Family WP variance | 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.500 [0.490, 0.511] | 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] | 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] | 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] | 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] | 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] |
| R2 within | 0.071 [0.060, 0.084] | 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] | 0.072 [0.061, 0.085] | 0.072 [0.061, 0.085] | 0.072 [0.061, 0.084] | 0.072 [0.061, 0.084] |
| Close peers BP | 0.508 [0.290, 0.732] | 0.290 [0.034, 0.556] | 0.433 [0.185, 0.692] | 0.466 [0.223, 0.720] | 0.422 [0.182, 0.667] | 0.448 [0.202, 0.705] |
| Family BP | 0.622 [0.169, 1.086] | 0.558 [0.057, 1.066] | 0.642 [0.135, 1.150] | 0.575 [0.071, 1.077] | 0.661 [0.178, 1.154] | 0.656 [0.154, 1.166] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.786 [0.259, 1.320] | 0.485 [-0.127, 1.087] | 0.683 [0.074, 1.276] | 0.652 [0.056, 1.243] | 0.610 [0.030, 1.182] | 0.704 [0.101, 1.293] |
| Personality trait | 0.106 [0.053, 0.160] | 0.079 [0.008, 0.150] | 0.137 [0.069, 0.204] | -0.229 [-0.283, -0.172] | 0.067 [-0.003, 0.138] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.009 [-0.033, 0.047] | -0.005 [-0.063, 0.050] | 0.024 [-0.031, 0.077] | 0.025 [-0.019, 0.070] | -0.007 [-0.060, 0.045] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.033 [-0.035, 0.098] | -0.022 [-0.116, 0.074] | -0.003 [-0.097, 0.088] | 0.046 [-0.029, 0.121] | -0.064 [-0.157, 0.029] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.005 [-0.056, 0.044] | -0.038 [-0.111, 0.033] | -0.032 [-0.099, 0.033] | 0.073 [0.017, 0.127] | 0.036 [-0.031, 0.102] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.015, 0.015] | 0.004 [-0.013, 0.021] | 0.005 [-0.012, 0.022] | 0.004 [-0.014, 0.020] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.026] | 0.005 [-0.013, 0.022] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.040, 0.015] | -0.027 [-0.057, 0.005] | -0.024 [-0.054, 0.008] | -0.025 [-0.055, 0.007] | -0.018 [-0.047, 0.013] | -0.024 [-0.055, 0.007] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] | -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] | -0.029 [-0.052, -0.007] | -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] | -0.020 [-0.042, 0.001] | -0.032 [-0.055, -0.010] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.013, 0.025] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.034] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.034] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.019] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.018, 0.031] | 0.013 [-0.008, 0.043] | 0.014 [-0.007, 0.045] | 0.014 [-0.007, 0.044] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.041] | 0.015 [-0.005, 0.045] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.467 [0.449, 0.484] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.101] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.140 [0.132, 0.149] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.153 [1.971, 2.328] | 2.296 [2.088, 2.496] | 2.195 [1.993, 2.391] | 2.188 [1.988, 2.381] | 2.209 [2.015, 2.396] | 2.184 [1.983, 2.380] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.279 [0.250, 0.312] | 0.261 [0.230, 0.296] | 0.264 [0.232, 0.300] | 0.259 [0.228, 0.295] | 0.238 [0.209, 0.271] | 0.265 [0.234, 0.301] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.024 [0.007, 0.043] | 0.031 [0.015, 0.049] | 0.031 [0.016, 0.050] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.049] | 0.031 [0.016, 0.050] | 0.031 [0.016, 0.049] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.079 [0.046, 0.120] | 0.079 [0.046, 0.127] | 0.080 [0.047, 0.129] | 0.080 [0.048, 0.129] | 0.079 [0.047, 0.127] | 0.079 [0.047, 0.127] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.038 [0.016, 0.065] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.062] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.061] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.062] | 0.030 [0.011, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.061] |
| R2 between | 0.084 [0.031, 0.159] | 0.057 [0.021, 0.126] | 0.075 [0.022, 0.158] | 0.086 [0.032, 0.169] | 0.125 [0.069, 0.204] | 0.078 [0.023, 0.161] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.059] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.047 [0.002, 0.171] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.064] | |
| Number of participants | 841 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 |
| Number of observations | 20,851 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.416 [0.389, 0.444] | 0.423 [0.394, 0.452] | 0.423 [0.394, 0.452] | 0.422 [0.393, 0.452] | 0.422 [0.394, 0.451] | 0.422 [0.392, 0.451] |
| Family WP | 0.262 [0.227, 0.297] | 0.267 [0.230, 0.306] | 0.267 [0.229, 0.303] | 0.265 [0.229, 0.302] | 0.266 [0.228, 0.304] | 0.266 [0.229, 0.304] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.100 [0.067, 0.136] | 0.106 [0.070, 0.141] | 0.105 [0.070, 0.140] | 0.106 [0.070, 0.143] | 0.106 [0.070, 0.141] | 0.107 [0.074, 0.145] |
| Weekend WP | 0.151 [0.137, 0.165] | 0.153 [0.139, 0.168] | 0.154 [0.140, 0.169] | 0.154 [0.139, 0.169] | 0.153 [0.138, 0.168] | 0.153 [0.138, 0.168] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.516 [0.510, 0.522] | 0.519 [0.512, 0.525] | 0.519 [0.512, 0.526] | 0.520 [0.513, 0.527] | 0.519 [0.513, 0.526] | 0.518 [0.512, 0.525] |
| R2 within | 0.089 [0.084, 0.095] | 0.092 [0.086, 0.098] | 0.091 [0.086, 0.098] | 0.091 [0.085, 0.097] | 0.091 [0.085, 0.097] | 0.091 [0.085, 0.097] |
| Close peers BP | 0.853 [0.632, 1.074] | 0.635 [0.414, 0.853] | 0.789 [0.556, 1.018] | 0.847 [0.625, 1.074] | 0.852 [0.642, 1.064] | 0.872 [0.643, 1.101] |
| Family BP | 0.462 [0.038, 0.887] | 0.501 [0.098, 0.904] | 0.434 [0.014, 0.860] | 0.499 [0.083, 0.931] | 0.525 [0.125, 0.930] | 0.470 [0.039, 0.905] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.063 [-0.724, 0.862] | -0.001 [-0.792, 0.771] | 0.214 [-0.629, 1.048] | 0.226 [-0.596, 1.046] | 0.474 [-0.298, 1.243] | 0.251 [-0.579, 1.093] |
| Personality trait | 0.304 [0.246, 0.363] | 0.199 [0.125, 0.276] | 0.163 [0.094, 0.230] | -0.305 [-0.356, -0.254] | 0.038 [-0.029, 0.106] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.019 [-0.059, 0.021] | -0.029 [-0.079, 0.022] | -0.051 [-0.097, -0.006] | 0.035 [-0.001, 0.072] | -0.002 [-0.046, 0.043] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.019 [-0.036, 0.071] | -0.001 [-0.064, 0.064] | -0.037 [-0.095, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.049, 0.046] | 0.005 [-0.054, 0.064] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.008 [-0.042, 0.059] | 0.031 [-0.034, 0.093] | 0.003 [-0.053, 0.055] | 0.003 [-0.041, 0.047] | 0.038 [-0.017, 0.096] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.051 [-0.070, -0.034] | -0.046 [-0.064, -0.028] | -0.046 [-0.064, -0.028] | -0.043 [-0.062, -0.025] | -0.041 [-0.059, -0.024] | -0.048 [-0.067, -0.029] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.038 [-0.061, -0.016] | -0.037 [-0.060, -0.016] | -0.035 [-0.058, -0.013] | -0.032 [-0.055, -0.010] | -0.035 [-0.056, -0.015] | -0.037 [-0.060, -0.014] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] | -0.024 [-0.045, -0.005] | -0.026 [-0.048, -0.004] | -0.022 [-0.046, -0.002] | -0.022 [-0.042, -0.002] | -0.022 [-0.044, -0.001] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.021 [0.007, 0.036] | 0.021 [0.006, 0.036] | 0.021 [0.006, 0.036] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.035] | 0.021 [0.007, 0.036] | 0.021 [0.006, 0.037] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.002, 0.026] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.029] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.029] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.015 [-0.003, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] | 0.014 [-0.003, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.002, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.002, 0.033] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.151 [2.048, 2.255] | 2.191 [2.090, 2.294] | 2.147 [2.038, 2.255] | 2.121 [2.017, 2.227] | 2.105 [2.004, 2.203] | 2.120 [2.011, 2.230] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.392 [0.356, 0.434] | 0.324 [0.292, 0.361] | 0.359 [0.324, 0.400] | 0.356 [0.321, 0.396] | 0.309 [0.278, 0.345] | 0.370 [0.334, 0.412] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.084 [0.070, 0.100] | 0.083 [0.068, 0.101] | 0.083 [0.068, 0.100] | 0.082 [0.068, 0.100] | 0.083 [0.068, 0.100] | 0.083 [0.068, 0.102] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.092 [0.073, 0.115] | 0.095 [0.072, 0.120] | 0.095 [0.074, 0.121] | 0.094 [0.073, 0.119] | 0.094 [0.073, 0.118] | 0.094 [0.073, 0.120] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.038 [0.019, 0.061] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.060] | 0.038 [0.019, 0.061] | 0.037 [0.017, 0.059] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.059] | 0.037 [0.020, 0.060] |
| R2 between | 0.084 [0.046, 0.131] | 0.128 [0.090, 0.173] | 0.097 [0.058, 0.147] | 0.106 [0.065, 0.158] | 0.182 [0.134, 0.235] | 0.095 [0.053, 0.147] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.052] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.107 [-0.131, -0.084] | -0.111 [-0.134, -0.086] | -0.115 [-0.138, -0.090] | -0.113 [-0.136, -0.088] | -0.113 [-0.137, -0.088] | -0.113 [-0.136, -0.088] |
| Family WP | -0.097 [-0.140, -0.052] | -0.107 [-0.155, -0.060] | -0.111 [-0.158, -0.064] | -0.106 [-0.153, -0.059] | -0.108 [-0.156, -0.064] | -0.109 [-0.156, -0.063] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.041 [0.010, 0.072] | 0.034 [0.003, 0.066] | 0.030 [-0.002, 0.061] | 0.030 [-0.002, 0.062] | 0.033 [0.001, 0.065] | 0.031 [-0.001, 0.062] |
| Weekend WP | -0.115 [-0.134, -0.097] | -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095] | -0.115 [-0.136, -0.095] | -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095] | -0.114 [-0.135, -0.094] | -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] |
| Family WP variance | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.535 [0.526, 0.543] | 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] | 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] | 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] | 0.528 [0.520, 0.537] | 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] |
| R2 within | 0.034 [0.029, 0.040] | 0.032 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.032 [0.026, 0.039] | 0.032 [0.026, 0.040] | 0.032 [0.026, 0.038] |
| Close peers BP | 0.293 [0.095, 0.493] | 0.331 [0.102, 0.560] | 0.295 [0.076, 0.516] | 0.257 [0.038, 0.476] | 0.259 [0.064, 0.460] | 0.229 [0.008, 0.452] |
| Family BP | 0.327 [-0.189, 0.860] | 0.184 [-0.403, 0.746] | 0.244 [-0.338, 0.799] | 0.244 [-0.342, 0.801] | -0.013 [-0.518, 0.521] | 0.131 [-0.457, 0.696] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.430 [-0.109, 0.984] | 0.455 [-0.138, 1.040] | 0.410 [-0.173, 0.981] | 0.371 [-0.210, 0.948] | 0.459 [-0.090, 0.998] | 0.335 [-0.248, 0.918] |
| Personality trait | -0.064 [-0.110, -0.019] | -0.156 [-0.214, -0.098] | -0.132 [-0.189, -0.075] | 0.300 [0.256, 0.344] | -0.044 [-0.103, 0.015] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.010 [-0.019, 0.041] | -0.038 [-0.076, -0.001] | -0.008 [-0.047, 0.031] | -0.018 [-0.050, 0.013] | 0.011 [-0.027, 0.051] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.008 [-0.046, 0.064] | -0.031 [-0.101, 0.043] | -0.054 [-0.130, 0.019] | -0.053 [-0.111, 0.009] | 0.013 [-0.065, 0.088] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.035 [-0.002, 0.070] | -0.018 [-0.067, 0.028] | -0.001 [-0.052, 0.046] | -0.006 [-0.046, 0.032] | 0.005 [-0.043, 0.054] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] | -0.021 [-0.035, -0.006] | -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.003] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.068, -0.016] | -0.041 [-0.068, -0.014] | -0.042 [-0.069, -0.016] | -0.043 [-0.070, -0.017] | -0.034 [-0.060, -0.009] | -0.041 [-0.068, -0.014] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.032, 0.004] | -0.013 [-0.032, 0.006] | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.005] | -0.014 [-0.032, 0.006] | -0.013 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.013 [-0.032, 0.006] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.018 [0.003, 0.036] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.035] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.035] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.033] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.036] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.004, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.006, 0.016] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.015] | 0.003 [-0.007, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.015] | 0.003 [-0.006, 0.016] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.022, 0.017] | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.029] | 0.006 [-0.018, 0.029] | 0.006 [-0.019, 0.028] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.028] | 0.007 [-0.018, 0.029] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] |
| Family BP mean | 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.962 [1.795, 2.135] | 1.941 [1.745, 2.133] | 1.962 [1.774, 2.146] | 1.987 [1.798, 2.171] | 1.989 [1.818, 2.154] | 2.013 [1.824, 2.198] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.355 [0.326, 0.386] | 0.345 [0.316, 0.378] | 0.339 [0.310, 0.371] | 0.342 [0.313, 0.375] | 0.297 [0.271, 0.326] | 0.348 [0.319, 0.381] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.016, 0.043] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.042] | 0.027 [0.015, 0.043] | 0.027 [0.016, 0.040] | 0.027 [0.015, 0.042] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.093 [0.057, 0.132] | 0.088 [0.056, 0.132] | 0.087 [0.055, 0.131] | 0.086 [0.053, 0.129] | 0.086 [0.052, 0.132] | 0.088 [0.056, 0.131] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.007, 0.042] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.033] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.015 [0.006, 0.034] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.034] | 0.015 [0.006, 0.034] |
| R2 between | 0.020 [0.003, 0.055] | 0.027 [0.006, 0.069] | 0.033 [0.013, 0.072] | 0.026 [0.009, 0.062] | 0.098 [0.070, 0.134] | 0.014 [0.002, 0.045] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.028 [0.000, 0.153] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.045] | |
| Number of participants | 1,351 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,131 | 1,132 |
| Number of observations | 34,323 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,706 | 29,712 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.089 [-0.119, -0.060] | -0.096 [-0.129, -0.061] | -0.099 [-0.132, -0.065] | -0.096 [-0.129, -0.062] | -0.098 [-0.131, -0.064] | -0.098 [-0.131, -0.064] |
| Family WP | -0.134 [-0.181, -0.089] | -0.128 [-0.183, -0.072] | -0.133 [-0.187, -0.077] | -0.129 [-0.185, -0.072] | -0.133 [-0.188, -0.078] | -0.121 [-0.172, -0.065] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.047 [0.007, 0.088] | 0.047 [-0.001, 0.095] | 0.043 [-0.006, 0.090] | 0.042 [-0.008, 0.089] | 0.043 [-0.006, 0.090] | 0.044 [-0.005, 0.091] |
| Weekend WP | -0.152 [-0.175, -0.128] | -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] | -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] | -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] | -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] | -0.153 [-0.180, -0.127] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] |
| Family WP variance | 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.555 [0.544, 0.567] | 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] | 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] | 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] | 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] | 0.555 [0.543, 0.568] |
| R2 within | 0.031 [0.025, 0.041] | 0.036 [0.028, 0.046] | 0.036 [0.029, 0.047] | 0.036 [0.029, 0.046] | 0.036 [0.029, 0.047] | 0.035 [0.027, 0.043] |
| Close peers BP | 0.264 [0.036, 0.494] | 0.143 [-0.130, 0.417] | 0.139 [-0.120, 0.400] | 0.096 [-0.164, 0.353] | 0.143 [-0.108, 0.392] | 0.114 [-0.148, 0.376] |
| Family BP | 0.479 [0.002, 0.950] | 0.134 [-0.407, 0.686] | 0.133 [-0.402, 0.681] | 0.197 [-0.336, 0.738] | 0.104 [-0.408, 0.633] | 0.113 [-0.424, 0.654] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.842 [0.299, 1.393] | 0.763 [0.119, 1.408] | 0.789 [0.159, 1.422] | 0.794 [0.170, 1.417] | 0.875 [0.264, 1.476] | 0.723 [0.086, 1.357] |
| Personality trait | -0.027 [-0.084, 0.031] | -0.094 [-0.168, -0.018] | -0.137 [-0.210, -0.065] | 0.231 [0.172, 0.290] | -0.029 [-0.103, 0.045] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.028 [-0.014, 0.068] | -0.022 [-0.080, 0.038] | -0.023 [-0.077, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.058, 0.032] | 0.009 [-0.048, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.014 [-0.051, 0.080] | -0.040 [-0.134, 0.051] | -0.017 [-0.106, 0.071] | 0.023 [-0.050, 0.097] | 0.174 [0.085, 0.268] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.028 [-0.023, 0.080] | -0.041 [-0.116, 0.034] | 0.025 [-0.044, 0.095] | 0.001 [-0.061, 0.064] | 0.001 [-0.073, 0.075] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.036, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.036, 0.002] | -0.018 [-0.038, 0.001] | -0.019 [-0.038, 0.000] | -0.016 [-0.035, 0.002] | -0.018 [-0.037, 0.002] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.039, 0.020] | -0.018 [-0.049, 0.015] | -0.019 [-0.051, 0.013] | -0.018 [-0.050, 0.013] | -0.022 [-0.052, 0.009] | -0.016 [-0.047, 0.016] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.054, -0.008] | -0.036 [-0.063, -0.008] | -0.037 [-0.065, -0.009] | -0.035 [-0.062, -0.007] | -0.037 [-0.063, -0.010] | -0.037 [-0.064, -0.008] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.016] | 0.000 [-0.017, 0.021] | 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] | -0.001 [-0.017, 0.020] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.010, 0.017] | 0.006 [-0.010, 0.026] | 0.007 [-0.009, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.009, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.009, 0.028] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.027, 0.018] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.025] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.025] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.026] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.025] | -0.004 [-0.027, 0.024] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.467 [0.450, 0.485] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] |
| Family BP mean | 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.926 [1.738, 2.112] | 2.010 [1.796, 2.220] | 2.008 [1.804, 2.213] | 2.023 [1.821, 2.224] | 1.996 [1.797, 2.190] | 2.030 [1.822, 2.238] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.302 [0.272, 0.337] | 0.294 [0.260, 0.334] | 0.290 [0.257, 0.330] | 0.287 [0.254, 0.327] | 0.264 [0.233, 0.300] | 0.294 [0.261, 0.334] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.026 [0.012, 0.042] | 0.027 [0.010, 0.047] | 0.028 [0.010, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.010, 0.047] | 0.028 [0.011, 0.048] | 0.028 [0.009, 0.048] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.036 [0.013, 0.081] | 0.044 [0.019, 0.088] | 0.045 [0.020, 0.089] | 0.046 [0.020, 0.089] | 0.044 [0.020, 0.087] | 0.035 [0.013, 0.074] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.035 [0.017, 0.060] | 0.047 [0.021, 0.079] | 0.047 [0.022, 0.080] | 0.047 [0.022, 0.080] | 0.048 [0.023, 0.081] | 0.048 [0.023, 0.080] |
| R2 between | 0.045 [0.009, 0.108] | 0.029 [0.004, 0.090] | 0.034 [0.007, 0.093] | 0.041 [0.013, 0.098] | 0.088 [0.047, 0.150] | 0.025 [0.004, 0.079] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.137 [0.031, 0.362] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | |
| Number of participants | 841 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 |
| Number of observations | 20,851 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.046 [-0.065, -0.026] | -0.049 [-0.071, -0.027] | -0.052 [-0.073, -0.031] | -0.051 [-0.073, -0.029] | -0.049 [-0.071, -0.027] | -0.050 [-0.071, -0.028] |
| Family WP | -0.019 [-0.050, 0.011] | -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018] | -0.021 [-0.054, 0.012] | -0.019 [-0.051, 0.014] | -0.021 [-0.053, 0.011] | -0.017 [-0.048, 0.015] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.042 [0.006, 0.078] | 0.054 [0.017, 0.092] | 0.051 [0.012, 0.089] | 0.051 [0.013, 0.088] | 0.050 [0.014, 0.087] | 0.049 [0.011, 0.088] |
| Weekend WP | -0.234 [-0.248, -0.219] | -0.238 [-0.253, -0.223] | -0.239 [-0.254, -0.224] | -0.238 [-0.253, -0.223] | -0.237 [-0.252, -0.223] | -0.237 [-0.252, -0.222] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.528 [0.522, 0.534] | 0.532 [0.526, 0.539] | 0.532 [0.525, 0.538] | 0.533 [0.527, 0.540] | 0.531 [0.525, 0.538] | 0.530 [0.524, 0.537] |
| R2 within | 0.035 [0.031, 0.039] | 0.036 [0.033, 0.040] | 0.037 [0.032, 0.040] | 0.036 [0.032, 0.040] | 0.036 [0.033, 0.040] | 0.037 [0.033, 0.041] |
| Close peers BP | -0.071 [-0.311, 0.167] | -0.025 [-0.284, 0.229] | -0.093 [-0.344, 0.164] | -0.104 [-0.359, 0.146] | -0.062 [-0.295, 0.170] | -0.115 [-0.367, 0.139] |
| Family BP | -0.251 [-0.713, 0.221] | -0.219 [-0.703, 0.246] | -0.247 [-0.711, 0.230] | -0.249 [-0.713, 0.240] | -0.281 [-0.733, 0.158] | -0.282 [-0.749, 0.204] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.521 [-0.349, 1.365] | 0.540 [-0.408, 1.456] | 0.501 [-0.417, 1.428] | 0.438 [-0.483, 1.351] | 0.170 [-0.683, 1.008] | 0.436 [-0.488, 1.360] |
| Personality trait | -0.076 [-0.142, -0.010] | -0.060 [-0.143, 0.022] | -0.026 [-0.101, 0.048] | 0.322 [0.266, 0.377] | 0.073 [0.000, 0.147] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] | 0.018 [-0.020, 0.055] | 0.013 [-0.020, 0.047] | 0.015 [-0.012, 0.042] | -0.019 [-0.051, 0.013] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.033 [-0.011, 0.078] | -0.023 [-0.077, 0.031] | 0.011 [-0.038, 0.061] | 0.017 [-0.023, 0.057] | 0.006 [-0.046, 0.059] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.011 [-0.041, 0.063] | -0.026 [-0.092, 0.040] | -0.060 [-0.117, 0.000] | 0.010 [-0.038, 0.056] | -0.041 [-0.100, 0.019] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.026, 0.002] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.018 [-0.032, -0.004] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.000] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] | -0.002 [-0.025, 0.020] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.014] | 0.000 [-0.022, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.033, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.029, 0.024] | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021] | -0.005 [-0.032, 0.022] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.020] | -0.004 [-0.030, 0.024] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.002, 0.017] | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019] | 0.008 [-0.001, 0.018] | 0.009 [-0.002, 0.020] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.014] | 0.005 [-0.005, 0.018] | 0.005 [-0.006, 0.017] | 0.006 [-0.005, 0.017] | 0.005 [-0.006, 0.017] | 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.005, 0.028] | 0.008 [-0.009, 0.026] | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] | 0.010 [-0.005, 0.028] | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] | 0.009 [-0.009, 0.027] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.254 [2.144, 2.366] | 2.241 [2.121, 2.363] | 2.266 [2.146, 2.382] | 2.273 [2.150, 2.392] | 2.279 [2.171, 2.388] | 2.275 [2.156, 2.395] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.446 [0.405, 0.493] | 0.430 [0.389, 0.477] | 0.436 [0.392, 0.485] | 0.434 [0.392, 0.482] | 0.371 [0.334, 0.413] | 0.434 [0.391, 0.481] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.020 [0.013, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.045 [0.032, 0.062] | 0.045 [0.031, 0.065] | 0.046 [0.032, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.032, 0.064] | 0.045 [0.032, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.040, 0.082] | 0.056 [0.037, 0.080] | 0.057 [0.038, 0.080] | 0.056 [0.038, 0.079] | 0.058 [0.038, 0.082] | 0.057 [0.039, 0.082] |
| R2 between | 0.007 [0.001, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.032] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.030] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.029] | 0.091 [0.064, 0.123] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.033] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.172 [-0.195, -0.149] | -0.163 [-0.187, -0.139] | -0.168 [-0.192, -0.145] | -0.167 [-0.191, -0.144] | -0.166 [-0.190, -0.142] | -0.167 [-0.191, -0.143] |
| Family WP | -0.114 [-0.155, -0.077] | -0.110 [-0.153, -0.067] | -0.118 [-0.160, -0.076] | -0.113 [-0.155, -0.071] | -0.116 [-0.158, -0.072] | -0.117 [-0.160, -0.075] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.150 [-0.178, -0.122] | -0.137 [-0.167, -0.107] | -0.143 [-0.173, -0.112] | -0.141 [-0.171, -0.111] | -0.141 [-0.171, -0.111] | -0.141 [-0.172, -0.111] |
| Weekend WP | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.002] | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.002] | -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] | 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] |
| Family WP variance | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] | 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.348 [0.342, 0.354] | 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] | 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] | 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] | 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] | 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] |
| R2 within | 0.081 [0.073, 0.091] | 0.080 [0.072, 0.089] | 0.082 [0.073, 0.091] | 0.081 [0.073, 0.090] | 0.081 [0.072, 0.091] | 0.081 [0.073, 0.090] |
| Close peers BP | 0.109 [-0.070, 0.288] | 0.187 [-0.015, 0.382] | 0.090 [-0.107, 0.278] | 0.066 [-0.132, 0.255] | 0.051 [-0.134, 0.235] | 0.060 [-0.138, 0.251] |
| Family BP | 0.238 [-0.237, 0.687] | 0.165 [-0.324, 0.666] | 0.166 [-0.324, 0.667] | 0.190 [-0.297, 0.693] | -0.035 [-0.518, 0.454] | 0.094 [-0.399, 0.601] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.498 [0.018, 0.966] | 0.638 [0.133, 1.148] | 0.522 [0.015, 1.021] | 0.489 [-0.016, 0.983] | 0.511 [0.029, 1.000] | 0.440 [-0.072, 0.944] |
| Personality trait | -0.112 [-0.151, -0.071] | -0.121 [-0.172, -0.070] | -0.138 [-0.188, -0.087] | 0.222 [0.182, 0.262] | 0.045 [-0.008, 0.098] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.040 [0.011, 0.069] | -0.014 [-0.053, 0.024] | 0.017 [-0.022, 0.054] | -0.041 [-0.072, -0.008] | 0.008 [-0.031, 0.047] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.049 [-0.003, 0.100] | -0.071 [-0.137, -0.004] | -0.037 [-0.106, 0.028] | -0.053 [-0.108, 0.001] | -0.039 [-0.110, 0.028] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.041 [0.005, 0.076] | -0.023 [-0.072, 0.023] | 0.001 [-0.045, 0.046] | -0.072 [-0.111, -0.031] | 0.000 [-0.047, 0.047] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.064 [-0.079, -0.051] | -0.057 [-0.072, -0.044] | -0.060 [-0.074, -0.046] | -0.058 [-0.073, -0.044] | -0.054 [-0.067, -0.041] | -0.060 [-0.075, -0.045] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.054 [-0.077, -0.032] | -0.051 [-0.075, -0.029] | -0.057 [-0.081, -0.035] | -0.055 [-0.078, -0.032] | -0.047 [-0.070, -0.024] | -0.054 [-0.078, -0.031] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.075 [-0.094, -0.059] | -0.065 [-0.082, -0.049] | -0.068 [-0.085, -0.051] | -0.067 [-0.084, -0.050] | -0.058 [-0.075, -0.043] | -0.067 [-0.085, -0.050] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.048 [0.031, 0.065] | 0.048 [0.032, 0.067] | 0.050 [0.033, 0.068] | 0.050 [0.033, 0.069] | 0.048 [0.032, 0.066] | 0.049 [0.033, 0.068] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.043 [0.031, 0.056] | 0.040 [0.028, 0.053] | 0.041 [0.028, 0.054] | 0.041 [0.028, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.027, 0.053] | 0.041 [0.028, 0.054] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.026 [0.007, 0.047] | 0.022 [0.003, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.045] | 0.023 [0.005, 0.046] | 0.023 [0.004, 0.043] | 0.023 [0.005, 0.046] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.500, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.500, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] | 0.515 [0.500, 0.529] |
| Family BP mean | 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] | 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.450 [1.299, 1.605] | 1.374 [1.212, 1.545] | 1.440 [1.283, 1.607] | 1.456 [1.299, 1.624] | 1.474 [1.316, 1.632] | 1.472 [1.313, 1.640] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] | 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.303 [0.279, 0.328] | 0.275 [0.251, 0.301] | 0.278 [0.254, 0.305] | 0.276 [0.252, 0.303] | 0.253 [0.231, 0.277] | 0.283 [0.259, 0.310] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.051, 0.075] | 0.060 [0.048, 0.074] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.074] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.074] | 0.059 [0.047, 0.073] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.074] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.115 [0.084, 0.150] | 0.114 [0.084, 0.150] | 0.116 [0.085, 0.153] | 0.116 [0.085, 0.153] | 0.113 [0.084, 0.150] | 0.116 [0.086, 0.153] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] | 0.061 [0.043, 0.084] | 0.062 [0.044, 0.085] | 0.062 [0.043, 0.085] | 0.061 [0.042, 0.084] | 0.062 [0.044, 0.085] |
| R2 between | 0.012 [0.001, 0.038] | 0.036 [0.013, 0.075] | 0.023 [0.008, 0.052] | 0.025 [0.010, 0.053] | 0.065 [0.043, 0.095] | 0.011 [0.002, 0.035] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.009 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.059] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| Number of participants | 1,351 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,132 | 1,131 | 1,132 |
| Number of observations | 34,323 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,712 | 29,706 | 29,712 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.152 [-0.180, -0.123] | -0.155 [-0.188, -0.122] | -0.154 [-0.187, -0.121] | -0.156 [-0.189, -0.123] | -0.152 [-0.184, -0.120] | -0.155 [-0.188, -0.123] |
| Family WP | -0.146 [-0.194, -0.098] | -0.129 [-0.181, -0.077] | -0.129 [-0.180, -0.077] | -0.135 [-0.186, -0.083] | -0.127 [-0.178, -0.075] | -0.125 [-0.176, -0.074] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.170 [-0.204, -0.136] | -0.176 [-0.214, -0.137] | -0.175 [-0.213, -0.136] | -0.173 [-0.211, -0.134] | -0.175 [-0.212, -0.136] | -0.175 [-0.213, -0.136] |
| Weekend WP | -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] | -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] | 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] |
| Family WP variance | 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] | 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] | 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.339 [0.332, 0.346] | 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] | 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] | 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] | 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] | 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] |
| R2 within | 0.085 [0.074, 0.098] | 0.086 [0.074, 0.097] | 0.085 [0.074, 0.097] | 0.086 [0.075, 0.098] | 0.085 [0.074, 0.097] | 0.085 [0.074, 0.097] |
| Close peers BP | -0.088 [-0.317, 0.139] | -0.240 [-0.502, 0.021] | -0.193 [-0.440, 0.059] | -0.222 [-0.469, 0.025] | -0.172 [-0.411, 0.067] | -0.213 [-0.462, 0.037] |
| Family BP | 0.165 [-0.317, 0.625] | -0.150 [-0.643, 0.350] | -0.122 [-0.611, 0.373] | -0.056 [-0.544, 0.430] | -0.134 [-0.611, 0.341] | -0.137 [-0.627, 0.359] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.096 [-0.467, 0.635] | 0.179 [-0.438, 0.775] | 0.262 [-0.349, 0.854] | 0.285 [-0.311, 0.875] | 0.353 [-0.229, 0.926] | 0.211 [-0.397, 0.800] |
| Personality trait | 0.021 [-0.034, 0.075] | -0.064 [-0.136, 0.007] | -0.133 [-0.200, -0.065] | 0.221 [0.166, 0.277] | 0.039 [-0.030, 0.111] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.002 [-0.037, 0.041] | 0.047 [-0.009, 0.101] | 0.049 [-0.003, 0.102] | -0.106 [-0.149, -0.062] | -0.015 [-0.069, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.008 [-0.051, 0.068] | 0.072 [-0.016, 0.154] | 0.064 [-0.021, 0.143] | -0.098 [-0.168, -0.029] | 0.080 [-0.004, 0.164] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.001 [-0.047, 0.042] | 0.025 [-0.038, 0.087] | -0.002 [-0.060, 0.058] | -0.055 [-0.105, -0.005] | 0.027 [-0.034, 0.088] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.054 [-0.072, -0.037] | -0.055 [-0.074, -0.037] | -0.054 [-0.072, -0.036] | -0.052 [-0.071, -0.035] | -0.040 [-0.058, -0.023] | -0.054 [-0.073, -0.036] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.044 [-0.072, -0.017] | -0.048 [-0.076, -0.022] | -0.046 [-0.073, -0.020] | -0.045 [-0.072, -0.019] | -0.036 [-0.062, -0.012] | -0.047 [-0.075, -0.021] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.084, -0.042] | -0.059 [-0.081, -0.039] | -0.059 [-0.080, -0.039] | -0.059 [-0.080, -0.039] | -0.052 [-0.073, -0.033] | -0.060 [-0.081, -0.039] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.058 [0.038, 0.081] | 0.058 [0.036, 0.083] | 0.056 [0.034, 0.081] | 0.058 [0.036, 0.082] | 0.052 [0.031, 0.077] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.084] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [0.012, 0.038] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.045] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.044] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.045] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.040] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.045] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.047 [0.024, 0.070] | 0.058 [0.036, 0.085] | 0.057 [0.036, 0.084] | 0.059 [0.038, 0.086] | 0.054 [0.033, 0.081] | 0.057 [0.035, 0.083] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.467 [0.450, 0.484] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] | 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] |
| Family BP mean | 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] | 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] | 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] | 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.622 [1.439, 1.812] | 1.674 [1.471, 1.875] | 1.639 [1.442, 1.833] | 1.644 [1.453, 1.837] | 1.617 [1.430, 1.803] | 1.657 [1.463, 1.850] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] | 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] | 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.309 [0.278, 0.343] | 0.273 [0.241, 0.308] | 0.271 [0.240, 0.306] | 0.266 [0.235, 0.300] | 0.246 [0.217, 0.278] | 0.272 [0.241, 0.308] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.061 [0.045, 0.079] | 0.065 [0.048, 0.085] | 0.064 [0.047, 0.083] | 0.064 [0.048, 0.084] | 0.058 [0.042, 0.077] | 0.065 [0.048, 0.085] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.126 [0.091, 0.167] | 0.117 [0.081, 0.161] | 0.113 [0.079, 0.157] | 0.115 [0.081, 0.161] | 0.112 [0.078, 0.156] | 0.114 [0.079, 0.157] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] | 0.052 [0.033, 0.076] | 0.052 [0.033, 0.076] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.076] | 0.050 [0.031, 0.073] | 0.052 [0.033, 0.076] |
| R2 between | 0.008 [0.001, 0.028] | 0.020 [0.004, 0.060] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.052] | 0.033 [0.012, 0.067] | 0.071 [0.042, 0.109] | 0.019 [0.004, 0.053] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.051 [0.018, 0.103] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.002, 0.069] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.043] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| Number of participants | 841 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 | 627 |
| Number of observations | 20,851 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 | 16,487 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.120 [-0.143, -0.098] | -0.118 [-0.142, -0.094] | -0.119 [-0.143, -0.095] | -0.119 [-0.143, -0.095] | -0.118 [-0.142, -0.094] | -0.117 [-0.141, -0.093] |
| Family WP | -0.091 [-0.119, -0.063] | -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] | -0.091 [-0.120, -0.061] | -0.091 [-0.120, -0.061] | -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] | -0.089 [-0.119, -0.059] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.042 [-0.071, -0.013] | -0.036 [-0.066, -0.005] | -0.039 [-0.068, -0.009] | -0.038 [-0.067, -0.009] | -0.038 [-0.069, -0.008] | -0.038 [-0.066, -0.008] |
| Weekend WP | -0.028 [-0.040, -0.017] | -0.027 [-0.040, -0.016] | -0.029 [-0.041, -0.017] | -0.029 [-0.040, -0.017] | -0.029 [-0.041, -0.017] | -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] | 0.336 [0.332, 0.340] | 0.337 [0.333, 0.341] | 0.337 [0.333, 0.341] | 0.337 [0.332, 0.341] | 0.335 [0.331, 0.339] |
| R2 within | 0.043 [0.039, 0.047] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] |
| Close peers BP | -0.348 [-0.551, -0.142] | -0.286 [-0.511, -0.067] | -0.335 [-0.556, -0.113] | -0.343 [-0.566, -0.131] | -0.329 [-0.532, -0.121] | -0.355 [-0.577, -0.142] |
| Family BP | -0.616 [-1.009, -0.218] | -0.563 [-0.984, -0.151] | -0.572 [-0.986, -0.161] | -0.582 [-0.986, -0.167] | -0.598 [-0.979, -0.209] | -0.586 [-0.992, -0.180] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.126 [-0.878, 0.593] | -0.099 [-0.882, 0.673] | -0.158 [-0.954, 0.606] | -0.153 [-0.905, 0.632] | -0.342 [-1.104, 0.396] | -0.171 [-0.953, 0.593] |
| Personality trait | -0.072 [-0.131, -0.014] | -0.072 [-0.145, 0.001] | -0.061 [-0.125, 0.004] | 0.230 [0.179, 0.281] | 0.025 [-0.042, 0.090] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.003 [-0.037, 0.030] | 0.035 [-0.007, 0.076] | 0.038 [0.002, 0.074] | -0.034 [-0.064, -0.004] | -0.013 [-0.050, 0.024] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.002 [-0.045, 0.040] | 0.007 [-0.044, 0.056] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.036] | -0.041 [-0.078, -0.003] | -0.002 [-0.047, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.011 [-0.055, 0.030] | 0.025 [-0.027, 0.079] | 0.025 [-0.019, 0.070] | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.022] | -0.029 [-0.076, 0.017] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.059 [-0.074, -0.045] | -0.058 [-0.074, -0.043] | -0.058 [-0.074, -0.043] | -0.057 [-0.073, -0.043] | -0.054 [-0.069, -0.040] | -0.058 [-0.075, -0.043] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.044 [-0.061, -0.028] | -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] | -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026] | -0.043 [-0.062, -0.025] | -0.038 [-0.055, -0.022] | -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] | -0.018 [-0.035, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.035, 0.000] | -0.017 [-0.036, 0.000] | -0.016 [-0.032, 0.000] | -0.019 [-0.037, -0.001] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.033] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.033] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [0.008, 0.031] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.030] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.744 [1.648, 1.841] | 1.714 [1.610, 1.820] | 1.730 [1.626, 1.832] | 1.734 [1.632, 1.836] | 1.742 [1.645, 1.839] | 1.738 [1.639, 1.838] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.355 [0.323, 0.392] | 0.342 [0.310, 0.381] | 0.344 [0.310, 0.384] | 0.344 [0.310, 0.383] | 0.312 [0.282, 0.346] | 0.346 [0.312, 0.385] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] | 0.060 [0.050, 0.072] | 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] | 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] | 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.071] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.055 [0.042, 0.072] | 0.060 [0.046, 0.078] | 0.060 [0.046, 0.078] | 0.059 [0.046, 0.077] | 0.058 [0.043, 0.075] | 0.060 [0.045, 0.077] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.035 [0.023, 0.049] | 0.035 [0.022, 0.050] | 0.034 [0.020, 0.049] | 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.020, 0.048] |
| R2 between | 0.030 [0.009, 0.063] | 0.030 [0.009, 0.065] | 0.032 [0.010, 0.068] | 0.033 [0.010, 0.070] | 0.083 [0.052, 0.123] | 0.032 [0.009, 0.070] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.006] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.020, 0.006] |
| Family WP | 0.027 [0.005, 0.049] | 0.035 [0.012, 0.059] | 0.033 [0.009, 0.057] | 0.033 [0.009, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.009, 0.056] | 0.035 [0.011, 0.058] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.010 [-0.031, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.032, 0.014] | -0.009 [-0.032, 0.015] | -0.008 [-0.032, 0.013] | -0.010 [-0.032, 0.014] | -0.012 [-0.033, 0.010] |
| Weekend WP | -0.025 [-0.034, -0.015] | -0.024 [-0.034, -0.015] | -0.023 [-0.033, -0.014] | -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014] | -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014] | -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.227 [0.225, 0.230] | 0.223 [0.220, 0.226] | 0.224 [0.222, 0.227] | 0.224 [0.221, 0.227] | 0.224 [0.221, 0.227] | 0.223 [0.220, 0.226] |
| R2 within | 0.020 [0.017, 0.023] | 0.021 [0.018, 0.025] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.025] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.025] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.024] |
| Close peers BP | -0.085 [-0.200, 0.029] | -0.086 [-0.194, 0.022] | -0.073 [-0.179, 0.033] | -0.092 [-0.200, 0.015] | -0.084 [-0.185, 0.019] | -0.095 [-0.204, 0.009] |
| Family BP | -0.274 [-0.491, -0.057] | -0.221 [-0.421, -0.023] | -0.225 [-0.427, -0.027] | -0.233 [-0.430, -0.035] | -0.242 [-0.436, -0.052] | -0.240 [-0.438, -0.037] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.185 [-0.594, 0.210] | -0.306 [-0.690, 0.079] | -0.265 [-0.652, 0.113] | -0.313 [-0.695, 0.075] | -0.390 [-0.768, -0.017] | -0.305 [-0.689, 0.070] |
| Personality trait | -0.005 [-0.033, 0.024] | -0.071 [-0.105, -0.036] | -0.025 [-0.057, 0.007] | 0.088 [0.064, 0.113] | 0.005 [-0.026, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.017] | -0.009 [-0.033, 0.015] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032] | 0.014 [-0.004, 0.032] | 0.001 [-0.020, 0.022] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.020 [-0.015, 0.053] | -0.002 [-0.042, 0.038] | 0.018 [-0.017, 0.054] | 0.015 [-0.015, 0.046] | -0.002 [-0.039, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.040] | -0.007 [-0.043, 0.033] | -0.003 [-0.037, 0.032] | 0.012 [-0.015, 0.042] | 0.017 [-0.018, 0.054] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.013, -0.004] | -0.009 [-0.013, -0.005] | -0.010 [-0.014, -0.006] | -0.009 [-0.013, -0.005] | -0.010 [-0.015, -0.006] | -0.010 [-0.014, -0.005] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.017, -0.001] | -0.004 [-0.011, 0.004] | -0.004 [-0.011, 0.004] | -0.003 [-0.010, 0.004] | -0.004 [-0.011, 0.003] | -0.003 [-0.011, 0.004] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.014, 0.001] | -0.005 [-0.012, 0.002] | -0.005 [-0.013, 0.002] | -0.005 [-0.013, 0.002] | -0.006 [-0.013, 0.001] | -0.006 [-0.013, 0.002] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.012 [0.008, 0.017] | 0.013 [0.008, 0.018] | 0.013 [0.008, 0.018] | 0.013 [0.008, 0.017] | 0.013 [0.008, 0.017] | 0.012 [0.008, 0.017] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.001, 0.008] | 0.003 [-0.001, 0.007] | 0.003 [-0.002, 0.007] | 0.003 [-0.002, 0.007] | 0.003 [-0.001, 0.007] | 0.002 [-0.002, 0.007] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.014] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.014] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.291 [1.238, 1.345] | 1.279 [1.228, 1.329] | 1.274 [1.224, 1.324] | 1.282 [1.231, 1.331] | 1.285 [1.237, 1.333] | 1.282 [1.233, 1.332] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.098 [0.088, 0.108] | 0.075 [0.068, 0.084] | 0.074 [0.067, 0.082] | 0.075 [0.068, 0.084] | 0.071 [0.063, 0.079] | 0.076 [0.068, 0.084] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.010 [0.007, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] | 0.009 [0.006, 0.013] | 0.009 [0.005, 0.013] | 0.009 [0.006, 0.013] | 0.009 [0.006, 0.013] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.037 [0.028, 0.048] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.048] | 0.038 [0.030, 0.050] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.011 [0.002, 0.020] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] | 0.013 [0.004, 0.023] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.023] | 0.013 [0.007, 0.024] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] |
| R2 between | 0.016 [0.003, 0.045] | 0.020 [0.004, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.012, 0.061] | 0.024 [0.006, 0.057] | 0.059 [0.032, 0.097] | 0.023 [0.005, 0.057] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.038 [-0.058, -0.020] | -0.041 [-0.062, -0.019] | -0.042 [-0.063, -0.021] | -0.041 [-0.062, -0.020] | -0.040 [-0.060, -0.019] | -0.041 [-0.061, -0.021] |
| Family WP | -0.011 [-0.037, 0.016] | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.020] | -0.008 [-0.037, 0.021] | -0.009 [-0.038, 0.021] | -0.004 [-0.033, 0.024] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.044 [-0.078, -0.012] | -0.040 [-0.076, -0.004] | -0.040 [-0.075, -0.005] | -0.040 [-0.076, -0.006] | -0.040 [-0.073, -0.007] | -0.041 [-0.077, -0.006] |
| Weekend WP | -0.205 [-0.219, -0.191] | -0.208 [-0.222, -0.195] | -0.210 [-0.224, -0.195] | -0.209 [-0.223, -0.195] | -0.208 [-0.223, -0.194] | -0.208 [-0.222, -0.193] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.489 [0.483, 0.495] | 0.494 [0.488, 0.501] | 0.494 [0.488, 0.500] | 0.496 [0.489, 0.502] | 0.494 [0.488, 0.500] | 0.492 [0.486, 0.499] |
| R2 within | 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.031 [0.027, 0.035] | 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.035] | 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] |
| Close peers BP | -0.151 [-0.364, 0.055] | -0.086 [-0.307, 0.138] | -0.170 [-0.387, 0.056] | -0.174 [-0.397, 0.047] | -0.139 [-0.343, 0.065] | -0.190 [-0.411, 0.029] |
| Family BP | -0.416 [-0.825, -0.010] | -0.398 [-0.804, 0.027] | -0.422 [-0.840, -0.008] | -0.422 [-0.840, -0.010] | -0.446 [-0.832, -0.063] | -0.453 [-0.863, -0.042] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.223 [-0.531, 0.966] | 0.187 [-0.613, 0.976] | 0.172 [-0.656, 0.958] | 0.096 [-0.705, 0.894] | -0.153 [-0.888, 0.590] | 0.080 [-0.692, 0.884] |
| Personality trait | -0.099 [-0.157, -0.041] | -0.038 [-0.109, 0.033] | -0.050 [-0.115, 0.015] | 0.276 [0.228, 0.325] | 0.082 [0.017, 0.146] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.011 [-0.017, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.030, 0.044] | -0.002 [-0.034, 0.031] | 0.000 [-0.025, 0.027] | 0.001 [-0.030, 0.033] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.003 [-0.040, 0.045] | -0.041 [-0.091, 0.009] | -0.003 [-0.048, 0.041] | -0.005 [-0.043, 0.033] | -0.017 [-0.065, 0.028] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.037 [-0.012, 0.087] | 0.001 [-0.057, 0.063] | -0.041 [-0.095, 0.010] | -0.014 [-0.056, 0.028] | -0.016 [-0.070, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.026, -0.003] | -0.015 [-0.028, -0.002] | -0.016 [-0.028, -0.004] | -0.016 [-0.029, -0.003] | -0.016 [-0.028, -0.005] | -0.016 [-0.029, -0.004] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.003] | -0.012 [-0.029, 0.005] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.011 [-0.027, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007] | -0.011 [-0.033, 0.009] | -0.012 [-0.033, 0.008] | -0.015 [-0.036, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.004, 0.020] | 0.012 [0.003, 0.020] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.021] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.021] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.001, 0.018] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.020] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.022] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.022] | 0.010 [0.001, 0.019] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.011] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.015, 0.011] | -0.003 [-0.015, 0.012] | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.014] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.916 [1.818, 2.012] | 1.897 [1.795, 2.000] | 1.925 [1.820, 2.029] | 1.930 [1.828, 2.034] | 1.936 [1.840, 2.031] | 1.937 [1.835, 2.038] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.345 [0.314, 0.381] | 0.324 [0.291, 0.360] | 0.331 [0.298, 0.368] | 0.329 [0.297, 0.366] | 0.283 [0.256, 0.316] | 0.328 [0.295, 0.364] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] | 0.021 [0.014, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.029] | 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.014, 0.029] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.020, 0.048] | 0.034 [0.023, 0.049] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.049] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.049] | 0.032 [0.020, 0.048] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.019, 0.050] | 0.035 [0.019, 0.055] | 0.037 [0.020, 0.058] | 0.036 [0.015, 0.055] | 0.035 [0.018, 0.056] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] |
| R2 between | 0.012 [0.001, 0.036] | 0.020 [0.006, 0.045] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.043] | 0.016 [0.003, 0.045] | 0.096 [0.066, 0.132] | 0.021 [0.005, 0.050] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.011 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | -0.030 [-0.047, -0.012] | -0.029 [-0.047, -0.011] | -0.030 [-0.049, -0.011] | -0.029 [-0.047, -0.010] | -0.029 [-0.048, -0.012] | -0.028 [-0.046, -0.010] |
| Family WP | -0.002 [-0.026, 0.023] | -0.004 [-0.031, 0.023] | -0.003 [-0.030, 0.023] | -0.001 [-0.027, 0.024] | -0.002 [-0.028, 0.024] | 0.001 [-0.025, 0.029] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.037 [-0.066, -0.009] | -0.037 [-0.066, -0.009] | -0.041 [-0.070, -0.013] | -0.039 [-0.068, -0.010] | -0.038 [-0.066, -0.008] | -0.040 [-0.069, -0.010] |
| Weekend WP | -0.035 [-0.047, -0.024] | -0.039 [-0.051, -0.027] | -0.040 [-0.052, -0.028] | -0.040 [-0.051, -0.027] | -0.040 [-0.052, -0.028] | -0.039 [-0.051, -0.027] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.346 [0.342, 0.350] | 0.346 [0.342, 0.351] | 0.347 [0.343, 0.352] | 0.348 [0.343, 0.352] | 0.348 [0.343, 0.352] | 0.346 [0.342, 0.350] |
| R2 within | 0.018 [0.015, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.015, 0.022] | 0.018 [0.014, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.016, 0.023] | 0.019 [0.016, 0.023] | 0.019 [0.015, 0.022] |
| Close peers BP | -0.086 [-0.265, 0.092] | -0.060 [-0.246, 0.125] | -0.095 [-0.277, 0.091] | -0.097 [-0.282, 0.087] | -0.080 [-0.249, 0.092] | -0.117 [-0.301, 0.068] |
| Family BP | -0.542 [-0.888, -0.191] | -0.528 [-0.870, -0.186] | -0.526 [-0.867, -0.184] | -0.539 [-0.884, -0.202] | -0.555 [-0.873, -0.242] | -0.551 [-0.894, -0.197] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.025 [-0.664, 0.607] | 0.003 [-0.663, 0.662] | -0.040 [-0.705, 0.653] | -0.064 [-0.714, 0.605] | -0.279 [-0.897, 0.335] | -0.071 [-0.746, 0.594] |
| Personality trait | -0.062 [-0.112, -0.014] | -0.063 [-0.122, -0.002] | -0.074 [-0.128, -0.020] | 0.242 [0.202, 0.283] | 0.053 [-0.002, 0.107] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.004 [-0.022, 0.029] | 0.022 [-0.010, 0.055] | 0.007 [-0.021, 0.036] | -0.017 [-0.039, 0.007] | 0.008 [-0.020, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.023 [-0.060, 0.014] | -0.003 [-0.049, 0.042] | -0.005 [-0.045, 0.036] | -0.012 [-0.045, 0.022] | -0.044 [-0.084, -0.002] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.018 [-0.022, 0.057] | -0.015 [-0.065, 0.033] | 0.011 [-0.031, 0.053] | -0.029 [-0.065, 0.009] | 0.013 [-0.032, 0.059] | |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] | -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.012] | -0.019 [-0.028, -0.011] | -0.022 [-0.032, -0.013] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.023, 0.003] | -0.012 [-0.025, 0.002] | -0.011 [-0.025, 0.003] | -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] | -0.009 [-0.021, 0.003] | -0.009 [-0.023, 0.004] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.033, -0.006] | -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.031, -0.003] | -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] | -0.013 [-0.026, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.005] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.006, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] | 0.001 [-0.006, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.005, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007] | 0.001 [-0.006, 0.007] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.005, 0.013] | 0.002 [-0.007, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.008, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.007, 0.012] | 0.003 [-0.006, 0.012] | 0.004 [-0.005, 0.014] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] | 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.586 [1.503, 1.670] | 1.570 [1.483, 1.660] | 1.584 [1.498, 1.673] | 1.587 [1.499, 1.673] | 1.596 [1.513, 1.675] | 1.592 [1.504, 1.680] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.246 [0.223, 0.272] | 0.231 [0.208, 0.257] | 0.233 [0.210, 0.259] | 0.231 [0.208, 0.257] | 0.195 [0.176, 0.218] | 0.232 [0.210, 0.258] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.021 [0.015, 0.027] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.014, 0.026] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] | 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.013, 0.026] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.030 [0.020, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] | 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.045] | 0.032 [0.022, 0.045] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.013, 0.037] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.035] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.035] |
| R2 between | 0.018 [0.004, 0.046] | 0.024 [0.007, 0.054] | 0.023 [0.006, 0.054] | 0.026 [0.008, 0.058] | 0.113 [0.080, 0.152] | 0.025 [0.007, 0.058] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.047] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | |
| Number of participants | 862 | 762 | 757 | 761 | 761 | 759 |
| Number of observations | 55,948 | 50,134 | 49,920 | 50,106 | 50,103 | 50,026 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | .372 [.354, .389] | .379 [.362, .397] | .384 [.366, .401] | .382 [.364, .399] | .380 [.363, .398] | .381 [.364, .399] |
| Family WP | .284 [.256, .312] | .290 [.260, .320] | .294 [.263, .324] | .283 [.256, .311] | .289 [.257, .320] | .290 [.260, .320] |
| Weak ties WP | .087 [.064, .111] | .097 [.070, .124] | .102 [.076, .129] | .098 [.071, .126] | .101 [.074, .128] | .101 [.074, .128] |
| Close peers BP | .122 [.077, .167] | .089 [.038, .139] | .125 [.076, .173] | .145 [.097, .193] | .147 [.102, .192] | .151 [.103, .200] |
| Family BP | .050 [.005, .095] | .072 [.024, .120] | .066 [.017, .114] | .069 [.022, .116] | .096 [.051, .141] | .078 [.031, .126] |
| Weak ties BP | -.012 [-.059, .035] | -.027 [-.078, .023] | -.013 [-.063, .038] | -.007 [-.058, .043] | -.002 [-.049, .046] | .001 [-.049, .051] |
| Personality trait | .152 [.123, .181] | .124 [.097, .152] | .130 [.102, .157] | -.335 [-.361, -.309] | .011 [-.017, .039] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -.047 [-.097, .003] | .014 [-.035, .062] | -.047 [-.095, .002] | .099 [.050, .148] | -.004 [-.053, .045] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.007 [-.063, .049] | .035 [-.021, .091] | -.003 [-.058, .053] | .062 [.007, .118] | -.013 [-.069, .042] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.075 [-.154, .005] | .052 [-.028, .131] | .009 [-.068, .086] | .097 [.017, .177] | .027 [-.050, .104] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | .423 [.407, .440] | .442 [.424, .460] | .442 [.424, .460] | .441 [.423, .459] | .441 [.423, .459] | .441 [.423, .459] |
| Family WP | .363 [.335, .391] | .367 [.339, .396] | .374 [.344, .405] | .363 [.335, .391] | .372 [.342, .403] | .372 [.342, .403] |
| Weak ties WP | .049 [.024, .073] | .063 [.036, .090] | .062 [.035, .088] | .064 [.037, .092] | .056 [.031, .081] | .063 [.036, .090] |
| Close peers BP | .250 [.208, .291] | .190 [.141, .239] | .240 [.193, .286] | .256 [.210, .302] | .259 [.215, .303] | .261 [.216, .306] |
| Family BP | .106 [.064, .149] | .108 [.061, .154] | .104 [.057, .151] | .106 [.060, .153] | .127 [.083, .172] | .114 [.067, .160] |
| Weak ties BP | .068 [.023, .114] | .031 [-.018, .081] | .060 [.011, .109] | .062 [.013, .110] | .065 [.017, .112] | .066 [.018, .115] |
| Personality trait | .184 [.155, .212] | .118 [.090, .145] | .110 [.082, .137] | -.265 [-.291, -.239] | .039 [.011, .067] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -.027 [-.078, .025] | .002 [-.049, .053] | -.061 [-.112, -.010] | .087 [.037, .137] | .008 [-.042, .058] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .018 [-.040, .077] | .019 [-.039, .077] | -.019 [-.079, .040] | .061 [.001, .120] | .003 [-.054, .061] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.015 [-.104, .075] | .031 [-.061, .124] | .003 [-.087, .093] | .069 [-.018, .155] | .072 [-.015, .160] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | -.098 [-.112, -.083] | -.106 [-.124, -.088] | -.111 [-.129, -.094] | -.110 [-.128, -.092] | -.108 [-.126, -.090] | -.109 [-.127, -.091] |
| Family WP | -.087 [-.114, -.061] | -.083 [-.114, -.052] | -.081 [-.109, -.053] | -.076 [-.104, -.048] | -.074 [-.103, -.045] | -.078 [-.106, -.050] |
| Weak ties WP | .054 [.030, .079] | .056 [.029, .084] | .051 [.023, .078] | .050 [.023, .078] | .056 [.027, .084] | .047 [.020, .074] |
| Close peers BP | .060 [.014, .105] | .056 [.004, .108] | .044 [-.006, .094] | .033 [-.017, .083] | .044 [-.004, .092] | .028 [-.023, .079] |
| Family BP | .027 [-.018, .073] | .002 [-.048, .052] | .003 [-.046, .052] | .005 [-.045, .055] | -.015 [-.062, .033] | -.006 [-.056, .045] |
| Weak ties BP | .078 [.030, .125] | .074 [.022, .127] | .071 [.020, .123] | .068 [.016, .119] | .067 [.017, .118] | .063 [.010, .115] |
| Personality trait | -.054 [-.083, -.025] | -.080 [-.108, -.051] | -.077 [-.105, -.048] | .272 [.245, .298] | -.004 [-.033, .024] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | .018 [-.050, .086] | -.036 [-.104, .033] | -.005 [-.071, .062] | -.009 [-.075, .058] | -.010 [-.075, .055] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .047 [-.024, .118] | -.049 [-.119, .020] | -.026 [-.097, .045] | -.011 [-.082, .061] | .060 [-.014, .134] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .065 [-.016, .147] | -.059 [-.141, .022] | -.044 [-.125, .037] | .007 [-.075, .088] | -.036 [-.116, .045] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | -.227 [-.244, -.209] | -.221 [-.239, -.203] | -.229 [-.246, -.212] | -.228 [-.245, -.212] | -.224 [-.242, -.206] | -.227 [-.244, -.211] |
| Family WP | -.166 [-.193, -.140] | -.163 [-.194, -.131] | -.162 [-.191, -.134] | -.168 [-.200, -.137] | -.163 [-.191, -.136] | -.165 [-.196, -.133] |
| Weak ties WP | -.187 [-.213, -.161] | -.177 [-.203, -.151] | -.181 [-.207, -.155] | -.177 [-.203, -.151] | -.174 [-.201, -.147] | -.173 [-.200, -.146] |
| Close peers BP | -.040 [-.084, .005] | -.032 [-.082, .018] | -.051 [-.100, -.003] | -.059 [-.108, -.011] | -.059 [-.106, -.011] | -.064 [-.112, -.015] |
| Family BP | -.022 [-.066, .022] | -.037 [-.085, .011] | -.036 [-.084, .012] | -.034 [-.082, .013] | -.055 [-.102, -.008] | -.045 [-.093, .003] |
| Weak ties BP | .028 [-.018, .075] | .041 [-.009, .091] | .035 [-.015, .085] | .033 [-.016, .082] | .030 [-.020, .079] | .026 [-.024, .077] |
| Personality trait | -.069 [-.098, -.040] | -.073 [-.101, -.045] | -.093 [-.120, -.065] | .228 [.201, .256] | .030 [.002, .059] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | .037 [-.006, .080] | .029 [-.014, .073] | .058 [.015, .101] | -.116 [-.160, -.072] | -.010 [-.053, .033] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .034 [-.019, .088] | -.009 [-.060, .043] | -.003 [-.055, .049] | -.107 [-.162, -.053] | .005 [-.048, .058] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .038 [-.021, .097] | .005 [-.054, .063] | .017 [-.041, .074] | -.118 [-.178, -.058] | -.004 [-.062, .054] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.243 [-0.264, -0.222] | -0.238 [-0.261, -0.215] | -0.237 [-0.260, -0.215] | -0.237 [-0.260, -0.215] | -0.237 [-0.259, -0.214] | -0.239 [-0.261, -0.216] |
| Mixed WP | -0.018 [-0.039, 0.004] | -0.016 [-0.040, 0.007] | -0.016 [-0.039, 0.007] | -0.016 [-0.039, 0.008] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.006] | -0.015 [-0.039, 0.008] |
| Family WP | -0.003 [-0.034, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.025, 0.044] | 0.009 [-0.025, 0.043] | 0.006 [-0.028, 0.041] | 0.007 [-0.027, 0.040] | 0.008 [-0.026, 0.043] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.204 [-0.228, -0.181] | -0.205 [-0.230, -0.179] | -0.205 [-0.230, -0.178] | -0.205 [-0.231, -0.180] | -0.206 [-0.231, -0.181] | -0.205 [-0.231, -0.179] |
| Weekend WP | 0.064 [0.049, 0.079] | 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] | 0.065 [0.048, 0.081] | 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] | 0.064 [0.047, 0.080] | 0.064 [0.047, 0.080] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.236 [0.231, 0.241] | 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] | 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] | 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] | 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] | 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] |
| R2 within | 0.094 [0.084, 0.102] | 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] |
| Personality trait | 0.090 [0.059, 0.123] | 0.155 [0.113, 0.197] | 0.130 [0.088, 0.172] | -0.249 [-0.280, -0.216] | 0.011 [-0.033, 0.055] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.002 [-0.026, 0.029] | 0.017 [-0.019, 0.053] | 0.031 [-0.004, 0.068] | -0.036 [-0.067, -0.005] | -0.029 [-0.065, 0.009] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.014 [-0.016, 0.044] | 0.034 [-0.005, 0.073] | 0.010 [-0.028, 0.051] | 0.008 [-0.025, 0.039] | 0.005 [-0.036, 0.043] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.014 [-0.026, 0.056] | 0.026 [-0.026, 0.080] | 0.032 [-0.025, 0.087] | 0.021 [-0.024, 0.065] | 0.008 [-0.047, 0.064] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.011 [-0.019, 0.041] | 0.010 [-0.030, 0.048] | 0.030 [-0.009, 0.069] | -0.022 [-0.055, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.047, 0.033] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.008, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.028] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.023] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.030] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.017] | 0.003 [-0.009, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.009, 0.014] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.015] | 0.006 [-0.005, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.013, 0.015] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] | -0.002 [-0.015, 0.012] | -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.012, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.014, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.014, 0.006] | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.014, 0.009] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009] | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.017, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.008] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [0.015, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.011] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [0.007, 0.024] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.011, 0.017] | 0.004 [-0.009, 0.016] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.987 [2.962, 3.012] | 3.003 [2.976, 3.029] | 3.002 [2.976, 3.029] | 3.002 [2.975, 3.028] | 3.003 [2.979, 3.028] | 3.002 [2.975, 3.029] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.198 [0.183, 0.216] | 0.185 [0.169, 0.203] | 0.181 [0.165, 0.198] | 0.184 [0.168, 0.201] | 0.154 [0.140, 0.170] | 0.190 [0.174, 0.209] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] | 0.043 [0.034, 0.055] | 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] | 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.017 [0.009, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.033] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] | 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] | 0.053 [0.036, 0.075] | 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] | 0.052 [0.035, 0.076] | 0.054 [0.037, 0.076] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.038 [0.025, 0.051] | 0.041 [0.028, 0.055] | 0.040 [0.028, 0.055] | 0.040 [0.027, 0.055] | 0.040 [0.029, 0.054] | 0.041 [0.028, 0.056] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.030] | 0.103 [0.079, 0.129] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.003] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,774 | 20,512 | 20,512 | 20,512 | 20,507 | 20,512 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.239 [-0.266, -0.210] | -0.231 [-0.262, -0.200] | -0.231 [-0.263, -0.200] | -0.232 [-0.263, -0.200] | -0.230 [-0.261, -0.200] | -0.231 [-0.263, -0.200] |
| Mixed WP | -0.033 [-0.064, -0.004] | -0.039 [-0.074, -0.005] | -0.043 [-0.077, -0.009] | -0.045 [-0.079, -0.011] | -0.043 [-0.077, -0.009] | -0.044 [-0.078, -0.010] |
| Family WP | 0.024 [-0.015, 0.060] | 0.017 [-0.027, 0.059] | 0.016 [-0.027, 0.059] | 0.017 [-0.027, 0.061] | 0.016 [-0.027, 0.058] | 0.011 [-0.033, 0.052] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.169 [-0.200, -0.139] | -0.162 [-0.196, -0.128] | -0.163 [-0.197, -0.129] | -0.162 [-0.196, -0.127] | -0.162 [-0.196, -0.128] | -0.161 [-0.195, -0.127] |
| Weekend WP | 0.104 [0.085, 0.124] | 0.109 [0.087, 0.130] | 0.109 [0.087, 0.131] | 0.108 [0.087, 0.130] | 0.109 [0.088, 0.131] | 0.109 [0.087, 0.130] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.239 [0.233, 0.246] | 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.249] | 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] | 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] | 0.242 [0.235, 0.249] |
| R2 within | 0.098 [0.089, 0.109] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] | 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] |
| Personality trait | 0.033 [-0.008, 0.073] | 0.078 [0.021, 0.134] | 0.122 [0.068, 0.175] | -0.203 [-0.245, -0.160] | 0.013 [-0.043, 0.068] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.002 [-0.038, 0.038] | 0.000 [-0.052, 0.053] | 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] | -0.068 [-0.109, -0.024] | -0.012 [-0.062, 0.040] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.045 [-0.092, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.077, 0.038] | 0.030 [-0.029, 0.086] | -0.006 [-0.053, 0.040] | -0.001 [-0.064, 0.060] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.002 [-0.048, 0.053] | 0.005 [-0.064, 0.078] | -0.007 [-0.078, 0.060] | -0.014 [-0.070, 0.043] | -0.097 [-0.170, -0.031] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.011 [-0.051, 0.031] | 0.028 [-0.034, 0.086] | -0.007 [-0.066, 0.046] | -0.037 [-0.082, 0.009] | 0.016 [-0.042, 0.073] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.017 [0.004, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.002, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.021] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.031] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.003 [-0.018, 0.012] | -0.003 [-0.018, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.012] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.012, 0.023] | -0.006 [-0.025, 0.012] | -0.006 [-0.025, 0.011] | -0.006 [-0.024, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.023, 0.013] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.029, -0.003] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.004] | -0.023 [-0.038, -0.009] | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.004] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.019 [0.008, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.030] | 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.002] | -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] | -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001] | -0.014 [-0.029, 0.000] | -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.023, 0.006] | -0.004 [-0.021, 0.014] | -0.004 [-0.021, 0.014] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.014] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.015] | -0.002 [-0.019, 0.015] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.027] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.027] | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.028] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.025] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.025] | 0.009 [-0.007, 0.025] | 0.008 [-0.009, 0.024] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.026] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.956 [2.925, 2.987] | 2.971 [2.937, 3.006] | 2.971 [2.938, 3.006] | 2.970 [2.937, 3.004] | 2.973 [2.940, 3.005] | 2.971 [2.937, 3.006] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.182 [0.164, 0.204] | 0.163 [0.144, 0.186] | 0.162 [0.142, 0.184] | 0.158 [0.139, 0.180] | 0.141 [0.124, 0.161] | 0.164 [0.144, 0.186] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.038, 0.069] | 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] | 0.043 [0.029, 0.060] | 0.045 [0.031, 0.063] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.022 [0.009, 0.039] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.040] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.032, 0.074] | 0.047 [0.027, 0.073] | 0.047 [0.027, 0.073] | 0.048 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.048 [0.027, 0.073] | 0.044 [0.026, 0.068] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.034 [0.020, 0.050] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] | 0.075 [0.047, 0.109] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.029 [0.004, 0.076] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.032 [0.000, 0.160] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.060] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.038 [0.004, 0.126] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 14,006 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.337 [-0.387, -0.286] | -0.337 [-0.390, -0.283] | -0.328 [-0.384, -0.270] | -0.338 [-0.393, -0.280] | -0.332 [-0.388, -0.276] | -0.334 [-0.391, -0.278] |
| Mixed WP | -0.014 [-0.070, 0.045] | -0.007 [-0.069, 0.059] | -0.013 [-0.080, 0.055] | -0.014 [-0.073, 0.049] | -0.016 [-0.074, 0.047] | -0.013 [-0.075, 0.047] |
| Family WP | -0.285 [-0.350, -0.218] | -0.298 [-0.367, -0.229] | -0.293 [-0.365, -0.223] | -0.297 [-0.368, -0.229] | -0.292 [-0.362, -0.224] | -0.296 [-0.367, -0.227] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.234 [-0.293, -0.169] | -0.239 [-0.302, -0.173] | -0.243 [-0.310, -0.176] | -0.237 [-0.301, -0.171] | -0.236 [-0.300, -0.169] | -0.231 [-0.297, -0.166] |
| Weekend WP | 0.245 [0.214, 0.276] | 0.254 [0.221, 0.286] | 0.255 [0.222, 0.287] | 0.254 [0.221, 0.287] | 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] | 0.252 [0.220, 0.285] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.950 [0.930, 0.969] | 0.960 [0.940, 0.980] | 0.960 [0.940, 0.981] | 0.961 [0.941, 0.982] | 0.961 [0.941, 0.981] | 0.956 [0.936, 0.977] |
| R2 within | 0.085 [0.077, 0.093] | 0.088 [0.079, 0.096] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] |
| Personality trait | 0.378 [0.301, 0.454] | 0.282 [0.182, 0.383] | 0.209 [0.118, 0.300] | -0.495 [-0.561, -0.430] | 0.021 [-0.072, 0.112] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.061 [-0.015, 0.138] | -0.024 [-0.116, 0.071] | 0.102 [0.020, 0.186] | -0.087 [-0.155, -0.019] | -0.009 [-0.091, 0.074] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.068 [-0.154, 0.016] | -0.068 [-0.178, 0.043] | -0.039 [-0.135, 0.055] | 0.037 [-0.039, 0.116] | 0.014 [-0.079, 0.106] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.104 [0.006, 0.201] | 0.054 [-0.064, 0.180] | 0.047 [-0.059, 0.156] | -0.096 [-0.185, -0.006] | 0.004 [-0.102, 0.112] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.032 [-0.057, 0.122] | 0.075 [-0.039, 0.190] | 0.027 [-0.068, 0.129] | -0.018 [-0.094, 0.059] | 0.069 [-0.030, 0.166] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.088 [0.042, 0.133] | 0.077 [0.034, 0.122] | 0.093 [0.047, 0.139] | 0.080 [0.035, 0.126] | 0.062 [0.023, 0.102] | 0.090 [0.046, 0.138] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.057, 0.040] | 0.003 [-0.046, 0.052] | -0.006 [-0.059, 0.045] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.040] | -0.001 [-0.047, 0.044] | -0.011 [-0.065, 0.043] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.095 [0.039, 0.152] | 0.081 [0.025, 0.137] | 0.095 [0.037, 0.155] | 0.095 [0.039, 0.156] | 0.069 [0.020, 0.122] | 0.102 [0.044, 0.163] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.084, 0.023] | -0.028 [-0.077, 0.022] | -0.029 [-0.084, 0.023] | -0.026 [-0.079, 0.027] | -0.029 [-0.077, 0.020] | -0.023 [-0.077, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.058 [0.020, 0.102] | 0.071 [0.028, 0.117] | 0.065 [0.025, 0.115] | 0.066 [0.024, 0.111] | 0.065 [0.025, 0.110] | 0.069 [0.029, 0.116] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.073 [0.027, 0.122] | 0.080 [0.029, 0.137] | 0.084 [0.034, 0.138] | 0.080 [0.030, 0.134] | 0.075 [0.027, 0.130] | 0.083 [0.031, 0.136] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.068, 0.023] | -0.026 [-0.075, 0.022] | -0.022 [-0.071, 0.022] | -0.027 [-0.074, 0.013] | -0.028 [-0.078, 0.015] | -0.024 [-0.076, 0.023] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.042, 0.059] | 0.019 [-0.037, 0.078] | 0.018 [-0.046, 0.076] | 0.017 [-0.042, 0.079] | 0.014 [-0.043, 0.078] | 0.010 [-0.049, 0.072] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.079, 0.032] | -0.036 [-0.091, 0.015] | -0.035 [-0.086, 0.021] | -0.038 [-0.090, 0.020] | -0.039 [-0.094, 0.022] | -0.039 [-0.101, 0.021] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.094 [0.039, 0.152] | 0.088 [0.032, 0.150] | 0.087 [0.033, 0.149] | 0.089 [0.034, 0.149] | 0.088 [0.030, 0.150] | 0.092 [0.036, 0.156] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.083 [1.024, 1.141] | 1.078 [1.020, 1.135] | 1.077 [1.016, 1.135] | 1.075 [1.016, 1.134] | 1.079 [1.026, 1.132] | 1.078 [1.018, 1.139] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.685 [0.618, 0.761] | 0.562 [0.503, 0.631] | 0.615 [0.551, 0.688] | 0.618 [0.553, 0.692] | 0.482 [0.430, 0.542] | 0.639 [0.572, 0.715] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.137 [0.094, 0.192] | 0.144 [0.095, 0.205] | 0.142 [0.094, 0.202] | 0.141 [0.093, 0.198] | 0.141 [0.092, 0.196] | 0.148 [0.100, 0.207] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.097 [0.053, 0.152] | 0.108 [0.062, 0.163] | 0.113 [0.068, 0.180] | 0.109 [0.057, 0.170] | 0.109 [0.056, 0.171] | 0.117 [0.067, 0.181] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.299 [0.228, 0.377] | 0.318 [0.243, 0.409] | 0.321 [0.245, 0.413] | 0.323 [0.247, 0.413] | 0.316 [0.242, 0.406] | 0.326 [0.248, 0.412] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.168 [0.111, 0.238] | 0.159 [0.106, 0.229] | 0.153 [0.098, 0.221] | 0.160 [0.101, 0.228] | 0.159 [0.102, 0.228] | 0.155 [0.098, 0.230] |
| R2 between | 0.061 [0.039, 0.087] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.038] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.029] | 0.140 [0.107, 0.176] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.049] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.056] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.011 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.039] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,330 | 19,317 | 19,254 | 19,313 | 19,305 | 19,263 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.249 [-0.278, -0.220] | -0.253 [-0.284, -0.221] | -0.252 [-0.283, -0.220] | -0.252 [-0.283, -0.221] | -0.252 [-0.282, -0.220] | -0.254 [-0.285, -0.223] |
| Mixed WP | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.029] | 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034] | 0.001 [-0.033, 0.035] | 0.002 [-0.032, 0.036] | -0.003 [-0.040, 0.031] | 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034] |
| Family WP | 0.046 [0.005, 0.089] | 0.067 [0.022, 0.114] | 0.066 [0.021, 0.112] | 0.064 [0.018, 0.110] | 0.064 [0.017, 0.108] | 0.065 [0.020, 0.111] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.315 [-0.347, -0.282] | -0.320 [-0.356, -0.285] | -0.320 [-0.355, -0.284] | -0.322 [-0.358, -0.287] | -0.322 [-0.358, -0.287] | -0.321 [-0.357, -0.285] |
| Weekend WP | 0.080 [0.058, 0.101] | 0.080 [0.056, 0.103] | 0.080 [0.056, 0.103] | 0.079 [0.055, 0.103] | 0.079 [0.055, 0.103] | 0.080 [0.056, 0.103] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.492 [0.482, 0.501] | 0.485 [0.475, 0.495] | 0.485 [0.475, 0.496] | 0.485 [0.475, 0.496] | 0.486 [0.475, 0.496] | 0.485 [0.475, 0.496] |
| R2 within | 0.076 [0.068, 0.085] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] | 0.084 [0.075, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] |
| Personality trait | 0.155 [0.117, 0.195] | 0.193 [0.142, 0.245] | 0.124 [0.073, 0.177] | -0.253 [-0.294, -0.212] | 0.040 [-0.013, 0.095] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.007 [-0.031, 0.046] | 0.011 [-0.038, 0.061] | 0.033 [-0.017, 0.082] | -0.041 [-0.083, 0.001] | -0.072 [-0.123, -0.021] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.020 [-0.017, 0.064] | 0.043 [-0.012, 0.098] | -0.006 [-0.058, 0.048] | 0.016 [-0.031, 0.056] | -0.029 [-0.087, 0.026] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.023 [-0.032, 0.081] | 0.027 [-0.044, 0.098] | 0.023 [-0.051, 0.096] | 0.029 [-0.033, 0.086] | 0.014 [-0.063, 0.092] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.022 [-0.021, 0.064] | 0.016 [-0.039, 0.073] | 0.067 [0.011, 0.119] | -0.053 [-0.099, -0.008] | -0.020 [-0.078, 0.036] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.027] | 0.005 [-0.012, 0.021] | 0.004 [-0.012, 0.021] | 0.004 [-0.013, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.017, 0.015] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.025] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020] | -0.002 [-0.020, 0.017] | -0.002 [-0.020, 0.016] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.020] | 0.006 [-0.012, 0.023] | 0.002 [-0.016, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.016] | -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] | -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] | -0.020 [-0.046, 0.004] | -0.015 [-0.037, 0.008] | -0.020 [-0.045, 0.005] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.023, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.006 [-0.026, 0.012] | -0.009 [-0.028, 0.010] | -0.012 [-0.031, 0.006] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.014] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.027 [0.013, 0.043] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.052] | 0.032 [0.014, 0.052] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.052] | 0.033 [0.018, 0.054] | 0.032 [0.014, 0.051] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.020, 0.022] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.020] | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.021] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.042 [0.024, 0.059] | 0.044 [0.027, 0.062] | 0.044 [0.027, 0.062] | 0.043 [0.026, 0.061] | 0.043 [0.026, 0.062] | 0.045 [0.028, 0.062] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.030, 0.016] | -0.012 [-0.032, 0.011] | -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012] | -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012] | -0.015 [-0.038, 0.014] | -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.005, 0.029] | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.037] | 0.014 [-0.004, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.038] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.031, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.031, 0.013] | -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013] | -0.010 [-0.032, 0.012] | -0.012 [-0.035, 0.014] | -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.678 [2.647, 2.709] | 2.688 [2.655, 2.721] | 2.687 [2.655, 2.721] | 2.686 [2.654, 2.720] | 2.687 [2.655, 2.719] | 2.688 [2.655, 2.722] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.284 [0.261, 0.311] | 0.267 [0.243, 0.294] | 0.268 [0.244, 0.295] | 0.277 [0.252, 0.305] | 0.246 [0.224, 0.271] | 0.283 [0.257, 0.311] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.066 [0.047, 0.087] | 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] | 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] | 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] | 0.070 [0.051, 0.093] | 0.069 [0.050, 0.090] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.033 [0.016, 0.055] | 0.032 [0.015, 0.054] | 0.032 [0.016, 0.054] | 0.032 [0.015, 0.055] | 0.032 [0.015, 0.054] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.073 [0.046, 0.106] | 0.088 [0.059, 0.126] | 0.086 [0.057, 0.124] | 0.087 [0.058, 0.125] | 0.081 [0.049, 0.122] | 0.089 [0.060, 0.127] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.077 [0.054, 0.102] | 0.077 [0.055, 0.105] | 0.077 [0.055, 0.105] | 0.074 [0.053, 0.103] | 0.076 [0.052, 0.104] | 0.077 [0.056, 0.106] |
| R2 between | 0.029 [0.016, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.014, 0.042] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.022] | 0.069 [0.049, 0.092] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.041] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.050] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,744 | 20,488 | 20,488 | 20,488 | 20,483 | 20,488 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.233 [-0.271, -0.193] | -0.226 [-0.269, -0.184] | -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184] | -0.226 [-0.268, -0.183] | -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184] | -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184] |
| Mixed WP | -0.032 [-0.078, 0.011] | -0.029 [-0.079, 0.019] | -0.034 [-0.084, 0.013] | -0.036 [-0.086, 0.010] | -0.033 [-0.082, 0.013] | -0.036 [-0.085, 0.012] |
| Family WP | 0.041 [-0.012, 0.092] | 0.040 [-0.023, 0.098] | 0.038 [-0.024, 0.097] | 0.038 [-0.025, 0.099] | 0.037 [-0.025, 0.095] | 0.035 [-0.027, 0.095] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.299 [-0.342, -0.254] | -0.285 [-0.332, -0.237] | -0.284 [-0.332, -0.236] | -0.281 [-0.328, -0.233] | -0.285 [-0.332, -0.237] | -0.283 [-0.330, -0.235] |
| Weekend WP | 0.120 [0.094, 0.148] | 0.133 [0.103, 0.164] | 0.133 [0.102, 0.163] | 0.132 [0.102, 0.163] | 0.133 [0.103, 0.163] | 0.133 [0.103, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.484 [0.472, 0.497] | 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] | 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] | 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] | 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] | 0.481 [0.467, 0.494] |
| R2 within | 0.086 [0.077, 0.097] | 0.086 [0.074, 0.098] | 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] | 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] | 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] | 0.085 [0.073, 0.097] |
| Personality trait | 0.110 [0.059, 0.162] | 0.084 [0.010, 0.156] | 0.138 [0.068, 0.208] | -0.212 [-0.269, -0.154] | 0.053 [-0.019, 0.125] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.015 [-0.036, 0.068] | -0.035 [-0.105, 0.038] | -0.005 [-0.072, 0.064] | -0.048 [-0.105, 0.011] | 0.010 [-0.058, 0.080] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.063 [-0.127, 0.002] | -0.002 [-0.080, 0.088] | 0.025 [-0.057, 0.109] | 0.057 [-0.007, 0.118] | -0.020 [-0.107, 0.067] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.052, 0.088] | -0.001 [-0.097, 0.099] | -0.023 [-0.120, 0.070] | 0.009 [-0.069, 0.086] | -0.036 [-0.132, 0.059] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.028 [-0.083, 0.032] | -0.008 [-0.095, 0.075] | -0.043 [-0.123, 0.032] | 0.012 [-0.052, 0.077] | 0.051 [-0.029, 0.129] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.013, 0.032] | -0.004 [-0.028, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.026, 0.021] | -0.004 [-0.027, 0.020] | -0.010 [-0.033, 0.013] | -0.004 [-0.027, 0.020] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.049, 0.002] | -0.025 [-0.055, 0.002] | -0.029 [-0.058, -0.001] | -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003] | -0.022 [-0.051, 0.004] | -0.029 [-0.058, -0.001] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.042, 0.021] | -0.030 [-0.063, 0.000] | -0.029 [-0.061, 0.002] | -0.028 [-0.060, 0.003] | -0.029 [-0.060, 0.001] | -0.028 [-0.061, 0.002] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.046, 0.001] | -0.032 [-0.060, -0.006] | -0.034 [-0.062, -0.009] | -0.033 [-0.061, -0.007] | -0.034 [-0.061, -0.009] | -0.037 [-0.065, -0.011] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.029 [0.003, 0.056] | 0.026 [0.004, 0.053] | 0.024 [0.003, 0.051] | 0.024 [0.002, 0.051] | 0.026 [0.005, 0.053] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.052] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.053, 0.005] | -0.013 [-0.042, 0.014] | -0.013 [-0.041, 0.015] | -0.013 [-0.042, 0.015] | -0.012 [-0.042, 0.015] | -0.013 [-0.041, 0.016] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.036 [0.015, 0.060] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.057] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.008, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.057] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.055, 0.008] | -0.019 [-0.049, 0.015] | -0.018 [-0.047, 0.015] | -0.018 [-0.047, 0.015] | -0.018 [-0.049, 0.016] | -0.017 [-0.046, 0.016] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.009, 0.042] | 0.018 [-0.011, 0.048] | 0.021 [-0.008, 0.051] | 0.020 [-0.008, 0.050] | 0.020 [-0.009, 0.049] | 0.021 [-0.009, 0.051] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.013, 0.047] | 0.024 [-0.009, 0.056] | 0.025 [-0.008, 0.059] | 0.025 [-0.007, 0.058] | 0.026 [-0.007, 0.058] | 0.027 [-0.006, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.625 [2.586, 2.664] | 2.614 [2.570, 2.659] | 2.613 [2.570, 2.659] | 2.611 [2.568, 2.656] | 2.614 [2.572, 2.658] | 2.614 [2.570, 2.659] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.286 [0.257, 0.320] | 0.262 [0.230, 0.298] | 0.267 [0.235, 0.305] | 0.263 [0.231, 0.300] | 0.246 [0.216, 0.280] | 0.269 [0.237, 0.307] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.081 [0.055, 0.113] | 0.069 [0.043, 0.100] | 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] | 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] | 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] | 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.055 [0.024, 0.093] | 0.051 [0.021, 0.093] | 0.051 [0.021, 0.093] | 0.050 [0.021, 0.093] | 0.047 [0.020, 0.089] | 0.050 [0.021, 0.093] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.098 [0.063, 0.140] | 0.088 [0.054, 0.134] | 0.090 [0.055, 0.136] | 0.090 [0.056, 0.136] | 0.090 [0.055, 0.137] | 0.089 [0.055, 0.136] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.069 [0.042, 0.103] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.113] | 0.074 [0.042, 0.115] | 0.074 [0.041, 0.115] | 0.075 [0.044, 0.116] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.113] |
| R2 between | 0.016 [0.004, 0.033] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.030] | 0.049 [0.026, 0.077] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.026 [0.000, 0.120] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.092] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,979 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.240 [-0.278, -0.201] | -0.242 [-0.283, -0.201] | -0.234 [-0.277, -0.190] | -0.242 [-0.284, -0.199] | -0.237 [-0.279, -0.194] | -0.241 [-0.283, -0.198] |
| Mixed WP | 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052] | 0.015 [-0.031, 0.066] | 0.014 [-0.037, 0.062] | 0.012 [-0.031, 0.059] | 0.011 [-0.033, 0.057] | 0.013 [-0.032, 0.058] |
| Family WP | -0.222 [-0.273, -0.172] | -0.233 [-0.285, -0.180] | -0.230 [-0.285, -0.177] | -0.233 [-0.288, -0.181] | -0.229 [-0.283, -0.176] | -0.230 [-0.284, -0.177] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.261 [-0.306, -0.213] | -0.262 [-0.309, -0.211] | -0.265 [-0.315, -0.214] | -0.260 [-0.308, -0.212] | -0.261 [-0.308, -0.212] | -0.256 [-0.305, -0.208] |
| Weekend WP | 0.156 [0.133, 0.179] | 0.161 [0.137, 0.185] | 0.162 [0.138, 0.186] | 0.161 [0.137, 0.186] | 0.160 [0.136, 0.185] | 0.160 [0.136, 0.185] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.521 [0.511, 0.532] | 0.525 [0.514, 0.537] | 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] | 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] | 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] | 0.524 [0.513, 0.535] |
| R2 within | 0.090 [0.082, 0.097] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.101] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] |
| Personality trait | 0.325 [0.268, 0.381] | 0.221 [0.146, 0.297] | 0.160 [0.091, 0.229] | -0.304 [-0.356, -0.253] | 0.053 [-0.016, 0.122] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.044 [-0.013, 0.103] | -0.055 [-0.125, 0.018] | 0.074 [0.011, 0.136] | -0.062 [-0.113, -0.011] | 0.004 [-0.059, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.058 [-0.122, 0.005] | -0.063 [-0.144, 0.018] | -0.037 [-0.108, 0.033] | 0.033 [-0.024, 0.091] | 0.022 [-0.048, 0.090] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.080 [0.005, 0.154] | 0.013 [-0.078, 0.108] | 0.038 [-0.043, 0.119] | -0.071 [-0.139, -0.002] | -0.013 [-0.094, 0.069] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.041 [-0.027, 0.109] | 0.077 [-0.008, 0.164] | 0.025 [-0.046, 0.100] | -0.026 [-0.084, 0.032] | 0.055 [-0.019, 0.127] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.028 [0.002, 0.053] | 0.021 [-0.002, 0.045] | 0.034 [0.009, 0.061] | 0.024 [-0.002, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.041] | 0.031 [0.005, 0.058] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.049, 0.008] | -0.014 [-0.042, 0.014] | -0.022 [-0.052, 0.009] | -0.025 [-0.054, 0.004] | -0.019 [-0.046, 0.009] | -0.026 [-0.056, 0.006] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.050 [0.018, 0.082] | 0.037 [0.006, 0.068] | 0.048 [0.015, 0.083] | 0.047 [0.014, 0.082] | 0.036 [0.006, 0.067] | 0.050 [0.018, 0.085] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035] | 0.005 [-0.022, 0.034] | 0.004 [-0.025, 0.034] | 0.009 [-0.021, 0.040] | 0.005 [-0.025, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.019, 0.041] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.038 [0.016, 0.064] | 0.045 [0.021, 0.071] | 0.041 [0.018, 0.069] | 0.043 [0.019, 0.068] | 0.041 [0.017, 0.066] | 0.043 [0.019, 0.069] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.057 [0.031, 0.086] | 0.061 [0.032, 0.094] | 0.063 [0.034, 0.095] | 0.061 [0.033, 0.093] | 0.059 [0.031, 0.091] | 0.063 [0.033, 0.095] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.019, 0.032] | 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] | 0.008 [-0.020, 0.033] | 0.004 [-0.022, 0.028] | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.028] | 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.006, 0.055] | 0.032 [0.001, 0.068] | 0.031 [-0.005, 0.066] | 0.029 [-0.004, 0.065] | 0.028 [-0.006, 0.065] | 0.028 [-0.007, 0.064] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.046, 0.011] | -0.022 [-0.052, 0.008] | -0.020 [-0.047, 0.008] | -0.023 [-0.051, 0.010] | -0.023 [-0.052, 0.010] | -0.024 [-0.052, 0.008] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.071 [0.040, 0.104] | 0.073 [0.040, 0.108] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.107] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.108] | 0.072 [0.040, 0.109] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.111] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.603 [2.559, 2.646] | 2.589 [2.546, 2.631] | 2.589 [2.543, 2.633] | 2.587 [2.544, 2.632] | 2.590 [2.549, 2.631] | 2.590 [2.545, 2.635] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.376 [0.340, 0.418] | 0.302 [0.270, 0.339] | 0.344 [0.308, 0.384] | 0.347 [0.311, 0.389] | 0.300 [0.268, 0.336] | 0.358 [0.320, 0.401] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.084 [0.059, 0.115] | 0.088 [0.061, 0.124] | 0.088 [0.060, 0.124] | 0.087 [0.058, 0.118] | 0.086 [0.057, 0.117] | 0.090 [0.061, 0.123] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.057 [0.032, 0.087] | 0.064 [0.040, 0.093] | 0.065 [0.037, 0.102] | 0.064 [0.037, 0.099] | 0.062 [0.035, 0.099] | 0.067 [0.040, 0.102] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.184 [0.142, 0.230] | 0.196 [0.152, 0.250] | 0.198 [0.153, 0.253] | 0.200 [0.154, 0.253] | 0.196 [0.152, 0.249] | 0.200 [0.155, 0.252] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.100 [0.070, 0.138] | 0.097 [0.068, 0.134] | 0.093 [0.062, 0.132] | 0.097 [0.062, 0.135] | 0.097 [0.064, 0.136] | 0.096 [0.063, 0.135] |
| R2 between | 0.083 [0.057, 0.112] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.041] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.030] | 0.090 [0.062, 0.121] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.048] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,331 | 19,318 | 19,255 | 19,314 | 19,306 | 19,264 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.170 [0.142, 0.198] | 0.158 [0.128, 0.188] | 0.157 [0.127, 0.187] | 0.158 [0.128, 0.188] | 0.161 [0.130, 0.193] | 0.158 [0.128, 0.188] |
| Mixed WP | 0.031 [-0.003, 0.067] | 0.034 [-0.003, 0.070] | 0.033 [-0.002, 0.069] | 0.033 [-0.003, 0.069] | 0.028 [-0.012, 0.066] | 0.031 [-0.005, 0.067] |
| Family WP | 0.007 [-0.035, 0.050] | -0.003 [-0.049, 0.045] | -0.001 [-0.048, 0.046] | 0.002 [-0.044, 0.049] | -0.002 [-0.047, 0.045] | 0.000 [-0.047, 0.047] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.197 [0.164, 0.230] | 0.195 [0.159, 0.232] | 0.195 [0.158, 0.232] | 0.195 [0.158, 0.231] | 0.194 [0.158, 0.230] | 0.195 [0.158, 0.232] |
| Weekend WP | -0.105 [-0.128, -0.083] | -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] | -0.108 [-0.133, -0.084] | -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] | -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] | -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.536 [0.526, 0.547] | 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] | 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] | 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] | 0.530 [0.519, 0.542] | 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] |
| R2 within | 0.052 [0.044, 0.060] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.060] | 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] |
| Personality trait | -0.037 [-0.080, 0.008] | -0.153 [-0.210, -0.096] | -0.132 [-0.189, -0.076] | 0.286 [0.242, 0.330] | -0.043 [-0.101, 0.016] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.005 [-0.033, 0.043] | -0.029 [-0.079, 0.020] | 0.004 [-0.045, 0.052] | 0.001 [-0.041, 0.044] | 0.004 [-0.048, 0.057] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.018 [-0.062, 0.027] | -0.075 [-0.131, -0.015] | -0.010 [-0.066, 0.049] | 0.014 [-0.036, 0.060] | -0.021 [-0.082, 0.037] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.013 [-0.071, 0.045] | 0.007 [-0.066, 0.079] | -0.024 [-0.096, 0.053] | -0.025 [-0.089, 0.039] | 0.010 [-0.067, 0.088] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.010 [-0.033, 0.051] | 0.007 [-0.048, 0.062] | 0.010 [-0.046, 0.065] | 0.013 [-0.033, 0.059] | -0.007 [-0.066, 0.047] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.007, 0.030] | 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.009, 0.029] | 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] | 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.018, 0.028] | 0.009 [-0.014, 0.032] | 0.007 [-0.016, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033] | 0.011 [-0.011, 0.033] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.056, -0.003] | -0.031 [-0.060, -0.004] | -0.030 [-0.058, -0.003] | -0.032 [-0.061, -0.005] | -0.026 [-0.052, 0.000] | -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.018, 0.022] | 0.006 [-0.016, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.016, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] | 0.003 [-0.017, 0.024] | 0.005 [-0.016, 0.027] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.049 [0.029, 0.069] | 0.048 [0.031, 0.068] | 0.047 [0.030, 0.067] | 0.049 [0.031, 0.068] | 0.047 [0.031, 0.068] | 0.048 [0.031, 0.068] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019] | 0.000 [-0.021, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.030 [0.014, 0.046] | 0.035 [0.018, 0.053] | 0.035 [0.019, 0.053] | 0.035 [0.018, 0.053] | 0.035 [0.020, 0.052] | 0.035 [0.018, 0.053] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.029] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026] | 0.003 [-0.017, 0.025] | 0.002 [-0.020, 0.027] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [0.008, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.015, 0.055] | 0.033 [0.015, 0.055] | 0.034 [0.015, 0.055] | 0.036 [0.015, 0.056] | 0.034 [0.016, 0.055] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.022 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] | 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] | 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.005, 0.055] | 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.173 [2.139, 2.206] | 2.159 [2.123, 2.195] | 2.159 [2.124, 2.195] | 2.160 [2.125, 2.196] | 2.158 [2.123, 2.192] | 2.159 [2.123, 2.195] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.347 [0.320, 0.380] | 0.336 [0.307, 0.369] | 0.328 [0.299, 0.360] | 0.331 [0.301, 0.363] | 0.290 [0.263, 0.320] | 0.336 [0.306, 0.369] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.033, 0.070] | 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] | 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] | 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] | 0.053 [0.034, 0.075] | 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.036, 0.091] | 0.054 [0.029, 0.082] | 0.052 [0.027, 0.080] | 0.054 [0.029, 0.082] | 0.054 [0.031, 0.084] | 0.054 [0.029, 0.082] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.078 [0.048, 0.113] | 0.079 [0.048, 0.119] | 0.080 [0.048, 0.120] | 0.080 [0.048, 0.120] | 0.078 [0.047, 0.120] | 0.080 [0.048, 0.120] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.037, 0.086] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] | 0.063 [0.042, 0.089] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.020] | 0.075 [0.054, 0.098] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.005] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.021 [0.001, 0.064] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,751 | 20,495 | 20,495 | 20,495 | 20,490 | 20,495 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.176 [0.140, 0.215] | 0.171 [0.128, 0.213] | 0.172 [0.128, 0.214] | 0.172 [0.128, 0.214] | 0.171 [0.127, 0.213] | 0.172 [0.130, 0.214] |
| Mixed WP | 0.043 [0.003, 0.090] | 0.059 [0.008, 0.113] | 0.062 [0.013, 0.113] | 0.064 [0.015, 0.115] | 0.062 [0.012, 0.113] | 0.062 [0.011, 0.115] |
| Family WP | -0.050 [-0.104, 0.003] | -0.040 [-0.103, 0.021] | -0.039 [-0.104, 0.023] | -0.034 [-0.100, 0.030] | -0.040 [-0.104, 0.022] | -0.030 [-0.091, 0.029] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.171 [0.128, 0.215] | 0.170 [0.121, 0.222] | 0.172 [0.122, 0.223] | 0.166 [0.115, 0.218] | 0.170 [0.120, 0.222] | 0.170 [0.120, 0.221] |
| Weekend WP | -0.147 [-0.175, -0.117] | -0.155 [-0.186, -0.122] | -0.155 [-0.187, -0.122] | -0.155 [-0.186, -0.122] | -0.156 [-0.187, -0.123] | -0.155 [-0.187, -0.122] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.550 [0.536, 0.564] | 0.547 [0.532, 0.564] | 0.548 [0.532, 0.564] | 0.547 [0.532, 0.564] | 0.547 [0.532, 0.563] | 0.547 [0.532, 0.563] |
| R2 within | 0.052 [0.044, 0.061] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.071] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.070] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.070] | 0.060 [0.050, 0.071] | 0.060 [0.049, 0.071] |
| Personality trait | -0.004 [-0.060, 0.049] | -0.094 [-0.170, -0.020] | -0.119 [-0.192, -0.048] | 0.213 [0.154, 0.272] | -0.022 [-0.097, 0.051] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.008 [-0.057, 0.042] | -0.019 [-0.087, 0.048] | -0.012 [-0.079, 0.053] | 0.052 [-0.003, 0.109] | 0.022 [-0.046, 0.091] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.036 [-0.034, 0.101] | 0.060 [-0.021, 0.143] | -0.043 [-0.133, 0.044] | 0.061 [-0.004, 0.128] | -0.014 [-0.103, 0.080] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.013 [-0.084, 0.060] | -0.021 [-0.122, 0.087] | -0.029 [-0.130, 0.066] | 0.043 [-0.036, 0.125] | 0.154 [0.051, 0.252] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.002 [-0.057, 0.063] | -0.045 [-0.133, 0.041] | 0.046 [-0.039, 0.124] | 0.053 [-0.013, 0.121] | -0.015 [-0.100, 0.067] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.026 [0.005, 0.047] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.050] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.050] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.003, 0.042] | 0.027 [0.005, 0.051] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.025, 0.027] | 0.009 [-0.018, 0.037] | 0.012 [-0.014, 0.040] | 0.006 [-0.020, 0.035] | 0.001 [-0.025, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.017, 0.038] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038] | -0.008 [-0.044, 0.027] | -0.008 [-0.043, 0.026] | -0.009 [-0.044, 0.026] | -0.014 [-0.048, 0.019] | -0.006 [-0.041, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] | -0.019 [-0.048, 0.009] | -0.021 [-0.048, 0.008] | -0.017 [-0.046, 0.011] | -0.027 [-0.055, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.047, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.019 [0.003, 0.046] | 0.017 [-0.003, 0.044] | 0.016 [-0.003, 0.042] | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.041] | 0.015 [-0.005, 0.041] | 0.016 [-0.004, 0.043] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.045, 0.002] | -0.020 [-0.048, 0.006] | -0.021 [-0.048, 0.006] | -0.020 [-0.047, 0.006] | -0.022 [-0.048, 0.004] | -0.022 [-0.047, 0.004] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.004, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.014, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.013, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.014, 0.035] | 0.010 [-0.014, 0.034] | 0.011 [-0.013, 0.035] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.031, 0.023] | 0.005 [-0.024, 0.037] | 0.003 [-0.026, 0.034] | 0.003 [-0.026, 0.035] | 0.002 [-0.028, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.022, 0.038] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.003, 0.043] | 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051] | 0.021 [-0.015, 0.052] | 0.022 [-0.014, 0.053] | 0.018 [-0.017, 0.050] | 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.015, 0.045] | 0.016 [-0.019, 0.054] | 0.014 [-0.020, 0.051] | 0.016 [-0.018, 0.053] | 0.015 [-0.020, 0.051] | 0.018 [-0.017, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.192 [2.151, 2.233] | 2.173 [2.126, 2.220] | 2.172 [2.126, 2.220] | 2.174 [2.128, 2.221] | 2.171 [2.126, 2.217] | 2.172 [2.126, 2.219] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.299 [0.268, 0.335] | 0.287 [0.252, 0.326] | 0.284 [0.249, 0.323] | 0.282 [0.247, 0.320] | 0.261 [0.229, 0.297] | 0.287 [0.252, 0.326] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.024, 0.072] | 0.038 [0.017, 0.067] | 0.038 [0.017, 0.066] | 0.037 [0.017, 0.066] | 0.037 [0.016, 0.065] | 0.038 [0.018, 0.066] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.028 [0.007, 0.059] | 0.040 [0.010, 0.080] | 0.040 [0.008, 0.080] | 0.041 [0.009, 0.080] | 0.039 [0.007, 0.080] | 0.040 [0.010, 0.080] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.076 [0.043, 0.122] | 0.088 [0.049, 0.141] | 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] | 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] | 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] | 0.081 [0.044, 0.133] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.032, 0.096] | 0.073 [0.039, 0.116] | 0.071 [0.038, 0.114] | 0.072 [0.038, 0.116] | 0.072 [0.040, 0.115] | 0.073 [0.039, 0.116] |
| R2 between | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.024] | 0.046 [0.024, 0.074] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.105] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.131] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.159] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.027 [0.000, 0.185] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.051 [0.006, 0.146] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,993 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.165 [0.130, 0.199] | 0.164 [0.128, 0.200] | 0.166 [0.128, 0.204] | 0.167 [0.128, 0.206] | 0.164 [0.125, 0.202] | 0.164 [0.126, 0.203] |
| Mixed WP | 0.082 [0.043, 0.123] | 0.082 [0.037, 0.128] | 0.085 [0.041, 0.131] | 0.083 [0.043, 0.127] | 0.079 [0.040, 0.124] | 0.084 [0.040, 0.124] |
| Family WP | 0.082 [0.041, 0.123] | 0.093 [0.050, 0.136] | 0.086 [0.042, 0.127] | 0.091 [0.048, 0.134] | 0.087 [0.043, 0.129] | 0.092 [0.048, 0.133] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.058 [0.014, 0.103] | 0.074 [0.029, 0.121] | 0.076 [0.027, 0.123] | 0.074 [0.027, 0.119] | 0.072 [0.026, 0.117] | 0.072 [0.024, 0.120] |
| Weekend WP | -0.231 [-0.253, -0.208] | -0.234 [-0.258, -0.211] | -0.234 [-0.258, -0.211] | -0.236 [-0.259, -0.212] | -0.234 [-0.257, -0.211] | -0.233 [-0.256, -0.209] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.501 [0.491, 0.512] | 0.506 [0.495, 0.517] | 0.505 [0.494, 0.516] | 0.506 [0.496, 0.517] | 0.506 [0.495, 0.517] | 0.504 [0.493, 0.515] |
| R2 within | 0.069 [0.062, 0.076] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] | 0.071 [0.063, 0.080] | 0.071 [0.064, 0.079] | 0.071 [0.064, 0.078] | 0.070 [0.063, 0.079] |
| Personality trait | -0.075 [-0.141, -0.009] | -0.067 [-0.150, 0.016] | -0.029 [-0.103, 0.045] | 0.323 [0.268, 0.378] | 0.054 [-0.020, 0.128] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.025 [-0.077, 0.028] | -0.029 [-0.093, 0.037] | -0.053 [-0.111, 0.004] | 0.025 [-0.022, 0.071] | -0.011 [-0.068, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.041 [-0.021, 0.100] | -0.052 [-0.127, 0.022] | -0.002 [-0.066, 0.062] | -0.059 [-0.113, -0.003] | -0.033 [-0.100, 0.030] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.046, 0.077] | -0.048 [-0.122, 0.026] | -0.056 [-0.119, 0.011] | 0.029 [-0.025, 0.085] | 0.049 [-0.017, 0.115] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [-0.057, 0.071] | -0.030 [-0.115, 0.055] | -0.071 [-0.142, 0.002] | 0.002 [-0.055, 0.059] | -0.028 [-0.099, 0.043] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.032 [0.009, 0.057] | 0.033 [0.008, 0.058] | 0.034 [0.009, 0.060] | 0.034 [0.008, 0.060] | 0.029 [0.006, 0.054] | 0.036 [0.011, 0.063] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] | -0.008 [-0.035, 0.021] | -0.012 [-0.041, 0.018] | -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.024, 0.033] | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.002, 0.055] | 0.025 [-0.005, 0.054] | 0.023 [-0.006, 0.052] | 0.022 [-0.008, 0.052] | 0.018 [-0.009, 0.045] | 0.026 [-0.003, 0.055] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.029, 0.032] | 0.000 [-0.032, 0.033] | 0.000 [-0.031, 0.030] | -0.001 [-0.033, 0.031] | 0.001 [-0.029, 0.030] | 0.001 [-0.030, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [0.002, 0.042] | 0.028 [0.009, 0.052] | 0.024 [0.003, 0.046] | 0.027 [0.008, 0.050] | 0.029 [0.009, 0.052] | 0.028 [0.007, 0.051] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.005, 0.036] | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] | 0.022 [0.002, 0.045] | 0.023 [0.003, 0.045] | 0.022 [0.003, 0.044] | 0.024 [0.004, 0.047] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.028, 0.016] | -0.006 [-0.030, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.014] | -0.006 [-0.030, 0.016] | -0.005 [-0.028, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.015, 0.028] | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.029] | 0.007 [-0.024, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.019, 0.034] | 0.008 [-0.016, 0.030] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.021, 0.029] | 0.001 [-0.024, 0.025] | 0.002 [-0.025, 0.030] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.026] | -0.002 [-0.027, 0.025] | 0.002 [-0.024, 0.028] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.037 [0.013, 0.061] | 0.035 [0.010, 0.063] | 0.034 [0.010, 0.060] | 0.031 [0.008, 0.060] | 0.033 [0.010, 0.062] | 0.035 [0.010, 0.063] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.228 [2.183, 2.275] | 2.229 [2.180, 2.277] | 2.229 [2.180, 2.277] | 2.233 [2.184, 2.281] | 2.230 [2.185, 2.275] | 2.228 [2.179, 2.277] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.434 [0.392, 0.482] | 0.417 [0.373, 0.466] | 0.420 [0.377, 0.471] | 0.420 [0.377, 0.469] | 0.355 [0.319, 0.398] | 0.421 [0.378, 0.470] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.054 [0.033, 0.079] | 0.060 [0.037, 0.088] | 0.059 [0.035, 0.087] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.086] | 0.061 [0.038, 0.087] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.046 [0.023, 0.074] | 0.044 [0.024, 0.075] | 0.046 [0.022, 0.074] | 0.046 [0.020, 0.078] | 0.045 [0.017, 0.076] | 0.049 [0.024, 0.080] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.071 [0.046, 0.100] | 0.075 [0.047, 0.111] | 0.075 [0.049, 0.107] | 0.075 [0.048, 0.108] | 0.075 [0.049, 0.108] | 0.073 [0.047, 0.103] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.089 [0.060, 0.123] | 0.085 [0.057, 0.124] | 0.083 [0.054, 0.120] | 0.082 [0.053, 0.120] | 0.086 [0.055, 0.122] | 0.085 [0.054, 0.122] |
| R2 between | 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.086 [0.060, 0.115] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.105] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.038] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,368 | 19,358 | 19,295 | 19,354 | 19,345 | 19,304 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.318 [0.291, 0.345] | 0.309 [0.280, 0.338] | 0.308 [0.279, 0.337] | 0.308 [0.279, 0.337] | 0.307 [0.279, 0.336] | 0.308 [0.279, 0.337] |
| Mixed WP | 0.022 [0.001, 0.045] | 0.022 [-0.004, 0.048] | 0.022 [-0.005, 0.047] | 0.022 [-0.004, 0.048] | 0.018 [-0.010, 0.047] | 0.021 [-0.005, 0.047] |
| Family WP | 0.050 [0.014, 0.085] | 0.042 [0.001, 0.082] | 0.041 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.044 [0.004, 0.083] | 0.041 [0.001, 0.080] | 0.041 [0.000, 0.080] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.101 [0.074, 0.129] | 0.102 [0.073, 0.133] | 0.103 [0.073, 0.133] | 0.103 [0.074, 0.134] | 0.102 [0.072, 0.132] | 0.103 [0.073, 0.133] |
| Weekend WP | -0.010 [-0.028, 0.008] | -0.010 [-0.030, 0.009] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] | -0.010 [-0.030, 0.009] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] | -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.319 [0.313, 0.325] | 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] | 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] | 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] | 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] | 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] |
| R2 within | 0.102 [0.094, 0.110] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.113] | 0.106 [0.098, 0.113] | 0.106 [0.098, 0.114] | 0.105 [0.097, 0.114] | 0.105 [0.098, 0.113] |
| Personality trait | -0.080 [-0.117, -0.042] | -0.119 [-0.169, -0.070] | -0.131 [-0.179, -0.081] | 0.206 [0.168, 0.245] | 0.050 [-0.002, 0.101] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.005 [-0.041, 0.030] | -0.019 [-0.067, 0.027] | -0.067 [-0.112, -0.020] | 0.064 [0.025, 0.102] | 0.005 [-0.043, 0.053] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.004 [-0.039, 0.029] | 0.012 [-0.032, 0.060] | -0.025 [-0.066, 0.022] | -0.015 [-0.051, 0.019] | -0.008 [-0.057, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.004 [-0.052, 0.044] | -0.060 [-0.120, 0.002] | -0.046 [-0.110, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.058, 0.044] | -0.020 [-0.085, 0.047] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.020 [-0.056, 0.016] | -0.014 [-0.061, 0.033] | -0.032 [-0.077, 0.015] | -0.006 [-0.046, 0.033] | 0.000 [-0.049, 0.046] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.089 [0.072, 0.106] | 0.081 [0.065, 0.099] | 0.081 [0.065, 0.098] | 0.079 [0.062, 0.096] | 0.073 [0.058, 0.090] | 0.082 [0.065, 0.100] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.008, 0.022] | 0.003 [-0.013, 0.017] | 0.004 [-0.012, 0.018] | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.016] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.022] | 0.003 [-0.012, 0.018] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.010, 0.031] | 0.003 [-0.018, 0.026] | 0.000 [-0.021, 0.023] | 0.001 [-0.020, 0.024] | 0.005 [-0.016, 0.026] | 0.003 [-0.019, 0.026] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.029] | 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] | 0.013 [-0.003, 0.030] | 0.012 [-0.004, 0.029] | 0.014 [-0.002, 0.029] | 0.014 [-0.003, 0.031] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.010 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.013 [-0.001, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.025] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.004] | -0.016 [-0.034, 0.002] | -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] | -0.017 [-0.036, 0.000] | -0.016 [-0.035, 0.001] | -0.016 [-0.035, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [0.014, 0.041] | 0.031 [0.017, 0.046] | 0.031 [0.016, 0.046] | 0.030 [0.016, 0.045] | 0.031 [0.017, 0.046] | 0.031 [0.017, 0.046] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.027, 0.002] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.008] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.008] | -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.005] | -0.008 [-0.021, 0.008] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.001, 0.023] | 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] | 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] | 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.032] | 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.014, 0.021] | 0.005 [-0.014, 0.023] | 0.004 [-0.015, 0.022] | 0.004 [-0.015, 0.022] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.023] | 0.005 [-0.014, 0.022] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.543 [1.513, 1.572] | 1.522 [1.490, 1.553] | 1.522 [1.491, 1.553] | 1.522 [1.492, 1.554] | 1.520 [1.490, 1.549] | 1.522 [1.491, 1.554] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.281 [0.259, 0.306] | 0.254 [0.232, 0.279] | 0.253 [0.231, 0.278] | 0.251 [0.230, 0.276] | 0.231 [0.211, 0.254] | 0.257 [0.235, 0.283] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.098 [0.080, 0.117] | 0.099 [0.081, 0.120] | 0.099 [0.081, 0.119] | 0.097 [0.080, 0.118] | 0.097 [0.077, 0.117] | 0.099 [0.081, 0.120] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.010 [0.004, 0.022] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.074 [0.051, 0.104] | 0.072 [0.047, 0.102] | 0.071 [0.047, 0.101] | 0.071 [0.047, 0.102] | 0.070 [0.047, 0.102] | 0.072 [0.047, 0.102] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.039, 0.074] | 0.063 [0.046, 0.084] | 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] | 0.063 [0.046, 0.084] | 0.063 [0.045, 0.083] | 0.063 [0.046, 0.085] |
| R2 between | 0.008 [0.002, 0.018] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.021] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.024] | 0.050 [0.034, 0.070] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.002, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.055] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,755 | 20,496 | 20,496 | 20,496 | 20,491 | 20,496 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.308 [0.273, 0.344] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] | 0.297 [0.258, 0.335] | 0.299 [0.260, 0.337] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.334] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] |
| Mixed WP | 0.023 [-0.009, 0.055] | 0.037 [0.001, 0.074] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.077] | 0.042 [0.006, 0.079] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.079] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.078] |
| Family WP | 0.017 [-0.024, 0.057] | 0.028 [-0.019, 0.078] | 0.028 [-0.019, 0.077] | 0.024 [-0.024, 0.072] | 0.029 [-0.019, 0.077] | 0.033 [-0.014, 0.081] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.039 [0.003, 0.075] | 0.028 [-0.014, 0.071] | 0.029 [-0.013, 0.072] | 0.034 [-0.008, 0.077] | 0.028 [-0.014, 0.070] | 0.029 [-0.013, 0.072] |
| Weekend WP | -0.048 [-0.070, -0.027] | -0.041 [-0.066, -0.017] | -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017] | -0.041 [-0.066, -0.017] | -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017] | -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.312 [0.304, 0.320] | 0.304 [0.296, 0.313] | 0.305 [0.296, 0.314] | 0.305 [0.296, 0.314] | 0.304 [0.296, 0.313] | 0.305 [0.296, 0.314] |
| R2 within | 0.103 [0.094, 0.112] | 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] | 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] | 0.100 [0.089, 0.111] | 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] | 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] |
| Personality trait | 0.019 [-0.031, 0.068] | -0.058 [-0.126, 0.011] | -0.109 [-0.174, -0.043] | 0.187 [0.134, 0.241] | 0.039 [-0.028, 0.108] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.024 [-0.023, 0.072] | -0.024 [-0.090, 0.041] | -0.073 [-0.134, -0.009] | 0.101 [0.049, 0.154] | 0.012 [-0.050, 0.078] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.041 [-0.008, 0.090] | 0.000 [-0.059, 0.057] | -0.024 [-0.087, 0.033] | 0.012 [-0.032, 0.061] | -0.002 [-0.065, 0.059] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.012 [-0.042, 0.068] | 0.002 [-0.075, 0.081] | 0.019 [-0.058, 0.092] | 0.008 [-0.054, 0.070] | 0.090 [0.011, 0.164] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.000 [-0.048, 0.051] | -0.048 [-0.122, 0.021] | -0.065 [-0.133, 0.000] | 0.065 [0.010, 0.120] | 0.017 [-0.052, 0.085] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.070 [0.049, 0.091] | 0.061 [0.040, 0.084] | 0.061 [0.040, 0.083] | 0.058 [0.037, 0.080] | 0.051 [0.031, 0.072] | 0.061 [0.040, 0.084] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.024, 0.014] | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.028] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.028] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.006, 0.039] | 0.008 [-0.016, 0.033] | 0.009 [-0.016, 0.034] | 0.009 [-0.016, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.016, 0.030] | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.034] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.022, 0.018] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] | 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] | -0.007 [-0.028, 0.014] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.031] | 0.020 [0.002, 0.040] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.019 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.020 [0.002, 0.041] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.016, 0.023] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.020] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019] | -0.002 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [0.008, 0.043] | 0.026 [0.005, 0.046] | 0.025 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.024 [0.004, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.002, 0.041] | 0.025 [0.005, 0.045] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.015, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.011, 0.024] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.026] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.025] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.024] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.026] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.005, 0.033] | 0.014 [-0.009, 0.035] | 0.014 [-0.008, 0.035] | 0.013 [-0.008, 0.034] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.033] | 0.013 [-0.008, 0.034] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [0.009, 0.049] | 0.036 [0.015, 0.060] | 0.037 [0.016, 0.062] | 0.038 [0.017, 0.062] | 0.036 [0.014, 0.060] | 0.036 [0.015, 0.059] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.564 [1.525, 1.602] | 1.527 [1.485, 1.569] | 1.527 [1.485, 1.569] | 1.528 [1.487, 1.569] | 1.526 [1.486, 1.567] | 1.527 [1.486, 1.569] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.282 [0.253, 0.315] | 0.245 [0.216, 0.278] | 0.244 [0.215, 0.277] | 0.240 [0.212, 0.273] | 0.226 [0.199, 0.257] | 0.245 [0.216, 0.278] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.103 [0.081, 0.129] | 0.094 [0.071, 0.121] | 0.094 [0.071, 0.121] | 0.092 [0.069, 0.119] | 0.089 [0.066, 0.115] | 0.094 [0.071, 0.122] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] | 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.003, 0.037] | 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.018 [0.003, 0.037] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.033, 0.088] | 0.059 [0.034, 0.092] | 0.060 [0.035, 0.094] | 0.058 [0.034, 0.091] | 0.060 [0.034, 0.094] | 0.055 [0.031, 0.088] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.070 [0.048, 0.096] | 0.073 [0.050, 0.102] | 0.072 [0.049, 0.102] | 0.072 [0.049, 0.101] | 0.070 [0.048, 0.100] | 0.072 [0.049, 0.103] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.023] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.067] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.031 [0.007, 0.072] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.033 [0.000, 0.256] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.112] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.095] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.027 [0.001, 0.092] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.057] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,982 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.241 [0.207, 0.275] | 0.240 [0.204, 0.277] | 0.239 [0.202, 0.277] | 0.242 [0.204, 0.279] | 0.237 [0.200, 0.274] | 0.240 [0.202, 0.277] |
| Mixed WP | 0.030 [-0.002, 0.063] | 0.025 [-0.012, 0.063] | 0.031 [-0.005, 0.069] | 0.029 [-0.004, 0.065] | 0.030 [-0.003, 0.066] | 0.031 [-0.003, 0.065] |
| Family WP | 0.089 [0.050, 0.128] | 0.090 [0.049, 0.132] | 0.089 [0.046, 0.129] | 0.089 [0.047, 0.130] | 0.088 [0.047, 0.129] | 0.090 [0.047, 0.130] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] | 0.023 [-0.014, 0.061] | 0.022 [-0.017, 0.060] | 0.022 [-0.014, 0.059] | 0.021 [-0.015, 0.058] | 0.022 [-0.017, 0.059] |
| Weekend WP | -0.034 [-0.051, -0.016] | -0.036 [-0.054, -0.018] | -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] | -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] | -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] | -0.035 [-0.053, -0.017] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.299 [0.293, 0.306] | 0.298 [0.291, 0.304] | 0.298 [0.292, 0.304] | 0.298 [0.292, 0.305] | 0.298 [0.292, 0.305] | 0.297 [0.290, 0.303] |
| R2 within | 0.091 [0.084, 0.099] | 0.095 [0.086, 0.104] | 0.094 [0.086, 0.102] | 0.094 [0.087, 0.102] | 0.093 [0.085, 0.101] | 0.094 [0.086, 0.103] |
| Personality trait | -0.083 [-0.138, -0.028] | -0.064 [-0.135, 0.004] | -0.047 [-0.109, 0.017] | 0.200 [0.152, 0.250] | 0.000 [-0.063, 0.061] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.034 [-0.086, 0.018] | -0.004 [-0.067, 0.060] | -0.058 [-0.115, -0.002] | 0.094 [0.047, 0.138] | -0.045 [-0.100, 0.011] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.045 [-0.004, 0.094] | 0.012 [-0.051, 0.074] | 0.017 [-0.036, 0.071] | 0.009 [-0.035, 0.055] | -0.002 [-0.054, 0.051] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.031 [-0.091, 0.027] | -0.057 [-0.128, 0.017] | -0.089 [-0.151, -0.027] | 0.056 [0.004, 0.109] | 0.013 [-0.050, 0.076] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.026 [-0.080, 0.026] | -0.003 [-0.072, 0.064] | -0.011 [-0.067, 0.048] | 0.016 [-0.031, 0.061] | -0.020 [-0.078, 0.037] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.084 [0.064, 0.105] | 0.085 [0.064, 0.108] | 0.086 [0.065, 0.110] | 0.084 [0.062, 0.107] | 0.074 [0.053, 0.096] | 0.085 [0.063, 0.109] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.002, 0.037] | 0.026 [0.006, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.006, 0.047] | 0.024 [0.003, 0.046] | 0.023 [0.003, 0.044] | 0.024 [0.003, 0.046] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.051 [0.028, 0.075] | 0.051 [0.027, 0.077] | 0.050 [0.025, 0.076] | 0.049 [0.025, 0.074] | 0.044 [0.021, 0.068] | 0.051 [0.027, 0.077] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030] | 0.011 [-0.011, 0.032] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.033] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.031] | 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.018 [0.003, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.024 [0.007, 0.041] | 0.024 [0.008, 0.042] | 0.024 [0.007, 0.042] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.043] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.045 [0.025, 0.066] | 0.047 [0.025, 0.071] | 0.047 [0.026, 0.070] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.066] | 0.044 [0.024, 0.066] | 0.047 [0.026, 0.069] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.018] | -0.003 [-0.024, 0.016] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.016] | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.014] | -0.003 [-0.022, 0.016] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.013, 0.022] | 0.006 [-0.014, 0.026] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.025] | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.026] | 0.005 [-0.014, 0.024] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.014, 0.025] | 0.006 [-0.014, 0.026] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.013, 0.027] | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.024] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.043 [0.023, 0.064] | 0.044 [0.023, 0.067] | 0.040 [0.020, 0.062] | 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] | 0.040 [0.020, 0.062] | 0.043 [0.022, 0.066] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.533 [1.494, 1.572] | 1.526 [1.485, 1.566] | 1.525 [1.484, 1.566] | 1.527 [1.486, 1.567] | 1.526 [1.487, 1.565] | 1.525 [1.484, 1.566] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.307 [0.277, 0.341] | 0.295 [0.264, 0.330] | 0.298 [0.267, 0.333] | 0.297 [0.267, 0.332] | 0.273 [0.245, 0.306] | 0.299 [0.269, 0.334] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.104 [0.082, 0.128] | 0.111 [0.089, 0.139] | 0.111 [0.087, 0.139] | 0.111 [0.089, 0.138] | 0.105 [0.083, 0.132] | 0.112 [0.090, 0.138] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.040 [0.025, 0.058] | 0.037 [0.023, 0.055] | 0.039 [0.024, 0.056] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.039 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.039 [0.026, 0.057] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.117 [0.091, 0.148] | 0.125 [0.096, 0.159] | 0.121 [0.094, 0.154] | 0.119 [0.091, 0.152] | 0.119 [0.092, 0.152] | 0.122 [0.094, 0.154] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.060 [0.039, 0.087] | 0.062 [0.041, 0.090] | 0.058 [0.038, 0.086] | 0.059 [0.037, 0.086] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.087] | 0.058 [0.036, 0.085] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.045 [0.026, 0.069] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.026 [0.007, 0.057] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.038] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,336 | 19,326 | 19,263 | 19,322 | 19,314 | 19,272 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.046 [0.024, 0.069] | 0.041 [0.017, 0.064] | 0.043 [0.018, 0.067] | 0.042 [0.018, 0.068] | 0.041 [0.017, 0.067] | 0.043 [0.018, 0.067] |
| Mixed WP | 0.025 [-0.001, 0.048] | 0.027 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.003, 0.058] | 0.027 [0.001, 0.055] | 0.026 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.033 [0.004, 0.057] |
| Family WP | 0.061 [0.034, 0.087] | 0.069 [0.041, 0.095] | 0.069 [0.041, 0.097] | 0.068 [0.041, 0.095] | 0.068 [0.041, 0.095] | 0.071 [0.043, 0.098] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.015 [-0.043, 0.014] | -0.007 [-0.036, 0.022] | -0.008 [-0.040, 0.022] | -0.009 [-0.039, 0.021] | -0.009 [-0.038, 0.021] | -0.009 [-0.040, 0.019] |
| Weekend WP | -0.027 [-0.042, -0.012] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.227 [0.222, 0.232] | 0.224 [0.219, 0.228] | 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] | 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] | 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] | 0.223 [0.218, 0.228] |
| R2 within | 0.034 [0.029, 0.041] | 0.037 [0.030, 0.044] | 0.038 [0.031, 0.046] | 0.036 [0.030, 0.043] | 0.036 [0.031, 0.043] | 0.036 [0.030, 0.042] |
| Personality trait | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.021] | -0.074 [-0.109, -0.041] | -0.015 [-0.046, 0.016] | 0.090 [0.066, 0.115] | -0.001 [-0.031, 0.030] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.003 [-0.031, 0.036] | -0.014 [-0.054, 0.028] | -0.009 [-0.045, 0.026] | 0.016 [-0.016, 0.046] | 0.007 [-0.029, 0.042] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.031 [-0.009, 0.064] | 0.023 [-0.019, 0.072] | 0.006 [-0.032, 0.049] | 0.008 [-0.026, 0.045] | 0.026 [-0.014, 0.066] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.010 [-0.029, 0.050] | -0.004 [-0.052, 0.043] | -0.006 [-0.046, 0.038] | 0.010 [-0.025, 0.044] | 0.002 [-0.040, 0.043] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.011 [-0.031, 0.054] | 0.021 [-0.030, 0.076] | -0.011 [-0.054, 0.036] | -0.010 [-0.045, 0.026] | 0.008 [-0.034, 0.053] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.019 [0.012, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.007, 0.022] | 0.014 [0.007, 0.022] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.023] | 0.015 [0.007, 0.022] | 0.015 [0.008, 0.022] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.007, 0.010] | 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.013] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012] | 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.019 [0.011, 0.028] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.031] | 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] | 0.024 [0.016, 0.032] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.013, 0.006] | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] | 0.002 [-0.007, 0.011] | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] | 0.002 [-0.007, 0.010] | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.008, 0.003] | -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.005, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.006, 0.006] | -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.006, 0.008] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.004, 0.012] | 0.006 [-0.003, 0.015] | 0.006 [-0.003, 0.015] | 0.006 [-0.003, 0.014] | 0.006 [-0.002, 0.014] | 0.006 [-0.001, 0.015] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.020, -0.004] | -0.011 [-0.021, -0.003] | -0.011 [-0.020, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.004] | -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.011, 0.003] | -0.002 [-0.011, 0.006] | -0.001 [-0.009, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.009, 0.006] | -0.001 [-0.008, 0.006] | -0.002 [-0.011, 0.005] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.009, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.011, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.012, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.008] | 0.000 [-0.011, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.010, 0.009] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.003, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.007, 0.014] | 0.003 [-0.007, 0.015] | 0.003 [-0.007, 0.014] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.014] | 0.004 [-0.006, 0.015] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.230 [1.209, 1.251] | 1.216 [1.196, 1.236] | 1.218 [1.198, 1.238] | 1.217 [1.197, 1.238] | 1.217 [1.197, 1.237] | 1.216 [1.196, 1.237] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.085 [0.076, 0.095] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] | 0.063 [0.056, 0.071] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] | 0.060 [0.053, 0.068] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.013, 0.028] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.030] | 0.020 [0.012, 0.031] | 0.020 [0.012, 0.031] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.032] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.007 [0.002, 0.014] | 0.007 [0.003, 0.016] | 0.008 [0.002, 0.019] | 0.009 [0.003, 0.019] | 0.009 [0.003, 0.018] | 0.009 [0.004, 0.019] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.030 [0.020, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.017, 0.042] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.018, 0.042] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.026 [0.014, 0.042] | 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] | 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] | 0.030 [0.016, 0.046] | 0.030 [0.018, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.015, 0.043] |
| R2 between | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.030] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.066] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.031 [0.000, 0.176] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.105] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.100] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,369 | 19,356 | 19,293 | 19,352 | 19,344 | 19,302 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.112 [0.079, 0.144] | 0.107 [0.075, 0.140] | 0.110 [0.075, 0.145] | 0.107 [0.072, 0.142] | 0.107 [0.071, 0.141] | 0.107 [0.072, 0.141] |
| Mixed WP | 0.012 [-0.025, 0.048] | 0.022 [-0.018, 0.064] | 0.018 [-0.022, 0.060] | 0.016 [-0.020, 0.054] | 0.014 [-0.023, 0.053] | 0.019 [-0.019, 0.057] |
| Family WP | 0.054 [0.016, 0.092] | 0.056 [0.018, 0.095] | 0.054 [0.014, 0.093] | 0.057 [0.018, 0.095] | 0.054 [0.015, 0.092] | 0.060 [0.020, 0.099] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.028 [-0.069, 0.013] | -0.019 [-0.060, 0.023] | -0.018 [-0.061, 0.026] | -0.018 [-0.062, 0.023] | -0.021 [-0.065, 0.022] | -0.017 [-0.061, 0.027] |
| Weekend WP | -0.196 [-0.217, -0.175] | -0.199 [-0.221, -0.177] | -0.198 [-0.220, -0.177] | -0.200 [-0.222, -0.177] | -0.198 [-0.221, -0.176] | -0.197 [-0.219, -0.174] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.456 [0.447, 0.466] | 0.463 [0.454, 0.473] | 0.463 [0.454, 0.473] | 0.464 [0.455, 0.474] | 0.464 [0.454, 0.474] | 0.461 [0.451, 0.471] |
| R2 within | 0.052 [0.043, 0.059] | 0.053 [0.046, 0.062] | 0.053 [0.047, 0.061] | 0.054 [0.047, 0.061] | 0.053 [0.047, 0.061] | 0.053 [0.046, 0.061] |
| Personality trait | -0.095 [-0.152, -0.039] | -0.049 [-0.122, 0.024] | -0.065 [-0.129, 0.000] | 0.261 [0.212, 0.310] | 0.063 [-0.002, 0.126] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.051 [-0.099, -0.004] | -0.096 [-0.152, -0.034] | -0.043 [-0.094, 0.009] | 0.022 [-0.021, 0.064] | -0.018 [-0.070, 0.032] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.003 [-0.060, 0.051] | -0.036 [-0.104, 0.030] | -0.026 [-0.080, 0.035] | -0.026 [-0.073, 0.023] | -0.007 [-0.067, 0.051] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.042 [-0.099, 0.013] | -0.083 [-0.151, -0.012] | -0.019 [-0.078, 0.045] | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.068] | -0.014 [-0.076, 0.048] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.016 [-0.045, 0.075] | 0.024 [-0.053, 0.101] | -0.033 [-0.098, 0.034] | -0.007 [-0.059, 0.046] | -0.031 [-0.098, 0.033] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.045 [0.026, 0.066] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.063] | 0.043 [0.023, 0.063] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.067] | 0.042 [0.023, 0.063] | 0.045 [0.026, 0.067] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.023] | 0.004 [-0.019, 0.026] | 0.003 [-0.020, 0.026] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.025] | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.031] | 0.002 [-0.022, 0.025] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.009, 0.038] | 0.009 [-0.014, 0.033] | 0.011 [-0.012, 0.035] | 0.012 [-0.012, 0.036] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033] | 0.016 [-0.007, 0.041] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.041, 0.008] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.009] | -0.015 [-0.040, 0.009] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.009] | -0.015 [-0.039, 0.009] | -0.016 [-0.041, 0.009] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.009, 0.023] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.034] | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.030] | 0.014 [-0.003, 0.031] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.033] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] | 0.011 [-0.008, 0.030] | 0.011 [-0.004, 0.028] | 0.013 [-0.003, 0.030] | 0.012 [-0.004, 0.030] | 0.016 [-0.001, 0.034] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.029, 0.004] | -0.011 [-0.029, 0.006] | -0.009 [-0.028, 0.009] | -0.011 [-0.033, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.032, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.031, 0.007] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.020, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.012] | -0.004 [-0.022, 0.014] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.015] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.015] | -0.004 [-0.023, 0.014] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.026] | -0.003 [-0.024, 0.017] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.027, 0.016] | 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.030] | 0.011 [-0.008, 0.035] | 0.012 [-0.007, 0.034] | 0.010 [-0.009, 0.032] | 0.011 [-0.008, 0.034] | 0.012 [-0.010, 0.035] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.826 [1.785, 1.867] | 1.824 [1.781, 1.865] | 1.824 [1.781, 1.866] | 1.827 [1.784, 1.869] | 1.825 [1.785, 1.865] | 1.824 [1.781, 1.866] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.330 [0.298, 0.367] | 0.310 [0.277, 0.347] | 0.316 [0.283, 0.354] | 0.315 [0.282, 0.353] | 0.274 [0.245, 0.307] | 0.315 [0.282, 0.352] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.039 [0.019, 0.059] | 0.040 [0.023, 0.063] | 0.036 [0.020, 0.057] | 0.041 [0.025, 0.064] | 0.042 [0.024, 0.065] | 0.043 [0.026, 0.065] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.010, 0.044] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.047] | 0.025 [0.010, 0.046] | 0.023 [0.006, 0.044] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.046] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.052] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.052 [0.032, 0.077] | 0.055 [0.030, 0.084] | 0.054 [0.034, 0.080] | 0.054 [0.034, 0.083] | 0.054 [0.033, 0.082] | 0.054 [0.032, 0.080] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.061 [0.039, 0.091] | 0.061 [0.039, 0.095] | 0.063 [0.039, 0.093] | 0.064 [0.037, 0.095] | 0.065 [0.037, 0.097] | 0.064 [0.038, 0.097] |
| R2 between | 0.007 [0.001, 0.019] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.074 [0.049, 0.102] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.016 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.041 [0.004, 0.113] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.083] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.021 [0.001, 0.069] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,373 | 19,360 | 19,297 | 19,356 | 19,348 | 19,306 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.122 [0.095, 0.149] | 0.121 [0.093, 0.149] | 0.121 [0.093, 0.151] | 0.123 [0.093, 0.155] | 0.122 [0.092, 0.153] | 0.123 [0.092, 0.153] |
| Mixed WP | 0.017 [-0.015, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.021, 0.054] | 0.020 [-0.018, 0.058] | 0.017 [-0.019, 0.053] | 0.018 [-0.017, 0.054] | 0.021 [-0.017, 0.057] |
| Family WP | 0.066 [0.033, 0.100] | 0.064 [0.028, 0.101] | 0.065 [0.028, 0.100] | 0.067 [0.031, 0.102] | 0.064 [0.029, 0.100] | 0.068 [0.031, 0.105] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.046 [-0.080, -0.012] | -0.046 [-0.081, -0.012] | -0.047 [-0.084, -0.010] | -0.049 [-0.083, -0.014] | -0.050 [-0.084, -0.014] | -0.047 [-0.085, -0.013] |
| Weekend WP | -0.047 [-0.065, -0.028] | -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] | -0.053 [-0.071, -0.034] | -0.053 [-0.072, -0.034] | -0.053 [-0.072, -0.034] | -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.328 [0.322, 0.335] | 0.331 [0.324, 0.337] | 0.330 [0.323, 0.337] | 0.331 [0.324, 0.338] | 0.331 [0.324, 0.338] | 0.329 [0.322, 0.336] |
| R2 within | 0.047 [0.040, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.042, 0.057] | 0.049 [0.042, 0.057] | 0.049 [0.042, 0.056] | 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] | 0.048 [0.042, 0.056] |
| Personality trait | -0.060 [-0.106, -0.012] | -0.058 [-0.119, 0.001] | -0.070 [-0.123, -0.017] | 0.219 [0.180, 0.259] | 0.034 [-0.019, 0.086] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.004 [-0.046, 0.036] | 0.007 [-0.043, 0.062] | -0.043 [-0.088, 0.001] | 0.041 [0.003, 0.076] | 0.032 [-0.011, 0.078] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.019 [-0.033, 0.070] | -0.006 [-0.071, 0.061] | 0.021 [-0.036, 0.076] | 0.001 [-0.044, 0.048] | 0.018 [-0.034, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.040 [-0.092, 0.012] | -0.030 [-0.092, 0.035] | -0.014 [-0.067, 0.043] | 0.039 [-0.006, 0.085] | -0.033 [-0.087, 0.021] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.002 [-0.050, 0.049] | -0.032 [-0.093, 0.030] | 0.030 [-0.022, 0.085] | 0.000 [-0.041, 0.043] | -0.009 [-0.059, 0.045] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.052 [0.038, 0.068] | 0.052 [0.037, 0.068] | 0.054 [0.040, 0.069] | 0.052 [0.038, 0.068] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.062] | 0.053 [0.039, 0.068] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.026] | 0.011 [-0.006, 0.029] | 0.012 [-0.005, 0.029] | 0.011 [-0.006, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.027] | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.028] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.032 [0.015, 0.050] | 0.029 [0.011, 0.048] | 0.031 [0.013, 0.050] | 0.031 [0.013, 0.049] | 0.026 [0.010, 0.043] | 0.033 [0.016, 0.052] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.025, 0.009] | -0.009 [-0.027, 0.008] | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.008] | -0.007 [-0.024, 0.009] | -0.008 [-0.024, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.005, 0.018] | 0.009 [-0.002, 0.024] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] | 0.011 [-0.002, 0.024] | 0.010 [-0.002, 0.024] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.025] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.015, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.013] | 0.000 [-0.011, 0.013] | 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.012] | 0.001 [-0.010, 0.014] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.033, -0.011] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.008] | -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] | -0.018 [-0.031, -0.007] | -0.020 [-0.033, -0.008] | -0.020 [-0.032, -0.008] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.037, -0.002] | -0.017 [-0.034, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.033, 0.000] | -0.018 [-0.035, -0.001] | -0.018 [-0.036, -0.002] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.007] | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.009] | -0.011 [-0.026, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.026, 0.006] | -0.009 [-0.027, 0.009] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.016 [0.002, 0.033] | 0.014 [-0.002, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.030] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.501 [1.468, 1.534] | 1.494 [1.460, 1.528] | 1.495 [1.460, 1.530] | 1.496 [1.461, 1.531] | 1.495 [1.463, 1.528] | 1.495 [1.459, 1.530] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.224 [0.201, 0.249] | 0.207 [0.184, 0.232] | 0.208 [0.186, 0.234] | 0.206 [0.185, 0.231] | 0.177 [0.158, 0.199] | 0.209 [0.186, 0.234] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.032 [0.021, 0.047] | 0.031 [0.017, 0.047] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.046] | 0.031 [0.019, 0.047] | 0.031 [0.019, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.022, 0.048] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.031 [0.016, 0.051] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.059] | 0.040 [0.022, 0.061] | 0.039 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.040 [0.020, 0.064] | 0.041 [0.024, 0.064] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.061 [0.045, 0.082] | 0.064 [0.044, 0.087] | 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] | 0.064 [0.046, 0.087] | 0.063 [0.045, 0.086] | 0.063 [0.043, 0.085] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.037 [0.021, 0.059] | 0.036 [0.020, 0.057] | 0.034 [0.018, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.019, 0.054] | 0.036 [0.022, 0.057] | 0.034 [0.017, 0.055] |
| R2 between | 0.004 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.080 [0.054, 0.110] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,353 | 19,341 | 19,278 | 19,337 | 19,329 | 19,287 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.421 [-.444, -.398] | -.413 [-.437, -.389] | -.415 [-.439, -.390] | -.415 [-.439, -.390] | -.414 [-.438, -.390] | -.413 [-.437, -.388] |
| Mixed WP | -.031 [-.056, -.007] | -.034 [-.065, -.002] | -.037 [-.069, -.006] | -.035 [-.065, -.006] | -.034 [-.063, -.005] | -.036 [-.067, -.004] |
| Family WP | -.106 [-.139, -.073] | -.110 [-.146, -.074] | -.106 [-.142, -.070] | -.116 [-.151, -.081] | -.110 [-.145, -.076] | -.111 [-.146, -.075] |
| Weak ties WP | -.324 [-.350, -.298] | -.324 [-.353, -.296] | -.329 [-.358, -.300] | -.328 [-.356, -.299] | -.330 [-.358, -.301] | -.327 [-.356, -.298] |
| Personality trait | .146 [.118, .174] | .134 [.106, .163] | .129 [.100, .157] | -.328 [-.355, -.302] | .012 [-.017, .041] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .022 [-.031, .075] | .011 [-.041, .062] | .078 [.025, .130] | -.122 [-.176, -.068] | -.037 [-.089, .016] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.046 [-.127, .035] | .001 [-.080, .083] | .010 [-.070, .090] | .031 [-.050, .113] | .013 [-.066, .093] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .056 [-.004, .116] | .037 [-.022, .096] | .036 [-.023, .095] | -.034 [-.096, .027] | -.026 [-.086, .035] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .019 [-.041, .079] | .045 [-.017, .106] | .036 [-.024, .097] | -.058 [-.118, .002] | .024 [-.036, .084] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.320 [-.344, -.296] | -.323 [-.348, -.297] | -.320 [-.346, -.295] | -.322 [-.347, -.296] | -.320 [-.344, -.296] | -.322 [-.347, -.297] |
| Mixed WP | -.004 [-.031, .023] | -.003 [-.034, .028] | -.004 [-.034, .026] | -.003 [-.033, .026] | -.005 [-.034, .025] | -.005 [-.037, .026] |
| Family WP | -.071 [-.104, -.039] | -.079 [-.114, -.043] | -.079 [-.114, -.043] | -.081 [-.116, -.045] | -.079 [-.114, -.045] | -.074 [-.110, -.038] |
| Weak ties WP | -.391 [-.418, -.365] | -.390 [-.419, -.361] | -.391 [-.421, -.362] | -.392 [-.421, -.364] | -.398 [-.426, -.370] | -.389 [-.418, -.360] |
| Personality trait | .199 [.171, .228] | .135 [.107, .164] | .113 [.084, .141] | -.266 [-.293, -.238] | .038 [.009, .067] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .039 [-.017, .095] | -.028 [-.084, .027] | .058 [.003, .113] | -.098 [-.154, -.041] | -.045 [-.100, .011] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.056 [-.137, .024] | -.009 [-.091, .074] | -.020 [-.099, .060] | .081 [.001, .161] | -.016 [-.098, .066] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .066 [.005, .127] | .019 [-.041, .078] | .024 [-.036, .083] | -.025 [-.087, .037] | -.010 [-.071, .050] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .028 [-.032, .089] | .039 [-.022, .101] | .046 [-.014, .105] | -.056 [-.116, .004] | .029 [-.032, .089] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | .223 [.200, .246] | .213 [.188, .238] | .212 [.186, .238] | .215 [.190, .241] | .215 [.191, .239] | .215 [.190, .240] |
| Mixed WP | .068 [.039, .097] | .069 [.038, .101] | .071 [.040, .102] | .073 [.044, .103] | .068 [.040, .097] | .072 [.042, .103] |
| Family WP | .033 [.002, .065] | .042 [.006, .077] | .043 [.009, .077] | .047 [.013, .082] | .034 [.001, .067] | .045 [.009, .080] |
| Weak ties WP | .202 [.176, .228] | .202 [.173, .231] | .206 [.176, .235] | .201 [.171, .230] | .204 [.176, .232] | .207 [.177, .237] |
| Personality trait | -.036 [-.065, -.008] | -.082 [-.111, -.054] | -.075 [-.103, -.046] | .266 [.239, .294] | -.007 [-.036, .022] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.016 [-.082, .050] | -.051 [-.116, .014] | -.036 [-.099, .027] | .047 [-.020, .114] | .004 [-.060, .068] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .020 [-.063, .103] | -.087 [-.171, -.004] | -.026 [-.105, .053] | -.003 [-.086, .080] | -.048 [-.129, .033] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.003 [-.075, .069] | -.030 [-.101, .040] | -.062 [-.132, .009] | .027 [-.044, .099] | .091 [.019, .162] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .015 [-.049, .080] | -.023 [-.090, .044] | -.014 [-.079, .052] | .038 [-.027, .102] | -.025 [-.090, .039] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | .479 [.456, .502] | .468 [.442, .493] | .469 [.443, .495] | .471 [.445, .497] | .471 [.447, .495] | .467 [.441, .492] |
| Mixed WP | .041 [.015, .067] | .041 [.011, .071] | .044 [.014, .074] | .046 [.016, .075] | .045 [.017, .072] | .043 [.014, .073] |
| Family WP | .094 [.062, .127] | .095 [.059, .132] | .096 [.060, .131] | .096 [.061, .132] | .095 [.060, .131] | .098 [.061, .134] |
| Weak ties WP | .100 [.073, .127] | .100 [.071, .130] | .104 [.074, .134] | .105 [.075, .135] | .102 [.073, .131] | .104 [.074, .134] |
| Personality trait | -.058 [-.087, -.030] | -.072 [-.101, -.044] | -.086 [-.115, -.058] | .216 [.188, .243] | .027 [-.002, .056] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.010 [-.054, .034] | -.021 [-.065, .022] | -.091 [-.134, -.048] | .142 [.097, .186] | -.012 [-.055, .031] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .081 [-.015, .177] | .026 [-.067, .119] | -.020 [-.112, .071] | .007 [-.088, .103] | -.012 [-.107, .082] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.018 [-.077, .040] | -.063 [-.121, -.006] | -.077 [-.134, -.019] | .043 [-.017, .103] | .028 [-.031, .088] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.036 [-.091, .020] | -.032 [-.089, .024] | -.059 [-.114, -.004] | .038 [-.018, .094] | -.003 [-.059, .053] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.239 [-0.261, -0.218] | -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210] | -0.231 [-0.254, -0.209] | -0.231 [-0.254, -0.209] | -0.231 [-0.254, -0.208] | -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210] |
| Mixed WP | -0.019 [-0.041, 0.004] | -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008] | -0.017 [-0.043, 0.009] | -0.017 [-0.042, 0.009] | -0.019 [-0.046, 0.007] | -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008] |
| Family WP | 0.010 [-0.024, 0.044] | 0.023 [-0.013, 0.059] | 0.022 [-0.013, 0.059] | 0.020 [-0.014, 0.057] | 0.018 [-0.019, 0.055] | 0.022 [-0.013, 0.058] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.178 [-0.202, -0.154] | -0.181 [-0.208, -0.156] | -0.180 [-0.205, -0.155] | -0.181 [-0.206, -0.156] | -0.180 [-0.207, -0.153] | -0.181 [-0.208, -0.155] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.065 [-0.139, 0.011] | -0.069 [-0.149, 0.009] | -0.074 [-0.154, 0.003] | -0.074 [-0.154, 0.003] | -0.076 [-0.149, 0.001] | -0.066 [-0.143, 0.011] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.164 [0.099, 0.227] | 0.156 [0.086, 0.223] | 0.162 [0.098, 0.224] | 0.163 [0.099, 0.226] | 0.161 [0.092, 0.232] | 0.159 [0.087, 0.227] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.031 [-0.103, 0.165] | 0.026 [-0.112, 0.161] | 0.020 [-0.127, 0.160] | 0.032 [-0.120, 0.170] | 0.007 [-0.140, 0.154] | 0.021 [-0.118, 0.154] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.075 [0.008, 0.152] | 0.079 [-0.002, 0.151] | 0.051 [-0.017, 0.139] | 0.052 [-0.018, 0.140] | 0.055 [-0.045, 0.131] | 0.075 [-0.010, 0.142] |
| Weekend WP | 0.060 [0.045, 0.075] | 0.061 [0.044, 0.077] | 0.061 [0.045, 0.077] | 0.061 [0.044, 0.077] | 0.061 [0.045, 0.077] | 0.061 [0.044, 0.077] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.231 [0.227, 0.236] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] |
| R2 within | 0.111 [0.102, 0.120] | 0.115 [0.107, 0.124] | 0.114 [0.105, 0.124] | 0.114 [0.106, 0.124] | 0.116 [0.106, 0.125] | 0.114 [0.105, 0.123] |
| Personality trait | 0.090 [0.058, 0.123] | 0.155 [0.114, 0.197] | 0.130 [0.089, 0.172] | -0.248 [-0.280, -0.216] | 0.012 [-0.032, 0.057] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.003 [-0.024, 0.032] | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] | 0.029 [-0.006, 0.063] | -0.040 [-0.070, -0.009] | -0.025 [-0.062, 0.012] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.016 [-0.014, 0.048] | 0.037 [-0.004, 0.077] | 0.006 [-0.034, 0.047] | 0.007 [-0.027, 0.039] | 0.000 [-0.042, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.025, 0.061] | 0.029 [-0.027, 0.085] | 0.022 [-0.036, 0.078] | 0.024 [-0.023, 0.071] | 0.003 [-0.054, 0.063] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.015 [-0.017, 0.046] | 0.019 [-0.022, 0.062] | 0.040 [-0.001, 0.080] | -0.018 [-0.051, 0.015] | 0.001 [-0.042, 0.043] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.028 [-0.072, 0.128] | -0.076 [-0.201, 0.053] | -0.035 [-0.158, 0.105] | -0.054 [-0.153, 0.045] | 0.131 [-0.007, 0.275] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.041 [-0.041, 0.126] | 0.022 [-0.084, 0.124] | 0.034 [-0.074, 0.136] | -0.009 [-0.096, 0.084] | 0.061 [-0.052, 0.172] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.112 [-0.053, 0.274] | -0.017 [-0.228, 0.200] | -0.154 [-0.384, 0.068] | -0.028 [-0.188, 0.151] | 0.113 [-0.134, 0.357] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.035 [-0.126, 0.053] | 0.102 [-0.021, 0.221] | 0.059 [-0.073, 0.174] | -0.017 [-0.117, 0.081] | -0.035 [-0.167, 0.090] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.029] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.003, 0.023] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.030] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.015] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016] | 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.020] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.017] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.013, 0.017] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.010] | -0.006 [-0.023, 0.010] | -0.006 [-0.023, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.016, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.011] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.015, 0.008] | -0.005 [-0.016, 0.007] | -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.019, 0.006] | -0.007 [-0.019, 0.004] | -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.042, 0.025] | 0.001 [-0.034, 0.036] | 0.007 [-0.026, 0.043] | 0.005 [-0.029, 0.041] | -0.005 [-0.036, 0.027] | 0.000 [-0.037, 0.036] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.033, 0.030] | -0.006 [-0.035, 0.025] | -0.008 [-0.040, 0.023] | -0.007 [-0.039, 0.023] | -0.006 [-0.033, 0.024] | -0.003 [-0.034, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.029 [-0.029, 0.088] | 0.023 [-0.047, 0.092] | 0.027 [-0.044, 0.096] | 0.038 [-0.035, 0.108] | 0.024 [-0.043, 0.094] | 0.028 [-0.042, 0.099] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.040, 0.028] | 0.002 [-0.032, 0.038] | 0.001 [-0.034, 0.042] | 0.000 [-0.036, 0.042] | 0.001 [-0.032, 0.035] | -0.003 [-0.037, 0.033] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [0.013, 0.031] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.021 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] | 0.022 [0.013, 0.033] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.009] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.015, 0.010] | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.007, 0.025] | 0.019 [0.010, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.029] | 0.018 [0.009, 0.029] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.029] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.013, 0.036] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.033] | 0.009 [-0.020, 0.036] | 0.008 [-0.021, 0.036] | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.032] | 0.008 [-0.019, 0.036] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.047, -0.006] | -0.017 [-0.039, 0.004] | -0.022 [-0.046, -0.001] | -0.022 [-0.045, -0.001] | -0.018 [-0.039, 0.003] | -0.017 [-0.038, 0.005] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.042, 0.039] | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.069] | 0.020 [-0.029, 0.080] | 0.022 [-0.026, 0.082] | 0.016 [-0.029, 0.059] | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.069] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.035, 0.011] | -0.003 [-0.031, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.029, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.026, 0.024] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] | -0.002 [-0.037, 0.020] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.012, 0.011] | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.012] | 0.000 [-0.014, 0.013] | 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] | 0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.014, 0.012] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [0.002, 0.020] | 0.015 [0.006, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.026] | 0.016 [0.007, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.005, 0.026] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.012, 0.038] | 0.019 [-0.008, 0.044] | 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] | 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] | 0.018 [-0.007, 0.045] | 0.019 [-0.008, 0.045] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.018] | -0.008 [-0.031, 0.017] | -0.009 [-0.031, 0.017] | -0.008 [-0.030, 0.018] | -0.004 [-0.030, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.018, 0.057] | 0.034 [-0.003, 0.078] | 0.032 [-0.002, 0.081] | 0.032 [-0.001, 0.082] | 0.037 [0.001, 0.082] | 0.035 [-0.004, 0.078] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007] | -0.008 [-0.028, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.010] | -0.007 [-0.028, 0.012] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.012] | -0.006 [-0.029, 0.016] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.009, 0.015] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.009, 0.020] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.020] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.038, 0.017] | -0.013 [-0.046, 0.016] | -0.014 [-0.048, 0.017] | -0.014 [-0.047, 0.016] | -0.007 [-0.042, 0.024] | -0.012 [-0.045, 0.017] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.012, 0.057] | 0.017 [-0.017, 0.049] | 0.022 [-0.016, 0.053] | 0.024 [-0.013, 0.055] | 0.020 [-0.012, 0.055] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.008, 0.076] | 0.038 [-0.011, 0.090] | 0.032 [-0.014, 0.086] | 0.034 [-0.011, 0.088] | 0.049 [0.007, 0.099] | 0.042 [-0.005, 0.095] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.017, 0.038] | 0.007 [-0.020, 0.041] | 0.008 [-0.027, 0.037] | 0.007 [-0.027, 0.037] | 0.010 [-0.016, 0.036] | 0.008 [-0.018, 0.038] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.013, 0.039] | 0.021 [-0.006, 0.047] | 0.019 [-0.013, 0.045] | 0.019 [-0.013, 0.046] | 0.023 [-0.006, 0.048] | 0.021 [-0.006, 0.049] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.031, 0.010] | -0.009 [-0.029, 0.014] | -0.011 [-0.029, 0.012] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.013] | -0.007 [-0.028, 0.016] | -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.052, 0.029] | 0.002 [-0.040, 0.047] | 0.005 [-0.036, 0.053] | 0.004 [-0.037, 0.053] | 0.006 [-0.038, 0.056] | 0.004 [-0.041, 0.051] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.027] | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.027] | 0.002 [-0.017, 0.026] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.026] | 0.009 [-0.013, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.022, 0.027] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.071 [0.006, 0.139] | 0.065 [-0.002, 0.137] | 0.061 [0.000, 0.138] | 0.059 [-0.004, 0.137] | 0.066 [-0.014, 0.138] | 0.066 [-0.004, 0.137] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.080 [-0.020, 0.180] | 0.098 [-0.007, 0.224] | 0.087 [-0.072, 0.212] | 0.087 [-0.071, 0.205] | 0.100 [-0.018, 0.218] | 0.096 [-0.010, 0.217] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.053, 0.067] | -0.002 [-0.053, 0.056] | 0.007 [-0.057, 0.080] | 0.004 [-0.059, 0.079] | 0.011 [-0.059, 0.078] | -0.001 [-0.064, 0.056] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.099 [0.004, 0.187] | 0.095 [-0.010, 0.204] | 0.090 [-0.013, 0.190] | 0.096 [-0.006, 0.196] | 0.101 [-0.016, 0.227] | 0.100 [-0.008, 0.208] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.044 [-0.020, 0.108] | 0.042 [-0.011, 0.104] | 0.039 [-0.010, 0.098] | 0.036 [-0.012, 0.094] | 0.054 [0.006, 0.118] | 0.042 [-0.016, 0.106] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.049, 0.128] | 0.029 [-0.055, 0.107] | 0.037 [-0.099, 0.130] | 0.035 [-0.102, 0.132] | 0.034 [-0.041, 0.130] | 0.034 [-0.051, 0.112] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.993 [2.968, 3.019] | 3.008 [2.982, 3.035] | 3.008 [2.981, 3.035] | 3.008 [2.981, 3.034] | 3.009 [2.985, 3.033] | 3.008 [2.981, 3.035] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.199 [0.183, 0.217] | 0.185 [0.169, 0.203] | 0.181 [0.165, 0.199] | 0.184 [0.168, 0.202] | 0.154 [0.141, 0.170] | 0.191 [0.174, 0.209] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.041 [0.031, 0.053] | 0.042 [0.031, 0.055] | 0.041 [0.029, 0.053] | 0.041 [0.029, 0.053] | 0.041 [0.031, 0.053] | 0.042 [0.030, 0.054] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.038] | 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] | 0.024 [0.012, 0.037] | 0.026 [0.016, 0.040] | 0.024 [0.013, 0.038] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] | 0.042 [0.024, 0.064] | 0.043 [0.025, 0.068] | 0.044 [0.026, 0.067] | 0.043 [0.026, 0.068] | 0.042 [0.024, 0.065] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.031 [0.021, 0.043] | 0.032 [0.022, 0.046] | 0.034 [0.023, 0.047] | 0.033 [0.022, 0.047] | 0.033 [0.023, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.022, 0.047] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.163 [0.076, 0.256] | 0.186 [0.097, 0.301] | 0.190 [0.067, 0.307] | 0.188 [0.071, 0.307] | 0.179 [0.087, 0.292] | 0.185 [0.099, 0.293] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.157 [0.097, 0.239] | 0.164 [0.102, 0.248] | 0.150 [0.093, 0.240] | 0.152 [0.096, 0.243] | 0.166 [0.108, 0.245] | 0.165 [0.102, 0.247] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.330 [0.158, 0.560] | 0.391 [0.223, 0.652] | 0.371 [0.157, 0.636] | 0.377 [0.174, 0.634] | 0.372 [0.206, 0.639] | 0.391 [0.224, 0.658] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.028, 0.136] | 0.059 [0.024, 0.129] | 0.064 [0.031, 0.119] | 0.064 [0.030, 0.117] | 0.072 [0.034, 0.146] | 0.057 [0.023, 0.132] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] | 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] | 0.018 [0.008, 0.030] | 0.102 [0.078, 0.129] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.003] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.001, 0.035] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.076] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.011 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.161] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.100] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.131] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,774 | 20,512 | 20,512 | 20,512 | 20,507 | 20,512 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.235 [-0.264, -0.206] | -0.230 [-0.262, -0.198] | -0.231 [-0.264, -0.199] | -0.231 [-0.263, -0.199] | -0.229 [-0.260, -0.197] | -0.231 [-0.263, -0.199] |
| Mixed WP | -0.037 [-0.070, -0.004] | -0.043 [-0.080, -0.007] | -0.048 [-0.084, -0.011] | -0.047 [-0.083, -0.012] | -0.050 [-0.085, -0.014] | -0.049 [-0.086, -0.014] |
| Family WP | 0.027 [-0.011, 0.066] | 0.017 [-0.028, 0.062] | 0.016 [-0.029, 0.059] | 0.017 [-0.029, 0.063] | 0.016 [-0.030, 0.062] | 0.010 [-0.034, 0.053] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.153 [-0.184, -0.121] | -0.146 [-0.182, -0.110] | -0.147 [-0.181, -0.110] | -0.145 [-0.180, -0.108] | -0.146 [-0.182, -0.111] | -0.145 [-0.181, -0.109] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.076, 0.102] | 0.013 [-0.089, 0.109] | 0.012 [-0.092, 0.110] | 0.021 [-0.086, 0.121] | 0.004 [-0.097, 0.106] | 0.021 [-0.088, 0.118] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.135 [0.062, 0.206] | 0.105 [0.021, 0.183] | 0.102 [0.015, 0.181] | 0.110 [0.024, 0.189] | 0.103 [0.024, 0.183] | 0.102 [0.014, 0.180] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.051 [-0.100, 0.181] | 0.013 [-0.171, 0.191] | -0.002 [-0.189, 0.178] | 0.042 [-0.172, 0.224] | 0.003 [-0.165, 0.172] | 0.001 [-0.187, 0.183] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.029 [-0.066, 0.132] | 0.078 [-0.048, 0.228] | 0.080 [-0.038, 0.221] | 0.085 [-0.043, 0.229] | 0.065 [-0.054, 0.181] | 0.078 [-0.043, 0.222] |
| Weekend WP | 0.102 [0.082, 0.121] | 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] | 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] | 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] | 0.108 [0.085, 0.130] | 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.236 [0.230, 0.242] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.237 [0.230, 0.245] | 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.237 [0.231, 0.245] | 0.237 [0.231, 0.245] |
| R2 within | 0.116 [0.106, 0.126] | 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] | 0.116 [0.104, 0.129] | 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] | 0.114 [0.102, 0.126] | 0.117 [0.104, 0.129] |
| Personality trait | 0.033 [-0.008, 0.074] | 0.082 [0.026, 0.139] | 0.122 [0.069, 0.176] | -0.203 [-0.246, -0.159] | 0.012 [-0.044, 0.069] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.001 [-0.040, 0.038] | 0.004 [-0.050, 0.056] | 0.025 [-0.027, 0.077] | -0.065 [-0.109, -0.022] | -0.013 [-0.064, 0.039] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.040 [-0.081, 0.006] | -0.018 [-0.078, 0.040] | 0.020 [-0.039, 0.084] | -0.014 [-0.063, 0.037] | -0.004 [-0.061, 0.055] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.006 [-0.048, 0.060] | 0.010 [-0.062, 0.087] | -0.009 [-0.078, 0.066] | -0.020 [-0.081, 0.041] | -0.107 [-0.179, -0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.011 [-0.052, 0.033] | 0.045 [-0.019, 0.106] | -0.008 [-0.068, 0.049] | -0.040 [-0.088, 0.009] | 0.014 [-0.042, 0.073] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.019 [-0.133, 0.098] | -0.108 [-0.283, 0.054] | -0.069 [-0.230, 0.103] | 0.078 [-0.061, 0.217] | 0.069 [-0.099, 0.243] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.025 [-0.125, 0.078] | 0.138 [0.003, 0.275] | -0.018 [-0.161, 0.115] | 0.032 [-0.091, 0.149] | -0.001 [-0.140, 0.156] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.009 [-0.205, 0.231] | -0.133 [-0.401, 0.164] | -0.228 [-0.497, 0.095] | 0.052 [-0.169, 0.267] | -0.007 [-0.318, 0.271] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.020 [-0.136, 0.161] | 0.129 [-0.066, 0.333] | 0.024 [-0.181, 0.212] | -0.060 [-0.229, 0.118] | 0.070 [-0.137, 0.250] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.015 [0.002, 0.029] | 0.016 [0.002, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.003, 0.031] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.029] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.022, 0.009] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.008 [-0.023, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.009] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.012, 0.024] | -0.006 [-0.025, 0.014] | -0.006 [-0.024, 0.014] | -0.005 [-0.024, 0.014] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.023, 0.016] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.032, -0.003] | -0.019 [-0.036, -0.004] | -0.020 [-0.036, -0.005] | -0.020 [-0.035, -0.005] | -0.025 [-0.040, -0.010] | -0.020 [-0.036, -0.005] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.063, 0.018] | -0.022 [-0.063, 0.020] | -0.020 [-0.060, 0.022] | -0.019 [-0.060, 0.022] | -0.014 [-0.054, 0.026] | -0.021 [-0.063, 0.021] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.043, 0.020] | -0.006 [-0.044, 0.029] | -0.010 [-0.046, 0.024] | -0.008 [-0.045, 0.026] | -0.006 [-0.041, 0.027] | -0.006 [-0.044, 0.028] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.096, 0.034] | -0.027 [-0.105, 0.046] | -0.017 [-0.096, 0.054] | -0.020 [-0.095, 0.050] | -0.016 [-0.084, 0.050] | -0.024 [-0.101, 0.052] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.058, 0.040] | -0.011 [-0.058, 0.043] | -0.012 [-0.056, 0.038] | -0.015 [-0.060, 0.035] | -0.015 [-0.064, 0.033] | -0.008 [-0.057, 0.041] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.020 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.031] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.031] | 0.018 [0.006, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.031] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.034, -0.004] | -0.017 [-0.033, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.033, 0.000] | -0.017 [-0.034, -0.001] | -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001] | -0.017 [-0.033, -0.002] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.002, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.009 [-0.005, 0.022] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.022, 0.038] | 0.007 [-0.025, 0.039] | 0.005 [-0.027, 0.038] | 0.005 [-0.026, 0.039] | 0.006 [-0.027, 0.038] | 0.007 [-0.026, 0.040] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.050, 0.000] | -0.022 [-0.049, 0.002] | -0.021 [-0.046, 0.002] | -0.021 [-0.048, 0.003] | -0.022 [-0.047, 0.002] | -0.022 [-0.048, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.073, 0.023] | -0.041 [-0.104, 0.008] | -0.035 [-0.101, 0.011] | -0.042 [-0.106, 0.008] | -0.036 [-0.096, 0.018] | -0.041 [-0.102, 0.008] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.060, 0.011] | -0.020 [-0.059, 0.020] | -0.020 [-0.060, 0.019] | -0.019 [-0.055, 0.016] | -0.025 [-0.064, 0.014] | -0.021 [-0.061, 0.017] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.025, 0.004] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.011] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.011] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.013] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.004, 0.022] | 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.022] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.013, 0.044] | 0.011 [-0.019, 0.048] | 0.012 [-0.021, 0.048] | 0.013 [-0.019, 0.048] | 0.013 [-0.021, 0.045] | 0.010 [-0.018, 0.046] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.023, 0.019] | -0.008 [-0.033, 0.011] | -0.008 [-0.031, 0.011] | -0.006 [-0.030, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.016] | -0.009 [-0.034, 0.010] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.044, 0.026] | -0.030 [-0.079, 0.015] | -0.028 [-0.077, 0.018] | -0.030 [-0.077, 0.017] | -0.028 [-0.076, 0.023] | -0.028 [-0.077, 0.015] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.046, 0.011] | -0.022 [-0.057, 0.009] | -0.025 [-0.058, 0.006] | -0.022 [-0.055, 0.005] | -0.023 [-0.053, 0.004] | -0.024 [-0.058, 0.009] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.027] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.028] | 0.009 [-0.007, 0.027] | 0.008 [-0.008, 0.027] | 0.011 [-0.006, 0.028] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.034 [-0.068, -0.002] | -0.022 [-0.067, 0.015] | -0.022 [-0.072, 0.014] | -0.025 [-0.070, 0.011] | -0.026 [-0.066, 0.010] | -0.021 [-0.065, 0.014] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.027, 0.032] | 0.007 [-0.027, 0.038] | 0.004 [-0.029, 0.037] | 0.006 [-0.028, 0.039] | 0.004 [-0.027, 0.033] | 0.008 [-0.025, 0.040] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.028, 0.065] | 0.034 [-0.019, 0.091] | 0.035 [-0.023, 0.093] | 0.034 [-0.020, 0.093] | 0.034 [-0.024, 0.097] | 0.035 [-0.018, 0.093] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.034, 0.061] | 0.008 [-0.032, 0.050] | 0.007 [-0.031, 0.050] | 0.012 [-0.028, 0.053] | 0.007 [-0.041, 0.052] | 0.004 [-0.039, 0.046] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.033, 0.027] | -0.003 [-0.041, 0.031] | -0.002 [-0.037, 0.031] | -0.003 [-0.038, 0.032] | -0.003 [-0.038, 0.034] | -0.002 [-0.039, 0.030] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.031] | 0.009 [-0.013, 0.034] | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.033] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] | 0.007 [-0.015, 0.035] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.055, 0.024] | -0.021 [-0.069, 0.026] | -0.017 [-0.062, 0.028] | -0.024 [-0.069, 0.023] | -0.019 [-0.071, 0.033] | -0.019 [-0.065, 0.026] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.028, 0.032] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.048] | 0.010 [-0.026, 0.046] | 0.008 [-0.028, 0.047] | 0.005 [-0.029, 0.045] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.048] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.031 [-0.022, 0.090] | 0.021 [-0.032, 0.109] | 0.027 [-0.028, 0.108] | 0.024 [-0.031, 0.110] | 0.028 [-0.036, 0.101] | 0.022 [-0.033, 0.107] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.097, 0.092] | -0.008 [-0.125, 0.103] | -0.011 [-0.121, 0.103] | -0.014 [-0.131, 0.105] | -0.032 [-0.151, 0.099] | -0.018 [-0.124, 0.099] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.072, 0.068] | -0.029 [-0.124, 0.074] | -0.027 [-0.114, 0.068] | -0.036 [-0.125, 0.061] | -0.023 [-0.110, 0.061] | -0.024 [-0.121, 0.076] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.069, 0.074] | 0.018 [-0.078, 0.101] | 0.015 [-0.075, 0.103] | 0.017 [-0.077, 0.104] | 0.014 [-0.079, 0.094] | 0.019 [-0.078, 0.105] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.027, 0.054] | 0.012 [-0.044, 0.071] | 0.013 [-0.046, 0.068] | 0.010 [-0.051, 0.069] | 0.005 [-0.057, 0.067] | 0.011 [-0.047, 0.070] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.095, 0.085] | 0.048 [-0.077, 0.160] | 0.043 [-0.069, 0.183] | 0.057 [-0.052, 0.201] | 0.028 [-0.096, 0.158] | 0.033 [-0.080, 0.152] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.960 [2.928, 2.992] | 2.975 [2.940, 3.009] | 2.975 [2.940, 3.009] | 2.973 [2.939, 3.007] | 2.975 [2.943, 3.008] | 2.974 [2.939, 3.009] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.183 [0.164, 0.205] | 0.165 [0.145, 0.188] | 0.163 [0.143, 0.186] | 0.159 [0.140, 0.182] | 0.143 [0.125, 0.163] | 0.166 [0.146, 0.188] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.053 [0.039, 0.070] | 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] | 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] | 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] | 0.046 [0.032, 0.063] | 0.047 [0.032, 0.064] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.027 [0.016, 0.045] | 0.025 [0.011, 0.045] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.047] | 0.024 [0.011, 0.045] | 0.024 [0.011, 0.042] | 0.025 [0.012, 0.046] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.032, 0.076] | 0.051 [0.030, 0.078] | 0.051 [0.032, 0.078] | 0.051 [0.030, 0.078] | 0.051 [0.031, 0.077] | 0.048 [0.029, 0.074] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.020, 0.050] | 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] | 0.039 [0.022, 0.059] | 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] | 0.036 [0.021, 0.058] | 0.039 [0.022, 0.059] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.146 [0.057, 0.261] | 0.157 [0.062, 0.294] | 0.157 [0.064, 0.295] | 0.162 [0.066, 0.306] | 0.162 [0.070, 0.295] | 0.159 [0.062, 0.304] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.022, 0.121] | 0.073 [0.029, 0.154] | 0.070 [0.028, 0.149] | 0.073 [0.032, 0.155] | 0.070 [0.029, 0.136] | 0.072 [0.028, 0.149] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.198 [0.076, 0.419] | 0.316 [0.139, 0.604] | 0.299 [0.120, 0.590] | 0.319 [0.137, 0.620] | 0.312 [0.145, 0.607] | 0.308 [0.145, 0.602] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.102 [0.045, 0.224] | 0.127 [0.053, 0.277] | 0.128 [0.055, 0.274] | 0.125 [0.054, 0.262] | 0.142 [0.056, 0.278] | 0.138 [0.057, 0.297] |
| R2 between | 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.007 [0.001, 0.020] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] | 0.075 [0.046, 0.108] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.071] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.021 [0.000, 0.101] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.043 [0.005, 0.122] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.089] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.082] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] | 0.046 [0.001, 0.184] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.097] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.075] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.100] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.130] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.168] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.104] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.092] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 14,006 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 | 10,871 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.326 [-0.378, -0.271] | -0.324 [-0.379, -0.267] | -0.317 [-0.372, -0.261] | -0.323 [-0.379, -0.269] | -0.319 [-0.374, -0.265] | -0.321 [-0.380, -0.264] |
| Mixed WP | -0.022 [-0.084, 0.041] | -0.020 [-0.088, 0.041] | -0.033 [-0.100, 0.034] | -0.032 [-0.094, 0.033] | -0.033 [-0.097, 0.033] | -0.039 [-0.109, 0.028] |
| Family WP | -0.281 [-0.349, -0.213] | -0.295 [-0.369, -0.220] | -0.292 [-0.365, -0.220] | -0.300 [-0.372, -0.228] | -0.294 [-0.366, -0.221] | -0.299 [-0.371, -0.225] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.289 [-0.366, -0.217] | -0.307 [-0.386, -0.220] | -0.312 [-0.389, -0.232] | -0.304 [-0.381, -0.225] | -0.303 [-0.381, -0.223] | -0.294 [-0.375, -0.216] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.232 [0.090, 0.375] | 0.225 [0.069, 0.378] | 0.243 [0.079, 0.404] | 0.231 [0.077, 0.385] | 0.237 [0.085, 0.390] | 0.256 [0.099, 0.415] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.261 [0.125, 0.411] | 0.268 [0.109, 0.411] | 0.282 [0.128, 0.429] | 0.273 [0.127, 0.428] | 0.275 [0.124, 0.429] | 0.265 [0.100, 0.417] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.157 [-0.072, 0.403] | 0.115 [-0.171, 0.348] | 0.091 [-0.195, 0.349] | 0.070 [-0.228, 0.311] | 0.049 [-0.240, 0.284] | 0.082 [-0.145, 0.309] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.152 [-0.421, 0.137] | -0.135 [-0.423, 0.157] | -0.203 [-0.520, 0.111] | -0.198 [-0.470, 0.075] | -0.198 [-0.468, 0.079] | -0.199 [-0.506, 0.110] |
| Weekend WP | 0.243 [0.212, 0.273] | 0.251 [0.219, 0.283] | 0.252 [0.219, 0.284] | 0.252 [0.220, 0.284] | 0.250 [0.219, 0.282] | 0.250 [0.218, 0.282] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.935 [0.917, 0.955] | 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] | 0.945 [0.925, 0.966] | 0.946 [0.926, 0.966] | 0.945 [0.925, 0.966] | 0.941 [0.921, 0.961] |
| R2 within | 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] | 0.103 [0.095, 0.111] | 0.103 [0.093, 0.111] | 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] | 0.102 [0.094, 0.112] | 0.103 [0.093, 0.112] |
| Personality trait | 0.365 [0.286, 0.442] | 0.283 [0.180, 0.384] | 0.203 [0.109, 0.299] | -0.485 [-0.552, -0.417] | 0.018 [-0.073, 0.109] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.045 [-0.032, 0.122] | -0.026 [-0.123, 0.072] | 0.088 [0.003, 0.172] | -0.074 [-0.143, -0.005] | 0.004 [-0.078, 0.086] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.074 [-0.160, 0.014] | -0.070 [-0.184, 0.042] | -0.040 [-0.140, 0.058] | 0.047 [-0.039, 0.137] | 0.015 [-0.088, 0.108] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.089 [-0.016, 0.200] | 0.056 [-0.072, 0.183] | 0.041 [-0.066, 0.151] | -0.074 [-0.163, 0.017] | 0.003 [-0.108, 0.114] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.005 [-0.121, 0.108] | 0.112 [-0.027, 0.246] | 0.029 [-0.090, 0.149] | -0.003 [-0.098, 0.092] | 0.052 [-0.069, 0.169] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.044 [-0.261, 0.169] | -0.030 [-0.298, 0.241] | -0.028 [-0.263, 0.203] | 0.107 [-0.089, 0.302] | -0.022 [-0.260, 0.222] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.065 [-0.173, 0.265] | -0.130 [-0.398, 0.137] | -0.002 [-0.222, 0.219] | -0.010 [-0.201, 0.173] | 0.024 [-0.210, 0.232] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.053 [-0.407, 0.316] | -0.013 [-0.522, 0.457] | 0.045 [-0.368, 0.418] | 0.074 [-0.274, 0.404] | -0.051 [-0.498, 0.367] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.182 [-0.612, 0.250] | 0.009 [-0.481, 0.544] | -0.025 [-0.421, 0.386] | 0.033 [-0.328, 0.389] | -0.148 [-0.604, 0.318] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.083 [0.036, 0.131] | 0.078 [0.033, 0.124] | 0.090 [0.043, 0.138] | 0.081 [0.036, 0.129] | 0.064 [0.023, 0.107] | 0.087 [0.038, 0.135] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.057, 0.055] | 0.014 [-0.039, 0.067] | 0.007 [-0.048, 0.061] | 0.007 [-0.046, 0.059] | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.067] | 0.004 [-0.053, 0.059] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.076 [0.015, 0.137] | 0.070 [0.011, 0.132] | 0.085 [0.023, 0.150] | 0.088 [0.026, 0.150] | 0.065 [0.012, 0.119] | 0.089 [0.026, 0.154] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.080, 0.048] | -0.002 [-0.064, 0.058] | -0.009 [-0.075, 0.056] | 0.002 [-0.062, 0.066] | -0.001 [-0.057, 0.058] | -0.001 [-0.066, 0.067] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.155, 0.103] | -0.033 [-0.168, 0.097] | -0.035 [-0.164, 0.097] | -0.009 [-0.140, 0.127] | 0.009 [-0.105, 0.123] | -0.034 [-0.166, 0.100] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.074 [-0.206, 0.057] | -0.093 [-0.222, 0.026] | -0.079 [-0.207, 0.046] | -0.080 [-0.207, 0.049] | -0.077 [-0.189, 0.030] | -0.078 [-0.199, 0.048] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.076 [-0.146, 0.285] | 0.128 [-0.071, 0.329] | 0.141 [-0.065, 0.336] | 0.131 [-0.104, 0.365] | 0.136 [-0.061, 0.326] | 0.141 [-0.075, 0.384] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.253, 0.279] | 0.032 [-0.209, 0.284] | -0.010 [-0.252, 0.257] | 0.030 [-0.179, 0.251] | 0.052 [-0.153, 0.268] | 0.006 [-0.261, 0.248] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.063 [0.027, 0.106] | 0.078 [0.034, 0.126] | 0.067 [0.025, 0.118] | 0.071 [0.035, 0.118] | 0.071 [0.032, 0.117] | 0.068 [0.029, 0.116] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.056 [0.007, 0.110] | 0.063 [0.017, 0.122] | 0.063 [0.010, 0.121] | 0.061 [0.008, 0.117] | 0.059 [0.007, 0.114] | 0.061 [0.004, 0.120] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.052, 0.046] | -0.005 [-0.063, 0.049] | -0.005 [-0.062, 0.048] | -0.007 [-0.060, 0.043] | -0.007 [-0.061, 0.045] | -0.013 [-0.072, 0.042] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.095 [-0.185, 0.000] | -0.079 [-0.185, 0.017] | -0.096 [-0.196, 0.008] | -0.078 [-0.179, 0.025] | -0.077 [-0.176, 0.022] | -0.087 [-0.191, 0.013] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.127 [-0.219, -0.038] | -0.139 [-0.252, -0.043] | -0.137 [-0.242, -0.033] | -0.135 [-0.232, -0.039] | -0.139 [-0.241, -0.047] | -0.113 [-0.217, -0.015] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.158, 0.133] | -0.037 [-0.182, 0.100] | -0.039 [-0.193, 0.104] | -0.034 [-0.172, 0.110] | -0.043 [-0.190, 0.093] | -0.034 [-0.173, 0.121] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.033 [-0.188, 0.124] | -0.070 [-0.242, 0.111] | -0.078 [-0.250, 0.090] | -0.080 [-0.249, 0.078] | -0.083 [-0.271, 0.070] | -0.116 [-0.307, 0.077] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.037, 0.073] | 0.028 [-0.029, 0.090] | 0.016 [-0.045, 0.082] | 0.011 [-0.044, 0.070] | 0.011 [-0.042, 0.069] | 0.016 [-0.046, 0.080] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.072, 0.045] | -0.016 [-0.078, 0.040] | -0.024 [-0.085, 0.038] | -0.030 [-0.094, 0.033] | -0.030 [-0.095, 0.035] | -0.023 [-0.093, 0.036] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.169, 0.059] | -0.086 [-0.195, 0.036] | -0.073 [-0.197, 0.048] | -0.069 [-0.210, 0.042] | -0.072 [-0.205, 0.045] | -0.070 [-0.186, 0.051] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.042 [-0.142, 0.053] | -0.061 [-0.166, 0.040] | -0.038 [-0.152, 0.068] | -0.055 [-0.173, 0.051] | -0.055 [-0.177, 0.047] | -0.041 [-0.137, 0.072] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.126, 0.132] | -0.026 [-0.148, 0.104] | -0.018 [-0.157, 0.123] | -0.028 [-0.172, 0.120] | -0.024 [-0.167, 0.103] | -0.015 [-0.159, 0.127] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.070 [-0.220, 0.057] | -0.093 [-0.259, 0.076] | -0.092 [-0.267, 0.070] | -0.108 [-0.268, 0.030] | -0.117 [-0.281, 0.031] | -0.104 [-0.258, 0.065] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.116 [0.053, 0.185] | 0.125 [0.054, 0.206] | 0.119 [0.049, 0.198] | 0.119 [0.048, 0.195] | 0.120 [0.048, 0.194] | 0.129 [0.053, 0.214] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.350 [-0.473, -0.232] | -0.352 [-0.489, -0.235] | -0.360 [-0.504, -0.233] | -0.365 [-0.495, -0.241] | -0.358 [-0.494, -0.231] | -0.376 [-0.512, -0.252] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.150 [-0.277, -0.046] | -0.198 [-0.329, -0.067] | -0.184 [-0.319, -0.066] | -0.189 [-0.318, -0.060] | -0.199 [-0.325, -0.073] | -0.191 [-0.330, -0.052] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.050 [-0.222, 0.121] | -0.076 [-0.279, 0.107] | -0.086 [-0.260, 0.108] | -0.096 [-0.273, 0.059] | -0.094 [-0.259, 0.058] | -0.101 [-0.264, 0.120] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.165 [-0.040, 0.387] | 0.206 [-0.048, 0.414] | 0.189 [-0.066, 0.431] | 0.167 [-0.079, 0.412] | 0.166 [-0.083, 0.390] | 0.191 [-0.049, 0.437] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.112 [-0.240, 0.012] | -0.117 [-0.267, 0.022] | -0.132 [-0.281, 0.001] | -0.127 [-0.271, 0.011] | -0.111 [-0.256, 0.029] | -0.152 [-0.308, -0.033] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.169 [-0.301, -0.060] | -0.202 [-0.340, -0.086] | -0.196 [-0.334, -0.083] | -0.213 [-0.347, -0.102] | -0.216 [-0.360, -0.106] | -0.220 [-0.367, -0.102] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.150, 0.135] | -0.023 [-0.171, 0.150] | -0.021 [-0.209, 0.155] | -0.003 [-0.185, 0.163] | 0.011 [-0.167, 0.189] | -0.038 [-0.208, 0.122] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.073 [-0.125, 0.315] | 0.103 [-0.108, 0.313] | 0.075 [-0.128, 0.304] | 0.120 [-0.070, 0.340] | 0.124 [-0.080, 0.351] | 0.085 [-0.137, 0.297] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.248 [0.043, 0.530] | 0.247 [0.021, 0.523] | 0.315 [0.078, 0.595] | 0.263 [0.050, 0.535] | 0.257 [0.048, 0.525] | 0.309 [0.089, 0.595] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.198 [-0.104, 0.584] | 0.242 [-0.056, 0.686] | 0.327 [-0.002, 0.721] | 0.288 [-0.022, 0.691] | 0.265 [-0.023, 0.671] | 0.287 [-0.064, 0.671] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.199 [-0.592, 0.168] | -0.280 [-0.671, 0.156] | -0.216 [-0.656, 0.204] | -0.220 [-0.682, 0.230] | -0.238 [-0.658, 0.210] | -0.197 [-0.595, 0.253] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.079 [-0.166, 0.376] | 0.144 [-0.138, 0.436] | 0.140 [-0.154, 0.448] | 0.096 [-0.155, 0.413] | 0.086 [-0.181, 0.365] | 0.141 [-0.137, 0.470] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.077 [-0.241, 0.493] | 0.103 [-0.201, 0.526] | 0.164 [-0.181, 0.573] | 0.083 [-0.240, 0.529] | 0.086 [-0.283, 0.525] | 0.210 [-0.125, 0.705] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.031 [-0.302, 0.424] | 0.052 [-0.350, 0.567] | 0.012 [-0.401, 0.510] | -0.030 [-0.512, 0.500] | 0.014 [-0.489, 0.464] | -0.004 [-0.518, 0.481] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.090 [1.032, 1.149] | 1.083 [1.026, 1.141] | 1.083 [1.023, 1.144] | 1.080 [1.020, 1.141] | 1.084 [1.030, 1.140] | 1.086 [1.025, 1.147] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.686 [0.617, 0.765] | 0.568 [0.507, 0.638] | 0.618 [0.553, 0.695] | 0.622 [0.555, 0.697] | 0.489 [0.435, 0.550] | 0.641 [0.573, 0.719] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.144 [0.101, 0.197] | 0.154 [0.107, 0.215] | 0.144 [0.098, 0.202] | 0.148 [0.102, 0.207] | 0.148 [0.102, 0.207] | 0.152 [0.102, 0.209] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.110 [0.068, 0.165] | 0.120 [0.072, 0.183] | 0.123 [0.074, 0.189] | 0.118 [0.069, 0.177] | 0.117 [0.069, 0.174] | 0.124 [0.079, 0.196] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.270 [0.203, 0.356] | 0.296 [0.218, 0.394] | 0.288 [0.211, 0.382] | 0.290 [0.220, 0.378] | 0.288 [0.218, 0.375] | 0.290 [0.217, 0.386] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.196 [0.123, 0.281] | 0.207 [0.133, 0.305] | 0.190 [0.118, 0.284] | 0.196 [0.121, 0.293] | 0.201 [0.125, 0.301] | 0.207 [0.130, 0.315] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.831 [0.554, 1.190] | 0.840 [0.529, 1.267] | 0.918 [0.563, 1.348] | 0.889 [0.580, 1.313] | 0.855 [0.568, 1.277] | 0.891 [0.575, 1.326] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.466 [0.236, 0.788] | 0.523 [0.257, 0.824] | 0.546 [0.296, 0.894] | 0.530 [0.276, 0.880] | 0.543 [0.292, 0.902] | 0.507 [0.293, 0.849] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.539 [0.191, 1.157] | 0.618 [0.237, 1.379] | 0.662 [0.291, 1.351] | 0.636 [0.304, 1.301] | 0.606 [0.293, 1.341] | 0.680 [0.248, 1.317] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.884 [0.457, 1.769] | 1.049 [0.543, 1.965] | 0.983 [0.440, 1.900] | 0.940 [0.415, 1.982] | 0.971 [0.469, 1.987] | 1.179 [0.457, 2.095] |
| R2 between | 0.057 [0.035, 0.083] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] | 0.013 [0.004, 0.029] | 0.134 [0.100, 0.170] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.082] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.090] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.090] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,330 | 19,317 | 19,254 | 19,313 | 19,305 | 19,263 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.241 [-0.270, -0.212] | -0.245 [-0.278, -0.214] | -0.244 [-0.277, -0.213] | -0.245 [-0.277, -0.213] | -0.244 [-0.275, -0.212] | -0.247 [-0.279, -0.216] |
| Mixed WP | -0.001 [-0.033, 0.030] | -0.002 [-0.039, 0.032] | -0.003 [-0.039, 0.033] | -0.001 [-0.037, 0.034] | -0.007 [-0.044, 0.029] | -0.003 [-0.039, 0.032] |
| Family WP | 0.060 [0.015, 0.106] | 0.078 [0.026, 0.129] | 0.077 [0.024, 0.127] | 0.075 [0.023, 0.127] | 0.073 [0.022, 0.126] | 0.077 [0.025, 0.128] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.278 [-0.314, -0.244] | -0.287 [-0.326, -0.249] | -0.286 [-0.325, -0.248] | -0.288 [-0.327, -0.250] | -0.290 [-0.327, -0.253] | -0.287 [-0.326, -0.249] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.066 [-0.168, 0.037] | -0.081 [-0.181, 0.026] | -0.084 [-0.183, 0.023] | -0.089 [-0.187, 0.020] | -0.088 [-0.193, 0.018] | -0.082 [-0.181, 0.025] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.237 [0.154, 0.321] | 0.223 [0.124, 0.322] | 0.227 [0.128, 0.325] | 0.229 [0.130, 0.327] | 0.221 [0.129, 0.311] | 0.227 [0.128, 0.326] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.008 [-0.157, 0.185] | -0.033 [-0.209, 0.152] | -0.030 [-0.211, 0.147] | -0.034 [-0.214, 0.147] | -0.039 [-0.224, 0.162] | -0.039 [-0.216, 0.138] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.100 [-0.007, 0.201] | 0.101 [-0.027, 0.211] | 0.092 [-0.036, 0.199] | 0.094 [-0.035, 0.202] | 0.060 [-0.052, 0.174] | 0.092 [-0.035, 0.197] |
| Weekend WP | 0.074 [0.052, 0.096] | 0.075 [0.051, 0.098] | 0.075 [0.051, 0.099] | 0.074 [0.051, 0.098] | 0.074 [0.051, 0.098] | 0.074 [0.051, 0.098] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.485 [0.476, 0.495] | 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] | 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] | 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] | 0.479 [0.469, 0.489] | 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] |
| R2 within | 0.090 [0.082, 0.099] | 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] | 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] | 0.097 [0.090, 0.106] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.098 [0.090, 0.106] |
| Personality trait | 0.157 [0.118, 0.196] | 0.194 [0.142, 0.246] | 0.126 [0.074, 0.178] | -0.251 [-0.293, -0.210] | 0.040 [-0.015, 0.095] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.011 [-0.028, 0.049] | 0.013 [-0.037, 0.063] | 0.029 [-0.020, 0.080] | -0.045 [-0.087, -0.004] | -0.070 [-0.121, -0.018] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.022 [-0.021, 0.065] | 0.041 [-0.020, 0.099] | -0.007 [-0.065, 0.050] | 0.009 [-0.037, 0.056] | -0.039 [-0.099, 0.021] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.023 [-0.037, 0.084] | 0.036 [-0.045, 0.116] | 0.022 [-0.058, 0.104] | 0.031 [-0.036, 0.101] | -0.002 [-0.084, 0.082] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.031 [-0.013, 0.076] | 0.027 [-0.032, 0.089] | 0.080 [0.023, 0.139] | -0.047 [-0.095, 0.000] | -0.019 [-0.081, 0.042] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.054 [-0.073, 0.188] | -0.048 [-0.222, 0.128] | 0.020 [-0.157, 0.201] | -0.080 [-0.221, 0.062] | 0.191 [0.006, 0.377] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.099 [-0.015, 0.216] | 0.038 [-0.114, 0.185] | 0.049 [-0.099, 0.193] | 0.023 [-0.098, 0.150] | 0.055 [-0.094, 0.211] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.127 [-0.099, 0.339] | -0.040 [-0.352, 0.236] | 0.011 [-0.340, 0.415] | -0.075 [-0.308, 0.165] | 0.045 [-0.286, 0.393] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.013 [-0.165, 0.124] | 0.124 [-0.074, 0.314] | 0.092 [-0.117, 0.289] | 0.009 [-0.162, 0.160] | -0.049 [-0.241, 0.135] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.007, 0.027] | 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] | 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] | 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.018, 0.016] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.025] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.020] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.020] | 0.003 [-0.018, 0.023] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.023] | 0.002 [-0.019, 0.024] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] | -0.019 [-0.045, 0.009] | -0.020 [-0.047, 0.008] | -0.018 [-0.045, 0.011] | -0.014 [-0.040, 0.012] | -0.016 [-0.044, 0.012] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.022, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.027, 0.014] | -0.005 [-0.025, 0.016] | -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] | -0.010 [-0.031, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.072, 0.035] | -0.020 [-0.075, 0.033] | -0.011 [-0.067, 0.043] | -0.015 [-0.071, 0.041] | -0.027 [-0.079, 0.030] | -0.018 [-0.074, 0.038] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.032 [-0.019, 0.082] | 0.025 [-0.026, 0.079] | 0.031 [-0.019, 0.086] | 0.034 [-0.018, 0.090] | 0.044 [-0.004, 0.092] | 0.035 [-0.018, 0.092] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.078, 0.106] | 0.014 [-0.086, 0.134] | 0.033 [-0.067, 0.151] | 0.030 [-0.077, 0.155] | 0.032 [-0.077, 0.129] | 0.027 [-0.075, 0.150] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.048, 0.074] | 0.006 [-0.058, 0.069] | -0.001 [-0.063, 0.059] | -0.002 [-0.066, 0.062] | 0.010 [-0.056, 0.070] | 0.003 [-0.062, 0.068] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.030 [0.015, 0.048] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.054] | 0.033 [0.013, 0.055] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.055] | 0.035 [0.017, 0.054] | 0.032 [0.013, 0.053] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.017, 0.026] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.024] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.025] | -0.002 [-0.024, 0.025] | 0.005 [-0.019, 0.027] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.026] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.033 [0.015, 0.051] | 0.032 [0.012, 0.053] | 0.033 [0.013, 0.053] | 0.032 [0.013, 0.052] | 0.033 [0.015, 0.053] | 0.033 [0.014, 0.054] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.039, 0.050] | -0.004 [-0.059, 0.050] | -0.004 [-0.061, 0.051] | -0.005 [-0.062, 0.048] | -0.008 [-0.056, 0.039] | 0.002 [-0.054, 0.055] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.066, 0.007] | -0.034 [-0.077, 0.007] | -0.033 [-0.077, 0.008] | -0.033 [-0.076, 0.008] | -0.032 [-0.069, 0.005] | -0.030 [-0.074, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.066, 0.070] | 0.006 [-0.092, 0.089] | 0.006 [-0.090, 0.093] | 0.006 [-0.082, 0.089] | 0.012 [-0.058, 0.086] | 0.009 [-0.081, 0.090] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.039, 0.051] | 0.008 [-0.055, 0.056] | 0.008 [-0.055, 0.057] | 0.009 [-0.056, 0.057] | 0.008 [-0.037, 0.058] | 0.006 [-0.056, 0.052] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.020, 0.026] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.020] | -0.004 [-0.027, 0.022] | -0.005 [-0.028, 0.022] | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] | -0.004 [-0.028, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.011, 0.030] | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.032] | 0.010 [-0.009, 0.032] | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.032] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.030] | -0.009 [-0.061, 0.037] | -0.010 [-0.063, 0.036] | -0.009 [-0.063, 0.038] | -0.019 [-0.066, 0.028] | -0.005 [-0.059, 0.040] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.052, 0.017] | -0.026 [-0.068, 0.013] | -0.024 [-0.065, 0.015] | -0.024 [-0.065, 0.014] | -0.023 [-0.062, 0.019] | -0.023 [-0.064, 0.016] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.043, 0.072] | 0.016 [-0.051, 0.093] | 0.017 [-0.049, 0.095] | 0.018 [-0.048, 0.093] | 0.023 [-0.033, 0.096] | 0.020 [-0.049, 0.094] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.045, 0.029] | -0.008 [-0.055, 0.035] | -0.006 [-0.053, 0.036] | -0.004 [-0.051, 0.038] | -0.010 [-0.049, 0.033] | -0.008 [-0.055, 0.034] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.023, 0.027] | -0.001 [-0.026, 0.027] | -0.002 [-0.028, 0.027] | -0.002 [-0.028, 0.026] | 0.004 [-0.024, 0.032] | 0.000 [-0.027, 0.029] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.080, 0.014] | -0.035 [-0.094, 0.017] | -0.038 [-0.097, 0.014] | -0.037 [-0.097, 0.016] | -0.043 [-0.104, 0.016] | -0.036 [-0.094, 0.017] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.005, 0.110] | 0.042 [-0.024, 0.101] | 0.041 [-0.025, 0.101] | 0.042 [-0.023, 0.102] | 0.049 [-0.011, 0.112] | 0.043 [-0.021, 0.102] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.058 [-0.014, 0.130] | 0.074 [-0.012, 0.158] | 0.075 [-0.012, 0.161] | 0.078 [-0.018, 0.165] | 0.079 [0.004, 0.177] | 0.076 [-0.014, 0.165] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.030, 0.086] | 0.027 [-0.039, 0.097] | 0.026 [-0.035, 0.096] | 0.028 [-0.034, 0.098] | 0.021 [-0.042, 0.082] | 0.028 [-0.036, 0.099] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.047, 0.051] | 0.001 [-0.054, 0.053] | 0.001 [-0.055, 0.054] | 0.000 [-0.057, 0.052] | -0.001 [-0.056, 0.051] | 0.001 [-0.054, 0.054] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.055, 0.021] | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.029] | -0.012 [-0.049, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.048, 0.030] | -0.012 [-0.051, 0.026] | -0.011 [-0.049, 0.031] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.083, 0.060] | -0.026 [-0.095, 0.057] | -0.022 [-0.097, 0.059] | -0.025 [-0.100, 0.058] | -0.023 [-0.105, 0.063] | -0.020 [-0.097, 0.063] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [-0.013, 0.075] | 0.025 [-0.024, 0.075] | 0.023 [-0.025, 0.073] | 0.021 [-0.028, 0.069] | 0.031 [-0.017, 0.085] | 0.023 [-0.025, 0.073] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.070, 0.128] | 0.018 [-0.086, 0.151] | 0.015 [-0.094, 0.146] | 0.018 [-0.085, 0.141] | 0.016 [-0.077, 0.137] | 0.015 [-0.091, 0.134] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.069 [-0.059, 0.226] | 0.076 [-0.062, 0.261] | 0.073 [-0.069, 0.263] | 0.076 [-0.065, 0.258] | 0.070 [-0.073, 0.271] | 0.075 [-0.065, 0.253] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.123, 0.092] | -0.039 [-0.145, 0.072] | -0.041 [-0.148, 0.073] | -0.040 [-0.148, 0.072] | -0.011 [-0.109, 0.078] | -0.036 [-0.143, 0.078] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.084 [-0.060, 0.218] | 0.041 [-0.119, 0.202] | 0.045 [-0.111, 0.205] | 0.047 [-0.109, 0.201] | 0.045 [-0.103, 0.248] | 0.048 [-0.109, 0.205] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.051 [-0.053, 0.155] | 0.050 [-0.063, 0.168] | 0.050 [-0.064, 0.165] | 0.045 [-0.066, 0.158] | 0.060 [-0.036, 0.176] | 0.051 [-0.064, 0.168] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.125, 0.162] | -0.018 [-0.152, 0.115] | -0.008 [-0.137, 0.131] | -0.008 [-0.138, 0.132] | 0.010 [-0.159, 0.183] | -0.012 [-0.139, 0.135] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.686 [2.655, 2.718] | 2.695 [2.663, 2.728] | 2.695 [2.662, 2.728] | 2.694 [2.661, 2.728] | 2.695 [2.663, 2.726] | 2.695 [2.662, 2.729] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.287 [0.263, 0.313] | 0.269 [0.245, 0.297] | 0.271 [0.246, 0.298] | 0.280 [0.255, 0.308] | 0.249 [0.227, 0.275] | 0.286 [0.261, 0.315] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.063 [0.045, 0.085] | 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] | 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] | 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] | 0.068 [0.047, 0.091] | 0.065 [0.045, 0.089] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.018, 0.054] | 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] | 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] | 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] | 0.040 [0.022, 0.066] | 0.037 [0.019, 0.063] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.080 [0.050, 0.117] | 0.091 [0.057, 0.134] | 0.090 [0.055, 0.133] | 0.092 [0.057, 0.135] | 0.092 [0.058, 0.135] | 0.091 [0.056, 0.134] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.046, 0.093] | 0.065 [0.042, 0.092] | 0.066 [0.042, 0.093] | 0.063 [0.040, 0.090] | 0.065 [0.042, 0.093] | 0.067 [0.043, 0.094] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.189 [0.072, 0.361] | 0.229 [0.116, 0.407] | 0.235 [0.119, 0.416] | 0.231 [0.115, 0.404] | 0.265 [0.106, 0.470] | 0.223 [0.108, 0.398] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.200 [0.098, 0.337] | 0.228 [0.128, 0.361] | 0.228 [0.127, 0.360] | 0.229 [0.127, 0.360] | 0.224 [0.124, 0.380] | 0.231 [0.128, 0.365] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.377 [0.167, 0.692] | 0.398 [0.176, 0.759] | 0.401 [0.178, 0.761] | 0.408 [0.197, 0.778] | 0.386 [0.185, 0.786] | 0.411 [0.192, 0.767] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.145 [0.057, 0.313] | 0.150 [0.054, 0.315] | 0.144 [0.053, 0.309] | 0.144 [0.046, 0.307] | 0.156 [0.070, 0.310] | 0.147 [0.049, 0.324] |
| R2 between | 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.014, 0.041] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.022] | 0.067 [0.047, 0.090] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.014 [0.001, 0.043] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.020 [0.002, 0.061] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.029 [0.000, 0.137] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.101] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.104] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.138] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.113] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.092] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,744 | 20,488 | 20,488 | 20,488 | 20,483 | 20,488 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.228 [-0.268, -0.187] | -0.224 [-0.266, -0.180] | -0.224 [-0.267, -0.179] | -0.223 [-0.266, -0.179] | -0.224 [-0.266, -0.180] | -0.223 [-0.267, -0.180] |
| Mixed WP | -0.037 [-0.087, 0.013] | -0.039 [-0.091, 0.013] | -0.041 [-0.094, 0.009] | -0.045 [-0.097, 0.007] | -0.044 [-0.095, 0.008] | -0.045 [-0.097, 0.006] |
| Family WP | 0.039 [-0.016, 0.095] | 0.028 [-0.037, 0.095] | 0.028 [-0.035, 0.093] | 0.025 [-0.040, 0.092] | 0.024 [-0.041, 0.090] | 0.023 [-0.042, 0.089] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.281 [-0.325, -0.235] | -0.265 [-0.315, -0.214] | -0.266 [-0.317, -0.214] | -0.261 [-0.313, -0.211] | -0.266 [-0.316, -0.215] | -0.263 [-0.314, -0.213] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.054 [-0.080, 0.175] | 0.055 [-0.080, 0.194] | 0.056 [-0.077, 0.188] | 0.082 [-0.055, 0.224] | 0.049 [-0.088, 0.187] | 0.070 [-0.070, 0.205] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.171 [0.070, 0.275] | 0.148 [0.036, 0.261] | 0.142 [0.028, 0.256] | 0.147 [0.033, 0.263] | 0.145 [0.032, 0.257] | 0.147 [0.033, 0.261] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.013 [-0.214, 0.208] | -0.041 [-0.266, 0.217] | -0.044 [-0.289, 0.203] | -0.003 [-0.235, 0.256] | -0.049 [-0.278, 0.207] | -0.023 [-0.253, 0.247] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.053 [-0.096, 0.206] | 0.045 [-0.129, 0.220] | 0.060 [-0.117, 0.249] | 0.049 [-0.120, 0.221] | 0.043 [-0.127, 0.216] | 0.045 [-0.123, 0.218] |
| Weekend WP | 0.119 [0.090, 0.146] | 0.133 [0.101, 0.164] | 0.133 [0.100, 0.163] | 0.132 [0.100, 0.163] | 0.132 [0.101, 0.163] | 0.132 [0.101, 0.163] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.477 [0.465, 0.490] | 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] | 0.471 [0.458, 0.485] | 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] | 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] | 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] |
| R2 within | 0.105 [0.095, 0.115] | 0.106 [0.093, 0.118] | 0.106 [0.094, 0.118] | 0.106 [0.094, 0.119] | 0.106 [0.095, 0.117] | 0.106 [0.095, 0.117] |
| Personality trait | 0.111 [0.059, 0.164] | 0.086 [0.013, 0.158] | 0.141 [0.071, 0.210] | -0.210 [-0.267, -0.152] | 0.052 [-0.020, 0.123] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.016 [-0.036, 0.067] | -0.038 [-0.111, 0.036] | -0.004 [-0.075, 0.066] | -0.043 [-0.102, 0.017] | 0.007 [-0.063, 0.078] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.058 [-0.125, 0.009] | -0.002 [-0.089, 0.085] | 0.022 [-0.063, 0.112] | 0.046 [-0.024, 0.112] | -0.017 [-0.109, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.022 [-0.055, 0.096] | 0.008 [-0.099, 0.111] | -0.010 [-0.113, 0.092] | 0.004 [-0.081, 0.089] | -0.038 [-0.145, 0.070] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.025 [-0.084, 0.035] | 0.015 [-0.072, 0.105] | -0.041 [-0.124, 0.041] | 0.013 [-0.054, 0.082] | 0.043 [-0.040, 0.124] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.154, 0.175] | -0.162 [-0.399, 0.069] | -0.149 [-0.387, 0.080] | 0.054 [-0.131, 0.237] | 0.180 [-0.068, 0.450] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.025 [-0.115, 0.172] | 0.119 [-0.087, 0.324] | 0.000 [-0.188, 0.191] | 0.065 [-0.099, 0.234] | -0.013 [-0.215, 0.188] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.044 [-0.283, 0.339] | -0.253 [-0.669, 0.147] | -0.235 [-0.635, 0.160] | -0.040 [-0.382, 0.261] | 0.278 [-0.182, 0.688] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [-0.194, 0.224] | 0.224 [-0.086, 0.531] | 0.094 [-0.183, 0.397] | -0.021 [-0.273, 0.220] | 0.029 [-0.252, 0.323] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.018] | -0.012 [-0.036, 0.011] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.018] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.052, 0.003] | -0.028 [-0.058, 0.000] | -0.033 [-0.064, -0.003] | -0.033 [-0.063, -0.005] | -0.025 [-0.053, 0.002] | -0.032 [-0.062, -0.003] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.047, 0.019] | -0.034 [-0.069, 0.001] | -0.032 [-0.068, 0.005] | -0.032 [-0.067, 0.004] | -0.033 [-0.067, 0.002] | -0.032 [-0.068, 0.004] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.057, -0.005] | -0.043 [-0.072, -0.014] | -0.047 [-0.076, -0.018] | -0.044 [-0.073, -0.015] | -0.044 [-0.073, -0.017] | -0.047 [-0.076, -0.019] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.047, 0.091] | 0.012 [-0.062, 0.087] | 0.025 [-0.055, 0.101] | 0.019 [-0.053, 0.093] | 0.016 [-0.056, 0.089] | 0.013 [-0.062, 0.087] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.082, 0.026] | -0.041 [-0.109, 0.025] | -0.044 [-0.112, 0.019] | -0.040 [-0.107, 0.026] | -0.032 [-0.096, 0.031] | -0.037 [-0.103, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.056 [-0.060, 0.178] | 0.030 [-0.107, 0.171] | 0.025 [-0.102, 0.170] | 0.036 [-0.101, 0.173] | 0.022 [-0.111, 0.156] | 0.026 [-0.114, 0.168] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.040 [-0.130, 0.049] | -0.069 [-0.170, 0.027] | -0.066 [-0.174, 0.032] | -0.075 [-0.175, 0.021] | -0.073 [-0.170, 0.023] | -0.071 [-0.171, 0.027] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.033 [0.011, 0.058] | 0.029 [0.002, 0.056] | 0.027 [0.002, 0.054] | 0.028 [0.002, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.004, 0.057] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.056] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.026 [-0.056, 0.003] | -0.016 [-0.048, 0.016] | -0.017 [-0.049, 0.016] | -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018] | -0.015 [-0.047, 0.017] | -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [0.005, 0.054] | 0.027 [0.002, 0.055] | 0.027 [0.003, 0.055] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.056] | 0.028 [0.004, 0.056] | 0.027 [0.003, 0.055] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.034 [-0.027, 0.092] | 0.018 [-0.047, 0.082] | 0.019 [-0.044, 0.079] | 0.013 [-0.051, 0.076] | 0.020 [-0.044, 0.082] | 0.015 [-0.048, 0.078] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.042, 0.045] | 0.014 [-0.031, 0.064] | 0.019 [-0.028, 0.071] | 0.016 [-0.030, 0.067] | 0.015 [-0.030, 0.066] | 0.014 [-0.032, 0.066] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.060 [-0.141, 0.022] | -0.080 [-0.184, 0.028] | -0.084 [-0.192, 0.021] | -0.080 [-0.187, 0.026] | -0.081 [-0.184, 0.028] | -0.081 [-0.187, 0.029] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.091, 0.054] | -0.014 [-0.101, 0.067] | -0.015 [-0.103, 0.071] | -0.020 [-0.109, 0.063] | -0.017 [-0.106, 0.064] | -0.019 [-0.110, 0.062] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.055, 0.004] | -0.017 [-0.049, 0.017] | -0.021 [-0.052, 0.011] | -0.016 [-0.048, 0.017] | -0.017 [-0.047, 0.017] | -0.016 [-0.046, 0.017] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.010, 0.041] | 0.015 [-0.013, 0.045] | 0.014 [-0.014, 0.045] | 0.017 [-0.012, 0.046] | 0.016 [-0.011, 0.044] | 0.016 [-0.012, 0.044] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.046 [-0.013, 0.101] | 0.032 [-0.036, 0.095] | 0.038 [-0.022, 0.101] | 0.031 [-0.035, 0.095] | 0.031 [-0.034, 0.092] | 0.029 [-0.038, 0.092] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.026, 0.070] | 0.014 [-0.033, 0.064] | 0.027 [-0.023, 0.068] | 0.017 [-0.031, 0.066] | 0.012 [-0.035, 0.060] | 0.015 [-0.034, 0.061] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.043 [-0.126, 0.037] | -0.067 [-0.158, 0.023] | -0.072 [-0.158, 0.010] | -0.064 [-0.160, 0.026] | -0.062 [-0.153, 0.027] | -0.070 [-0.161, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.057, 0.060] | -0.011 [-0.085, 0.058] | -0.008 [-0.081, 0.067] | -0.008 [-0.082, 0.061] | -0.015 [-0.089, 0.055] | -0.014 [-0.089, 0.055] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.016, 0.046] | 0.024 [-0.010, 0.062] | 0.026 [-0.006, 0.064] | 0.025 [-0.008, 0.064] | 0.025 [-0.009, 0.064] | 0.027 [-0.006, 0.065] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.108 [-0.179, -0.043] | -0.073 [-0.156, -0.003] | -0.071 [-0.150, -0.003] | -0.077 [-0.158, -0.008] | -0.073 [-0.153, -0.003] | -0.071 [-0.151, -0.003] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.073, 0.038] | -0.011 [-0.071, 0.046] | -0.015 [-0.077, 0.040] | -0.015 [-0.075, 0.041] | -0.014 [-0.072, 0.043] | -0.010 [-0.068, 0.045] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.068, 0.117] | 0.057 [-0.059, 0.173] | 0.052 [-0.050, 0.163] | 0.059 [-0.055, 0.173] | 0.059 [-0.058, 0.176] | 0.059 [-0.060, 0.178] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.107, 0.085] | -0.004 [-0.108, 0.113] | -0.013 [-0.119, 0.091] | -0.006 [-0.113, 0.108] | -0.010 [-0.116, 0.105] | -0.004 [-0.108, 0.111] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.042, 0.073] | 0.020 [-0.053, 0.090] | 0.028 [-0.043, 0.092] | 0.019 [-0.051, 0.088] | 0.020 [-0.050, 0.090] | 0.020 [-0.049, 0.089] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.024, 0.059] | 0.024 [-0.019, 0.080] | 0.029 [-0.016, 0.083] | 0.025 [-0.017, 0.081] | 0.022 [-0.021, 0.079] | 0.024 [-0.018, 0.080] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.089, 0.076] | -0.009 [-0.120, 0.094] | -0.009 [-0.102, 0.093] | -0.009 [-0.121, 0.097] | -0.010 [-0.120, 0.099] | -0.007 [-0.119, 0.098] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.045, 0.082] | 0.020 [-0.055, 0.102] | 0.020 [-0.053, 0.110] | 0.018 [-0.060, 0.100] | 0.017 [-0.057, 0.102] | 0.017 [-0.061, 0.099] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.063 [-0.048, 0.174] | 0.066 [-0.048, 0.204] | 0.076 [-0.012, 0.195] | 0.071 [-0.038, 0.208] | 0.061 [-0.052, 0.197] | 0.064 [-0.048, 0.198] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.038 [-0.131, 0.239] | 0.035 [-0.174, 0.305] | 0.043 [-0.145, 0.299] | 0.031 [-0.175, 0.318] | 0.030 [-0.178, 0.305] | 0.041 [-0.171, 0.310] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.129, 0.173] | -0.029 [-0.214, 0.186] | 0.000 [-0.201, 0.213] | -0.022 [-0.218, 0.199] | -0.023 [-0.215, 0.184] | -0.032 [-0.215, 0.182] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.161, 0.109] | -0.016 [-0.184, 0.159] | -0.031 [-0.198, 0.164] | -0.017 [-0.189, 0.164] | -0.017 [-0.191, 0.168] | -0.015 [-0.189, 0.169] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.085, 0.106] | -0.005 [-0.159, 0.137] | 0.014 [-0.130, 0.160] | -0.004 [-0.159, 0.137] | -0.004 [-0.162, 0.145] | -0.009 [-0.165, 0.133] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [-0.147, 0.250] | 0.018 [-0.249, 0.315] | 0.067 [-0.233, 0.372] | 0.026 [-0.242, 0.336] | 0.027 [-0.251, 0.308] | 0.026 [-0.255, 0.332] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.630 [2.590, 2.670] | 2.617 [2.573, 2.662] | 2.618 [2.573, 2.663] | 2.615 [2.571, 2.660] | 2.618 [2.575, 2.661] | 2.617 [2.572, 2.662] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.287 [0.256, 0.322] | 0.263 [0.230, 0.300] | 0.268 [0.235, 0.306] | 0.263 [0.230, 0.300] | 0.247 [0.217, 0.282] | 0.270 [0.237, 0.308] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.090 [0.062, 0.122] | 0.078 [0.050, 0.111] | 0.079 [0.051, 0.112] | 0.080 [0.052, 0.114] | 0.078 [0.051, 0.112] | 0.078 [0.050, 0.111] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.061 [0.036, 0.097] | 0.058 [0.030, 0.097] | 0.056 [0.030, 0.095] | 0.057 [0.030, 0.095] | 0.054 [0.027, 0.092] | 0.057 [0.030, 0.095] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.110 [0.071, 0.158] | 0.108 [0.068, 0.160] | 0.109 [0.070, 0.161] | 0.111 [0.070, 0.162] | 0.110 [0.069, 0.162] | 0.110 [0.068, 0.161] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.069 [0.040, 0.103] | 0.075 [0.044, 0.116] | 0.077 [0.046, 0.118] | 0.075 [0.045, 0.117] | 0.075 [0.045, 0.116] | 0.074 [0.044, 0.116] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.299 [0.140, 0.495] | 0.301 [0.139, 0.552] | 0.285 [0.130, 0.524] | 0.299 [0.136, 0.549] | 0.294 [0.134, 0.544] | 0.292 [0.134, 0.542] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.100 [0.032, 0.216] | 0.127 [0.051, 0.278] | 0.133 [0.053, 0.273] | 0.129 [0.051, 0.281] | 0.123 [0.049, 0.269] | 0.125 [0.052, 0.272] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.411 [0.185, 0.817] | 0.558 [0.245, 1.064] | 0.544 [0.228, 1.030] | 0.575 [0.250, 1.088] | 0.562 [0.240, 1.089] | 0.585 [0.255, 1.115] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.264 [0.096, 0.529] | 0.360 [0.137, 0.765] | 0.424 [0.171, 0.783] | 0.376 [0.148, 0.786] | 0.391 [0.157, 0.796] | 0.376 [0.150, 0.788] |
| R2 between | 0.016 [0.004, 0.034] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.031] | 0.047 [0.025, 0.076] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.019 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.109] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.103] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.127] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.145] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.150] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.093] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.139] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.122] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.141] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.111] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,979 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 | 10,850 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.230 [-0.269, -0.189] | -0.230 [-0.271, -0.188] | -0.222 [-0.263, -0.179] | -0.230 [-0.271, -0.189] | -0.226 [-0.267, -0.185] | -0.227 [-0.272, -0.185] |
| Mixed WP | 0.002 [-0.043, 0.050] | 0.006 [-0.043, 0.055] | -0.003 [-0.051, 0.047] | 0.001 [-0.045, 0.049] | -0.001 [-0.050, 0.049] | -0.004 [-0.054, 0.045] |
| Family WP | -0.217 [-0.269, -0.167] | -0.227 [-0.283, -0.171] | -0.225 [-0.280, -0.171] | -0.230 [-0.285, -0.174] | -0.224 [-0.279, -0.169] | -0.227 [-0.283, -0.173] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.296 [-0.353, -0.238] | -0.301 [-0.362, -0.236] | -0.308 [-0.365, -0.249] | -0.301 [-0.360, -0.238] | -0.301 [-0.359, -0.237] | -0.294 [-0.357, -0.233] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.170 [0.064, 0.277] | 0.151 [0.038, 0.265] | 0.173 [0.054, 0.290] | 0.164 [0.052, 0.277] | 0.168 [0.058, 0.278] | 0.180 [0.063, 0.296] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.166 [0.061, 0.279] | 0.155 [0.046, 0.265] | 0.167 [0.056, 0.277] | 0.168 [0.054, 0.282] | 0.166 [0.054, 0.284] | 0.156 [0.031, 0.270] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.077 [-0.080, 0.257] | 0.064 [-0.134, 0.231] | 0.065 [-0.146, 0.250] | 0.033 [-0.181, 0.205] | 0.034 [-0.183, 0.211] | 0.050 [-0.126, 0.211] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.099 [-0.301, 0.111] | -0.099 [-0.301, 0.120] | -0.149 [-0.360, 0.059] | -0.137 [-0.349, 0.072] | -0.147 [-0.350, 0.075] | -0.129 [-0.362, 0.104] |
| Weekend WP | 0.155 [0.132, 0.177] | 0.160 [0.136, 0.184] | 0.160 [0.136, 0.185] | 0.160 [0.136, 0.184] | 0.159 [0.135, 0.183] | 0.159 [0.136, 0.183] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.514 [0.504, 0.525] | 0.518 [0.507, 0.529] | 0.518 [0.507, 0.530] | 0.519 [0.508, 0.530] | 0.518 [0.507, 0.530] | 0.516 [0.506, 0.527] |
| R2 within | 0.103 [0.095, 0.111] | 0.108 [0.099, 0.116] | 0.106 [0.098, 0.115] | 0.107 [0.098, 0.115] | 0.106 [0.098, 0.115] | 0.107 [0.097, 0.116] |
| Personality trait | 0.314 [0.257, 0.370] | 0.219 [0.142, 0.293] | 0.156 [0.086, 0.226] | -0.295 [-0.347, -0.242] | 0.049 [-0.019, 0.118] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.028 [-0.030, 0.086] | -0.062 [-0.134, 0.012] | 0.062 [-0.002, 0.125] | -0.050 [-0.102, 0.002] | 0.011 [-0.052, 0.072] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.062 [-0.130, 0.006] | -0.068 [-0.151, 0.017] | -0.039 [-0.114, 0.035] | 0.038 [-0.034, 0.102] | 0.020 [-0.055, 0.092] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.075 [-0.004, 0.159] | 0.010 [-0.087, 0.107] | 0.038 [-0.045, 0.121] | -0.061 [-0.127, 0.008] | -0.012 [-0.095, 0.070] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.017 [-0.070, 0.101] | 0.076 [-0.031, 0.179] | 0.024 [-0.065, 0.113] | -0.010 [-0.080, 0.061] | 0.046 [-0.048, 0.133] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.081 [-0.248, 0.074] | -0.040 [-0.248, 0.157] | -0.028 [-0.205, 0.142] | 0.136 [-0.009, 0.288] | -0.056 [-0.232, 0.127] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.040 [-0.131, 0.187] | -0.041 [-0.241, 0.161] | 0.000 [-0.162, 0.163] | -0.007 [-0.155, 0.128] | 0.023 [-0.145, 0.179] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.032 [-0.236, 0.295] | -0.064 [-0.407, 0.312] | 0.067 [-0.215, 0.334] | -0.023 [-0.266, 0.204] | -0.040 [-0.371, 0.266] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.210 [-0.522, 0.091] | -0.139 [-0.511, 0.263] | -0.053 [-0.370, 0.268] | 0.079 [-0.217, 0.364] | -0.145 [-0.481, 0.223] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.004, 0.049] | 0.020 [-0.004, 0.045] | 0.030 [0.005, 0.057] | 0.022 [-0.004, 0.047] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.042] | 0.027 [0.000, 0.054] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.048, 0.014] | -0.012 [-0.042, 0.018] | -0.016 [-0.047, 0.017] | -0.018 [-0.049, 0.011] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.017] | -0.020 [-0.052, 0.012] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.039 [0.005, 0.072] | 0.029 [-0.004, 0.062] | 0.040 [0.005, 0.077] | 0.039 [0.004, 0.075] | 0.031 [-0.001, 0.063] | 0.039 [0.003, 0.077] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.025, 0.046] | 0.013 [-0.021, 0.047] | 0.014 [-0.023, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.020, 0.054] | 0.016 [-0.017, 0.051] | 0.016 [-0.021, 0.054] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.033 [-0.104, 0.037] | -0.029 [-0.099, 0.039] | -0.031 [-0.103, 0.040] | -0.028 [-0.099, 0.046] | -0.012 [-0.079, 0.054] | -0.032 [-0.102, 0.040] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.102, 0.038] | -0.041 [-0.108, 0.024] | -0.037 [-0.106, 0.035] | -0.035 [-0.108, 0.040] | -0.036 [-0.104, 0.026] | -0.036 [-0.103, 0.030] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.053 [-0.069, 0.168] | 0.062 [-0.049, 0.170] | 0.066 [-0.053, 0.183] | 0.083 [-0.040, 0.198] | 0.075 [-0.025, 0.191] | 0.080 [-0.040, 0.219] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.148, 0.147] | 0.010 [-0.129, 0.143] | -0.014 [-0.146, 0.131] | -0.008 [-0.142, 0.128] | 0.022 [-0.115, 0.145] | -0.016 [-0.159, 0.141] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.037 [0.017, 0.062] | 0.044 [0.020, 0.071] | 0.038 [0.014, 0.066] | 0.041 [0.018, 0.070] | 0.040 [0.016, 0.067] | 0.040 [0.019, 0.065] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.045 [0.017, 0.076] | 0.049 [0.021, 0.082] | 0.049 [0.019, 0.081] | 0.047 [0.017, 0.078] | 0.045 [0.016, 0.077] | 0.048 [0.019, 0.081] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.013, 0.042] | 0.016 [-0.016, 0.047] | 0.012 [-0.019, 0.042] | 0.011 [-0.018, 0.039] | 0.011 [-0.018, 0.040] | 0.009 [-0.023, 0.038] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.085 [-0.135, -0.033] | -0.077 [-0.135, -0.020] | -0.084 [-0.140, -0.026] | -0.078 [-0.132, -0.021] | -0.074 [-0.126, -0.019] | -0.080 [-0.138, -0.024] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.071 [-0.125, -0.025] | -0.079 [-0.136, -0.031] | -0.071 [-0.129, -0.018] | -0.078 [-0.132, -0.023] | -0.080 [-0.139, -0.028] | -0.069 [-0.126, -0.020] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.038 [-0.106, 0.034] | -0.045 [-0.129, 0.033] | -0.042 [-0.130, 0.043] | -0.044 [-0.130, 0.031] | -0.051 [-0.129, 0.023] | -0.042 [-0.119, 0.044] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.049 [-0.149, 0.046] | -0.052 [-0.156, 0.051] | -0.066 [-0.164, 0.038] | -0.062 [-0.162, 0.029] | -0.069 [-0.174, 0.033] | -0.086 [-0.196, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.011, 0.057] | 0.029 [-0.004, 0.066] | 0.027 [-0.010, 0.066] | 0.020 [-0.013, 0.054] | 0.020 [-0.013, 0.056] | 0.024 [-0.009, 0.064] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.042, 0.020] | -0.012 [-0.042, 0.020] | -0.012 [-0.046, 0.020] | -0.018 [-0.052, 0.017] | -0.018 [-0.053, 0.016] | -0.013 [-0.049, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.049 [-0.108, 0.020] | -0.061 [-0.121, 0.001] | -0.050 [-0.117, 0.019] | -0.054 [-0.124, 0.008] | -0.054 [-0.125, 0.007] | -0.054 [-0.119, 0.007] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.061, 0.041] | -0.018 [-0.076, 0.035] | -0.007 [-0.068, 0.061] | -0.020 [-0.081, 0.039] | -0.021 [-0.081, 0.036] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.052] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.071, 0.053] | -0.026 [-0.093, 0.040] | -0.021 [-0.089, 0.053] | -0.031 [-0.103, 0.041] | -0.037 [-0.112, 0.029] | -0.021 [-0.101, 0.058] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.109, 0.059] | -0.032 [-0.125, 0.060] | -0.021 [-0.113, 0.073] | -0.041 [-0.128, 0.049] | -0.046 [-0.137, 0.046] | -0.030 [-0.113, 0.067] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.073 [0.039, 0.110] | 0.084 [0.044, 0.129] | 0.081 [0.042, 0.127] | 0.078 [0.039, 0.124] | 0.079 [0.039, 0.125] | 0.080 [0.036, 0.128] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.195 [-0.266, -0.132] | -0.203 [-0.277, -0.133] | -0.202 [-0.284, -0.132] | -0.212 [-0.287, -0.141] | -0.203 [-0.279, -0.134] | -0.218 [-0.294, -0.150] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.067 [-0.134, -0.009] | -0.101 [-0.173, -0.029] | -0.094 [-0.166, -0.024] | -0.097 [-0.165, -0.027] | -0.103 [-0.173, -0.031] | -0.092 [-0.169, -0.021] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.102, 0.077] | -0.040 [-0.152, 0.080] | -0.041 [-0.144, 0.077] | -0.037 [-0.139, 0.046] | -0.049 [-0.136, 0.031] | -0.045 [-0.154, 0.074] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.048 [-0.077, 0.205] | 0.064 [-0.080, 0.189] | 0.075 [-0.076, 0.197] | 0.043 [-0.098, 0.203] | 0.047 [-0.099, 0.197] | 0.067 [-0.083, 0.202] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.065 [-0.134, 0.001] | -0.066 [-0.142, 0.005] | -0.074 [-0.161, 0.001] | -0.077 [-0.155, 0.001] | -0.075 [-0.152, 0.002] | -0.089 [-0.175, -0.015] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.091 [-0.156, -0.039] | -0.115 [-0.185, -0.053] | -0.116 [-0.186, -0.059] | -0.120 [-0.186, -0.061] | -0.124 [-0.198, -0.064] | -0.123 [-0.199, -0.058] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.072, 0.079] | -0.011 [-0.095, 0.076] | -0.003 [-0.096, 0.108] | 0.007 [-0.091, 0.090] | 0.007 [-0.092, 0.091] | -0.012 [-0.113, 0.086] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.049, 0.175] | 0.061 [-0.057, 0.186] | 0.056 [-0.055, 0.180] | 0.073 [-0.027, 0.191] | 0.081 [-0.023, 0.198] | 0.055 [-0.063, 0.181] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.120 [0.012, 0.250] | 0.120 [0.004, 0.284] | 0.156 [0.031, 0.303] | 0.126 [0.018, 0.274] | 0.129 [0.019, 0.269] | 0.145 [0.028, 0.292] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.092 [-0.054, 0.291] | 0.117 [-0.028, 0.332] | 0.156 [-0.037, 0.347] | 0.109 [-0.036, 0.332] | 0.099 [-0.031, 0.323] | 0.127 [-0.051, 0.319] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.047 [-0.263, 0.179] | -0.084 [-0.308, 0.171] | -0.050 [-0.274, 0.191] | -0.055 [-0.299, 0.210] | -0.070 [-0.324, 0.188] | -0.051 [-0.283, 0.196] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.071 [-0.037, 0.205] | 0.079 [-0.057, 0.249] | 0.064 [-0.078, 0.239] | 0.039 [-0.103, 0.202] | 0.051 [-0.070, 0.182] | 0.070 [-0.057, 0.240] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.078 [-0.076, 0.312] | 0.062 [-0.107, 0.306] | 0.082 [-0.092, 0.306] | 0.061 [-0.102, 0.304] | 0.055 [-0.113, 0.303] | 0.132 [-0.059, 0.388] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.075 [-0.120, 0.313] | 0.085 [-0.123, 0.377] | 0.081 [-0.191, 0.433] | 0.061 [-0.178, 0.362] | 0.082 [-0.175, 0.370] | 0.062 [-0.198, 0.375] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.610 [2.567, 2.653] | 2.596 [2.554, 2.638] | 2.596 [2.552, 2.641] | 2.594 [2.549, 2.639] | 2.596 [2.554, 2.639] | 2.599 [2.553, 2.644] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.373 [0.336, 0.415] | 0.302 [0.269, 0.339] | 0.343 [0.306, 0.385] | 0.345 [0.307, 0.387] | 0.300 [0.267, 0.337] | 0.356 [0.317, 0.399] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.085 [0.060, 0.115] | 0.091 [0.064, 0.125] | 0.088 [0.061, 0.119] | 0.087 [0.059, 0.119] | 0.087 [0.061, 0.120] | 0.090 [0.064, 0.123] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.038, 0.093] | 0.068 [0.040, 0.100] | 0.065 [0.041, 0.101] | 0.065 [0.039, 0.097] | 0.063 [0.038, 0.095] | 0.069 [0.042, 0.106] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.165 [0.126, 0.216] | 0.178 [0.133, 0.234] | 0.179 [0.134, 0.231] | 0.177 [0.133, 0.229] | 0.174 [0.132, 0.226] | 0.176 [0.133, 0.231] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.118 [0.079, 0.164] | 0.125 [0.084, 0.178] | 0.116 [0.075, 0.169] | 0.120 [0.081, 0.171] | 0.125 [0.084, 0.179] | 0.123 [0.079, 0.182] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.456 [0.293, 0.646] | 0.459 [0.291, 0.692] | 0.497 [0.325, 0.713] | 0.488 [0.332, 0.727] | 0.456 [0.308, 0.665] | 0.492 [0.320, 0.724] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.214 [0.097, 0.376] | 0.247 [0.131, 0.402] | 0.265 [0.146, 0.430] | 0.253 [0.126, 0.415] | 0.260 [0.130, 0.427] | 0.246 [0.127, 0.404] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.278 [0.101, 0.597] | 0.318 [0.124, 0.679] | 0.326 [0.133, 0.687] | 0.295 [0.137, 0.657] | 0.290 [0.110, 0.678] | 0.331 [0.123, 0.669] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.552 [0.236, 1.142] | 0.548 [0.241, 1.094] | 0.548 [0.226, 1.065] | 0.546 [0.241, 1.038] | 0.575 [0.282, 1.069] | 0.672 [0.262, 1.188] |
| R2 between | 0.077 [0.052, 0.106] | 0.022 [0.010, 0.040] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.030] | 0.085 [0.058, 0.116] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.015 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.082] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.076] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.099] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.021 [0.000, 0.117] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.097] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,331 | 19,318 | 19,255 | 19,314 | 19,306 | 19,264 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.166 [0.136, 0.195] | 0.153 [0.121, 0.184] | 0.153 [0.121, 0.183] | 0.154 [0.122, 0.184] | 0.156 [0.123, 0.189] | 0.153 [0.122, 0.184] |
| Mixed WP | 0.030 [-0.006, 0.066] | 0.029 [-0.007, 0.065] | 0.026 [-0.011, 0.063] | 0.027 [-0.010, 0.064] | 0.024 [-0.015, 0.060] | 0.025 [-0.011, 0.062] |
| Family WP | -0.007 [-0.054, 0.040] | -0.022 [-0.073, 0.029] | -0.019 [-0.069, 0.031] | -0.016 [-0.066, 0.035] | -0.022 [-0.072, 0.028] | -0.018 [-0.067, 0.032] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.183 [0.148, 0.219] | 0.177 [0.138, 0.216] | 0.178 [0.138, 0.215] | 0.177 [0.138, 0.215] | 0.181 [0.140, 0.220] | 0.177 [0.138, 0.215] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.120 [0.019, 0.218] | 0.146 [0.031, 0.254] | 0.135 [0.023, 0.240] | 0.133 [0.021, 0.240] | 0.129 [0.019, 0.241] | 0.135 [0.025, 0.241] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.095 [-0.185, -0.006] | -0.117 [-0.216, -0.018] | -0.110 [-0.208, -0.014] | -0.112 [-0.209, -0.014] | -0.102 [-0.201, -0.004] | -0.113 [-0.211, -0.015] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.078 [-0.273, 0.118] | -0.083 [-0.296, 0.098] | -0.094 [-0.314, 0.086] | -0.099 [-0.313, 0.083] | -0.104 [-0.276, 0.093] | -0.088 [-0.304, 0.091] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.028 [-0.129, 0.070] | -0.004 [-0.115, 0.128] | -0.006 [-0.113, 0.120] | -0.007 [-0.114, 0.121] | -0.010 [-0.133, 0.106] | -0.010 [-0.112, 0.120] |
| Weekend WP | -0.102 [-0.125, -0.079] | -0.104 [-0.128, -0.080] | -0.104 [-0.128, -0.080] | -0.104 [-0.128, -0.079] | -0.103 [-0.127, -0.079] | -0.103 [-0.128, -0.079] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.529 [0.518, 0.539] | 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] | 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] | 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] | 0.522 [0.511, 0.533] | 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] |
| R2 within | 0.066 [0.059, 0.073] | 0.068 [0.061, 0.076] | 0.068 [0.060, 0.076] | 0.067 [0.058, 0.074] | 0.069 [0.061, 0.077] | 0.067 [0.059, 0.075] |
| Personality trait | -0.038 [-0.081, 0.006] | -0.154 [-0.211, -0.096] | -0.133 [-0.189, -0.076] | 0.286 [0.241, 0.330] | -0.048 [-0.105, 0.013] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.006 [-0.032, 0.044] | -0.030 [-0.079, 0.019] | 0.006 [-0.043, 0.054] | 0.002 [-0.041, 0.044] | 0.001 [-0.049, 0.053] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.022 [-0.067, 0.025] | -0.079 [-0.137, -0.019] | -0.007 [-0.067, 0.051] | 0.011 [-0.038, 0.059] | -0.030 [-0.090, 0.030] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.030 [-0.087, 0.028] | -0.013 [-0.089, 0.067] | -0.010 [-0.087, 0.066] | -0.015 [-0.079, 0.050] | -0.008 [-0.098, 0.081] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [-0.037, 0.054] | -0.002 [-0.064, 0.063] | 0.003 [-0.058, 0.063] | 0.013 [-0.035, 0.061] | -0.013 [-0.075, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.039 [-0.106, 0.184] | 0.143 [-0.035, 0.331] | 0.047 [-0.136, 0.233] | 0.022 [-0.128, 0.170] | -0.007 [-0.213, 0.185] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.035 [-0.150, 0.081] | -0.001 [-0.158, 0.150] | -0.004 [-0.151, 0.143] | -0.011 [-0.143, 0.116] | -0.053 [-0.215, 0.104] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.206 [-0.418, 0.010] | 0.034 [-0.253, 0.328] | 0.138 [-0.157, 0.470] | 0.085 [-0.167, 0.305] | -0.191 [-0.525, 0.162] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.029 [-0.113, 0.168] | -0.032 [-0.219, 0.133] | -0.033 [-0.229, 0.144] | 0.046 [-0.109, 0.194] | 0.033 [-0.163, 0.216] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.008, 0.030] | 0.009 [-0.009, 0.029] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026] | 0.009 [-0.009, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.027] | 0.008 [-0.010, 0.028] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.018, 0.028] | 0.008 [-0.016, 0.032] | 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.014, 0.034] | 0.007 [-0.016, 0.030] | 0.009 [-0.015, 0.033] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.034 [-0.061, -0.006] | -0.040 [-0.070, -0.011] | -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013] | -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013] | -0.040 [-0.068, -0.012] | -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] | 0.000 [-0.023, 0.023] | 0.000 [-0.023, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.023, 0.022] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.022] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.044, 0.084] | 0.038 [-0.032, 0.107] | 0.041 [-0.026, 0.109] | 0.035 [-0.034, 0.102] | 0.031 [-0.033, 0.094] | 0.033 [-0.037, 0.102] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.059, 0.048] | -0.020 [-0.083, 0.038] | -0.021 [-0.079, 0.035] | -0.021 [-0.079, 0.036] | -0.017 [-0.072, 0.036] | -0.023 [-0.084, 0.035] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.103, 0.111] | -0.056 [-0.182, 0.076] | -0.051 [-0.175, 0.079] | -0.046 [-0.167, 0.088] | -0.073 [-0.197, 0.060] | -0.058 [-0.182, 0.074] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.060, 0.067] | 0.007 [-0.073, 0.071] | 0.011 [-0.057, 0.069] | 0.006 [-0.063, 0.069] | 0.007 [-0.063, 0.071] | 0.003 [-0.074, 0.067] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.046 [0.030, 0.066] | 0.041 [0.023, 0.062] | 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] | 0.042 [0.023, 0.064] | 0.046 [0.030, 0.066] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.065] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.021, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.016] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017] | -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.017] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [0.008, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.045] | 0.028 [0.011, 0.047] | 0.028 [0.011, 0.046] | 0.030 [0.012, 0.048] | 0.029 [0.012, 0.046] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.046 [0.004, 0.091] | 0.046 [-0.001, 0.094] | 0.047 [0.001, 0.096] | 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094] | 0.047 [0.003, 0.092] | 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.061, 0.015] | -0.014 [-0.055, 0.026] | -0.015 [-0.056, 0.023] | -0.014 [-0.055, 0.027] | -0.010 [-0.047, 0.029] | -0.013 [-0.053, 0.028] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.030 [-0.041, 0.099] | 0.027 [-0.055, 0.103] | 0.033 [-0.049, 0.106] | 0.030 [-0.050, 0.102] | 0.026 [-0.044, 0.087] | 0.026 [-0.054, 0.102] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.042, 0.032] | -0.013 [-0.056, 0.031] | -0.012 [-0.053, 0.032] | -0.010 [-0.051, 0.036] | 0.006 [-0.037, 0.054] | -0.011 [-0.051, 0.036] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.019, 0.027] | -0.004 [-0.026, 0.020] | -0.004 [-0.026, 0.021] | -0.003 [-0.026, 0.022] | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.024] | -0.004 [-0.027, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [0.007, 0.044] | 0.028 [0.010, 0.050] | 0.029 [0.011, 0.050] | 0.030 [0.012, 0.051] | 0.032 [0.012, 0.052] | 0.030 [0.012, 0.051] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.043 [-0.011, 0.103] | 0.050 [-0.006, 0.097] | 0.049 [-0.004, 0.096] | 0.047 [-0.007, 0.094] | 0.047 [-0.002, 0.097] | 0.049 [-0.007, 0.095] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.065, 0.031] | -0.011 [-0.062, 0.036] | -0.011 [-0.062, 0.033] | -0.010 [-0.061, 0.038] | -0.006 [-0.052, 0.041] | -0.010 [-0.059, 0.039] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.047 [-0.049, 0.135] | 0.040 [-0.039, 0.126] | 0.046 [-0.026, 0.123] | 0.042 [-0.037, 0.116] | 0.035 [-0.029, 0.107] | 0.040 [-0.036, 0.115] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.042, 0.047] | -0.007 [-0.052, 0.042] | -0.006 [-0.048, 0.037] | -0.003 [-0.046, 0.047] | 0.004 [-0.034, 0.049] | -0.004 [-0.046, 0.046] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.003, 0.040] | 0.017 [-0.006, 0.041] | 0.018 [-0.005, 0.042] | 0.019 [-0.005, 0.044] | 0.023 [-0.003, 0.048] | 0.018 [-0.005, 0.043] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.094, 0.011] | -0.047 [-0.107, 0.003] | -0.049 [-0.111, 0.003] | -0.049 [-0.110, 0.001] | -0.039 [-0.104, 0.014] | -0.047 [-0.109, 0.003] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.066, 0.054] | -0.001 [-0.058, 0.054] | -0.001 [-0.059, 0.054] | 0.000 [-0.057, 0.058] | 0.010 [-0.042, 0.066] | 0.001 [-0.054, 0.056] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.081, 0.060] | -0.030 [-0.110, 0.058] | -0.039 [-0.115, 0.054] | -0.032 [-0.107, 0.055] | -0.032 [-0.108, 0.051] | -0.031 [-0.108, 0.057] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.046, 0.059] | 0.006 [-0.046, 0.058] | 0.006 [-0.056, 0.057] | 0.007 [-0.054, 0.063] | 0.012 [-0.038, 0.065] | 0.007 [-0.052, 0.063] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.021, 0.068] | 0.039 [-0.012, 0.092] | 0.040 [-0.016, 0.090] | 0.039 [-0.017, 0.090] | 0.032 [-0.018, 0.085] | 0.041 [-0.016, 0.093] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.054, 0.021] | -0.008 [-0.045, 0.039] | -0.010 [-0.048, 0.039] | -0.009 [-0.047, 0.039] | -0.007 [-0.046, 0.039] | -0.008 [-0.047, 0.040] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.030 [-0.114, 0.049] | -0.018 [-0.105, 0.070] | -0.017 [-0.100, 0.071] | -0.013 [-0.098, 0.074] | -0.023 [-0.100, 0.044] | -0.015 [-0.102, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.027, 0.061] | 0.011 [-0.028, 0.066] | 0.012 [-0.028, 0.066] | 0.013 [-0.027, 0.065] | 0.025 [-0.024, 0.078] | 0.012 [-0.026, 0.066] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.143 [0.025, 0.278] | 0.124 [0.004, 0.273] | 0.121 [-0.001, 0.258] | 0.118 [-0.005, 0.263] | 0.120 [-0.014, 0.271] | 0.120 [-0.006, 0.269] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.209 [0.064, 0.401] | 0.200 [0.040, 0.421] | 0.187 [-0.002, 0.407] | 0.182 [0.009, 0.394] | 0.182 [-0.010, 0.381] | 0.181 [-0.001, 0.401] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.086, 0.141] | 0.026 [-0.111, 0.153] | 0.022 [-0.112, 0.134] | 0.025 [-0.109, 0.147] | 0.041 [-0.071, 0.177] | 0.027 [-0.115, 0.146] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.125 [-0.039, 0.314] | 0.096 [-0.108, 0.276] | 0.091 [-0.110, 0.275] | 0.091 [-0.108, 0.284] | 0.094 [-0.100, 0.329] | 0.094 [-0.117, 0.291] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.085, 0.162] | 0.041 [-0.079, 0.179] | 0.036 [-0.078, 0.176] | 0.033 [-0.077, 0.172] | 0.072 [-0.033, 0.211] | 0.039 [-0.079, 0.179] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.112, 0.190] | 0.048 [-0.146, 0.236] | 0.031 [-0.166, 0.218] | 0.037 [-0.151, 0.219] | 0.073 [-0.063, 0.232] | 0.041 [-0.161, 0.234] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.168 [2.134, 2.203] | 2.154 [2.117, 2.190] | 2.154 [2.118, 2.190] | 2.155 [2.119, 2.191] | 2.152 [2.118, 2.187] | 2.154 [2.117, 2.190] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.349 [0.320, 0.381] | 0.336 [0.306, 0.370] | 0.327 [0.298, 0.360] | 0.330 [0.301, 0.363] | 0.290 [0.264, 0.319] | 0.335 [0.305, 0.369] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.052 [0.035, 0.072] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.074] | 0.051 [0.033, 0.072] | 0.051 [0.034, 0.074] | 0.055 [0.037, 0.075] | 0.052 [0.034, 0.074] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.062 [0.040, 0.090] | 0.051 [0.026, 0.082] | 0.052 [0.027, 0.083] | 0.053 [0.027, 0.084] | 0.058 [0.035, 0.088] | 0.052 [0.025, 0.084] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.064 [0.035, 0.100] | 0.058 [0.032, 0.096] | 0.062 [0.034, 0.101] | 0.062 [0.034, 0.101] | 0.068 [0.039, 0.107] | 0.061 [0.034, 0.100] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.056 [0.037, 0.082] | 0.060 [0.039, 0.088] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.087] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.088] | 0.061 [0.040, 0.087] | 0.060 [0.038, 0.087] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.326 [0.199, 0.508] | 0.345 [0.185, 0.543] | 0.328 [0.167, 0.532] | 0.331 [0.172, 0.528] | 0.316 [0.134, 0.523] | 0.332 [0.170, 0.523] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.251 [0.120, 0.410] | 0.255 [0.132, 0.431] | 0.249 [0.122, 0.427] | 0.254 [0.130, 0.426] | 0.268 [0.145, 0.434] | 0.257 [0.139, 0.434] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.513 [0.272, 0.897] | 0.545 [0.250, 1.007] | 0.517 [0.214, 0.985] | 0.487 [0.193, 0.955] | 0.471 [0.234, 0.901] | 0.513 [0.218, 1.002] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.142 [0.044, 0.322] | 0.152 [0.050, 0.313] | 0.142 [0.044, 0.311] | 0.149 [0.040, 0.313] | 0.167 [0.070, 0.335] | 0.146 [0.043, 0.317] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.014 [0.005, 0.026] | 0.010 [0.003, 0.021] | 0.074 [0.053, 0.098] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.001, 0.079] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.026 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.099] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,751 | 20,495 | 20,495 | 20,495 | 20,490 | 20,495 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.175 [0.137, 0.213] | 0.171 [0.130, 0.215] | 0.172 [0.129, 0.216] | 0.171 [0.129, 0.215] | 0.174 [0.131, 0.216] | 0.172 [0.130, 0.215] |
| Mixed WP | 0.049 [0.002, 0.097] | 0.055 [0.002, 0.108] | 0.057 [0.003, 0.110] | 0.058 [0.005, 0.112] | 0.058 [0.003, 0.111] | 0.060 [0.006, 0.112] |
| Family WP | -0.053 [-0.107, 0.002] | -0.044 [-0.108, 0.022] | -0.044 [-0.109, 0.023] | -0.041 [-0.106, 0.027] | -0.044 [-0.108, 0.022] | -0.033 [-0.098, 0.032] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.154 [0.107, 0.198] | 0.160 [0.107, 0.213] | 0.162 [0.108, 0.214] | 0.151 [0.096, 0.205] | 0.160 [0.106, 0.213] | 0.158 [0.105, 0.211] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.010 [-0.116, 0.133] | 0.006 [-0.139, 0.144] | 0.007 [-0.133, 0.141] | 0.013 [-0.134, 0.158] | 0.004 [-0.132, 0.146] | 0.002 [-0.142, 0.140] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.169 [-0.286, -0.055] | -0.097 [-0.228, 0.028] | -0.090 [-0.218, 0.035] | -0.116 [-0.244, 0.011] | -0.095 [-0.221, 0.025] | -0.092 [-0.228, 0.031] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.074 [-0.300, 0.140] | -0.037 [-0.319, 0.214] | -0.048 [-0.345, 0.206] | -0.071 [-0.369, 0.197] | -0.051 [-0.322, 0.189] | -0.004 [-0.301, 0.250] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.015 [-0.187, 0.152] | -0.072 [-0.261, 0.128] | -0.076 [-0.259, 0.123] | -0.096 [-0.276, 0.105] | -0.091 [-0.270, 0.106] | -0.073 [-0.259, 0.126] |
| Weekend WP | -0.145 [-0.173, -0.115] | -0.152 [-0.185, -0.118] | -0.152 [-0.186, -0.119] | -0.152 [-0.185, -0.119] | -0.152 [-0.186, -0.119] | -0.152 [-0.185, -0.119] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.542 [0.528, 0.556] | 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] | 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] | 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] | 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] | 0.539 [0.523, 0.555] |
| R2 within | 0.070 [0.060, 0.080] | 0.079 [0.068, 0.090] | 0.077 [0.067, 0.089] | 0.079 [0.069, 0.090] | 0.079 [0.068, 0.089] | 0.079 [0.069, 0.090] |
| Personality trait | -0.004 [-0.059, 0.052] | -0.098 [-0.174, -0.023] | -0.115 [-0.187, -0.043] | 0.212 [0.153, 0.272] | -0.023 [-0.098, 0.052] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.001 [-0.050, 0.048] | -0.021 [-0.091, 0.050] | -0.006 [-0.071, 0.057] | 0.053 [-0.003, 0.109] | 0.025 [-0.042, 0.093] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.027 [-0.038, 0.094] | 0.063 [-0.024, 0.147] | -0.045 [-0.132, 0.049] | 0.056 [-0.014, 0.125] | -0.003 [-0.086, 0.090] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.021 [-0.099, 0.055] | -0.023 [-0.129, 0.084] | -0.021 [-0.122, 0.081] | 0.048 [-0.035, 0.137] | 0.161 [0.055, 0.262] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.008 [-0.054, 0.072] | -0.060 [-0.152, 0.034] | 0.065 [-0.022, 0.150] | 0.054 [-0.018, 0.128] | -0.015 [-0.100, 0.075] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.068 [-0.093, 0.229] | 0.119 [-0.134, 0.370] | -0.030 [-0.256, 0.245] | -0.099 [-0.286, 0.089] | -0.050 [-0.301, 0.195] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.106 [-0.051, 0.252] | -0.137 [-0.363, 0.085] | 0.169 [-0.063, 0.383] | -0.049 [-0.211, 0.115] | -0.024 [-0.234, 0.167] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.006 [-0.334, 0.323] | 0.076 [-0.347, 0.521] | 0.214 [-0.203, 0.712] | -0.147 [-0.500, 0.203] | 0.252 [-0.178, 0.715] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.015 [-0.233, 0.214] | -0.026 [-0.339, 0.288] | 0.099 [-0.201, 0.434] | -0.005 [-0.245, 0.264] | 0.015 [-0.299, 0.335] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.023 [0.001, 0.046] | 0.024 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.024 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.006, 0.042] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.048] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.029, 0.027] | 0.002 [-0.029, 0.035] | 0.005 [-0.025, 0.039] | 0.000 [-0.032, 0.034] | -0.004 [-0.034, 0.028] | 0.002 [-0.029, 0.035] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.029, 0.037] | -0.009 [-0.047, 0.028] | -0.009 [-0.047, 0.027] | -0.009 [-0.048, 0.028] | -0.015 [-0.052, 0.021] | -0.008 [-0.044, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.039, 0.014] | -0.018 [-0.050, 0.012] | -0.019 [-0.050, 0.011] | -0.015 [-0.045, 0.015] | -0.025 [-0.055, 0.004] | -0.017 [-0.050, 0.013] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.055 [-0.125, 0.011] | -0.047 [-0.131, 0.035] | -0.046 [-0.126, 0.033] | -0.051 [-0.129, 0.029] | -0.036 [-0.111, 0.041] | -0.044 [-0.129, 0.037] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.099, 0.022] | -0.030 [-0.105, 0.048] | -0.033 [-0.104, 0.042] | -0.022 [-0.093, 0.052] | -0.026 [-0.092, 0.049] | -0.033 [-0.108, 0.045] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.076 [-0.217, 0.037] | -0.094 [-0.244, 0.055] | -0.083 [-0.233, 0.066] | -0.079 [-0.230, 0.076] | -0.063 [-0.204, 0.091] | -0.092 [-0.243, 0.054] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.086, 0.096] | 0.013 [-0.103, 0.129] | 0.012 [-0.103, 0.127] | 0.018 [-0.094, 0.130] | 0.021 [-0.085, 0.132] | 0.013 [-0.102, 0.132] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.001, 0.043] | 0.015 [-0.007, 0.039] | 0.015 [-0.005, 0.039] | 0.013 [-0.007, 0.037] | 0.013 [-0.009, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.006, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.025 [-0.048, -0.004] | -0.022 [-0.048, 0.002] | -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] | -0.021 [-0.047, 0.003] | -0.022 [-0.049, 0.003] | -0.022 [-0.047, 0.003] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.007, 0.035] | 0.009 [-0.010, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.010, 0.038] | 0.008 [-0.013, 0.035] | 0.009 [-0.013, 0.036] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.036] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.044, 0.049] | 0.000 [-0.052, 0.052] | 0.001 [-0.049, 0.051] | -0.003 [-0.054, 0.047] | 0.002 [-0.051, 0.050] | 0.001 [-0.052, 0.053] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.042, 0.035] | 0.006 [-0.034, 0.055] | 0.005 [-0.035, 0.055] | 0.002 [-0.037, 0.051] | 0.008 [-0.032, 0.055] | 0.004 [-0.035, 0.052] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.042 [-0.122, 0.042] | -0.046 [-0.135, 0.034] | -0.046 [-0.131, 0.033] | -0.044 [-0.133, 0.035] | -0.044 [-0.138, 0.040] | -0.050 [-0.133, 0.031] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.059, 0.055] | 0.006 [-0.054, 0.082] | 0.009 [-0.057, 0.090] | 0.010 [-0.054, 0.087] | 0.005 [-0.064, 0.091] | 0.010 [-0.051, 0.084] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.031, 0.021] | 0.002 [-0.028, 0.035] | 0.001 [-0.028, 0.036] | 0.001 [-0.029, 0.035] | 0.001 [-0.032, 0.035] | 0.004 [-0.024, 0.038] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.006, 0.035] | 0.012 [-0.015, 0.042] | 0.012 [-0.015, 0.043] | 0.014 [-0.015, 0.046] | 0.010 [-0.016, 0.041] | 0.012 [-0.014, 0.042] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.059, 0.032] | -0.033 [-0.095, 0.031] | -0.029 [-0.089, 0.032] | -0.035 [-0.098, 0.027] | -0.023 [-0.084, 0.034] | -0.032 [-0.094, 0.030] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.052, 0.048] | -0.005 [-0.076, 0.042] | -0.003 [-0.070, 0.042] | -0.001 [-0.067, 0.044] | 0.004 [-0.054, 0.050] | -0.005 [-0.073, 0.044] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.106, 0.044] | -0.068 [-0.163, 0.026] | -0.065 [-0.160, 0.027] | -0.064 [-0.161, 0.031] | -0.052 [-0.152, 0.041] | -0.070 [-0.161, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.071, 0.040] | -0.041 [-0.124, 0.030] | -0.041 [-0.125, 0.028] | -0.034 [-0.120, 0.035] | -0.037 [-0.118, 0.042] | -0.038 [-0.124, 0.034] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.015, 0.045] | 0.009 [-0.025, 0.049] | 0.006 [-0.027, 0.046] | 0.008 [-0.026, 0.049] | 0.006 [-0.026, 0.048] | 0.011 [-0.023, 0.048] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.075, 0.032] | -0.034 [-0.104, 0.038] | -0.034 [-0.105, 0.036] | -0.031 [-0.104, 0.041] | -0.025 [-0.097, 0.047] | -0.030 [-0.097, 0.038] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.054, 0.047] | -0.027 [-0.110, 0.050] | -0.029 [-0.109, 0.044] | -0.025 [-0.105, 0.045] | -0.021 [-0.103, 0.056] | -0.020 [-0.099, 0.052] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.056 [-0.023, 0.151] | 0.086 [-0.027, 0.219] | 0.085 [-0.028, 0.215] | 0.097 [-0.022, 0.228] | 0.098 [-0.020, 0.224] | 0.072 [-0.039, 0.201] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.088, 0.069] | -0.008 [-0.107, 0.104] | -0.003 [-0.104, 0.109] | 0.004 [-0.095, 0.119] | -0.004 [-0.097, 0.109] | -0.016 [-0.114, 0.096] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.049, 0.065] | -0.003 [-0.070, 0.065] | 0.001 [-0.068, 0.064] | -0.001 [-0.070, 0.058] | 0.004 [-0.065, 0.070] | -0.001 [-0.065, 0.065] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.012, 0.071] | 0.033 [-0.023, 0.092] | 0.028 [-0.024, 0.086] | 0.025 [-0.025, 0.083] | 0.033 [-0.018, 0.097] | 0.029 [-0.025, 0.089] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.130, 0.067] | -0.041 [-0.148, 0.060] | -0.036 [-0.146, 0.064] | -0.050 [-0.156, 0.057] | -0.032 [-0.149, 0.102] | -0.044 [-0.146, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.063, 0.096] | 0.024 [-0.055, 0.118] | 0.025 [-0.058, 0.120] | 0.020 [-0.063, 0.117] | 0.024 [-0.057, 0.120] | 0.026 [-0.057, 0.122] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [-0.073, 0.133] | 0.036 [-0.089, 0.183] | 0.040 [-0.076, 0.188] | 0.037 [-0.080, 0.186] | 0.033 [-0.077, 0.182] | 0.033 [-0.089, 0.176] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.128, 0.274] | 0.067 [-0.145, 0.326] | 0.063 [-0.150, 0.312] | 0.084 [-0.127, 0.337] | 0.072 [-0.134, 0.326] | 0.074 [-0.123, 0.326] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.036 [-0.107, 0.194] | 0.022 [-0.167, 0.207] | 0.006 [-0.177, 0.189] | 0.008 [-0.172, 0.192] | -0.002 [-0.183, 0.205] | 0.026 [-0.171, 0.215] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.044 [-0.114, 0.234] | -0.049 [-0.250, 0.156] | -0.041 [-0.238, 0.158] | -0.041 [-0.245, 0.160] | -0.046 [-0.254, 0.197] | -0.040 [-0.243, 0.159] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.150, 0.165] | 0.012 [-0.156, 0.198] | 0.005 [-0.166, 0.185] | 0.003 [-0.161, 0.171] | -0.003 [-0.163, 0.175] | 0.013 [-0.162, 0.185] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.235, 0.286] | 0.123 [-0.161, 0.447] | 0.126 [-0.162, 0.472] | 0.125 [-0.149, 0.468] | 0.128 [-0.158, 0.454] | 0.097 [-0.170, 0.420] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.187 [2.146, 2.229] | 2.169 [2.123, 2.216] | 2.169 [2.123, 2.216] | 2.170 [2.125, 2.217] | 2.168 [2.123, 2.213] | 2.170 [2.123, 2.216] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.301 [0.269, 0.337] | 0.290 [0.255, 0.332] | 0.286 [0.250, 0.326] | 0.285 [0.250, 0.326] | 0.264 [0.232, 0.302] | 0.289 [0.254, 0.330] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.040 [0.018, 0.069] | 0.040 [0.018, 0.070] | 0.038 [0.018, 0.067] | 0.041 [0.023, 0.068] | 0.041 [0.018, 0.069] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.041 [0.019, 0.076] | 0.050 [0.020, 0.090] | 0.049 [0.021, 0.088] | 0.048 [0.021, 0.088] | 0.047 [0.019, 0.086] | 0.050 [0.020, 0.089] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.083 [0.048, 0.127] | 0.094 [0.056, 0.149] | 0.095 [0.057, 0.151] | 0.095 [0.056, 0.149] | 0.094 [0.055, 0.149] | 0.087 [0.051, 0.140] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.063 [0.032, 0.101] | 0.073 [0.039, 0.120] | 0.070 [0.038, 0.117] | 0.072 [0.038, 0.119] | 0.071 [0.038, 0.117] | 0.073 [0.041, 0.120] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.181 [0.085, 0.393] | 0.246 [0.099, 0.463] | 0.232 [0.082, 0.449] | 0.243 [0.094, 0.461] | 0.233 [0.083, 0.446] | 0.238 [0.088, 0.447] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.140 [0.051, 0.317] | 0.191 [0.090, 0.384] | 0.181 [0.083, 0.370] | 0.176 [0.077, 0.358] | 0.187 [0.078, 0.379] | 0.183 [0.082, 0.366] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.496 [0.131, 0.952] | 0.704 [0.306, 1.344] | 0.681 [0.318, 1.306] | 0.735 [0.360, 1.375] | 0.701 [0.333, 1.357] | 0.668 [0.299, 1.326] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.320 [0.120, 0.638] | 0.409 [0.175, 0.811] | 0.433 [0.186, 0.825] | 0.415 [0.149, 0.802] | 0.409 [0.167, 0.796] | 0.428 [0.181, 0.835] |
| R2 between | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.009 [0.001, 0.023] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.073] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.084] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.095] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.042] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.052 [0.006, 0.141] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.111] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.076] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.020 [0.000, 0.114] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.114] | 0.029 [0.000, 0.179] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.074] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.131] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.092] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.135] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.061] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,993 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 | 10,863 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.163 [0.128, 0.199] | 0.163 [0.125, 0.201] | 0.165 [0.127, 0.204] | 0.166 [0.128, 0.203] | 0.163 [0.125, 0.201] | 0.161 [0.121, 0.200] |
| Mixed WP | 0.100 [0.054, 0.144] | 0.098 [0.053, 0.142] | 0.105 [0.058, 0.151] | 0.103 [0.061, 0.149] | 0.103 [0.053, 0.146] | 0.103 [0.059, 0.149] |
| Family WP | 0.085 [0.045, 0.127] | 0.097 [0.050, 0.144] | 0.094 [0.050, 0.140] | 0.094 [0.048, 0.139] | 0.091 [0.046, 0.136] | 0.093 [0.050, 0.137] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.078 [0.026, 0.132] | 0.091 [0.034, 0.148] | 0.096 [0.042, 0.151] | 0.092 [0.036, 0.147] | 0.089 [0.032, 0.145] | 0.088 [0.030, 0.145] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.105 [-0.192, -0.012] | -0.096 [-0.200, -0.001] | -0.104 [-0.205, 0.015] | -0.091 [-0.185, 0.003] | -0.091 [-0.198, 0.010] | -0.130 [-0.235, -0.024] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.050 [-0.149, 0.057] | -0.027 [-0.133, 0.074] | -0.058 [-0.158, 0.045] | -0.040 [-0.142, 0.060] | -0.040 [-0.150, 0.070] | -0.035 [-0.141, 0.064] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.059 [-0.131, 0.258] | 0.078 [-0.110, 0.258] | 0.095 [-0.098, 0.286] | 0.079 [-0.110, 0.262] | 0.068 [-0.129, 0.257] | 0.068 [-0.137, 0.261] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.208 [0.002, 0.415] | 0.270 [0.064, 0.484] | 0.270 [0.079, 0.530] | 0.261 [0.061, 0.466] | 0.259 [0.015, 0.489] | 0.263 [0.043, 0.490] |
| Weekend WP | -0.229 [-0.252, -0.207] | -0.231 [-0.255, -0.208] | -0.233 [-0.256, -0.209] | -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210] | -0.231 [-0.254, -0.208] | -0.231 [-0.254, -0.207] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.496 [0.486, 0.506] | 0.501 [0.490, 0.512] | 0.500 [0.489, 0.511] | 0.502 [0.491, 0.512] | 0.501 [0.490, 0.512] | 0.499 [0.489, 0.510] |
| R2 within | 0.080 [0.072, 0.089] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.093] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.091] | 0.083 [0.075, 0.092] | 0.084 [0.076, 0.093] | 0.083 [0.075, 0.092] |
| Personality trait | -0.073 [-0.138, -0.006] | -0.071 [-0.154, 0.013] | -0.024 [-0.099, 0.052] | 0.322 [0.265, 0.379] | 0.054 [-0.019, 0.128] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.022 [-0.076, 0.031] | -0.031 [-0.099, 0.037] | -0.045 [-0.105, 0.015] | 0.023 [-0.026, 0.070] | -0.008 [-0.066, 0.048] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.045 [-0.016, 0.108] | -0.049 [-0.129, 0.034] | 0.007 [-0.066, 0.078] | -0.045 [-0.110, 0.014] | -0.017 [-0.086, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.036 [-0.028, 0.101] | -0.052 [-0.128, 0.024] | -0.046 [-0.113, 0.020] | 0.011 [-0.046, 0.071] | 0.050 [-0.021, 0.120] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.036 [-0.045, 0.116] | -0.063 [-0.160, 0.036] | -0.058 [-0.143, 0.022] | 0.005 [-0.061, 0.074] | -0.018 [-0.104, 0.066] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.107 [-0.242, 0.024] | -0.036 [-0.208, 0.131] | 0.066 [-0.088, 0.220] | 0.013 [-0.115, 0.138] | -0.079 [-0.242, 0.080] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.088 [-0.229, 0.063] | 0.085 [-0.101, 0.262] | -0.012 [-0.169, 0.156] | 0.026 [-0.099, 0.151] | -0.033 [-0.197, 0.123] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.057 [-0.197, 0.314] | 0.066 [-0.316, 0.398] | 0.106 [-0.181, 0.389] | -0.055 [-0.339, 0.204] | 0.029 [-0.270, 0.321] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.094 [-0.392, 0.212] | -0.141 [-0.504, 0.222] | -0.028 [-0.356, 0.278] | 0.194 [-0.110, 0.483] | 0.081 [-0.283, 0.456] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.030 [0.006, 0.056] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.060] | 0.031 [0.006, 0.058] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.060] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.007, 0.062] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] | -0.003 [-0.033, 0.025] | -0.009 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.005 [-0.038, 0.025] | 0.001 [-0.027, 0.031] | -0.006 [-0.037, 0.027] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.012, 0.046] | 0.022 [-0.009, 0.052] | 0.020 [-0.012, 0.050] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.049] | 0.016 [-0.012, 0.045] | 0.020 [-0.010, 0.051] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.037, 0.035] | 0.005 [-0.035, 0.043] | 0.001 [-0.038, 0.040] | 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] | 0.000 [-0.036, 0.036] | 0.001 [-0.038, 0.042] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.040 [-0.106, 0.021] | -0.066 [-0.135, 0.003] | -0.053 [-0.120, 0.010] | -0.050 [-0.132, 0.027] | -0.050 [-0.115, 0.013] | -0.055 [-0.124, 0.011] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.068, 0.064] | -0.033 [-0.102, 0.043] | -0.014 [-0.082, 0.055] | -0.013 [-0.088, 0.060] | -0.022 [-0.088, 0.045] | -0.006 [-0.082, 0.065] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.077 [-0.199, 0.052] | -0.040 [-0.165, 0.088] | -0.048 [-0.174, 0.079] | -0.047 [-0.175, 0.086] | -0.029 [-0.151, 0.085] | -0.074 [-0.195, 0.054] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.120, 0.165] | 0.020 [-0.137, 0.184] | 0.040 [-0.098, 0.198] | 0.044 [-0.123, 0.189] | -0.019 [-0.169, 0.140] | 0.039 [-0.150, 0.206] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.020 [0.001, 0.042] | 0.025 [0.006, 0.051] | 0.025 [0.003, 0.048] | 0.025 [0.005, 0.049] | 0.027 [0.006, 0.051] | 0.028 [0.008, 0.051] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.008, 0.033] | 0.020 [-0.002, 0.043] | 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] | 0.019 [-0.001, 0.043] | 0.020 [-0.002, 0.042] | 0.021 [-0.001, 0.045] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.027, 0.024] | -0.002 [-0.031, 0.024] | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.023] | -0.004 [-0.030, 0.021] | -0.003 [-0.031, 0.023] | -0.004 [-0.031, 0.023] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.046, 0.028] | -0.005 [-0.043, 0.039] | -0.007 [-0.046, 0.031] | 0.002 [-0.040, 0.045] | -0.007 [-0.051, 0.032] | -0.007 [-0.046, 0.034] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.063, 0.019] | -0.017 [-0.059, 0.024] | -0.011 [-0.056, 0.032] | -0.015 [-0.063, 0.027] | -0.021 [-0.076, 0.027] | -0.011 [-0.061, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.059, 0.087] | 0.026 [-0.056, 0.103] | 0.040 [-0.032, 0.123] | 0.027 [-0.052, 0.095] | 0.030 [-0.040, 0.105] | 0.028 [-0.048, 0.105] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.068, 0.088] | 0.004 [-0.087, 0.089] | 0.011 [-0.074, 0.094] | 0.002 [-0.086, 0.090] | -0.004 [-0.092, 0.081] | 0.011 [-0.080, 0.099] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.033] | 0.007 [-0.016, 0.034] | 0.010 [-0.016, 0.037] | 0.005 [-0.020, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.016, 0.030] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.038] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.024, 0.033] | 0.003 [-0.026, 0.036] | 0.003 [-0.025, 0.032] | 0.001 [-0.031, 0.035] | 0.000 [-0.027, 0.031] | 0.000 [-0.031, 0.031] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.022, 0.058] | 0.016 [-0.030, 0.064] | 0.011 [-0.035, 0.057] | 0.024 [-0.014, 0.069] | 0.009 [-0.030, 0.053] | 0.008 [-0.033, 0.056] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.036, 0.055] | 0.007 [-0.044, 0.056] | -0.003 [-0.051, 0.047] | -0.003 [-0.049, 0.042] | -0.009 [-0.061, 0.041] | 0.003 [-0.042, 0.052] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.045 [-0.024, 0.120] | 0.029 [-0.036, 0.097] | 0.039 [-0.026, 0.101] | 0.033 [-0.034, 0.108] | 0.033 [-0.069, 0.112] | 0.039 [-0.036, 0.116] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.069, 0.081] | -0.014 [-0.083, 0.069] | -0.015 [-0.090, 0.068] | -0.020 [-0.100, 0.062] | -0.031 [-0.113, 0.053] | -0.013 [-0.094, 0.079] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [0.003, 0.057] | 0.032 [-0.002, 0.067] | 0.029 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.028 [-0.004, 0.062] | 0.025 [-0.004, 0.057] | 0.032 [0.003, 0.067] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.052 [-0.088, -0.018] | -0.053 [-0.096, -0.013] | -0.053 [-0.099, -0.009] | -0.045 [-0.081, -0.004] | -0.050 [-0.093, -0.010] | -0.047 [-0.085, -0.010] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.045, 0.051] | -0.018 [-0.072, 0.032] | -0.003 [-0.058, 0.045] | -0.011 [-0.067, 0.044] | -0.005 [-0.062, 0.042] | -0.015 [-0.072, 0.034] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.060, 0.091] | 0.020 [-0.046, 0.109] | 0.016 [-0.071, 0.104] | 0.032 [-0.032, 0.108] | 0.018 [-0.061, 0.095] | 0.031 [-0.034, 0.112] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.075, 0.088] | 0.023 [-0.065, 0.110] | 0.033 [-0.080, 0.142] | -0.004 [-0.090, 0.104] | 0.028 [-0.076, 0.125] | 0.022 [-0.088, 0.114] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.050 [-0.100, -0.001] | -0.056 [-0.118, 0.013] | -0.045 [-0.108, 0.003] | -0.052 [-0.112, 0.010] | -0.053 [-0.115, 0.001] | -0.053 [-0.110, -0.005] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.071 [-0.134, -0.017] | -0.082 [-0.149, -0.017] | -0.075 [-0.146, -0.021] | -0.086 [-0.154, -0.031] | -0.078 [-0.147, -0.026] | -0.078 [-0.144, -0.025] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.094, 0.092] | -0.011 [-0.106, 0.081] | -0.010 [-0.120, 0.090] | 0.002 [-0.110, 0.117] | -0.003 [-0.101, 0.087] | 0.004 [-0.083, 0.093] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.090, 0.095] | 0.026 [-0.069, 0.140] | 0.032 [-0.067, 0.134] | 0.030 [-0.071, 0.133] | 0.031 [-0.064, 0.141] | 0.029 [-0.088, 0.144] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.057 [-0.028, 0.158] | 0.059 [-0.019, 0.181] | 0.052 [-0.036, 0.161] | 0.058 [-0.023, 0.156] | 0.070 [-0.021, 0.184] | 0.066 [-0.006, 0.171] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.035 [-0.089, 0.178] | 0.028 [-0.083, 0.170] | 0.039 [-0.077, 0.174] | 0.022 [-0.094, 0.173] | 0.028 [-0.116, 0.177] | 0.018 [-0.096, 0.157] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.148, 0.165] | -0.056 [-0.215, 0.069] | -0.036 [-0.173, 0.145] | -0.024 [-0.154, 0.109] | -0.055 [-0.212, 0.101] | -0.016 [-0.181, 0.126] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.057 [-0.082, 0.213] | 0.067 [-0.114, 0.230] | 0.024 [-0.114, 0.179] | 0.019 [-0.142, 0.187] | 0.030 [-0.134, 0.185] | 0.002 [-0.132, 0.170] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.024 [-0.107, 0.206] | 0.034 [-0.107, 0.195] | 0.013 [-0.134, 0.184] | 0.001 [-0.142, 0.193] | 0.016 [-0.134, 0.172] | 0.015 [-0.148, 0.200] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.178 [-0.041, 0.462] | 0.139 [-0.134, 0.431] | 0.095 [-0.124, 0.374] | 0.148 [-0.128, 0.426] | 0.091 [-0.144, 0.389] | 0.155 [-0.068, 0.451] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.226 [2.179, 2.274] | 2.227 [2.178, 2.275] | 2.228 [2.179, 2.278] | 2.230 [2.180, 2.278] | 2.227 [2.181, 2.272] | 2.224 [2.175, 2.274] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.435 [0.392, 0.483] | 0.419 [0.375, 0.469] | 0.422 [0.378, 0.473] | 0.421 [0.377, 0.470] | 0.357 [0.319, 0.401] | 0.422 [0.379, 0.473] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.039, 0.083] | 0.064 [0.042, 0.092] | 0.063 [0.039, 0.090] | 0.063 [0.041, 0.089] | 0.063 [0.039, 0.091] | 0.066 [0.042, 0.092] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.051 [0.029, 0.079] | 0.046 [0.024, 0.078] | 0.051 [0.030, 0.085] | 0.048 [0.026, 0.077] | 0.042 [0.021, 0.074] | 0.052 [0.030, 0.082] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.060 [0.036, 0.088] | 0.070 [0.041, 0.104] | 0.068 [0.043, 0.102] | 0.070 [0.043, 0.102] | 0.067 [0.041, 0.100] | 0.068 [0.038, 0.103] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.102 [0.066, 0.148] | 0.104 [0.067, 0.153] | 0.102 [0.065, 0.148] | 0.099 [0.058, 0.149] | 0.102 [0.063, 0.150] | 0.104 [0.065, 0.155] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.161 [0.078, 0.277] | 0.172 [0.084, 0.319] | 0.152 [0.072, 0.281] | 0.165 [0.076, 0.279] | 0.179 [0.080, 0.310] | 0.147 [0.073, 0.275] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.185 [0.086, 0.334] | 0.181 [0.072, 0.334] | 0.197 [0.078, 0.356] | 0.196 [0.083, 0.356] | 0.204 [0.098, 0.359] | 0.180 [0.075, 0.348] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.479 [0.265, 0.799] | 0.413 [0.182, 0.832] | 0.363 [0.165, 0.749] | 0.399 [0.176, 0.802] | 0.404 [0.164, 0.772] | 0.384 [0.147, 0.771] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.431 [0.206, 0.838] | 0.470 [0.208, 1.046] | 0.416 [0.170, 0.946] | 0.434 [0.166, 0.832] | 0.475 [0.194, 0.914] | 0.498 [0.241, 0.988] |
| R2 between | 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.085 [0.058, 0.115] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.095] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.017 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.100] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.070] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.093] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.072] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.179] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.095] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,368 | 19,358 | 19,295 | 19,354 | 19,345 | 19,304 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.313 [0.286, 0.340] | 0.304 [0.274, 0.334] | 0.302 [0.272, 0.331] | 0.303 [0.273, 0.332] | 0.302 [0.272, 0.331] | 0.301 [0.271, 0.330] |
| Mixed WP | 0.024 [-0.005, 0.049] | 0.023 [-0.005, 0.054] | 0.021 [-0.007, 0.052] | 0.024 [-0.005, 0.055] | 0.021 [-0.008, 0.050] | 0.020 [-0.007, 0.050] |
| Family WP | 0.037 [-0.001, 0.074] | 0.027 [-0.014, 0.069] | 0.026 [-0.015, 0.068] | 0.028 [-0.013, 0.070] | 0.029 [-0.011, 0.071] | 0.025 [-0.016, 0.067] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.075 [0.046, 0.105] | 0.077 [0.045, 0.108] | 0.077 [0.045, 0.109] | 0.076 [0.046, 0.108] | 0.077 [0.045, 0.109] | 0.077 [0.045, 0.109] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.018 [-0.067, 0.104] | -0.004 [-0.099, 0.089] | 0.008 [-0.083, 0.103] | 0.002 [-0.092, 0.096] | 0.003 [-0.090, 0.096] | 0.005 [-0.087, 0.098] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.158 [-0.235, -0.083] | -0.147 [-0.231, -0.070] | -0.151 [-0.236, -0.070] | -0.154 [-0.237, -0.075] | -0.148 [-0.230, -0.071] | -0.152 [-0.237, -0.070] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.029 [-0.192, 0.118] | -0.039 [-0.207, 0.129] | -0.029 [-0.195, 0.127] | -0.076 [-0.250, 0.093] | -0.005 [-0.186, 0.163] | -0.022 [-0.185, 0.135] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.103 [-0.190, -0.020] | -0.101 [-0.189, -0.012] | -0.089 [-0.180, 0.002] | -0.096 [-0.184, -0.003] | -0.112 [-0.207, -0.016] | -0.089 [-0.182, 0.000] |
| Weekend WP | -0.008 [-0.025, 0.010] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] | -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.313 [0.306, 0.319] | 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] | 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] | 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] | 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] | 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] |
| R2 within | 0.118 [0.110, 0.127] | 0.123 [0.114, 0.132] | 0.123 [0.114, 0.132] | 0.124 [0.115, 0.132] | 0.124 [0.115, 0.132] | 0.123 [0.114, 0.131] |
| Personality trait | -0.077 [-0.115, -0.040] | -0.118 [-0.168, -0.069] | -0.132 [-0.180, -0.083] | 0.207 [0.168, 0.245] | 0.050 [-0.001, 0.100] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.006 [-0.042, 0.031] | -0.019 [-0.065, 0.028] | -0.071 [-0.116, -0.026] | 0.066 [0.027, 0.105] | 0.002 [-0.045, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.004 [-0.039, 0.028] | 0.008 [-0.039, 0.056] | -0.023 [-0.066, 0.020] | -0.014 [-0.050, 0.023] | -0.012 [-0.056, 0.036] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.001 [-0.050, 0.049] | -0.047 [-0.113, 0.018] | -0.042 [-0.105, 0.020] | -0.015 [-0.069, 0.038] | 0.000 [-0.066, 0.071] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.011 [-0.049, 0.026] | -0.018 [-0.069, 0.033] | -0.037 [-0.086, 0.013] | -0.005 [-0.046, 0.036] | -0.003 [-0.053, 0.048] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.066 [-0.180, 0.052] | 0.016 [-0.140, 0.172] | 0.081 [-0.072, 0.238] | 0.063 [-0.061, 0.191] | -0.166 [-0.328, 0.002] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.022 [-0.074, 0.122] | 0.015 [-0.116, 0.142] | -0.009 [-0.128, 0.115] | 0.032 [-0.069, 0.140] | -0.058 [-0.188, 0.079] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.001 [-0.192, 0.184] | -0.021 [-0.291, 0.243] | 0.313 [0.046, 0.593] | -0.005 [-0.212, 0.213] | 0.010 [-0.271, 0.297] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.074 [-0.033, 0.177] | -0.084 [-0.237, 0.057] | 0.013 [-0.160, 0.151] | 0.043 [-0.093, 0.166] | -0.012 [-0.157, 0.131] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.088 [0.071, 0.106] | 0.079 [0.063, 0.097] | 0.079 [0.062, 0.097] | 0.077 [0.060, 0.094] | 0.072 [0.056, 0.089] | 0.080 [0.063, 0.098] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.031] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.022] | 0.009 [-0.007, 0.025] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.021] | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.025] | 0.007 [-0.008, 0.024] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.010, 0.034] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] | 0.004 [-0.017, 0.026] | 0.002 [-0.020, 0.024] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.014, 0.020] | 0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.019] | 0.000 [-0.017, 0.017] | 0.003 [-0.013, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.015, 0.020] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.075, 0.030] | -0.019 [-0.070, 0.032] | -0.017 [-0.067, 0.036] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.038] | -0.023 [-0.070, 0.027] | -0.019 [-0.069, 0.034] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.046 [-0.090, -0.002] | -0.055 [-0.098, -0.009] | -0.055 [-0.100, -0.010] | -0.055 [-0.098, -0.010] | -0.057 [-0.097, -0.016] | -0.054 [-0.098, -0.008] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.105 [0.019, 0.193] | 0.090 [-0.019, 0.196] | 0.089 [-0.019, 0.194] | 0.109 [0.001, 0.215] | 0.093 [-0.001, 0.210] | 0.084 [-0.024, 0.191] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.055, 0.049] | 0.001 [-0.056, 0.046] | -0.002 [-0.055, 0.051] | -0.001 [-0.056, 0.046] | -0.005 [-0.060, 0.036] | -0.003 [-0.056, 0.053] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.012 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.028] | 0.014 [0.004, 0.027] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.026] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.031] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.026] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.028, 0.006] | -0.013 [-0.032, 0.005] | -0.015 [-0.034, 0.003] | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.007] | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.004] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.015 [0.001, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.004, 0.036] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.036] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.035] | 0.022 [0.006, 0.037] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.037] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.060, 0.028] | -0.028 [-0.073, 0.017] | -0.027 [-0.074, 0.016] | -0.028 [-0.074, 0.015] | -0.035 [-0.079, 0.009] | -0.029 [-0.075, 0.014] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.058 [-0.094, -0.026] | -0.045 [-0.081, -0.009] | -0.043 [-0.079, -0.008] | -0.045 [-0.081, -0.009] | -0.044 [-0.079, -0.011] | -0.043 [-0.079, -0.008] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.052 [-0.010, 0.117] | 0.053 [-0.025, 0.133] | 0.048 [-0.027, 0.124] | 0.057 [-0.019, 0.137] | 0.056 [-0.015, 0.125] | 0.045 [-0.029, 0.121] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.056, 0.020] | -0.017 [-0.052, 0.023] | -0.009 [-0.049, 0.042] | -0.014 [-0.049, 0.022] | -0.008 [-0.047, 0.030] | -0.010 [-0.051, 0.044] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.022, 0.003] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.006] | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.011] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.002, 0.028] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.028] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.033, 0.031] | 0.002 [-0.032, 0.034] | 0.002 [-0.030, 0.036] | 0.004 [-0.030, 0.036] | 0.006 [-0.028, 0.040] | 0.002 [-0.030, 0.035] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.035, 0.019] | -0.007 [-0.044, 0.022] | -0.007 [-0.040, 0.021] | -0.007 [-0.044, 0.021] | -0.008 [-0.040, 0.022] | -0.007 [-0.039, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.021 [-0.017, 0.071] | 0.034 [-0.023, 0.087] | 0.033 [-0.017, 0.089] | 0.038 [-0.020, 0.090] | 0.040 [-0.010, 0.095] | 0.031 [-0.019, 0.086] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.023, 0.029] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] | -0.006 [-0.027, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.012] | -0.003 [-0.028, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.028, 0.017] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.013, 0.023] | 0.000 [-0.018, 0.021] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.020] | 0.003 [-0.015, 0.022] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.019] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.037, 0.040] | 0.000 [-0.045, 0.045] | 0.003 [-0.042, 0.047] | 0.002 [-0.043, 0.046] | 0.006 [-0.035, 0.048] | 0.000 [-0.044, 0.044] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.021, 0.059] | 0.009 [-0.032, 0.051] | 0.008 [-0.035, 0.046] | 0.010 [-0.030, 0.051] | 0.013 [-0.029, 0.057] | 0.005 [-0.037, 0.044] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.031 [-0.031, 0.090] | 0.033 [-0.040, 0.124] | 0.039 [-0.030, 0.119] | 0.031 [-0.041, 0.121] | 0.047 [-0.018, 0.116] | 0.038 [-0.030, 0.116] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.040, 0.062] | 0.006 [-0.036, 0.047] | 0.003 [-0.028, 0.042] | 0.007 [-0.032, 0.048] | 0.009 [-0.027, 0.045] | 0.003 [-0.029, 0.042] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.055, 0.031] | -0.002 [-0.049, 0.045] | -0.005 [-0.053, 0.044] | 0.001 [-0.045, 0.049] | -0.007 [-0.053, 0.035] | -0.004 [-0.052, 0.045] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.033, 0.024] | -0.005 [-0.033, 0.029] | -0.006 [-0.035, 0.029] | -0.005 [-0.033, 0.029] | -0.004 [-0.034, 0.028] | -0.005 [-0.034, 0.030] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.062, 0.079] | 0.025 [-0.051, 0.105] | 0.021 [-0.050, 0.102] | 0.027 [-0.049, 0.105] | 0.019 [-0.052, 0.109] | 0.020 [-0.049, 0.100] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.025, 0.038] | -0.010 [-0.042, 0.032] | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.036] | -0.009 [-0.040, 0.026] | 0.001 [-0.030, 0.035] | -0.010 [-0.038, 0.038] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.068 [-0.048, 0.171] | 0.088 [-0.025, 0.209] | 0.081 [-0.030, 0.189] | 0.083 [-0.027, 0.202] | 0.074 [-0.050, 0.196] | 0.082 [-0.032, 0.192] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.165, 0.138] | -0.031 [-0.208, 0.157] | -0.018 [-0.203, 0.164] | -0.003 [-0.194, 0.190] | -0.033 [-0.206, 0.160] | -0.025 [-0.208, 0.159] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.090, 0.113] | 0.010 [-0.087, 0.094] | -0.010 [-0.111, 0.085] | 0.009 [-0.092, 0.094] | 0.012 [-0.087, 0.120] | -0.006 [-0.106, 0.088] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.047 [-0.095, 0.187] | 0.008 [-0.148, 0.177] | -0.011 [-0.152, 0.159] | 0.007 [-0.139, 0.166] | -0.015 [-0.180, 0.210] | -0.007 [-0.151, 0.167] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.063 [-0.005, 0.139] | 0.043 [-0.039, 0.136] | 0.043 [-0.036, 0.146] | 0.042 [-0.043, 0.140] | 0.058 [-0.022, 0.148] | 0.044 [-0.033, 0.140] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.063 [-0.050, 0.229] | 0.057 [-0.086, 0.202] | 0.057 [-0.049, 0.201] | 0.064 [-0.077, 0.205] | 0.061 [-0.073, 0.210] | 0.050 [-0.053, 0.193] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.536 [1.506, 1.567] | 1.514 [1.483, 1.545] | 1.514 [1.483, 1.545] | 1.515 [1.484, 1.546] | 1.513 [1.483, 1.543] | 1.514 [1.483, 1.546] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.280 [0.257, 0.306] | 0.252 [0.230, 0.277] | 0.251 [0.229, 0.276] | 0.249 [0.227, 0.274] | 0.229 [0.209, 0.252] | 0.255 [0.233, 0.281] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.092 [0.076, 0.112] | 0.096 [0.078, 0.116] | 0.095 [0.077, 0.116] | 0.094 [0.076, 0.114] | 0.094 [0.076, 0.115] | 0.095 [0.077, 0.116] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.004, 0.025] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.031] | 0.015 [0.007, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.006, 0.030] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] | 0.015 [0.007, 0.029] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.057 [0.034, 0.083] | 0.050 [0.028, 0.078] | 0.052 [0.029, 0.083] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.077] | 0.053 [0.029, 0.086] | 0.051 [0.028, 0.082] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.032, 0.066] | 0.053 [0.036, 0.074] | 0.053 [0.035, 0.075] | 0.053 [0.035, 0.074] | 0.056 [0.037, 0.077] | 0.053 [0.035, 0.075] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.293 [0.185, 0.436] | 0.336 [0.194, 0.491] | 0.326 [0.193, 0.489] | 0.337 [0.198, 0.491] | 0.321 [0.194, 0.502] | 0.327 [0.194, 0.489] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.222 [0.133, 0.330] | 0.217 [0.120, 0.358] | 0.221 [0.126, 0.351] | 0.217 [0.119, 0.355] | 0.209 [0.119, 0.327] | 0.224 [0.128, 0.358] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.446 [0.222, 0.770] | 0.578 [0.272, 1.000] | 0.572 [0.280, 0.976] | 0.600 [0.296, 1.033] | 0.541 [0.295, 0.954] | 0.579 [0.286, 0.982] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.120 [0.049, 0.215] | 0.084 [0.033, 0.177] | 0.084 [0.029, 0.184] | 0.085 [0.034, 0.182] | 0.091 [0.035, 0.187] | 0.082 [0.028, 0.182] |
| R2 between | 0.008 [0.002, 0.017] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.021] | 0.013 [0.005, 0.025] | 0.051 [0.034, 0.070] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.010 [0.001, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.002, 0.033] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.060] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.031 [0.001, 0.116] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.022 [0.000, 0.136] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.141] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.064] | |
| Number of participants | 1,347 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,131 | 1,130 | 1,131 |
| Number of observations | 23,755 | 20,496 | 20,496 | 20,496 | 20,491 | 20,496 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.305 [0.269, 0.341] | 0.297 [0.258, 0.336] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.336] | 0.299 [0.260, 0.339] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] | 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] |
| Mixed WP | 0.023 [-0.014, 0.065] | 0.032 [-0.010, 0.072] | 0.036 [-0.002, 0.077] | 0.036 [-0.007, 0.075] | 0.033 [-0.006, 0.073] | 0.036 [-0.003, 0.078] |
| Family WP | 0.009 [-0.032, 0.052] | 0.023 [-0.025, 0.071] | 0.023 [-0.028, 0.071] | 0.017 [-0.031, 0.068] | 0.025 [-0.022, 0.076] | 0.028 [-0.023, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.030 [-0.008, 0.069] | 0.022 [-0.023, 0.065] | 0.023 [-0.021, 0.067] | 0.029 [-0.016, 0.072] | 0.022 [-0.022, 0.066] | 0.022 [-0.023, 0.065] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.014 [-0.089, 0.111] | 0.027 [-0.087, 0.137] | 0.012 [-0.101, 0.131] | 0.013 [-0.104, 0.128] | 0.030 [-0.092, 0.141] | 0.010 [-0.107, 0.127] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.066 [-0.150, 0.021] | -0.031 [-0.124, 0.061] | -0.035 [-0.133, 0.066] | -0.018 [-0.114, 0.075] | -0.028 [-0.132, 0.058] | -0.036 [-0.132, 0.065] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.042 [-0.198, 0.113] | -0.042 [-0.247, 0.143] | -0.048 [-0.231, 0.126] | -0.070 [-0.285, 0.124] | -0.048 [-0.241, 0.147] | -0.035 [-0.215, 0.141] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.012 [-0.127, 0.106] | -0.066 [-0.209, 0.087] | -0.081 [-0.213, 0.052] | -0.063 [-0.209, 0.089] | -0.066 [-0.203, 0.082] | -0.087 [-0.232, 0.040] |
| Weekend WP | -0.047 [-0.070, -0.025] | -0.040 [-0.065, -0.015] | -0.040 [-0.066, -0.015] | -0.040 [-0.065, -0.015] | -0.041 [-0.065, -0.016] | -0.039 [-0.065, -0.014] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.307 [0.299, 0.316] | 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] | 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] | 0.300 [0.291, 0.308] | 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] | 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] |
| R2 within | 0.118 [0.109, 0.128] | 0.118 [0.106, 0.129] | 0.119 [0.107, 0.130] | 0.118 [0.107, 0.130] | 0.120 [0.108, 0.130] | 0.118 [0.107, 0.131] |
| Personality trait | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.070] | -0.063 [-0.130, 0.006] | -0.112 [-0.177, -0.046] | 0.190 [0.136, 0.245] | 0.041 [-0.026, 0.110] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.023 [-0.024, 0.071] | -0.030 [-0.095, 0.036] | -0.069 [-0.132, -0.006] | 0.107 [0.054, 0.158] | 0.016 [-0.048, 0.079] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.039 [-0.013, 0.090] | -0.011 [-0.075, 0.055] | -0.030 [-0.099, 0.037] | 0.022 [-0.035, 0.072] | -0.010 [-0.080, 0.059] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.010 [-0.048, 0.066] | -0.002 [-0.085, 0.081] | 0.014 [-0.064, 0.090] | 0.005 [-0.060, 0.070] | 0.108 [0.026, 0.189] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.002 [-0.055, 0.051] | -0.071 [-0.146, 0.006] | -0.083 [-0.153, -0.013] | 0.077 [0.016, 0.136] | 0.022 [-0.050, 0.092] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.036 [-0.090, 0.167] | 0.073 [-0.125, 0.279] | 0.081 [-0.105, 0.287] | -0.069 [-0.208, 0.086] | -0.063 [-0.264, 0.144] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.006 [-0.115, 0.129] | -0.113 [-0.282, 0.052] | -0.080 [-0.253, 0.078] | 0.047 [-0.089, 0.177] | 0.073 [-0.080, 0.224] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.039 [-0.197, 0.308] | 0.040 [-0.294, 0.383] | 0.142 [-0.157, 0.465] | -0.088 [-0.356, 0.167] | 0.079 [-0.279, 0.376] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.037 [-0.218, 0.143] | -0.157 [-0.368, 0.074] | -0.162 [-0.396, 0.066] | 0.053 [-0.131, 0.249] | -0.166 [-0.404, 0.074] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.069 [0.048, 0.091] | 0.063 [0.041, 0.086] | 0.063 [0.041, 0.086] | 0.059 [0.038, 0.082] | 0.051 [0.031, 0.072] | 0.063 [0.041, 0.086] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.020, 0.030] | 0.005 [-0.017, 0.029] | 0.003 [-0.021, 0.029] | 0.002 [-0.021, 0.027] | 0.004 [-0.017, 0.029] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.041] | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.037] | 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] | 0.011 [-0.014, 0.037] | 0.009 [-0.015, 0.034] | 0.012 [-0.012, 0.038] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] | 0.005 [-0.019, 0.029] | 0.004 [-0.021, 0.028] | 0.001 [-0.023, 0.024] | -0.003 [-0.027, 0.019] | 0.005 [-0.019, 0.029] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.030 [-0.089, 0.028] | -0.020 [-0.083, 0.041] | -0.016 [-0.077, 0.043] | -0.018 [-0.078, 0.044] | -0.014 [-0.074, 0.046] | -0.020 [-0.082, 0.040] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.028 [-0.021, 0.082] | 0.047 [-0.002, 0.101] | 0.043 [-0.010, 0.098] | 0.040 [-0.007, 0.093] | 0.040 [-0.005, 0.092] | 0.044 [-0.011, 0.098] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.089, 0.086] | -0.002 [-0.105, 0.110] | 0.008 [-0.089, 0.120] | 0.001 [-0.100, 0.105] | 0.019 [-0.077, 0.115] | 0.001 [-0.098, 0.113] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.045 [-0.023, 0.125] | 0.018 [-0.055, 0.093] | 0.021 [-0.058, 0.096] | 0.009 [-0.063, 0.083] | 0.007 [-0.065, 0.082] | 0.022 [-0.055, 0.096] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.004, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] | 0.019 [0.003, 0.037] | 0.020 [0.005, 0.040] | 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] | -0.004 [-0.026, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.019] | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.018] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.002, 0.037] | 0.021 [0.001, 0.044] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.017 [-0.002, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.042] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.068, 0.023] | -0.013 [-0.063, 0.039] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.040] | -0.012 [-0.061, 0.040] | -0.014 [-0.064, 0.034] | -0.012 [-0.065, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.078, -0.002] | -0.030 [-0.072, 0.014] | -0.031 [-0.070, 0.011] | -0.031 [-0.072, 0.011] | -0.032 [-0.071, 0.013] | -0.029 [-0.069, 0.013] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.071, 0.063] | -0.037 [-0.114, 0.049] | -0.023 [-0.094, 0.052] | -0.034 [-0.112, 0.044] | -0.029 [-0.106, 0.044] | -0.030 [-0.104, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.080, 0.026] | -0.034 [-0.096, 0.027] | -0.034 [-0.093, 0.024] | -0.039 [-0.101, 0.019] | -0.041 [-0.100, 0.011] | -0.032 [-0.092, 0.029] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] | 0.006 [-0.011, 0.025] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.024] | 0.006 [-0.011, 0.025] | 0.006 [-0.011, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.010, 0.025] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.004, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.030] | 0.011 [-0.006, 0.028] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.029] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.026] | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.028] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.040, 0.028] | 0.000 [-0.040, 0.041] | -0.002 [-0.041, 0.039] | -0.001 [-0.041, 0.039] | -0.001 [-0.045, 0.040] | -0.001 [-0.045, 0.040] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.035, 0.024] | -0.006 [-0.037, 0.023] | -0.009 [-0.038, 0.018] | -0.005 [-0.036, 0.023] | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] | -0.007 [-0.037, 0.019] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.034, 0.050] | 0.008 [-0.034, 0.057] | 0.006 [-0.035, 0.060] | 0.007 [-0.032, 0.054] | 0.011 [-0.030, 0.057] | 0.004 [-0.036, 0.058] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.035, 0.032] | -0.007 [-0.051, 0.030] | -0.012 [-0.054, 0.024] | -0.007 [-0.051, 0.029] | -0.008 [-0.047, 0.023] | -0.012 [-0.052, 0.025] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.028 [0.009, 0.051] | 0.036 [0.013, 0.063] | 0.036 [0.013, 0.064] | 0.038 [0.015, 0.064] | 0.036 [0.014, 0.061] | 0.033 [0.011, 0.061] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.041, 0.051] | 0.004 [-0.055, 0.057] | 0.004 [-0.054, 0.060] | -0.001 [-0.058, 0.052] | 0.007 [-0.047, 0.057] | 0.003 [-0.057, 0.056] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.018, 0.057] | 0.024 [-0.011, 0.062] | 0.024 [-0.015, 0.065] | 0.023 [-0.013, 0.061] | 0.027 [-0.009, 0.063] | 0.021 [-0.018, 0.063] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.045, 0.070] | 0.030 [-0.037, 0.120] | 0.029 [-0.041, 0.109] | 0.027 [-0.040, 0.115] | 0.039 [-0.028, 0.127] | 0.024 [-0.047, 0.105] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.039, 0.069] | 0.012 [-0.041, 0.064] | 0.018 [-0.040, 0.073] | 0.013 [-0.041, 0.065] | 0.004 [-0.052, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.035, 0.072] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.043, 0.046] | 0.018 [-0.038, 0.068] | 0.012 [-0.042, 0.064] | 0.018 [-0.038, 0.067] | 0.023 [-0.034, 0.075] | 0.014 [-0.041, 0.067] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.027, 0.043] | 0.024 [-0.011, 0.071] | 0.020 [-0.019, 0.069] | 0.023 [-0.013, 0.068] | 0.022 [-0.014, 0.067] | 0.023 [-0.017, 0.072] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.028 [-0.079, 0.021] | -0.031 [-0.100, 0.039] | -0.024 [-0.101, 0.050] | -0.028 [-0.093, 0.040] | -0.029 [-0.095, 0.039] | -0.034 [-0.108, 0.038] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.035 [-0.016, 0.085] | 0.030 [-0.018, 0.085] | 0.025 [-0.027, 0.088] | 0.029 [-0.020, 0.083] | 0.027 [-0.022, 0.079] | 0.028 [-0.023, 0.089] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.057 [-0.012, 0.147] | 0.057 [-0.027, 0.163] | 0.065 [-0.035, 0.160] | 0.063 [-0.022, 0.170] | 0.056 [-0.023, 0.165] | 0.063 [-0.036, 0.160] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.099, 0.144] | -0.015 [-0.161, 0.119] | -0.014 [-0.173, 0.139] | -0.031 [-0.176, 0.104] | -0.041 [-0.172, 0.103] | -0.015 [-0.172, 0.133] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.134, 0.068] | -0.048 [-0.168, 0.066] | -0.048 [-0.166, 0.056] | -0.053 [-0.172, 0.057] | -0.042 [-0.159, 0.066] | -0.046 [-0.165, 0.064] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.085, 0.100] | 0.014 [-0.092, 0.131] | 0.021 [-0.099, 0.138] | 0.013 [-0.090, 0.130] | 0.016 [-0.087, 0.134] | 0.020 [-0.097, 0.135] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [-0.040, 0.108] | 0.028 [-0.043, 0.122] | 0.019 [-0.060, 0.109] | 0.023 [-0.047, 0.121] | 0.026 [-0.042, 0.122] | 0.020 [-0.056, 0.110] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.107, 0.102] | 0.045 [-0.110, 0.206] | 0.023 [-0.119, 0.192] | 0.050 [-0.092, 0.211] | 0.043 [-0.107, 0.191] | 0.023 [-0.122, 0.181] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.561 [1.522, 1.600] | 1.525 [1.483, 1.568] | 1.525 [1.482, 1.567] | 1.526 [1.484, 1.569] | 1.524 [1.483, 1.566] | 1.526 [1.483, 1.568] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.287 [0.257, 0.321] | 0.252 [0.222, 0.286] | 0.250 [0.221, 0.285] | 0.246 [0.217, 0.280] | 0.232 [0.205, 0.263] | 0.251 [0.222, 0.285] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.102 [0.080, 0.127] | 0.094 [0.071, 0.120] | 0.094 [0.071, 0.122] | 0.093 [0.070, 0.119] | 0.089 [0.068, 0.115] | 0.095 [0.071, 0.122] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.046] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.045] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.043] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.034, 0.088] | 0.059 [0.031, 0.095] | 0.060 [0.030, 0.096] | 0.059 [0.032, 0.094] | 0.062 [0.033, 0.097] | 0.054 [0.026, 0.090] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.072 [0.049, 0.100] | 0.082 [0.055, 0.113] | 0.080 [0.054, 0.112] | 0.080 [0.053, 0.111] | 0.078 [0.053, 0.109] | 0.080 [0.054, 0.113] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.193 [0.075, 0.353] | 0.224 [0.088, 0.409] | 0.227 [0.098, 0.401] | 0.233 [0.093, 0.418] | 0.222 [0.087, 0.398] | 0.240 [0.103, 0.424] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.117 [0.048, 0.218] | 0.129 [0.060, 0.236] | 0.124 [0.046, 0.221] | 0.126 [0.056, 0.231] | 0.122 [0.053, 0.234] | 0.122 [0.044, 0.218] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.165 [0.068, 0.365] | 0.287 [0.109, 0.627] | 0.274 [0.103, 0.582] | 0.276 [0.101, 0.613] | 0.312 [0.129, 0.660] | 0.272 [0.101, 0.577] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.171 [0.062, 0.329] | 0.184 [0.073, 0.350] | 0.174 [0.075, 0.358] | 0.189 [0.073, 0.356] | 0.181 [0.066, 0.381] | 0.173 [0.074, 0.342] |
| R2 between | 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.010 [0.002, 0.024] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.068] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.034 [0.009, 0.077] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.023 [0.000, 0.115] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.112] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.076] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.069] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.039 [0.002, 0.127] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.016 [0.001, 0.055] | 0.021 [0.001, 0.065] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.018 [0.000, 0.114] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.083] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.133] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.170] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.115] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.024 [0.000, 0.135] | 0.026 [0.000, 0.158] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.097] | 0.029 [0.000, 0.166] | |
| Number of participants | 834 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 | 623 |
| Number of observations | 13,982 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 | 10,857 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.243 [0.209, 0.277] | 0.241 [0.203, 0.278] | 0.240 [0.203, 0.278] | 0.243 [0.205, 0.280] | 0.237 [0.201, 0.273] | 0.239 [0.201, 0.276] |
| Mixed WP | 0.035 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.031 [-0.008, 0.067] | 0.035 [-0.003, 0.073] | 0.035 [-0.001, 0.072] | 0.037 [-0.001, 0.074] | 0.033 [-0.005, 0.073] |
| Family WP | 0.088 [0.049, 0.128] | 0.092 [0.049, 0.135] | 0.090 [0.049, 0.132] | 0.090 [0.048, 0.133] | 0.088 [0.046, 0.131] | 0.089 [0.048, 0.131] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.056 [0.013, 0.096] | 0.063 [0.017, 0.109] | 0.063 [0.018, 0.107] | 0.060 [0.016, 0.105] | 0.059 [0.014, 0.103] | 0.057 [0.013, 0.100] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.083 [-0.163, 0.001] | -0.066 [-0.159, 0.020] | -0.065 [-0.152, 0.033] | -0.060 [-0.151, 0.031] | -0.064 [-0.156, 0.028] | -0.079 [-0.166, 0.008] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.198 [-0.283, -0.106] | -0.194 [-0.292, -0.100] | -0.208 [-0.302, -0.112] | -0.195 [-0.289, -0.100] | -0.193 [-0.287, -0.098] | -0.192 [-0.289, -0.092] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.048 [-0.197, 0.104] | -0.031 [-0.183, 0.128] | -0.042 [-0.201, 0.132] | -0.039 [-0.205, 0.123] | -0.023 [-0.181, 0.134] | -0.045 [-0.186, 0.102] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.106 [-0.248, 0.060] | -0.083 [-0.245, 0.078] | -0.084 [-0.260, 0.074] | -0.074 [-0.233, 0.077] | -0.084 [-0.248, 0.077] | -0.099 [-0.293, 0.081] |
| Weekend WP | -0.033 [-0.051, -0.016] | -0.035 [-0.053, -0.017] | -0.035 [-0.054, -0.017] | -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] | -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] | -0.034 [-0.052, -0.016] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.295 [0.289, 0.301] | 0.292 [0.286, 0.299] | 0.293 [0.286, 0.299] | 0.293 [0.287, 0.299] | 0.293 [0.287, 0.299] | 0.291 [0.285, 0.298] |
| R2 within | 0.105 [0.097, 0.113] | 0.111 [0.102, 0.120] | 0.109 [0.102, 0.118] | 0.109 [0.102, 0.118] | 0.108 [0.100, 0.117] | 0.110 [0.100, 0.118] |
| Personality trait | -0.080 [-0.136, -0.026] | -0.061 [-0.130, 0.008] | -0.040 [-0.102, 0.024] | 0.196 [0.147, 0.244] | 0.001 [-0.060, 0.064] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.034 [-0.087, 0.018] | -0.004 [-0.070, 0.063] | -0.049 [-0.107, 0.008] | 0.082 [0.037, 0.128] | -0.059 [-0.115, -0.003] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.044 [-0.006, 0.098] | 0.017 [-0.050, 0.082] | 0.022 [-0.035, 0.078] | 0.007 [-0.043, 0.055] | -0.007 [-0.063, 0.050] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.021 [-0.081, 0.043] | -0.053 [-0.126, 0.020] | -0.073 [-0.137, -0.009] | 0.043 [-0.008, 0.096] | 0.017 [-0.049, 0.081] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.032 [-0.096, 0.031] | -0.025 [-0.102, 0.054] | 0.022 [-0.045, 0.089] | 0.046 [-0.009, 0.099] | -0.005 [-0.074, 0.061] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [-0.126, 0.124] | 0.104 [-0.062, 0.254] | 0.057 [-0.087, 0.192] | -0.141 [-0.246, -0.028] | 0.030 [-0.106, 0.158] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.044 [-0.082, 0.174] | 0.073 [-0.093, 0.241] | -0.076 [-0.224, 0.071] | -0.122 [-0.237, -0.006] | -0.046 [-0.195, 0.105] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.025 [-0.238, 0.194] | 0.190 [-0.075, 0.466] | 0.138 [-0.112, 0.372] | -0.170 [-0.375, 0.061] | -0.019 [-0.265, 0.232] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.073 [-0.153, 0.308] | -0.020 [-0.295, 0.237] | -0.018 [-0.275, 0.216] | -0.055 [-0.285, 0.124] | -0.015 [-0.305, 0.255] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.083 [0.062, 0.106] | 0.083 [0.061, 0.107] | 0.084 [0.062, 0.107] | 0.083 [0.060, 0.107] | 0.074 [0.052, 0.096] | 0.083 [0.062, 0.106] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.024 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.031 [0.008, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.008, 0.053] | 0.030 [0.006, 0.054] | 0.029 [0.006, 0.053] | 0.029 [0.006, 0.052] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.048 [0.025, 0.073] | 0.050 [0.026, 0.076] | 0.048 [0.023, 0.075] | 0.050 [0.024, 0.077] | 0.043 [0.019, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.024, 0.074] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.028 [0.006, 0.053] | 0.033 [0.008, 0.059] | 0.033 [0.007, 0.059] | 0.035 [0.010, 0.061] | 0.027 [0.004, 0.052] | 0.035 [0.008, 0.061] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.075 [-0.127, -0.025] | -0.087 [-0.137, -0.036] | -0.081 [-0.132, -0.029] | -0.081 [-0.137, -0.026] | -0.062 [-0.115, -0.012] | -0.085 [-0.137, -0.032] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.081 [-0.136, -0.031] | -0.088 [-0.148, -0.034] | -0.086 [-0.145, -0.030] | -0.092 [-0.151, -0.034] | -0.071 [-0.127, -0.018] | -0.089 [-0.149, -0.031] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.064 [-0.016, 0.149] | 0.048 [-0.030, 0.127] | 0.051 [-0.032, 0.144] | 0.050 [-0.037, 0.135] | 0.071 [-0.010, 0.153] | 0.050 [-0.032, 0.128] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.102, 0.121] | -0.017 [-0.104, 0.081] | -0.025 [-0.117, 0.055] | -0.016 [-0.111, 0.085] | -0.006 [-0.102, 0.084] | -0.027 [-0.136, 0.086] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.020 [0.004, 0.038] | 0.026 [0.008, 0.047] | 0.027 [0.008, 0.046] | 0.026 [0.008, 0.045] | 0.025 [0.008, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.008, 0.045] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.030 [0.008, 0.053] | 0.036 [0.014, 0.062] | 0.036 [0.013, 0.059] | 0.033 [0.012, 0.057] | 0.033 [0.011, 0.057] | 0.035 [0.013, 0.058] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.009, 0.035] | 0.013 [-0.012, 0.035] | 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.008, 0.036] | 0.009 [-0.013, 0.032] | 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.064, 0.013] | -0.032 [-0.074, 0.011] | -0.028 [-0.072, 0.012] | -0.026 [-0.072, 0.020] | -0.021 [-0.062, 0.022] | -0.036 [-0.078, 0.009] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.064 [-0.112, -0.023] | -0.073 [-0.126, -0.022] | -0.073 [-0.122, -0.027] | -0.082 [-0.134, -0.034] | -0.066 [-0.115, -0.017] | -0.072 [-0.126, -0.022] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.064, 0.070] | 0.005 [-0.063, 0.081] | 0.021 [-0.046, 0.090] | 0.010 [-0.056, 0.074] | 0.010 [-0.054, 0.073] | 0.005 [-0.068, 0.077] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.043, 0.079] | 0.005 [-0.071, 0.075] | 0.001 [-0.066, 0.072] | -0.014 [-0.072, 0.054] | -0.011 [-0.073, 0.055] | 0.001 [-0.069, 0.070] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.013, 0.026] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.031] | 0.007 [-0.012, 0.028] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027] | 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026] | 0.010 [-0.011, 0.030] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.013, 0.025] | 0.001 [-0.024, 0.023] | 0.000 [-0.019, 0.023] | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.022] | 0.003 [-0.020, 0.023] | 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.031, 0.043] | -0.003 [-0.044, 0.037] | 0.000 [-0.038, 0.035] | -0.002 [-0.040, 0.041] | -0.002 [-0.041, 0.037] | -0.006 [-0.041, 0.034] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.027, 0.058] | 0.010 [-0.042, 0.052] | 0.009 [-0.038, 0.056] | 0.004 [-0.042, 0.052] | 0.006 [-0.042, 0.056] | 0.015 [-0.029, 0.060] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.029 [-0.019, 0.082] | 0.039 [-0.009, 0.092] | 0.038 [-0.006, 0.091] | 0.036 [-0.015, 0.098] | 0.038 [-0.017, 0.100] | 0.040 [-0.004, 0.093] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.046, 0.059] | 0.008 [-0.040, 0.062] | 0.011 [-0.042, 0.068] | 0.000 [-0.051, 0.065] | 0.005 [-0.037, 0.070] | 0.009 [-0.042, 0.073] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.047 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.053 [0.029, 0.078] | 0.045 [0.021, 0.071] | 0.050 [0.027, 0.075] | 0.047 [0.024, 0.075] | 0.051 [0.027, 0.078] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.113 [-0.153, -0.077] | -0.119 [-0.164, -0.079] | -0.111 [-0.158, -0.067] | -0.111 [-0.157, -0.067] | -0.110 [-0.154, -0.067] | -0.119 [-0.166, -0.080] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.056 [-0.107, -0.008] | -0.077 [-0.136, -0.023] | -0.068 [-0.126, -0.011] | -0.079 [-0.135, -0.032] | -0.072 [-0.129, -0.021] | -0.079 [-0.137, -0.026] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.090, 0.045] | -0.035 [-0.107, 0.050] | -0.037 [-0.107, 0.049] | -0.025 [-0.090, 0.049] | -0.022 [-0.092, 0.044] | -0.034 [-0.104, 0.034] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.065, 0.078] | 0.010 [-0.072, 0.093] | 0.010 [-0.070, 0.102] | -0.009 [-0.097, 0.096] | 0.001 [-0.089, 0.101] | 0.010 [-0.070, 0.095] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.057 [-0.101, -0.016] | -0.053 [-0.108, -0.008] | -0.059 [-0.109, -0.014] | -0.053 [-0.108, -0.004] | -0.053 [-0.109, -0.008] | -0.062 [-0.117, -0.012] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.080 [-0.136, -0.033] | -0.097 [-0.157, -0.046] | -0.105 [-0.166, -0.055] | -0.107 [-0.170, -0.056] | -0.103 [-0.165, -0.052] | -0.106 [-0.174, -0.056] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.098, 0.027] | -0.043 [-0.108, 0.033] | -0.034 [-0.107, 0.042] | -0.032 [-0.103, 0.042] | -0.023 [-0.095, 0.056] | -0.043 [-0.114, 0.026] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.078, 0.030] | -0.003 [-0.077, 0.060] | -0.007 [-0.068, 0.068] | -0.016 [-0.079, 0.072] | -0.017 [-0.081, 0.096] | -0.020 [-0.090, 0.048] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.144 [0.056, 0.258] | 0.145 [0.033, 0.301] | 0.176 [0.065, 0.301] | 0.173 [0.066, 0.295] | 0.163 [0.061, 0.287] | 0.179 [0.069, 0.311] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.046 [-0.056, 0.168] | 0.059 [-0.053, 0.188] | 0.062 [-0.061, 0.183] | 0.041 [-0.063, 0.168] | 0.047 [-0.062, 0.173] | 0.061 [-0.054, 0.187] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.096, 0.139] | -0.005 [-0.146, 0.128] | 0.014 [-0.132, 0.152] | 0.027 [-0.135, 0.155] | 0.024 [-0.124, 0.155] | 0.036 [-0.099, 0.188] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.083 [-0.056, 0.241] | 0.121 [-0.091, 0.273] | 0.060 [-0.092, 0.232] | 0.072 [-0.099, 0.249] | 0.070 [-0.086, 0.234] | 0.121 [-0.041, 0.315] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.051 [-0.088, 0.219] | 0.076 [-0.068, 0.251] | 0.071 [-0.073, 0.233] | 0.079 [-0.082, 0.258] | 0.098 [-0.096, 0.270] | 0.138 [-0.027, 0.336] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.135 [-0.022, 0.317] | 0.079 [-0.097, 0.297] | 0.072 [-0.070, 0.269] | 0.072 [-0.113, 0.278] | 0.071 [-0.113, 0.302] | 0.101 [-0.036, 0.314] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.534 [1.494, 1.572] | 1.527 [1.485, 1.567] | 1.526 [1.486, 1.568] | 1.527 [1.487, 1.568] | 1.526 [1.488, 1.566] | 1.526 [1.486, 1.566] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.305 [0.275, 0.338] | 0.293 [0.263, 0.328] | 0.296 [0.265, 0.331] | 0.296 [0.265, 0.331] | 0.272 [0.243, 0.304] | 0.297 [0.266, 0.332] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.105 [0.084, 0.129] | 0.111 [0.088, 0.139] | 0.110 [0.087, 0.137] | 0.110 [0.087, 0.136] | 0.104 [0.082, 0.131] | 0.109 [0.086, 0.136] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.026, 0.064] | 0.042 [0.026, 0.062] | 0.044 [0.026, 0.066] | 0.040 [0.025, 0.060] | 0.042 [0.026, 0.062] | 0.044 [0.027, 0.064] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.096 [0.071, 0.125] | 0.108 [0.080, 0.142] | 0.100 [0.071, 0.133] | 0.102 [0.075, 0.135] | 0.102 [0.074, 0.135] | 0.102 [0.074, 0.135] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.060 [0.040, 0.090] | 0.069 [0.042, 0.105] | 0.067 [0.041, 0.101] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.096] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.096] | 0.066 [0.041, 0.101] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.244 [0.162, 0.363] | 0.251 [0.155, 0.409] | 0.257 [0.153, 0.394] | 0.258 [0.157, 0.390] | 0.251 [0.158, 0.385] | 0.260 [0.161, 0.400] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.319 [0.200, 0.483] | 0.372 [0.231, 0.553] | 0.396 [0.248, 0.583] | 0.409 [0.264, 0.599] | 0.391 [0.244, 0.571] | 0.406 [0.264, 0.601] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.359 [0.174, 0.632] | 0.351 [0.160, 0.650] | 0.316 [0.142, 0.629] | 0.321 [0.145, 0.591] | 0.330 [0.161, 0.617] | 0.350 [0.158, 0.654] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.240 [0.116, 0.491] | 0.221 [0.070, 0.493] | 0.213 [0.083, 0.486] | 0.217 [0.082, 0.460] | 0.208 [0.077, 0.483] | 0.283 [0.079, 0.554] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.044 [0.025, 0.066] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.021 [0.004, 0.049] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.081] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.104] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.028 [0.000, 0.135] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.121] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.107] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.084] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,336 | 19,326 | 19,263 | 19,322 | 19,314 | 19,272 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.051 [0.028, 0.075] | 0.044 [0.020, 0.068] | 0.047 [0.022, 0.071] | 0.046 [0.021, 0.070] | 0.046 [0.021, 0.070] | 0.044 [0.020, 0.069] |
| Mixed WP | 0.027 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.001, 0.058] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.032 [0.003, 0.061] | 0.032 [0.004, 0.061] | 0.031 [0.001, 0.063] |
| Family WP | 0.064 [0.036, 0.093] | 0.074 [0.044, 0.104] | 0.075 [0.046, 0.104] | 0.073 [0.045, 0.102] | 0.073 [0.045, 0.102] | 0.074 [0.045, 0.102] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.021 [-0.012, 0.053] | 0.029 [-0.008, 0.065] | 0.027 [-0.008, 0.063] | 0.028 [-0.007, 0.062] | 0.029 [-0.007, 0.062] | 0.024 [-0.012, 0.060] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.037 [-0.098, 0.019] | -0.042 [-0.108, 0.019] | -0.042 [-0.102, 0.024] | -0.034 [-0.095, 0.028] | -0.033 [-0.092, 0.029] | -0.050 [-0.104, 0.008] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.150 [-0.213, -0.087] | -0.156 [-0.218, -0.090] | -0.163 [-0.221, -0.101] | -0.149 [-0.212, -0.078] | -0.149 [-0.212, -0.077] | -0.144 [-0.211, -0.076] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.042 [-0.165, 0.085] | -0.001 [-0.136, 0.127] | -0.002 [-0.144, 0.123] | -0.022 [-0.149, 0.099] | -0.015 [-0.138, 0.105] | -0.024 [-0.140, 0.091] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.029 [-0.111, 0.175] | 0.034 [-0.120, 0.184] | 0.006 [-0.134, 0.175] | 0.019 [-0.131, 0.146] | 0.009 [-0.138, 0.142] | 0.005 [-0.139, 0.156] |
| Weekend WP | -0.028 [-0.043, -0.013] | -0.031 [-0.047, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.016] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] | 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] | 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] | 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] | 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] | 0.220 [0.216, 0.225] |
| R2 within | 0.047 [0.041, 0.053] | 0.051 [0.044, 0.059] | 0.051 [0.043, 0.059] | 0.051 [0.044, 0.058] | 0.050 [0.043, 0.059] | 0.050 [0.041, 0.057] |
| Personality trait | -0.007 [-0.035, 0.021] | -0.083 [-0.118, -0.047] | -0.016 [-0.048, 0.016] | 0.092 [0.067, 0.117] | -0.002 [-0.034, 0.030] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.001 [-0.035, 0.034] | -0.016 [-0.061, 0.028] | -0.006 [-0.044, 0.032] | 0.016 [-0.015, 0.047] | 0.005 [-0.031, 0.042] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.027 [-0.013, 0.066] | 0.023 [-0.026, 0.075] | 0.016 [-0.031, 0.062] | 0.010 [-0.031, 0.049] | 0.016 [-0.028, 0.058] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.013 [-0.028, 0.056] | -0.013 [-0.062, 0.037] | 0.005 [-0.037, 0.050] | 0.010 [-0.027, 0.046] | 0.001 [-0.043, 0.047] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.008 [-0.040, 0.056] | -0.029 [-0.090, 0.032] | -0.020 [-0.074, 0.032] | 0.005 [-0.034, 0.048] | 0.014 [-0.040, 0.068] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.027 [-0.112, 0.054] | -0.049 [-0.153, 0.074] | 0.009 [-0.089, 0.109] | 0.001 [-0.084, 0.073] | -0.030 [-0.123, 0.062] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.031 [-0.068, 0.118] | 0.115 [0.006, 0.230] | 0.048 [-0.053, 0.154] | -0.025 [-0.109, 0.050] | -0.026 [-0.119, 0.068] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.057 [-0.231, 0.135] | 0.010 [-0.238, 0.242] | 0.106 [-0.105, 0.307] | -0.038 [-0.219, 0.132] | -0.075 [-0.283, 0.117] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.058 [-0.259, 0.148] | -0.174 [-0.406, 0.045] | -0.008 [-0.210, 0.189] | 0.143 [-0.035, 0.319] | -0.112 [-0.354, 0.117] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.023 [0.015, 0.032] | 0.018 [0.011, 0.027] | 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] | 0.018 [0.010, 0.026] | 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] | 0.017 [0.010, 0.026] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.006, 0.012] | 0.007 [-0.001, 0.016] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.006 [-0.002, 0.016] | 0.006 [-0.002, 0.015] | 0.008 [-0.001, 0.016] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] | 0.026 [0.017, 0.036] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.026 [0.017, 0.035] | 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] | 0.027 [0.017, 0.037] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.015 [0.004, 0.026] | 0.014 [0.003, 0.024] | 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.028] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.023, 0.019] | -0.002 [-0.022, 0.019] | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.017] | 0.000 [-0.021, 0.018] | 0.000 [-0.019, 0.017] | -0.006 [-0.025, 0.014] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.067 [-0.090, -0.044] | -0.056 [-0.077, -0.034] | -0.048 [-0.068, -0.028] | -0.055 [-0.078, -0.035] | -0.055 [-0.075, -0.035] | -0.056 [-0.078, -0.032] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.024, 0.062] | 0.034 [-0.003, 0.073] | 0.033 [-0.003, 0.072] | 0.041 [0.002, 0.081] | 0.042 [0.005, 0.080] | 0.039 [0.005, 0.080] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.038 [-0.017, 0.094] | 0.008 [-0.037, 0.055] | 0.011 [-0.036, 0.050] | 0.023 [-0.029, 0.069] | 0.010 [-0.039, 0.058] | 0.021 [-0.037, 0.075] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] | 0.002 [-0.004, 0.010] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.011] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.012] | 0.003 [-0.004, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.004, 0.011] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.008 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.008 [-0.001, 0.016] | 0.007 [-0.001, 0.016] | 0.007 [-0.001, 0.017] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.008 [-0.001, 0.018] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.018, 0.001] | -0.010 [-0.021, 0.000] | -0.010 [-0.020, 0.000] | -0.009 [-0.020, 0.002] | -0.009 [-0.020, 0.002] | -0.009 [-0.020, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.014, 0.011] | 0.003 [-0.011, 0.017] | 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] | 0.003 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] | 0.000 [-0.013, 0.015] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.036, -0.007] | -0.013 [-0.030, 0.003] | -0.013 [-0.028, 0.002] | -0.015 [-0.032, -0.001] | -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.003] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.034, 0.030] | -0.005 [-0.037, 0.029] | 0.000 [-0.035, 0.034] | -0.006 [-0.034, 0.028] | -0.004 [-0.032, 0.028] | -0.003 [-0.030, 0.029] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.014, 0.045] | 0.013 [-0.014, 0.043] | 0.019 [-0.011, 0.047] | 0.014 [-0.019, 0.045] | 0.011 [-0.019, 0.045] | 0.016 [-0.020, 0.055] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.011] | 0.001 [-0.007, 0.009] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.009] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.007] | 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] | 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.009, 0.011] | -0.003 [-0.014, 0.007] | -0.003 [-0.015, 0.008] | -0.003 [-0.014, 0.010] | -0.003 [-0.015, 0.009] | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.009] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] | -0.001 [-0.013, 0.014] | 0.001 [-0.011, 0.013] | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.013] | 0.001 [-0.011, 0.012] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.015, 0.013] | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.014] | -0.004 [-0.020, 0.012] | -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.012] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.010, 0.040] | 0.019 [-0.007, 0.046] | 0.017 [-0.009, 0.046] | 0.020 [-0.005, 0.051] | 0.020 [-0.006, 0.047] | 0.017 [-0.012, 0.051] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.032] | 0.013 [-0.013, 0.041] | 0.013 [-0.013, 0.050] | 0.009 [-0.020, 0.037] | 0.008 [-0.024, 0.036] | 0.011 [-0.015, 0.050] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.001, 0.023] | 0.006 [-0.005, 0.020] | 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] | 0.006 [-0.007, 0.019] | 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] | 0.008 [-0.006, 0.021] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.035, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.028, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.030, 0.004] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.007] | -0.010 [-0.027, 0.006] | -0.010 [-0.025, 0.006] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.033, 0.006] | -0.018 [-0.038, 0.000] | -0.014 [-0.035, 0.005] | -0.016 [-0.033, 0.004] | -0.016 [-0.035, 0.003] | -0.017 [-0.037, 0.001] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.031 [-0.001, 0.067] | 0.014 [-0.022, 0.053] | 0.014 [-0.022, 0.050] | 0.017 [-0.015, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.051] | 0.018 [-0.019, 0.056] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.007, 0.061] | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.057] | 0.016 [-0.030, 0.056] | 0.014 [-0.020, 0.052] | 0.014 [-0.022, 0.052] | 0.026 [-0.013, 0.063] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.020, 0.017] | 0.003 [-0.020, 0.023] | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.021] | 0.002 [-0.018, 0.023] | 0.003 [-0.017, 0.024] | 0.002 [-0.020, 0.020] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.041, -0.002] | -0.030 [-0.051, -0.013] | -0.027 [-0.053, -0.008] | -0.031 [-0.062, -0.011] | -0.031 [-0.062, -0.011] | -0.030 [-0.055, -0.010] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.012, 0.064] | 0.022 [-0.014, 0.068] | 0.019 [-0.022, 0.057] | 0.033 [-0.004, 0.073] | 0.032 [-0.004, 0.072] | 0.026 [-0.017, 0.064] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.059, 0.014] | -0.031 [-0.080, 0.015] | -0.037 [-0.087, 0.007] | -0.031 [-0.079, 0.011] | -0.032 [-0.080, 0.012] | -0.036 [-0.088, 0.011] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.013, 0.042] | 0.007 [-0.019, 0.042] | 0.009 [-0.018, 0.041] | 0.011 [-0.016, 0.045] | 0.009 [-0.018, 0.039] | 0.012 [-0.014, 0.045] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.023 [-0.016, 0.081] | 0.049 [0.000, 0.119] | 0.055 [0.004, 0.118] | 0.050 [-0.001, 0.119] | 0.048 [-0.008, 0.117] | 0.049 [-0.004, 0.107] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.064, 0.027] | -0.025 [-0.076, 0.027] | -0.019 [-0.065, 0.027] | -0.011 [-0.062, 0.035] | -0.011 [-0.065, 0.038] | -0.020 [-0.080, 0.036] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.058, 0.062] | -0.013 [-0.077, 0.049] | 0.003 [-0.057, 0.072] | -0.022 [-0.088, 0.048] | -0.030 [-0.101, 0.038] | -0.011 [-0.091, 0.053] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.061, 0.062] | 0.020 [-0.029, 0.085] | 0.024 [-0.039, 0.087] | 0.015 [-0.043, 0.094] | 0.024 [-0.033, 0.103] | 0.023 [-0.044, 0.103] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.100, 0.110] | -0.037 [-0.151, 0.083] | -0.031 [-0.144, 0.083] | -0.016 [-0.132, 0.092] | -0.030 [-0.158, 0.091] | -0.022 [-0.139, 0.098] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.234 [1.212, 1.256] | 1.221 [1.200, 1.242] | 1.223 [1.202, 1.244] | 1.222 [1.200, 1.243] | 1.221 [1.201, 1.242] | 1.220 [1.198, 1.241] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.090 [0.080, 0.101] | 0.070 [0.062, 0.080] | 0.068 [0.060, 0.077] | 0.070 [0.062, 0.079] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.074] | 0.070 [0.062, 0.079] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.010 [0.004, 0.020] | 0.012 [0.006, 0.023] | 0.015 [0.007, 0.027] | 0.014 [0.007, 0.025] | 0.013 [0.007, 0.025] | 0.014 [0.006, 0.027] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] | 0.032 [0.020, 0.046] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.045] | 0.030 [0.019, 0.043] | 0.030 [0.019, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.020, 0.047] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.032 [0.018, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.023, 0.061] | 0.040 [0.024, 0.061] | 0.038 [0.023, 0.060] | 0.039 [0.024, 0.060] | 0.036 [0.022, 0.056] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.043 [0.016, 0.080] | 0.050 [0.023, 0.093] | 0.041 [0.017, 0.083] | 0.049 [0.022, 0.093] | 0.048 [0.022, 0.088] | 0.043 [0.020, 0.078] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.087 [0.045, 0.134] | 0.075 [0.045, 0.121] | 0.072 [0.037, 0.117] | 0.086 [0.039, 0.139] | 0.086 [0.050, 0.141] | 0.080 [0.042, 0.136] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.254 [0.131, 0.409] | 0.280 [0.140, 0.491] | 0.259 [0.138, 0.437] | 0.280 [0.146, 0.471] | 0.275 [0.145, 0.472] | 0.266 [0.134, 0.466] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.165 [0.060, 0.344] | 0.203 [0.086, 0.400] | 0.191 [0.083, 0.398] | 0.186 [0.060, 0.369] | 0.193 [0.062, 0.381] | 0.255 [0.115, 0.450] |
| R2 between | 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] | 0.017 [0.005, 0.033] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.040 [0.021, 0.064] | 0.000 [0.000, 0.004] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.016 [0.000, 0.097] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.064] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.105] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.085] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.030 [0.000, 0.126] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.159] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.034 [0.000, 0.199] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.095] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,369 | 19,356 | 19,293 | 19,352 | 19,344 | 19,302 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.109 [0.076, 0.143] | 0.109 [0.073, 0.143] | 0.108 [0.073, 0.144] | 0.106 [0.071, 0.142] | 0.105 [0.069, 0.140] | 0.103 [0.067, 0.140] |
| Mixed WP | 0.019 [-0.019, 0.061] | 0.036 [-0.008, 0.078] | 0.031 [-0.012, 0.073] | 0.030 [-0.009, 0.073] | 0.033 [-0.009, 0.073] | 0.031 [-0.009, 0.072] |
| Family WP | 0.059 [0.020, 0.097] | 0.065 [0.023, 0.109] | 0.064 [0.025, 0.104] | 0.065 [0.024, 0.106] | 0.065 [0.024, 0.106] | 0.065 [0.025, 0.106] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.017 [-0.065, 0.031] | -0.010 [-0.061, 0.043] | -0.002 [-0.054, 0.047] | -0.008 [-0.059, 0.042] | -0.006 [-0.057, 0.044] | -0.008 [-0.059, 0.044] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.116 [-0.201, -0.029] | -0.114 [-0.206, -0.023] | -0.114 [-0.207, 0.000] | -0.117 [-0.206, -0.020] | -0.112 [-0.200, -0.014] | -0.138 [-0.231, -0.035] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.048 [-0.145, 0.058] | -0.041 [-0.139, 0.059] | -0.066 [-0.165, 0.034] | -0.055 [-0.148, 0.043] | -0.060 [-0.163, 0.043] | -0.050 [-0.152, 0.048] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.019 [-0.188, 0.145] | -0.004 [-0.166, 0.167] | 0.017 [-0.156, 0.190] | -0.004 [-0.162, 0.152] | 0.019 [-0.160, 0.178] | 0.005 [-0.172, 0.165] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.089 [-0.106, 0.277] | 0.140 [-0.087, 0.324] | 0.114 [-0.114, 0.357] | 0.119 [-0.068, 0.292] | 0.133 [-0.064, 0.323] | 0.102 [-0.097, 0.325] |
| Weekend WP | -0.194 [-0.216, -0.174] | -0.197 [-0.220, -0.175] | -0.196 [-0.219, -0.174] | -0.197 [-0.220, -0.175] | -0.196 [-0.218, -0.174] | -0.195 [-0.217, -0.173] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.452 [0.443, 0.461] | 0.459 [0.449, 0.469] | 0.459 [0.449, 0.468] | 0.460 [0.450, 0.470] | 0.459 [0.450, 0.469] | 0.457 [0.447, 0.467] |
| R2 within | 0.066 [0.058, 0.073] | 0.067 [0.058, 0.075] | 0.066 [0.058, 0.075] | 0.067 [0.060, 0.075] | 0.067 [0.059, 0.075] | 0.066 [0.058, 0.074] |
| Personality trait | -0.094 [-0.150, -0.035] | -0.054 [-0.126, 0.018] | -0.066 [-0.131, 0.001] | 0.260 [0.210, 0.310] | 0.061 [-0.003, 0.126] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.050 [-0.101, -0.001] | -0.104 [-0.164, -0.040] | -0.040 [-0.094, 0.013] | 0.018 [-0.027, 0.062] | -0.021 [-0.074, 0.032] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.006 [-0.061, 0.051] | -0.039 [-0.109, 0.038] | -0.029 [-0.091, 0.032] | -0.013 [-0.071, 0.040] | -0.007 [-0.070, 0.057] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.026 [-0.085, 0.035] | -0.089 [-0.162, -0.016] | -0.013 [-0.074, 0.047] | 0.005 [-0.044, 0.056] | -0.004 [-0.068, 0.060] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.052 [-0.021, 0.124] | -0.001 [-0.094, 0.088] | -0.025 [-0.107, 0.054] | -0.019 [-0.080, 0.043] | -0.024 [-0.102, 0.053] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.150 [-0.275, -0.039] | -0.061 [-0.223, 0.086] | -0.085 [-0.235, 0.047] | 0.067 [-0.048, 0.185] | -0.081 [-0.224, 0.063] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.142 [-0.288, -0.004] | 0.057 [-0.121, 0.233] | -0.076 [-0.237, 0.078] | 0.090 [-0.036, 0.207] | -0.030 [-0.181, 0.124] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.089 [-0.139, 0.344] | -0.017 [-0.339, 0.298] | 0.031 [-0.267, 0.291] | -0.128 [-0.375, 0.146] | 0.061 [-0.202, 0.350] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.128 [-0.341, 0.135] | -0.187 [-0.515, 0.158] | -0.250 [-0.524, 0.047] | 0.131 [-0.142, 0.346] | 0.055 [-0.263, 0.377] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.046 [0.026, 0.068] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.067] | 0.043 [0.023, 0.066] | 0.046 [0.025, 0.069] | 0.044 [0.024, 0.065] | 0.047 [0.026, 0.069] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.020, 0.029] | 0.006 [-0.019, 0.030] | 0.004 [-0.020, 0.027] | 0.006 [-0.019, 0.029] | 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] | 0.006 [-0.019, 0.031] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.033] | 0.009 [-0.016, 0.033] | 0.010 [-0.015, 0.035] | 0.011 [-0.015, 0.039] | 0.009 [-0.015, 0.033] | 0.014 [-0.009, 0.037] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.042, 0.014] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.018] | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.013 [-0.043, 0.017] | -0.011 [-0.040, 0.019] | -0.013 [-0.045, 0.019] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.064, 0.038] | -0.029 [-0.086, 0.027] | -0.017 [-0.072, 0.035] | -0.020 [-0.077, 0.032] | -0.030 [-0.083, 0.025] | -0.021 [-0.079, 0.028] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.067, 0.046] | -0.028 [-0.086, 0.028] | -0.017 [-0.079, 0.041] | -0.021 [-0.080, 0.038] | -0.034 [-0.092, 0.026] | -0.014 [-0.076, 0.046] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.072 [-0.166, 0.024] | -0.047 [-0.146, 0.053] | -0.044 [-0.136, 0.051] | -0.049 [-0.141, 0.061] | -0.038 [-0.129, 0.055] | -0.053 [-0.153, 0.047] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.106, 0.129] | 0.011 [-0.106, 0.116] | 0.029 [-0.076, 0.147] | 0.019 [-0.088, 0.124] | -0.004 [-0.112, 0.096] | 0.023 [-0.110, 0.151] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.030] | 0.017 [0.002, 0.037] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.014 [-0.001, 0.032] | 0.015 [0.001, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.003, 0.036] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.008, 0.025] | 0.010 [-0.008, 0.031] | 0.010 [-0.007, 0.028] | 0.008 [-0.010, 0.026] | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] | 0.014 [-0.002, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.028, 0.013] | -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019] | -0.004 [-0.025, 0.017] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.015] | -0.005 [-0.029, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.016, 0.046] | 0.020 [-0.013, 0.049] | 0.013 [-0.017, 0.043] | 0.021 [-0.011, 0.053] | 0.018 [-0.015, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.012, 0.048] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.072, 0.002] | -0.039 [-0.079, -0.006] | -0.035 [-0.072, -0.002] | -0.038 [-0.079, -0.002] | -0.042 [-0.081, -0.007] | -0.032 [-0.075, 0.005] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.050, 0.060] | 0.022 [-0.029, 0.085] | 0.019 [-0.030, 0.075] | 0.015 [-0.046, 0.068] | 0.016 [-0.041, 0.075] | 0.021 [-0.035, 0.074] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.067, 0.047] | -0.026 [-0.101, 0.036] | -0.022 [-0.080, 0.038] | -0.031 [-0.090, 0.020] | -0.032 [-0.095, 0.026] | -0.025 [-0.097, 0.039] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.017, 0.018] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.012] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.012] | 0.000 [-0.017, 0.020] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] | 0.000 [-0.025, 0.029] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.021] | -0.005 [-0.028, 0.020] | -0.006 [-0.029, 0.017] | -0.006 [-0.029, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.027, 0.037] | 0.008 [-0.025, 0.037] | 0.008 [-0.023, 0.041] | 0.009 [-0.023, 0.044] | 0.003 [-0.027, 0.043] | 0.005 [-0.022, 0.040] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.045, 0.036] | -0.016 [-0.059, 0.024] | -0.005 [-0.049, 0.040] | -0.007 [-0.060, 0.034] | -0.010 [-0.052, 0.034] | -0.008 [-0.048, 0.037] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.018, 0.087] | 0.027 [-0.022, 0.082] | 0.028 [-0.015, 0.082] | 0.023 [-0.029, 0.088] | 0.015 [-0.045, 0.084] | 0.032 [-0.028, 0.091] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.052, 0.043] | -0.015 [-0.065, 0.047] | -0.009 [-0.062, 0.055] | -0.011 [-0.065, 0.039] | -0.013 [-0.065, 0.051] | -0.016 [-0.071, 0.050] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.004 [-0.016, 0.027] | 0.012 [-0.016, 0.038] | 0.008 [-0.017, 0.034] | 0.009 [-0.016, 0.037] | 0.008 [-0.017, 0.037] | 0.009 [-0.015, 0.036] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.066, 0.004] | -0.030 [-0.064, 0.004] | -0.029 [-0.062, 0.003] | -0.024 [-0.057, 0.009] | -0.029 [-0.061, 0.004] | -0.017 [-0.048, 0.014] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.037, 0.051] | -0.008 [-0.057, 0.031] | 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048] | -0.004 [-0.056, 0.037] | -0.006 [-0.061, 0.042] | -0.015 [-0.066, 0.028] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.074, 0.021] | -0.015 [-0.072, 0.045] | -0.026 [-0.075, 0.034] | -0.018 [-0.080, 0.035] | -0.018 [-0.079, 0.035] | -0.018 [-0.069, 0.038] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.042, 0.062] | 0.011 [-0.049, 0.074] | 0.014 [-0.050, 0.093] | -0.005 [-0.063, 0.060] | 0.009 [-0.059, 0.069] | 0.003 [-0.077, 0.078] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.033, 0.049] | 0.007 [-0.036, 0.056] | 0.007 [-0.040, 0.052] | 0.013 [-0.034, 0.055] | 0.004 [-0.040, 0.052] | 0.001 [-0.047, 0.041] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.040 [-0.092, 0.006] | -0.044 [-0.109, 0.009] | -0.054 [-0.118, -0.001] | -0.051 [-0.110, -0.006] | -0.057 [-0.119, -0.006] | -0.050 [-0.113, 0.001] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.082, 0.063] | -0.023 [-0.105, 0.053] | -0.013 [-0.093, 0.070] | -0.011 [-0.100, 0.083] | -0.012 [-0.094, 0.070] | -0.024 [-0.103, 0.047] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.103, 0.054] | 0.000 [-0.087, 0.089] | -0.005 [-0.088, 0.087] | 0.003 [-0.066, 0.086] | 0.000 [-0.070, 0.084] | -0.012 [-0.105, 0.077] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.013 [-0.058, 0.095] | -0.010 [-0.066, 0.085] | 0.007 [-0.063, 0.097] | 0.007 [-0.069, 0.092] | 0.022 [-0.046, 0.100] | 0.026 [-0.044, 0.121] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.077 [-0.011, 0.198] | 0.084 [-0.004, 0.198] | 0.087 [-0.020, 0.213] | 0.080 [-0.021, 0.187] | 0.088 [-0.006, 0.210] | 0.078 [-0.011, 0.191] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.124, 0.105] | -0.056 [-0.171, 0.040] | -0.032 [-0.156, 0.105] | -0.025 [-0.136, 0.084] | -0.042 [-0.158, 0.084] | -0.007 [-0.129, 0.108] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.100, 0.169] | 0.043 [-0.113, 0.176] | 0.013 [-0.119, 0.164] | 0.025 [-0.123, 0.197] | 0.042 [-0.111, 0.198] | 0.015 [-0.115, 0.190] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.082 [-0.039, 0.239] | 0.085 [-0.026, 0.236] | 0.084 [-0.037, 0.264] | 0.069 [-0.089, 0.233] | 0.084 [-0.064, 0.253] | 0.107 [-0.035, 0.307] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.072 [-0.066, 0.263] | 0.040 [-0.185, 0.261] | 0.044 [-0.149, 0.275] | 0.050 [-0.146, 0.259] | 0.032 [-0.179, 0.279] | 0.077 [-0.103, 0.305] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.823 [1.781, 1.864] | 1.822 [1.781, 1.863] | 1.822 [1.778, 1.865] | 1.824 [1.780, 1.867] | 1.823 [1.783, 1.863] | 1.820 [1.777, 1.862] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.332 [0.299, 0.370] | 0.313 [0.280, 0.350] | 0.319 [0.285, 0.359] | 0.317 [0.284, 0.356] | 0.276 [0.246, 0.310] | 0.317 [0.284, 0.356] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.047 [0.032, 0.068] | 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] | 0.042 [0.025, 0.064] | 0.046 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.047 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.048 [0.030, 0.070] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.018, 0.056] | 0.033 [0.018, 0.057] | 0.034 [0.015, 0.058] | 0.029 [0.012, 0.050] | 0.027 [0.012, 0.051] | 0.035 [0.018, 0.058] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.042 [0.024, 0.065] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.078] | 0.045 [0.024, 0.072] | 0.046 [0.026, 0.072] | 0.045 [0.027, 0.071] | 0.045 [0.022, 0.073] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.037, 0.102] | 0.076 [0.043, 0.119] | 0.078 [0.044, 0.121] | 0.080 [0.047, 0.123] | 0.081 [0.048, 0.126] | 0.079 [0.044, 0.124] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.127 [0.047, 0.217] | 0.126 [0.061, 0.226] | 0.113 [0.056, 0.206] | 0.130 [0.072, 0.224] | 0.137 [0.069, 0.233] | 0.106 [0.046, 0.206] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.208 [0.101, 0.346] | 0.182 [0.080, 0.337] | 0.227 [0.105, 0.397] | 0.205 [0.098, 0.357] | 0.230 [0.115, 0.375] | 0.201 [0.084, 0.379] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.307 [0.141, 0.555] | 0.342 [0.159, 0.647] | 0.283 [0.115, 0.608] | 0.298 [0.127, 0.568] | 0.315 [0.144, 0.602] | 0.300 [0.130, 0.609] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.282 [0.136, 0.562] | 0.276 [0.085, 0.576] | 0.306 [0.123, 0.646] | 0.249 [0.097, 0.580] | 0.273 [0.134, 0.618] | 0.354 [0.157, 0.693] |
| R2 between | 0.007 [0.001, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.073 [0.048, 0.102] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.014 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.040 [0.006, 0.107] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.063] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.001, 0.105] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.051] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.045 [0.003, 0.155] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.076] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.126] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.027 [0.000, 0.141] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.066] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.082] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.138] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.077] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.018 [0.000, 0.118] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.160] | 0.048 [0.000, 0.214] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.141] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.087] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,373 | 19,360 | 19,297 | 19,356 | 19,348 | 19,306 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | 0.124 [0.096, 0.153] | 0.124 [0.094, 0.152] | 0.121 [0.092, 0.152] | 0.124 [0.093, 0.154] | 0.126 [0.095, 0.157] | 0.123 [0.092, 0.153] |
| Mixed WP | 0.023 [-0.010, 0.061] | 0.028 [-0.011, 0.066] | 0.027 [-0.012, 0.066] | 0.028 [-0.009, 0.065] | 0.028 [-0.013, 0.066] | 0.026 [-0.012, 0.064] |
| Family WP | 0.062 [0.026, 0.098] | 0.064 [0.023, 0.104] | 0.063 [0.025, 0.100] | 0.064 [0.026, 0.102] | 0.064 [0.025, 0.101] | 0.064 [0.026, 0.101] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.030 [-0.071, 0.009] | -0.028 [-0.072, 0.016] | -0.027 [-0.069, 0.017] | -0.030 [-0.072, 0.011] | -0.033 [-0.077, 0.009] | -0.036 [-0.079, 0.006] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.049 [-0.126, 0.031] | -0.059 [-0.149, 0.023] | -0.063 [-0.147, 0.033] | -0.053 [-0.140, 0.033] | -0.054 [-0.144, 0.032] | -0.063 [-0.147, 0.021] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.067 [-0.146, 0.018] | -0.071 [-0.156, 0.012] | -0.087 [-0.166, -0.005] | -0.074 [-0.155, 0.005] | -0.074 [-0.162, 0.010] | -0.066 [-0.153, 0.017] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -0.104 [-0.257, 0.048] | -0.071 [-0.229, 0.091] | -0.055 [-0.221, 0.162] | -0.045 [-0.207, 0.116] | -0.085 [-0.253, 0.097] | -0.067 [-0.203, 0.077] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.041 [-0.112, 0.239] | 0.103 [-0.087, 0.302] | 0.070 [-0.097, 0.297] | 0.090 [-0.114, 0.269] | 0.073 [-0.133, 0.267] | 0.036 [-0.148, 0.247] |
| Weekend WP | -0.046 [-0.065, -0.028] | -0.051 [-0.071, -0.033] | -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] | -0.053 [-0.071, -0.034] | -0.052 [-0.070, -0.033] | -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.324 [0.317, 0.330] | 0.325 [0.319, 0.333] | 0.325 [0.318, 0.332] | 0.326 [0.319, 0.333] | 0.326 [0.319, 0.333] | 0.324 [0.318, 0.331] |
| R2 within | 0.062 [0.054, 0.069] | 0.065 [0.058, 0.074] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] | 0.066 [0.058, 0.075] | 0.065 [0.058, 0.073] | 0.065 [0.057, 0.072] |
| Personality trait | -0.057 [-0.103, -0.009] | -0.058 [-0.116, 0.001] | -0.067 [-0.120, -0.014] | 0.220 [0.180, 0.261] | 0.031 [-0.022, 0.083] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.006 [-0.050, 0.037] | 0.003 [-0.049, 0.057] | -0.039 [-0.084, 0.005] | 0.035 [-0.003, 0.072] | 0.030 [-0.016, 0.076] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.015 [-0.036, 0.066] | -0.013 [-0.076, 0.055] | 0.027 [-0.033, 0.083] | -0.003 [-0.054, 0.049] | 0.007 [-0.054, 0.062] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.034 [-0.088, 0.023] | -0.041 [-0.108, 0.026] | -0.010 [-0.068, 0.047] | 0.031 [-0.018, 0.080] | -0.034 [-0.092, 0.024] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.005 [-0.066, 0.058] | -0.077 [-0.152, -0.001] | 0.031 [-0.036, 0.093] | 0.023 [-0.029, 0.076] | -0.018 [-0.084, 0.046] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.012 [-0.106, 0.129] | 0.069 [-0.076, 0.213] | 0.037 [-0.092, 0.157] | -0.011 [-0.119, 0.101] | -0.023 [-0.154, 0.107] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.001 [-0.115, 0.120] | 0.115 [-0.024, 0.271] | 0.007 [-0.117, 0.136] | -0.073 [-0.177, 0.028] | 0.013 [-0.115, 0.149] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.136 [-0.069, 0.361] | -0.043 [-0.296, 0.259] | -0.116 [-0.359, 0.115] | 0.003 [-0.229, 0.212] | 0.024 [-0.231, 0.284] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.181 [-0.448, 0.064] | -0.110 [-0.419, 0.224] | 0.069 [-0.186, 0.324] | 0.011 [-0.231, 0.235] | -0.176 [-0.455, 0.115] | |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.055 [0.039, 0.071] | 0.055 [0.040, 0.071] | 0.054 [0.039, 0.070] | 0.054 [0.038, 0.070] | 0.048 [0.034, 0.064] | 0.054 [0.038, 0.070] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.016 [-0.005, 0.035] | 0.016 [-0.002, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.003, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.004, 0.033] | 0.014 [-0.004, 0.031] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.029 [0.009, 0.047] | 0.028 [0.009, 0.049] | 0.029 [0.011, 0.049] | 0.028 [0.009, 0.049] | 0.025 [0.007, 0.043] | 0.031 [0.012, 0.051] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] | 0.000 [-0.021, 0.021] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.022] | 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022] | -0.003 [-0.022, 0.017] | 0.001 [-0.021, 0.022] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.061, 0.026] | -0.027 [-0.069, 0.017] | -0.030 [-0.074, 0.016] | -0.032 [-0.075, 0.013] | -0.028 [-0.067, 0.013] | -0.027 [-0.070, 0.014] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.067, 0.018] | -0.034 [-0.078, 0.009] | -0.030 [-0.070, 0.012] | -0.032 [-0.075, 0.009] | -0.027 [-0.068, 0.013] | -0.033 [-0.080, 0.011] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.057, 0.100] | 0.043 [-0.033, 0.115] | 0.038 [-0.031, 0.113] | 0.010 [-0.064, 0.087] | 0.024 [-0.046, 0.097] | 0.033 [-0.041, 0.104] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [-0.083, 0.110] | 0.009 [-0.068, 0.097] | 0.023 [-0.054, 0.102] | 0.010 [-0.077, 0.093] | 0.003 [-0.075, 0.081] | 0.030 [-0.058, 0.121] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.002, 0.021] | 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.013 [0.002, 0.026] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.013 [0.001, 0.028] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.012, 0.016] | 0.002 [-0.011, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.020] | 0.002 [-0.013, 0.017] | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] | 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.029, 0.000] | -0.013 [-0.030, 0.001] | -0.013 [-0.030, 0.004] | -0.011 [-0.027, 0.003] | -0.013 [-0.029, 0.003] | -0.014 [-0.031, 0.001] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.014 [-0.009, 0.042] | 0.021 [-0.004, 0.048] | 0.015 [-0.012, 0.044] | 0.019 [-0.007, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.009, 0.045] | 0.016 [-0.010, 0.045] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.038, 0.014] | -0.009 [-0.039, 0.018] | -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] | -0.014 [-0.041, 0.016] | -0.012 [-0.042, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.036, 0.021] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.043 [-0.004, 0.098] | 0.041 [0.002, 0.088] | 0.049 [0.002, 0.101] | 0.035 [-0.007, 0.082] | 0.045 [0.001, 0.098] | 0.044 [-0.003, 0.093] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.061, 0.033] | -0.015 [-0.066, 0.029] | -0.020 [-0.072, 0.026] | -0.035 [-0.083, 0.012] | -0.035 [-0.082, 0.011] | -0.018 [-0.073, 0.039] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.010 [-0.026, 0.007] | -0.011 [-0.030, 0.007] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] | -0.011 [-0.030, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.030, 0.006] | -0.011 [-0.028, 0.006] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.018, 0.014] | -0.008 [-0.026, 0.009] | -0.007 [-0.024, 0.013] | -0.009 [-0.026, 0.009] | -0.007 [-0.026, 0.012] | -0.009 [-0.029, 0.010] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.017, 0.048] | 0.012 [-0.020, 0.055] | 0.009 [-0.025, 0.042] | 0.005 [-0.030, 0.040] | 0.005 [-0.031, 0.040] | 0.014 [-0.020, 0.052] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.030, 0.027] | -0.003 [-0.038, 0.036] | -0.006 [-0.037, 0.025] | -0.006 [-0.039, 0.028] | -0.008 [-0.041, 0.027] | -0.004 [-0.039, 0.033] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.032 [-0.014, 0.082] | 0.031 [-0.016, 0.083] | 0.032 [-0.015, 0.081] | 0.022 [-0.033, 0.082] | 0.023 [-0.033, 0.080] | 0.035 [-0.022, 0.087] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.011 [-0.061, 0.033] | -0.007 [-0.065, 0.052] | -0.018 [-0.079, 0.045] | -0.018 [-0.077, 0.043] | -0.017 [-0.076, 0.044] | -0.019 [-0.080, 0.052] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [0.007, 0.043] | 0.024 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.020 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.020 [0.003, 0.043] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.044] | 0.025 [0.006, 0.050] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.044 [-0.078, -0.014] | -0.041 [-0.076, -0.006] | -0.033 [-0.070, 0.001] | -0.036 [-0.070, 0.000] | -0.033 [-0.066, 0.002] | -0.029 [-0.063, 0.006] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.062, 0.003] | -0.023 [-0.067, 0.011] | -0.018 [-0.058, 0.018] | -0.023 [-0.063, 0.015] | -0.023 [-0.062, 0.014] | -0.025 [-0.069, 0.014] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.062, 0.045] | -0.002 [-0.058, 0.069] | -0.012 [-0.073, 0.051] | -0.006 [-0.068, 0.065] | 0.003 [-0.055, 0.070] | -0.001 [-0.057, 0.068] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.041 [-0.018, 0.116] | 0.013 [-0.047, 0.094] | 0.041 [-0.044, 0.126] | 0.027 [-0.044, 0.102] | 0.036 [-0.043, 0.113] | 0.040 [-0.059, 0.109] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.031 [-0.073, 0.007] | -0.033 [-0.077, 0.021] | -0.029 [-0.069, 0.008] | -0.032 [-0.082, 0.011] | -0.031 [-0.079, 0.010] | -0.025 [-0.065, 0.012] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.048 [-0.093, -0.014] | -0.056 [-0.100, -0.019] | -0.053 [-0.095, -0.018] | -0.053 [-0.097, -0.017] | -0.056 [-0.105, -0.017] | -0.052 [-0.101, -0.020] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.069, 0.046] | -0.002 [-0.069, 0.066] | -0.020 [-0.084, 0.059] | -0.009 [-0.068, 0.048] | -0.002 [-0.065, 0.064] | -0.001 [-0.062, 0.063] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.062, 0.056] | -0.015 [-0.087, 0.058] | 0.005 [-0.066, 0.080] | 0.005 [-0.063, 0.080] | 0.010 [-0.061, 0.090] | -0.003 [-0.086, 0.070] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.074 [0.011, 0.159] | 0.075 [-0.003, 0.163] | 0.076 [0.007, 0.160] | 0.083 [0.000, 0.168] | 0.078 [0.001, 0.162] | 0.067 [0.006, 0.151] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.064 [-0.026, 0.173] | 0.101 [-0.005, 0.235] | 0.081 [-0.025, 0.195] | 0.074 [-0.022, 0.189] | 0.080 [-0.020, 0.210] | 0.079 [-0.015, 0.196] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.061 [-0.190, 0.068] | -0.062 [-0.199, 0.079] | -0.070 [-0.189, 0.092] | -0.068 [-0.185, 0.067] | -0.076 [-0.200, 0.067] | -0.044 [-0.167, 0.098] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.029 [-0.133, 0.064] | -0.031 [-0.156, 0.084] | -0.017 [-0.136, 0.092] | -0.001 [-0.104, 0.113] | -0.024 [-0.136, 0.099] | -0.030 [-0.151, 0.076] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.081, 0.155] | 0.088 [-0.040, 0.229] | 0.043 [-0.061, 0.212] | 0.050 [-0.063, 0.202] | 0.049 [-0.087, 0.191] | 0.082 [-0.046, 0.240] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.093 [-0.261, 0.050] | -0.152 [-0.375, 0.052] | -0.149 [-0.334, 0.043] | -0.172 [-0.375, 0.011] | -0.161 [-0.375, 0.026] | -0.132 [-0.327, 0.047] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.501 [1.467, 1.535] | 1.494 [1.459, 1.529] | 1.494 [1.460, 1.530] | 1.495 [1.460, 1.530] | 1.494 [1.461, 1.527] | 1.494 [1.459, 1.528] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.226 [0.203, 0.252] | 0.209 [0.186, 0.235] | 0.210 [0.187, 0.236] | 0.207 [0.185, 0.233] | 0.178 [0.158, 0.201] | 0.211 [0.188, 0.237] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] | 0.034 [0.022, 0.050] | 0.035 [0.021, 0.052] | 0.035 [0.022, 0.051] | 0.035 [0.020, 0.052] | 0.036 [0.023, 0.053] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.017, 0.051] | 0.036 [0.019, 0.059] | 0.039 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.035 [0.017, 0.056] | 0.036 [0.019, 0.059] | 0.037 [0.019, 0.061] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.059 [0.038, 0.081] | 0.064 [0.045, 0.090] | 0.062 [0.041, 0.087] | 0.062 [0.043, 0.086] | 0.063 [0.043, 0.087] | 0.062 [0.042, 0.086] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.029, 0.076] | 0.051 [0.029, 0.080] | 0.050 [0.028, 0.080] | 0.050 [0.027, 0.078] | 0.053 [0.030, 0.082] | 0.050 [0.026, 0.082] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.184 [0.102, 0.288] | 0.203 [0.114, 0.320] | 0.185 [0.106, 0.316] | 0.197 [0.116, 0.309] | 0.196 [0.111, 0.309] | 0.177 [0.093, 0.288] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.138 [0.062, 0.256] | 0.161 [0.081, 0.271] | 0.143 [0.064, 0.249] | 0.151 [0.063, 0.261] | 0.158 [0.069, 0.276] | 0.151 [0.067, 0.284] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.367 [0.184, 0.642] | 0.416 [0.200, 0.729] | 0.354 [0.166, 0.689] | 0.347 [0.173, 0.663] | 0.375 [0.189, 0.686] | 0.340 [0.145, 0.640] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.342 [0.162, 0.716] | 0.387 [0.183, 0.798] | 0.401 [0.147, 0.772] | 0.394 [0.189, 0.742] | 0.398 [0.199, 0.768] | 0.456 [0.216, 0.883] |
| R2 between | 0.004 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.080 [0.054, 0.110] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.019 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.086] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.012 [0.000, 0.075] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.021 [0.000, 0.117] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.103] | |
| Number of participants | 855 | 756 | 751 | 755 | 755 | 753 |
| Number of observations | 21,353 | 19,341 | 19,278 | 19,337 | 19,329 | 19,287 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.417 [-.440, -.393] | -.406 [-.430, -.382] | -.398 [-.423, -.372] | -.393 [-.418, -.368] | -.395 [-.419, -.370] | -.402 [-.428, -.375] |
| Mixed WP | -.039 [-.068, -.010] | -.034 [-.064, -.004] | -.041 [-.072, -.010] | -.038 [-.067, -.008] | -.051 [-.081, -.021] | -.043 [-.073, -.012] |
| Family WP | -.088 [-.122, -.053] | -.107 [-.146, -.068] | -.085 [-.125, -.046] | -.100 [-.139, -.061] | -.111 [-.152, -.071] | -.091 [-.130, -.052] |
| Weak ties WP | -.312 [-.341, -.282] | -.314 [-.347, -.282] | -.319 [-.349, -.288] | -.320 [-.349, -.290] | -.312 [-.343, -.281] | -.313 [-.344, -.282] |
| CMC * Family WP | .047 [-.030, .123] | .051 [-.030, .133] | .034 [-.053, .120] | .031 [-.056, .117] | .043 [-.047, .132] | .039 [-.046, .125] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | .278 [.201, .354] | .246 [.172, .320] | .263 [.188, .338] | .255 [.184, .326] | .258 [.185, .330] | .269 [.197, .341] |
| Mixed * Family WP | .113 [-.006, .233] | .072 [-.059, .202] | .068 [-.091, .228] | .080 [-.068, .227] | .038 [-.108, .185] | .019 [-.121, .160] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | .058 [-.036, .152] | .101 [-.008, .210] | .096 [.005, .186] | .071 [-.031, .173] | .036 [-.069, .141] | .115 [.021, .209] |
| Personality trait | .140 [.111, .169] | .135 [.107, .164] | .128 [.099, .156] | -.323 [-.350, -.296] | .012 [-.017, .041] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .021 [-.032, .074] | .014 [-.039, .067] | .071 [.018, .123] | -.119 [-.174, -.064] | -.029 [-.082, .024] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.040 [-.116, .036] | .005 [-.071, .081] | .000 [-.079, .079] | .026 [-.053, .104] | .005 [-.072, .083] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .058 [-.009, .125] | .043 [-.023, .108] | .027 [-.037, .091] | -.031 [-.097, .035] | -.042 [-.108, .024] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .011 [-.057, .078] | .076 [.007, .144] | .046 [-.020, .113] | -.052 [-.117, .014] | .024 [-.042, .091] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.005 [-.085, .075] | -.055 [-.134, .023] | -.033 [-.111, .046] | .022 [-.057, .101] | .051 [-.031, .133] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | .037 [-.051, .125] | .023 [-.062, .109] | .015 [-.068, .097] | -.001 [-.087, .085] | .038 [-.047, .124] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | .051 [-.060, .163] | -.037 [-.151, .077] | -.092 [-.207, .024] | .010 [-.099, .119] | .030 [-.089, .149] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.051 [-.179, .078] | .102 [-.026, .231] | .035 [-.088, .158] | -.027 [-.151, .097] | -.016 [-.147, .114] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.311 [-.335, -.287] | -.310 [-.335, -.285] | -.309 [-.334, -.283] | -.310 [-.335, -.285] | -.310 [-.333, -.286] | -.313 [-.338, -.288] |
| Mixed WP | -.010 [-.040, .020] | -.010 [-.043, .022] | -.015 [-.046, .017] | -.011 [-.042, .021] | -.026 [-.054, .003] | -.017 [-.049, .015] |
| Family WP | -.046 [-.080, -.012] | -.081 [-.120, -.042] | -.085 [-.125, -.046] | -.077 [-.116, -.039] | -.070 [-.107, -.033] | -.071 [-.110, -.032] |
| Weak ties WP | -.373 [-.404, -.342] | -.374 [-.409, -.339] | -.379 [-.415, -.344] | -.375 [-.407, -.343] | -.384 [-.416, -.351] | -.375 [-.407, -.342] |
| CMC * Family WP | .067 [-.004, .138] | .061 [-.018, .140] | .058 [-.027, .142] | .060 [-.025, .145] | .037 [-.048, .121] | .066 [-.018, .149] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | .272 [.194, .350] | .240 [.166, .314] | .245 [.169, .321] | .245 [.169, .320] | .244 [.171, .317] | .257 [.181, .334] |
| Mixed * Family WP | .052 [-.066, .170] | .036 [-.094, .166] | -.017 [-.162, .128] | .020 [-.119, .160] | -.009 [-.154, .136] | -.011 [-.149, .126] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | .067 [-.035, .170] | .094 [-.017, .204] | .068 [-.036, .173] | .060 [-.056, .177] | .021 [-.084, .125] | .064 [-.054, .182] |
| Personality trait | .196 [.168, .225] | .136 [.107, .164] | .112 [.084, .141] | -.260 [-.288, -.232] | .036 [.007, .066] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .034 [-.021, .090] | -.032 [-.088, .024] | .050 [-.006, .105] | -.090 [-.147, -.034] | -.039 [-.095, .017] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.053 [-.134, .029] | -.012 [-.094, .070] | -.021 [-.103, .061] | .064 [-.020, .148] | -.024 [-.107, .058] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .064 [-.001, .128] | .022 [-.042, .086] | .027 [-.036, .089] | -.024 [-.089, .041] | -.018 [-.081, .046] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .023 [-.045, .090] | .053 [-.016, .122] | .052 [-.014, .118] | -.040 [-.106, .025] | .023 [-.043, .089] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.008 [-.093, .076] | -.049 [-.134, .037] | -.028 [-.112, .055] | .036 [-.048, .121] | .048 [-.042, .138] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | .078 [-.021, .177] | .027 [-.069, .123] | .020 [-.072, .113] | .023 [-.076, .121] | .029 [-.065, .124] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | .065 [-.067, .198] | -.071 [-.203, .061] | -.030 [-.168, .108] | -.040 [-.169, .088] | .057 [-.087, .201] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.051 [-.174, .072] | .073 [-.048, .194] | .039 [-.082, .160] | .017 [-.109, .143] | -.038 [-.159, .084] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | .219 [.196, .242] | .213 [.188, .238] | .211 [.187, .234] | .213 [.188, .237] | .213 [.188, .238] | .212 [.186, .237] |
| Mixed WP | .074 [.042, .106] | .073 [.042, .104] | .073 [.042, .103] | .073 [.044, .102] | .075 [.043, .106] | .072 [.041, .102] |
| Family WP | .021 [-.011, .053] | .041 [.006, .077] | .037 [.002, .072] | .039 [.004, .074] | .040 [.005, .076] | .027 [-.008, .063] |
| Weak ties WP | .195 [.164, .225] | .200 [.165, .235] | .200 [.166, .234] | .186 [.152, .220] | .206 [.175, .237] | .195 [.162, .229] |
| CMC * Family WP | -.003 [-.078, .073] | .014 [-.068, .096] | .030 [-.050, .110] | .002 [-.077, .081] | .020 [-.066, .106] | -.025 [-.103, .053] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -.136 [-.207, -.065] | -.109 [-.189, -.029] | -.103 [-.189, -.017] | -.106 [-.184, -.028] | -.113 [-.188, -.037] | -.105 [-.180, -.030] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -.052 [-.207, .103] | -.007 [-.151, .136] | -.006 [-.136, .124] | -.038 [-.175, .100] | -.037 [-.174, .101] | -.019 [-.156, .119] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | .017 [-.092, .126] | .057 [-.066, .181] | .081 [-.032, .193] | .056 [-.061, .174] | .020 [-.081, .122] | .035 [-.093, .163] |
| Personality trait | -.036 [-.065, -.007] | -.084 [-.113, -.055] | -.074 [-.103, -.045] | .266 [.238, .293] | -.009 [-.038, .020] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.010 [-.074, .055] | -.053 [-.118, .012] | -.026 [-.090, .038] | .046 [-.019, .111] | .006 [-.059, .070] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .023 [-.060, .106] | -.069 [-.151, .014] | -.021 [-.103, .060] | .012 [-.071, .095] | -.040 [-.119, .040] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.005 [-.084, .073] | -.048 [-.125, .028] | -.047 [-.121, .028] | .023 [-.056, .101] | .104 [.021, .187] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .031 [-.040, .102] | -.051 [-.124, .023] | -.001 [-.071, .069] | .040 [-.029, .109] | -.025 [-.096, .046] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.005 [-.101, .091] | .062 [-.039, .163] | .038 [-.062, .137] | -.006 [-.105, .093] | -.038 [-.145, .069] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -.019 [-.114, .077] | -.007 [-.104, .090] | .021 [-.074, .116] | -.006 [-.099, .086] | -.038 [-.132, .056] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -.058 [-.170, .054] | .032 [-.088, .151] | .089 [-.035, .213] | -.014 [-.133, .106] | .006 [-.122, .135] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.013 [-.139, .113] | -.046 [-.167, .075] | .003 [-.122, .129] | .061 [-.068, .191] | .032 [-.097, .161] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | .474 [.450, .498] | .462 [.437, .488] | .459 [.433, .485] | .465 [.439, .491] | .462 [.436, .487] | .459 [.434, .485] |
| Mixed WP | .045 [.014, .075] | .039 [.009, .070] | .038 [.009, .067] | .045 [.015, .076] | .046 [.014, .079] | .035 [.005, .064] |
| Family WP | .082 [.048, .116] | .082 [.043, .121] | .083 [.046, .120] | .086 [.048, .124] | .088 [.051, .125] | .079 [.040, .118] |
| Weak ties WP | .094 [.063, .125] | .093 [.058, .129] | .096 [.063, .129] | .096 [.062, .131] | .091 [.059, .124] | .093 [.060, .125] |
| CMC * Family WP | -.034 [-.116, .047] | -.028 [-.115, .060] | -.028 [-.116, .059] | -.037 [-.123, .050] | -.023 [-.109, .062] | -.041 [-.133, .052] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | -.230 [-.311, -.150] | -.217 [-.301, -.133] | -.227 [-.306, -.149] | -.215 [-.300, -.129] | -.194 [-.267, -.121] | -.206 [-.284, -.128] |
| Mixed * Family WP | -.111 [-.251, .028] | -.079 [-.237, .078] | -.082 [-.231, .067] | -.110 [-.284, .063] | -.032 [-.191, .128] | -.050 [-.203, .104] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.116 [-.221, -.011] | -.146 [-.247, -.045] | -.144 [-.260, -.027] | -.132 [-.246, -.018] | -.194 [-.304, -.085] | -.145 [-.261, -.028] |
| Personality trait | -.058 [-.087, -.029] | -.072 [-.101, -.044] | -.087 [-.116, -.058] | .215 [.187, .243] | .028 [-.001, .057] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.011 [-.055, .033] | -.024 [-.068, .021] | -.090 [-.134, -.047] | .140 [.096, .185] | -.019 [-.063, .025] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | .079 [-.009, .166] | .017 [-.074, .108] | -.016 [-.109, .077] | .004 [-.084, .093] | -.026 [-.116, .063] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.011 [-.079, .056] | -.060 [-.127, .006] | -.071 [-.135, -.007] | .031 [-.035, .097] | .052 [-.016, .119] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.030 [-.091, .032] | -.058 [-.121, .005] | -.059 [-.121, .003] | .065 [.003, .127] | .006 [-.056, .067] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.017 [-.095, .060] | .049 [-.031, .129] | .060 [-.017, .137] | -.047 [-.125, .030] | -.047 [-.125, .031] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | .030 [-.045, .105] | .009 [-.066, .083] | -.042 [-.115, .031] | -.034 [-.108, .041] | -.022 [-.096, .052] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -.001 [-.105, .103] | .047 [-.065, .159] | .143 [.032, .254] | -.065 [-.177, .048] | .010 [-.106, .126] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | .065 [-.070, .200] | -.102 [-.234, .030] | -.054 [-.188, .080] | .025 [-.111, .161] | -.065 [-.199, .069] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.151 [0.132, 0.169] | 0.150 [0.129, 0.170] | 0.155 [0.134, 0.174] | 0.152 [0.131, 0.171] | 0.151 [0.131, 0.170] | 0.152 [0.131, 0.171] |
| Weekend WP | 0.101 [0.088, 0.113] | 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] | 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] | 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] | 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] | 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.148 [0.146, 0.150] | 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] | 0.150 [0.148, 0.152] | 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] | 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] | 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.248 [0.244, 0.252] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] | 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] |
| R2 within | 0.033 [0.029, 0.038] | 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] | 0.035 [0.031, 0.040] | 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] | 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] | 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] |
| Social interaction BP | 0.044 [-0.157, 0.245] | -0.074 [-0.292, 0.145] | -0.004 [-0.212, 0.202] | 0.061 [-0.147, 0.269] | -0.006 [-0.197, 0.185] | 0.075 [-0.136, 0.287] |
| Personality trait | 0.090 [0.050, 0.132] | 0.148 [0.095, 0.201] | 0.118 [0.067, 0.169] | -0.259 [-0.298, -0.218] | 0.006 [-0.048, 0.060] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.015 [-0.040, 0.009] | 0.060 [0.028, 0.093] | -0.003 [-0.034, 0.028] | 0.044 [0.018, 0.069] | 0.008 [-0.024, 0.040] | |
| Gender | 0.003 [-0.061, 0.066] | -0.021 [-0.089, 0.045] | -0.035 [-0.101, 0.031] | -0.029 [-0.096, 0.038] | 0.057 [-0.006, 0.121] | -0.018 [-0.087, 0.049] |
| Ethnicity | -0.068 [-0.133, -0.004] | -0.069 [-0.136, -0.001] | -0.061 [-0.127, 0.006] | -0.047 [-0.115, 0.022] | -0.074 [-0.136, -0.012] | -0.079 [-0.147, -0.011] |
| SES | -0.017 [-0.105, 0.070] | -0.024 [-0.116, 0.069] | -0.006 [-0.098, 0.085] | -0.011 [-0.103, 0.082] | -0.014 [-0.101, 0.072] | -0.016 [-0.110, 0.078] |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013] | -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] | -0.026 [-0.036, -0.017] | -0.022 [-0.032, -0.013] | -0.017 [-0.025, -0.009] | -0.023 [-0.032, -0.014] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.779 [0.767, 0.791] | 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] | 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] | 0.773 [0.761, 0.786] | 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] | 0.773 [0.761, 0.786] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.976 [2.797, 3.150] | 3.099 [2.903, 3.290] | 3.035 [2.847, 3.216] | 2.974 [2.785, 3.157] | 2.991 [2.818, 3.159] | 2.982 [2.791, 3.168] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.028 [0.026, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.207 [0.188, 0.229] | 0.198 [0.179, 0.220] | 0.195 [0.176, 0.216] | 0.198 [0.179, 0.219] | 0.167 [0.150, 0.185] | 0.203 [0.184, 0.225] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.018, 0.033] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.034] | 0.025 [0.018, 0.033] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.034] |
| R2 between | 0.005 [0.001, 0.015] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.041] | 0.027 [0.013, 0.045] | 0.019 [0.009, 0.036] | 0.112 [0.083, 0.145] | 0.008 [0.002, 0.021] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.027 [0.006, 0.063] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.021 [0.004, 0.055] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| Number of participants | 941 | 794 | 794 | 794 | 794 | 794 |
| Number of observations | 33,070 | 28,889 | 28,889 | 28,889 | 28,889 | 28,889 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.155 [0.128, 0.184] | 0.162 [0.129, 0.196] | 0.161 [0.129, 0.194] | 0.160 [0.128, 0.193] | 0.159 [0.127, 0.192] | 0.160 [0.128, 0.194] |
| Weekend WP | 0.148 [0.128, 0.167] | 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] | 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] | 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] | 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] | 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.151 [0.148, 0.155] | 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] | 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] | 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] | 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] | 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.264 [0.258, 0.271] | 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] | 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] | 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] | 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] | 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] |
| R2 within | 0.038 [0.030, 0.045] | 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] | 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] |
| Social interaction BP | -0.095 [-0.367, 0.172] | -0.027 [-0.341, 0.297] | -0.011 [-0.305, 0.288] | 0.024 [-0.267, 0.322] | -0.053 [-0.332, 0.233] | 0.004 [-0.296, 0.309] |
| Personality trait | 0.019 [-0.043, 0.081] | 0.118 [0.043, 0.194] | 0.141 [0.065, 0.216] | -0.217 [-0.280, -0.156] | 0.040 [-0.042, 0.120] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.010 [-0.030, 0.048] | 0.025 [-0.026, 0.079] | 0.001 [-0.049, 0.053] | 0.049 [0.008, 0.094] | -0.003 [-0.055, 0.050] | |
| Gender | -0.025 [-0.115, 0.063] | -0.063 [-0.165, 0.040] | -0.085 [-0.187, 0.017] | -0.090 [-0.192, 0.012] | 0.019 [-0.079, 0.118] | -0.058 [-0.160, 0.047] |
| Ethnicity | -0.096 [-0.190, 0.000] | -0.066 [-0.172, 0.037] | -0.060 [-0.164, 0.040] | -0.054 [-0.157, 0.046] | -0.018 [-0.118, 0.079] | -0.066 [-0.171, 0.036] |
| SES | -0.066 [-0.200, 0.067] | -0.028 [-0.171, 0.120] | -0.023 [-0.162, 0.122] | -0.007 [-0.147, 0.137] | -0.024 [-0.157, 0.113] | -0.025 [-0.167, 0.123] |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.019 [-0.031, -0.006] | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004] | -0.017 [-0.031, -0.005] | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004] | -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] | -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.765 [0.746, 0.783] | 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] | 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] | 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] | 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] | 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.113 [2.862, 3.366] | 3.069 [2.797, 3.340] | 3.063 [2.802, 3.321] | 3.022 [2.761, 3.280] | 3.001 [2.752, 3.246] | 3.040 [2.774, 3.303] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.031 [0.027, 0.037] | 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] | 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.190 [0.164, 0.220] | 0.171 [0.144, 0.204] | 0.165 [0.139, 0.197] | 0.163 [0.138, 0.195] | 0.146 [0.123, 0.175] | 0.171 [0.144, 0.203] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.035] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.012, 0.035] | 0.020 [0.011, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.035] |
| R2 between | 0.014 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.045] | 0.032 [0.010, 0.066] | 0.039 [0.014, 0.077] | 0.095 [0.053, 0.147] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.043] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.034 [0.001, 0.126] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | |
| Number of participants | 425 | 311 | 311 | 311 | 311 | 311 |
| Number of observations | 13,215 | 10,349 | 10,349 | 10,349 | 10,349 | 10,349 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Social interaction WP | 0.347 [0.321, 0.374] | 0.350 [0.323, 0.377] | 0.351 [0.324, 0.378] | 0.351 [0.323, 0.378] | 0.350 [0.322, 0.377] | 0.350 [0.323, 0.378] |
| Weekend WP | 0.266 [0.248, 0.283] | 0.273 [0.254, 0.291] | 0.274 [0.256, 0.293] | 0.273 [0.255, 0.291] | 0.273 [0.254, 0.292] | 0.272 [0.253, 0.290] |
| Social interaction WP variance | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.198, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] | 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.964 [0.954, 0.975] | 0.972 [0.961, 0.984] | 0.972 [0.961, 0.984] | 0.974 [0.963, 0.986] | 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] | 0.969 [0.958, 0.981] |
| R2 within | 0.050 [0.046, 0.053] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] | 0.050 [0.046, 0.053] |
| Social interaction BP | 1.002 [0.730, 1.272] | 0.783 [0.508, 1.053] | 0.957 [0.679, 1.230] | 1.023 [0.752, 1.304] | 0.935 [0.690, 1.178] | 1.037 [0.764, 1.315] |
| Personality trait | 0.335 [0.257, 0.412] | 0.244 [0.143, 0.341] | 0.211 [0.120, 0.301] | -0.506 [-0.572, -0.439] | 0.021 [-0.069, 0.110] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -0.001 [-0.038, 0.037] | -0.012 [-0.060, 0.036] | -0.038 [-0.079, 0.005] | 0.014 [-0.020, 0.048] | 0.006 [-0.038, 0.049] | |
| Gender | -0.227 [-0.347, -0.101] | -0.234 [-0.355, -0.108] | -0.283 [-0.406, -0.155] | -0.294 [-0.422, -0.165] | -0.014 [-0.132, 0.106] | -0.285 [-0.413, -0.158] |
| Ethnicity | -0.095 [-0.217, 0.031] | -0.061 [-0.179, 0.059] | -0.108 [-0.230, 0.017] | -0.079 [-0.206, 0.044] | -0.047 [-0.156, 0.065] | -0.120 [-0.246, 0.009] |
| SES | -0.056 [-0.205, 0.094] | -0.054 [-0.201, 0.092] | -0.037 [-0.190, 0.113] | -0.043 [-0.195, 0.109] | -0.076 [-0.211, 0.057] | -0.034 [-0.189, 0.121] |
| Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance | -0.053 [-0.075, -0.031] | -0.045 [-0.066, -0.024] | -0.045 [-0.068, -0.024] | -0.042 [-0.064, -0.021] | -0.041 [-0.061, -0.022] | -0.048 [-0.071, -0.026] |
| Social interaction BP mean | 0.479 [0.463, 0.494] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.484 [0.467, 0.500] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] | 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.695 [0.471, 0.921] | 0.775 [0.547, 1.001] | 0.740 [0.509, 0.971] | 0.702 [0.477, 0.928] | 0.552 [0.355, 0.761] | 0.708 [0.471, 0.943] |
| Social interaction BP variance | 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] | 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.685 [0.620, 0.757] | 0.573 [0.516, 0.637] | 0.613 [0.554, 0.680] | 0.608 [0.547, 0.675] | 0.480 [0.430, 0.534] | 0.628 [0.568, 0.699] |
| Slope Social interaction WP residual variance | 0.075 [0.062, 0.089] | 0.073 [0.059, 0.088] | 0.072 [0.059, 0.088] | 0.072 [0.059, 0.087] | 0.073 [0.059, 0.089] | 0.072 [0.059, 0.088] |
| R2 between | 0.077 [0.044, 0.118] | 0.106 [0.073, 0.145] | 0.098 [0.062, 0.141] | 0.107 [0.067, 0.154] | 0.210 [0.168, 0.256] | 0.094 [0.056, 0.140] |
| R2 Social interaction WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| Number of participants | 852 | 754 | 749 | 753 | 753 | 751 |
| Number of observations | 64,632 | 58,223 | 57,976 | 58,217 | 58,201 | 58,117 |
Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.211 [0.190, 0.232] | 0.210 [0.187, 0.233] | 0.215 [0.192, 0.238] | 0.212 [0.189, 0.235] | 0.211 [0.189, 0.234] | 0.212 [0.190, 0.236] |
| CMC WP | 0.015 [-0.005, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.009, 0.039] | 0.020 [-0.004, 0.043] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.040] | 0.017 [-0.007, 0.040] | 0.018 [-0.006, 0.041] |
| Mixed WP | 0.206 [0.182, 0.230] | 0.205 [0.178, 0.231] | 0.209 [0.183, 0.235] | 0.206 [0.180, 0.232] | 0.204 [0.179, 0.230] | 0.206 [0.180, 0.232] |
| Weekend WP | 0.091 [0.079, 0.104] | 0.092 [0.079, 0.106] | 0.092 [0.079, 0.105] | 0.092 [0.079, 0.105] | 0.092 [0.079, 0.106] | 0.092 [0.079, 0.106] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] | 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.162 [0.160, 0.165] | 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] | 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] | 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.237 [0.233, 0.241] | 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] | 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] | 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] | 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] | 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] |
| R2 within | 0.114 [0.105, 0.125] | 0.113 [0.102, 0.124] | 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] | 0.113 [0.102, 0.125] | 0.113 [0.102, 0.124] | 0.113 [0.102, 0.125] |
| FtF BP | 0.167 [-0.125, 0.464] | 0.010 [-0.328, 0.344] | 0.137 [-0.179, 0.453] | 0.211 [-0.106, 0.528] | 0.051 [-0.249, 0.348] | 0.208 [-0.117, 0.529] |
| CMC BP | -0.246 [-0.520, 0.021] | -0.307 [-0.610, -0.002] | -0.217 [-0.507, 0.075] | -0.188 [-0.482, 0.104] | -0.214 [-0.487, 0.057] | -0.181 [-0.478, 0.117] |
| Mixed BP | 0.304 [0.071, 0.538] | 0.146 [-0.118, 0.407] | 0.188 [-0.060, 0.437] | 0.272 [0.024, 0.521] | 0.179 [-0.055, 0.412] | 0.296 [0.043, 0.549] |
| Personality trait | 0.083 [0.042, 0.124] | 0.144 [0.093, 0.196] | 0.117 [0.067, 0.168] | -0.253 [-0.292, -0.214] | 0.012 [-0.040, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.023 [-0.051, 0.005] | 0.063 [0.025, 0.099] | -0.009 [-0.043, 0.028] | 0.055 [0.025, 0.084] | 0.017 [-0.021, 0.056] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.010 [-0.038, 0.019] | 0.051 [0.013, 0.090] | 0.012 [-0.025, 0.048] | 0.027 [-0.002, 0.058] | 0.015 [-0.024, 0.054] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.026 [-0.060, 0.006] | 0.044 [0.000, 0.088] | -0.009 [-0.050, 0.035] | 0.072 [0.038, 0.107] | 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052] | |
| Gender | 0.003 [-0.059, 0.065] | -0.023 [-0.092, 0.045] | -0.035 [-0.103, 0.032] | -0.030 [-0.098, 0.039] | 0.052 [-0.012, 0.116] | -0.020 [-0.088, 0.049] |
| Ethnicity | -0.062 [-0.125, 0.001] | -0.064 [-0.129, 0.006] | -0.056 [-0.121, 0.012] | -0.041 [-0.107, 0.029] | -0.068 [-0.129, -0.005] | -0.072 [-0.138, -0.003] |
| SES | -0.018 [-0.105, 0.069] | -0.022 [-0.115, 0.069] | -0.005 [-0.096, 0.083] | -0.009 [-0.102, 0.082] | -0.012 [-0.097, 0.073] | -0.015 [-0.109, 0.077] |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.037, -0.017] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017] | -0.033 [-0.044, -0.022] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.018] | -0.022 [-0.032, -0.012] | -0.029 [-0.041, -0.019] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.019, 0.001] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.001] | -0.015 [-0.025, -0.005] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] | -0.008 [-0.018, 0.001] | -0.012 [-0.022, -0.001] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] | -0.030 [-0.042, -0.018] | -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] | -0.017 [-0.029, -0.006] | -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.013 [0.007, 0.021] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.033 [0.025, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.024, 0.043] | 0.032 [0.023, 0.042] | 0.033 [0.025, 0.043] | 0.031 [0.023, 0.041] | 0.033 [0.025, 0.043] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.026 [0.018, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.015, 0.033] | 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.321 [0.309, 0.332] | 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] | 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] | 0.318 [0.306, 0.330] | 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] | 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.248 [0.237, 0.259] | 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.208 [0.196, 0.219] | 0.208 [0.195, 0.221] | 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] | 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] |
| Intercept well-being | 2.953 [2.759, 3.151] | 3.081 [2.861, 3.301] | 2.998 [2.791, 3.204] | 2.939 [2.731, 3.144] | 2.984 [2.792, 3.179] | 2.952 [2.740, 3.159] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] | 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] | 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] | 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] | 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.202 [0.184, 0.224] | 0.195 [0.176, 0.216] | 0.192 [0.173, 0.213] | 0.194 [0.176, 0.216] | 0.164 [0.149, 0.183] | 0.200 [0.180, 0.222] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.037 [0.029, 0.047] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.048] | 0.037 [0.028, 0.047] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] | 0.037 [0.028, 0.047] | 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.028 [0.019, 0.038] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.015, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] | 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.050 [0.038, 0.064] | 0.048 [0.036, 0.063] | 0.047 [0.035, 0.062] | 0.049 [0.036, 0.063] | 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.037, 0.063] |
| R2 between | 0.031 [0.012, 0.065] | 0.036 [0.017, 0.074] | 0.043 [0.022, 0.076] | 0.042 [0.020, 0.083] | 0.123 [0.091, 0.160] | 0.031 [0.011, 0.073] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.019 [0.003, 0.050] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.023 [0.005, 0.054] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.021 [0.001, 0.065] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.031 [0.009, 0.070] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| Number of participants | 941 | 794 | 794 | 794 | 794 | 794 |
| Number of observations | 32,853 | 28,725 | 28,725 | 28,725 | 28,725 | 28,725 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.235 [0.203, 0.267] | 0.238 [0.202, 0.276] | 0.237 [0.201, 0.274] | 0.238 [0.202, 0.275] | 0.235 [0.200, 0.272] | 0.238 [0.202, 0.275] |
| CMC WP | 0.022 [-0.008, 0.053] | 0.032 [-0.005, 0.069] | 0.031 [-0.007, 0.067] | 0.031 [-0.006, 0.067] | 0.030 [-0.008, 0.066] | 0.030 [-0.007, 0.066] |
| Mixed WP | 0.207 [0.167, 0.248] | 0.198 [0.153, 0.244] | 0.197 [0.152, 0.242] | 0.195 [0.150, 0.241] | 0.195 [0.151, 0.241] | 0.198 [0.152, 0.243] |
| Weekend WP | 0.133 [0.114, 0.153] | 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] | 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] | 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] | 0.129 [0.107, 0.152] | 0.130 [0.108, 0.152] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.192 [0.188, 0.197] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] | 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.163 [0.159, 0.167] | 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] | 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] | 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] | 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] | 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.120 [0.117, 0.123] | 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] | 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] | 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] | 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] | 0.121 [0.117, 0.124] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.251 [0.244, 0.257] | 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] | 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] | 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] | 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] | 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] |
| R2 within | 0.110 [0.095, 0.129] | 0.114 [0.099, 0.132] | 0.114 [0.099, 0.132] | 0.114 [0.099, 0.131] | 0.113 [0.098, 0.131] | 0.114 [0.099, 0.131] |
| FtF BP | 0.109 [-0.321, 0.556] | 0.005 [-0.472, 0.497] | -0.088 [-0.538, 0.366] | -0.014 [-0.468, 0.443] | -0.111 [-0.546, 0.329] | 0.003 [-0.458, 0.466] |
| CMC BP | -0.238 [-0.548, 0.066] | -0.110 [-0.476, 0.264] | -0.092 [-0.443, 0.263] | -0.084 [-0.434, 0.275] | -0.210 [-0.544, 0.133] | -0.122 [-0.478, 0.239] |
| Mixed BP | 0.263 [-0.077, 0.614] | 0.227 [-0.173, 0.625] | 0.192 [-0.186, 0.564] | 0.234 [-0.144, 0.609] | 0.221 [-0.140, 0.577] | 0.243 [-0.139, 0.620] |
| Personality trait | 0.010 [-0.049, 0.073] | 0.111 [0.035, 0.188] | 0.132 [0.058, 0.210] | -0.220 [-0.282, -0.156] | 0.046 [-0.035, 0.129] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -0.001 [-0.046, 0.044] | 0.038 [-0.020, 0.101] | -0.038 [-0.096, 0.022] | 0.070 [0.021, 0.119] | 0.015 [-0.045, 0.075] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.025 [-0.021, 0.075] | -0.027 [-0.088, 0.037] | 0.012 [-0.051, 0.075] | 0.012 [-0.036, 0.061] | -0.035 [-0.096, 0.030] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.000 [-0.056, 0.056] | 0.053 [-0.019, 0.126] | 0.027 [-0.044, 0.103] | 0.040 [-0.019, 0.102] | 0.005 [-0.069, 0.082] | |
| Gender | -0.026 [-0.113, 0.062] | -0.050 [-0.150, 0.050] | -0.071 [-0.168, 0.027] | -0.074 [-0.174, 0.025] | 0.024 [-0.073, 0.121] | -0.041 [-0.141, 0.060] |
| Ethnicity | -0.096 [-0.186, -0.004] | -0.080 [-0.182, 0.022] | -0.070 [-0.168, 0.030] | -0.066 [-0.165, 0.035] | -0.028 [-0.123, 0.070] | -0.075 [-0.175, 0.028] |
| SES | -0.107 [-0.241, 0.026] | -0.067 [-0.206, 0.074] | -0.059 [-0.195, 0.078] | -0.044 [-0.182, 0.095] | -0.058 [-0.190, 0.074] | -0.060 [-0.199, 0.080] |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.048, -0.018] | -0.032 [-0.049, -0.017] | -0.034 [-0.051, -0.019] | -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] | -0.023 [-0.038, -0.009] | -0.033 [-0.049, -0.017] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.014, 0.013] | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] | 0.006 [-0.008, 0.022] | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] | 0.006 [-0.007, 0.022] | 0.005 [-0.009, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.023 [-0.042, -0.005] | -0.021 [-0.042, -0.001] | -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] | -0.023 [-0.044, -0.004] | -0.017 [-0.036, 0.001] | -0.022 [-0.042, -0.002] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.006, 0.013] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] | 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.031 [0.018, 0.047] | 0.032 [0.018, 0.050] | 0.032 [0.019, 0.050] | 0.033 [0.019, 0.051] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.049] | 0.032 [0.019, 0.050] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.014 [0.003, 0.030] | 0.021 [0.007, 0.040] | 0.021 [0.007, 0.039] | 0.020 [0.007, 0.039] | 0.021 [0.007, 0.039] | 0.021 [0.007, 0.039] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.311 [0.294, 0.327] | 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] | 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] | 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] | 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] | 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.279 [0.259, 0.299] | 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] | 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] | 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] | 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] | 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.173 [0.157, 0.189] | 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] | 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] | 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] | 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] | 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.071 [2.797, 3.337] | 3.077 [2.787, 3.360] | 3.107 [2.834, 3.379] | 3.063 [2.786, 3.335] | 3.052 [2.786, 3.314] | 3.063 [2.783, 3.338] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.022 [0.018, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.037 [0.031, 0.043] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] | 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.023 [0.019, 0.027] | 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] | 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.185 [0.160, 0.216] | 0.171 [0.143, 0.204] | 0.165 [0.138, 0.197] | 0.164 [0.137, 0.196] | 0.145 [0.121, 0.173] | 0.171 [0.143, 0.204] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.035 [0.022, 0.052] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] | 0.032 [0.018, 0.049] | 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.016 [0.007, 0.029] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.042] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.041] | 0.023 [0.009, 0.041] | 0.023 [0.010, 0.042] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.040] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.048 [0.029, 0.072] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.076] | 0.050 [0.029, 0.077] | 0.050 [0.029, 0.077] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.076] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.077] |
| R2 between | 0.044 [0.015, 0.095] | 0.036 [0.010, 0.094] | 0.047 [0.016, 0.101] | 0.054 [0.021, 0.109] | 0.122 [0.068, 0.192] | 0.036 [0.010, 0.091] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.043 [0.004, 0.124] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.088] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.011 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| Number of participants | 424 | 310 | 310 | 310 | 310 | 310 |
| Number of observations | 13,122 | 10,280 | 10,280 | 10,280 | 10,280 | 10,280 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| FtF WP | 0.444 [0.410, 0.477] | 0.445 [0.410, 0.481] | 0.444 [0.408, 0.480] | 0.445 [0.410, 0.481] | 0.444 [0.409, 0.480] | 0.445 [0.409, 0.481] |
| CMC WP | 0.171 [0.139, 0.204] | 0.173 [0.140, 0.208] | 0.179 [0.145, 0.213] | 0.173 [0.140, 0.207] | 0.174 [0.139, 0.208] | 0.176 [0.142, 0.210] |
| Mixed WP | 0.401 [0.361, 0.441] | 0.412 [0.370, 0.452] | 0.407 [0.364, 0.448] | 0.410 [0.368, 0.450] | 0.408 [0.367, 0.450] | 0.407 [0.366, 0.449] |
| Weekend WP | 0.243 [0.225, 0.260] | 0.249 [0.230, 0.268] | 0.251 [0.232, 0.269] | 0.249 [0.231, 0.268] | 0.249 [0.231, 0.268] | 0.248 [0.230, 0.266] |
| FtF WP variance | 0.144 [0.143, 0.146] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.146 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] | 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] |
| CMC WP variance | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] | 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] |
| Mixed WP variance | 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] | 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.946 [0.935, 0.957] | 0.953 [0.942, 0.964] | 0.953 [0.942, 0.965] | 0.955 [0.944, 0.967] | 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] | 0.951 [0.939, 0.962] |
| R2 within | 0.085 [0.080, 0.090] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] | 0.085 [0.079, 0.090] | 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] |
| FtF BP | 1.445 [0.977, 1.911] | 1.164 [0.698, 1.612] | 1.364 [0.901, 1.840] | 1.454 [0.989, 1.915] | 1.187 [0.767, 1.609] | 1.455 [0.984, 1.923] |
| CMC BP | 0.403 [-0.142, 0.948] | 0.327 [-0.238, 0.872] | 0.328 [-0.261, 0.914] | 0.388 [-0.176, 0.958] | 0.629 [0.124, 1.138] | 0.483 [-0.086, 1.060] |
| Mixed BP | 1.034 [0.680, 1.387] | 0.811 [0.468, 1.152] | 1.023 [0.668, 1.373] | 1.079 [0.741, 1.428] | 0.955 [0.655, 1.268] | 1.082 [0.731, 1.421] |
| Personality trait | 0.328 [0.252, 0.405] | 0.253 [0.154, 0.353] | 0.222 [0.130, 0.311] | -0.499 [-0.566, -0.432] | 0.021 [-0.069, 0.110] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | 0.010 [-0.039, 0.059] | 0.028 [-0.035, 0.091] | -0.038 [-0.094, 0.015] | 0.032 [-0.013, 0.076] | 0.005 [-0.051, 0.060] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -0.019 [-0.067, 0.028] | -0.067 [-0.124, -0.010] | -0.009 [-0.063, 0.044] | -0.001 [-0.043, 0.042] | 0.030 [-0.022, 0.082] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.046 [-0.104, 0.011] | -0.001 [-0.075, 0.072] | -0.065 [-0.129, 0.000] | 0.040 [-0.015, 0.095] | 0.006 [-0.058, 0.069] | |
| Gender | -0.215 [-0.342, -0.092] | -0.224 [-0.349, -0.103] | -0.272 [-0.398, -0.143] | -0.287 [-0.408, -0.164] | -0.015 [-0.135, 0.102] | -0.279 [-0.410, -0.149] |
| Ethnicity | -0.060 [-0.182, 0.063] | -0.028 [-0.150, 0.098] | -0.073 [-0.199, 0.055] | -0.042 [-0.168, 0.084] | -0.026 [-0.139, 0.085] | -0.085 [-0.208, 0.044] |
| SES | -0.066 [-0.210, 0.079] | -0.057 [-0.204, 0.090] | -0.042 [-0.190, 0.110] | -0.046 [-0.196, 0.105] | -0.078 [-0.214, 0.056] | -0.034 [-0.185, 0.122] |
| Well-being - FtF WP covariance | -0.066 [-0.097, -0.038] | -0.061 [-0.089, -0.033] | -0.062 [-0.092, -0.034] | -0.054 [-0.083, -0.026] | -0.054 [-0.080, -0.030] | -0.061 [-0.091, -0.033] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | -0.035 [-0.063, -0.008] | -0.025 [-0.052, 0.002] | -0.022 [-0.051, 0.006] | -0.027 [-0.056, 0.000] | -0.025 [-0.050, 0.000] | -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.080 [-0.117, -0.046] | -0.059 [-0.094, -0.028] | -0.068 [-0.103, -0.035] | -0.061 [-0.095, -0.028] | -0.055 [-0.086, -0.026] | -0.070 [-0.108, -0.036] |
| FtF WP - CMC WP covariance | 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.017 [0.001, 0.035] | 0.016 [-0.001, 0.033] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033] |
| FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.082 [0.063, 0.105] | 0.077 [0.057, 0.101] | 0.077 [0.056, 0.101] | 0.075 [0.054, 0.098] | 0.078 [0.057, 0.101] | 0.077 [0.057, 0.101] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.045 [0.026, 0.066] | 0.040 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.041 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.041 [0.020, 0.063] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.064] | 0.040 [0.018, 0.062] |
| FtF BP mean | 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.210 [0.199, 0.220] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] | 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] |
| CMC BP mean | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] | 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] |
| Mixed BP mean | 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.145 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] | 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] | 0.145 [0.132, 0.157] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.661 [0.427, 0.891] | 0.732 [0.496, 0.968] | 0.709 [0.463, 0.951] | 0.664 [0.425, 0.908] | 0.536 [0.318, 0.750] | 0.669 [0.422, 0.915] |
| FtF BP variance | 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] | 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] |
| CMC BP variance | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] |
| Mixed BP variance | 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] | 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.675 [0.613, 0.747] | 0.567 [0.512, 0.633] | 0.603 [0.545, 0.672] | 0.597 [0.537, 0.664] | 0.478 [0.430, 0.533] | 0.621 [0.558, 0.692] |
| Slope FtF WP residual variance | 0.122 [0.101, 0.146] | 0.122 [0.100, 0.147] | 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] | 0.121 [0.100, 0.146] | 0.121 [0.100, 0.147] | 0.122 [0.100, 0.148] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.063 [0.045, 0.086] | 0.060 [0.039, 0.082] | 0.056 [0.037, 0.078] | 0.060 [0.040, 0.085] | 0.059 [0.040, 0.082] | 0.056 [0.038, 0.078] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.135 [0.106, 0.169] | 0.128 [0.098, 0.167] | 0.130 [0.099, 0.165] | 0.128 [0.097, 0.165] | 0.129 [0.099, 0.165] | 0.130 [0.100, 0.166] |
| R2 between | 0.107 [0.064, 0.158] | 0.129 [0.089, 0.177] | 0.132 [0.085, 0.184] | 0.143 [0.094, 0.198] | 0.230 [0.182, 0.280] | 0.128 [0.079, 0.184] |
| R2 FtF WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] | |
| Number of participants | 852 | 754 | 749 | 753 | 753 | 751 |
| Number of observations | 64,351 | 57,984 | 57,735 | 57,976 | 57,961 | 57,877 |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.179 [0.159, 0.200] | 0.177 [0.155, 0.199] | 0.182 [0.160, 0.204] | 0.179 [0.157, 0.201] | 0.179 [0.156, 0.200] | 0.180 [0.157, 0.201] |
| Family WP | 0.159 [0.117, 0.198] | 0.170 [0.126, 0.214] | 0.175 [0.131, 0.218] | 0.172 [0.127, 0.215] | 0.171 [0.127, 0.214] | 0.174 [0.129, 0.216] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.046 [0.022, 0.069] | 0.048 [0.019, 0.071] | 0.053 [0.025, 0.076] | 0.050 [0.022, 0.073] | 0.050 [0.022, 0.073] | 0.051 [0.022, 0.073] |
| Weekend WP | 0.066 [0.051, 0.081] | 0.064 [0.049, 0.081] | 0.065 [0.049, 0.081] | 0.064 [0.049, 0.080] | 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] | 0.064 [0.049, 0.080] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.198 [0.195, 0.202] | 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] | 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] | 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] | 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] | 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] |
| Family WP variance | 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] | 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] | 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] | 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] | 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] | 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.102 [0.100, 0.103] | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] | 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.241 [0.237, 0.246] | 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] | 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] |
| R2 within | 0.075 [0.066, 0.084] | 0.077 [0.068, 0.087] | 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] | 0.077 [0.068, 0.087] | 0.078 [0.068, 0.087] | 0.078 [0.068, 0.087] |
| Close peers BP | 0.025 [-0.163, 0.207] | -0.023 [-0.225, 0.181] | 0.048 [-0.146, 0.240] | 0.101 [-0.093, 0.297] | 0.037 [-0.140, 0.216] | 0.104 [-0.093, 0.302] |
| Family BP | -0.013 [-0.497, 0.471] | 0.287 [-0.251, 0.822] | 0.206 [-0.326, 0.737] | 0.269 [-0.264, 0.803] | 0.283 [-0.210, 0.776] | 0.324 [-0.217, 0.855] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.186 [-0.723, 0.340] | -0.295 [-0.873, 0.312] | -0.135 [-0.694, 0.466] | -0.097 [-0.652, 0.505] | -0.241 [-0.753, 0.303] | -0.069 [-0.633, 0.552] |
| Personality trait | 0.096 [0.056, 0.137] | 0.143 [0.090, 0.197] | 0.113 [0.061, 0.166] | -0.265 [-0.305, -0.225] | 0.010 [-0.044, 0.064] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.018 [-0.045, 0.008] | 0.053 [0.018, 0.088] | -0.011 [-0.046, 0.024] | 0.041 [0.013, 0.068] | 0.010 [-0.026, 0.045] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.013 [-0.063, 0.039] | 0.064 [-0.004, 0.130] | 0.007 [-0.062, 0.074] | 0.058 [0.002, 0.113] | 0.035 [-0.032, 0.102] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.026 [-0.055, 0.009] | 0.038 [-0.005, 0.087] | 0.007 [-0.031, 0.049] | 0.033 [-0.001, 0.066] | -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032] | |
| Gender | -0.012 [-0.076, 0.051] | -0.047 [-0.115, 0.023] | -0.057 [-0.125, 0.011] | -0.049 [-0.118, 0.021] | 0.037 [-0.028, 0.103] | -0.039 [-0.109, 0.032] |
| Ethnicity | -0.075 [-0.140, -0.012] | -0.070 [-0.139, 0.000] | -0.064 [-0.132, 0.005] | -0.051 [-0.122, 0.021] | -0.076 [-0.140, -0.012] | -0.082 [-0.151, -0.011] |
| SES | -0.006 [-0.096, 0.082] | -0.026 [-0.125, 0.070] | -0.008 [-0.104, 0.087] | -0.010 [-0.108, 0.085] | -0.015 [-0.106, 0.073] | -0.015 [-0.114, 0.080] |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.033, -0.013] | -0.021 [-0.032, -0.011] | -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] | -0.021 [-0.032, -0.011] | -0.016 [-0.026, -0.007] | -0.022 [-0.033, -0.012] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.034, 0.004] | -0.021 [-0.040, -0.001] | -0.025 [-0.044, -0.005] | -0.021 [-0.040, -0.002] | -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] | -0.022 [-0.041, -0.002] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015] | -0.027 [-0.038, -0.016] | -0.030 [-0.041, -0.019] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017] | -0.023 [-0.034, -0.013] | -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.027 [0.015, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.043] | 0.027 [0.014, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.043] | 0.027 [0.014, 0.042] | 0.029 [0.015, 0.043] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.012 [0.004, 0.020] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.020] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] | 0.011 [0.005, 0.020] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] | 0.004 [-0.007, 0.018] | 0.005 [-0.007, 0.019] | 0.004 [-0.008, 0.017] | 0.005 [-0.006, 0.019] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.512 [0.496, 0.528] | 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] | 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] | 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] | 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] | 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] |
| Family BP mean | 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] | 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] | 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] | 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] | 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] | 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.127 [0.121, 0.134] | 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] | 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] | 0.128 [0.120, 0.135] | 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] | 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.025 [2.842, 3.213] | 3.089 [2.888, 3.289] | 3.026 [2.827, 3.215] | 2.978 [2.776, 3.168] | 2.993 [2.810, 3.170] | 2.987 [2.782, 3.180] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.051 [0.046, 0.057] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] | 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] |
| Family BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] | 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] | 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] | 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] | 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] | 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.210 [0.191, 0.232] | 0.201 [0.181, 0.224] | 0.200 [0.180, 0.222] | 0.202 [0.183, 0.225] | 0.168 [0.152, 0.188] | 0.207 [0.187, 0.231] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] | 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] | 0.026 [0.019, 0.036] | 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] | 0.027 [0.019, 0.036] | 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.094 [0.071, 0.124] | 0.095 [0.069, 0.127] | 0.093 [0.067, 0.125] | 0.094 [0.068, 0.127] | 0.093 [0.067, 0.125] | 0.095 [0.069, 0.128] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] | 0.013 [0.006, 0.025] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] | 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] |
| R2 between | 0.011 [0.003, 0.032] | 0.033 [0.015, 0.065] | 0.033 [0.017, 0.061] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.059] | 0.124 [0.091, 0.162] | 0.018 [0.005, 0.050] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.019 [0.002, 0.054] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.018 [0.002, 0.051] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.018 [0.000, 0.103] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.118] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.027 [0.000, 0.124] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | |
| Number of participants | 935 | 791 | 791 | 791 | 791 | 791 |
| Number of observations | 24,382 | 21,305 | 21,305 | 21,305 | 21,305 | 21,305 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.182 [0.149, 0.214] | 0.185 [0.149, 0.222] | 0.187 [0.150, 0.223] | 0.186 [0.149, 0.223] | 0.185 [0.148, 0.221] | 0.187 [0.150, 0.224] |
| Family WP | 0.202 [0.143, 0.259] | 0.186 [0.120, 0.249] | 0.187 [0.122, 0.249] | 0.189 [0.125, 0.251] | 0.186 [0.121, 0.248] | 0.179 [0.116, 0.240] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.070 [0.028, 0.111] | 0.081 [0.034, 0.125] | 0.082 [0.035, 0.124] | 0.082 [0.035, 0.126] | 0.082 [0.036, 0.125] | 0.082 [0.035, 0.124] |
| Weekend WP | 0.123 [0.100, 0.146] | 0.122 [0.097, 0.148] | 0.122 [0.097, 0.148] | 0.122 [0.096, 0.148] | 0.122 [0.096, 0.148] | 0.122 [0.096, 0.148] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.195 [0.189, 0.200] | 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] | 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] | 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] | 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] | 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] |
| Family WP variance | 0.070 [0.068, 0.071] | 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] | 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] | 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] | 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] | 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.103 [0.100, 0.106] | 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] | 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] | 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] | 0.100 [0.097, 0.103] | 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.257 [0.250, 0.265] | 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] | 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] | 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] | 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] | 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] |
| R2 within | 0.082 [0.068, 0.099] | 0.085 [0.069, 0.104] | 0.086 [0.069, 0.104] | 0.085 [0.069, 0.104] | 0.085 [0.070, 0.103] | 0.085 [0.069, 0.103] |
| Close peers BP | -0.006 [-0.254, 0.244] | 0.068 [-0.232, 0.391] | 0.058 [-0.222, 0.357] | 0.096 [-0.187, 0.393] | 0.016 [-0.246, 0.294] | 0.074 [-0.213, 0.376] |
| Family BP | -0.255 [-0.747, 0.251] | -0.036 [-0.596, 0.538] | -0.085 [-0.636, 0.476] | -0.079 [-0.619, 0.482] | -0.146 [-0.667, 0.380] | -0.038 [-0.597, 0.530] |
| Weak ties BP | -0.138 [-0.778, 0.542] | -0.214 [-0.976, 0.511] | -0.314 [-1.046, 0.390] | -0.309 [-1.042, 0.380] | -0.475 [-1.180, 0.196] | -0.210 [-0.952, 0.502] |
| Personality trait | 0.012 [-0.054, 0.077] | 0.128 [0.046, 0.208] | 0.147 [0.066, 0.227] | -0.228 [-0.294, -0.162] | 0.030 [-0.058, 0.117] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052] | 0.015 [-0.042, 0.073] | -0.008 [-0.065, 0.050] | 0.048 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.011 [-0.049, 0.071] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.005 [-0.083, 0.070] | 0.026 [-0.076, 0.129] | -0.042 [-0.147, 0.061] | 0.018 [-0.068, 0.103] | -0.151 [-0.251, -0.051] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.018 [-0.076, 0.038] | 0.052 [-0.019, 0.126] | -0.022 [-0.096, 0.048] | 0.063 [0.006, 0.120] | -0.012 [-0.086, 0.066] | |
| Gender | -0.031 [-0.124, 0.060] | -0.068 [-0.173, 0.034] | -0.089 [-0.192, 0.011] | -0.094 [-0.198, 0.008] | 0.016 [-0.086, 0.115] | -0.063 [-0.169, 0.039] |
| Ethnicity | -0.101 [-0.200, -0.001] | -0.088 [-0.196, 0.020] | -0.078 [-0.184, 0.028] | -0.070 [-0.176, 0.038] | -0.031 [-0.133, 0.072] | -0.087 [-0.196, 0.022] |
| SES | -0.117 [-0.249, 0.020] | -0.101 [-0.248, 0.047] | -0.100 [-0.243, 0.045] | -0.080 [-0.224, 0.066] | -0.095 [-0.234, 0.043] | -0.099 [-0.246, 0.050] |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.034, -0.002] | -0.015 [-0.033, 0.001] | -0.016 [-0.033, 0.000] | -0.015 [-0.032, 0.001] | -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] | -0.015 [-0.033, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.035, 0.018] | -0.017 [-0.045, 0.011] | -0.018 [-0.046, 0.009] | -0.016 [-0.042, 0.011] | -0.015 [-0.041, 0.010] | -0.016 [-0.043, 0.010] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021] | -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021] | -0.043 [-0.064, -0.024] | -0.039 [-0.060, -0.020] | -0.033 [-0.053, -0.014] | -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.001, 0.037] | 0.022 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.022 [0.004, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.005, 0.044] | 0.022 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.024 [0.007, 0.046] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.009, 0.016] | 0.001 [-0.010, 0.016] | 0.001 [-0.009, 0.016] | 0.001 [-0.010, 0.015] | -0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] | 0.001 [-0.010, 0.016] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.022, 0.018] | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.030] | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.029] | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.030] | 0.007 [-0.014, 0.029] | 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.475 [0.450, 0.499] | 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] | 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] | 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] | 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] | 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.079, 0.104] | 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] | 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] | 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] | 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] | 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.131 [0.120, 0.143] | 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] | 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] | 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] | 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] | 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.135 [2.880, 3.383] | 3.116 [2.854, 3.402] | 3.144 [2.889, 3.419] | 3.105 [2.852, 3.378] | 3.087 [2.845, 3.346] | 3.108 [2.847, 3.387] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.053 [0.045, 0.063] | 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] | 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] |
| Family BP variance | 0.013 [0.011, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] | 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] | 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.198 [0.171, 0.232] | 0.183 [0.153, 0.219] | 0.176 [0.147, 0.210] | 0.174 [0.146, 0.209] | 0.155 [0.129, 0.185] | 0.183 [0.154, 0.219] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.022 [0.010, 0.037] | 0.027 [0.013, 0.045] | 0.026 [0.013, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.013, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.013, 0.043] | 0.027 [0.013, 0.045] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.067 [0.036, 0.108] | 0.072 [0.037, 0.122] | 0.071 [0.037, 0.121] | 0.071 [0.036, 0.120] | 0.072 [0.037, 0.121] | 0.062 [0.031, 0.108] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.020 [0.006, 0.040] | 0.022 [0.010, 0.043] | 0.023 [0.011, 0.043] | 0.022 [0.010, 0.043] | 0.020 [0.009, 0.040] | 0.022 [0.011, 0.043] |
| R2 between | 0.029 [0.009, 0.075] | 0.036 [0.011, 0.091] | 0.055 [0.022, 0.113] | 0.062 [0.025, 0.118] | 0.122 [0.069, 0.196] | 0.035 [0.011, 0.087] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.026 [0.000, 0.111] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.061] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.063 [0.006, 0.185] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.088] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.052 [0.001, 0.230] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.065] | |
| Number of participants | 419 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 | 307 |
| Number of observations | 9,995 | 7,791 | 7,791 | 7,791 | 7,791 | 7,791 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| Close peers WP | 0.442 [0.407, 0.476] | 0.450 [0.414, 0.486] | 0.450 [0.414, 0.486] | 0.450 [0.412, 0.485] | 0.448 [0.410, 0.485] | 0.448 [0.412, 0.485] |
| Family WP | 0.257 [0.209, 0.305] | 0.260 [0.208, 0.310] | 0.260 [0.209, 0.310] | 0.258 [0.208, 0.307] | 0.257 [0.209, 0.308] | 0.257 [0.206, 0.308] |
| Weak ties WP | 0.131 [0.084, 0.177] | 0.131 [0.084, 0.180] | 0.134 [0.085, 0.182] | 0.131 [0.085, 0.179] | 0.132 [0.084, 0.181] | 0.137 [0.088, 0.183] |
| Weekend WP | 0.238 [0.218, 0.257] | 0.242 [0.222, 0.262] | 0.244 [0.224, 0.263] | 0.243 [0.223, 0.263] | 0.242 [0.222, 0.262] | 0.242 [0.221, 0.262] |
| Close peers WP variance | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] | 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] |
| Family WP variance | 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] | 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] |
| Weak ties WP variance | 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] | 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.926 [0.915, 0.937] | 0.932 [0.920, 0.944] | 0.933 [0.921, 0.945] | 0.935 [0.923, 0.947] | 0.934 [0.922, 0.946] | 0.930 [0.918, 0.942] |
| R2 within | 0.071 [0.066, 0.076] | 0.073 [0.067, 0.078] | 0.073 [0.069, 0.079] | 0.073 [0.067, 0.078] | 0.072 [0.067, 0.078] | 0.073 [0.068, 0.078] |
| Close peers BP | 1.061 [0.756, 1.376] | 0.834 [0.521, 1.151] | 1.021 [0.696, 1.346] | 1.103 [0.787, 1.419] | 0.979 [0.691, 1.260] | 1.113 [0.787, 1.439] |
| Family BP | 1.088 [0.507, 1.675] | 1.062 [0.502, 1.609] | 1.055 [0.477, 1.633] | 1.121 [0.555, 1.689] | 1.000 [0.488, 1.519] | 1.133 [0.546, 1.715] |
| Weak ties BP | 0.087 [-0.962, 1.153] | 0.105 [-0.961, 1.160] | 0.299 [-0.799, 1.413] | 0.375 [-0.721, 1.448] | 0.695 [-0.283, 1.660] | 0.400 [-0.715, 1.481] |
| Personality trait | 0.347 [0.270, 0.426] | 0.253 [0.153, 0.352] | 0.211 [0.119, 0.302] | -0.507 [-0.576, -0.439] | 0.020 [-0.070, 0.109] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -0.022 [-0.073, 0.029] | -0.039 [-0.102, 0.026] | -0.061 [-0.117, -0.005] | 0.040 [-0.006, 0.086] | -0.004 [-0.059, 0.052] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.017 [-0.056, 0.088] | 0.011 [-0.073, 0.098] | -0.042 [-0.119, 0.034] | 0.001 [-0.063, 0.065] | 0.033 [-0.048, 0.112] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.012 [-0.081, 0.057] | 0.025 [-0.056, 0.108] | 0.013 [-0.059, 0.086] | 0.019 [-0.043, 0.078] | 0.029 [-0.047, 0.103] | |
| Gender | -0.216 [-0.339, -0.094] | -0.225 [-0.350, -0.105] | -0.269 [-0.397, -0.140] | -0.280 [-0.408, -0.150] | -0.001 [-0.121, 0.119] | -0.272 [-0.404, -0.143] |
| Ethnicity | -0.068 [-0.194, 0.059] | -0.041 [-0.168, 0.083] | -0.078 [-0.209, 0.052] | -0.050 [-0.183, 0.073] | -0.024 [-0.137, 0.090] | -0.090 [-0.221, 0.040] |
| SES | -0.083 [-0.236, 0.066] | -0.074 [-0.222, 0.078] | -0.060 [-0.213, 0.095] | -0.068 [-0.220, 0.089] | -0.094 [-0.236, 0.045] | -0.056 [-0.218, 0.105] |
| Well-being - Close peers WP covariance | -0.062 [-0.093, -0.033] | -0.056 [-0.086, -0.026] | -0.056 [-0.088, -0.027] | -0.052 [-0.083, -0.022] | -0.049 [-0.077, -0.022] | -0.060 [-0.091, -0.029] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | -0.045 [-0.088, -0.005] | -0.039 [-0.078, -0.001] | -0.038 [-0.080, 0.003] | -0.032 [-0.072, 0.008] | -0.032 [-0.069, 0.002] | -0.039 [-0.081, 0.001] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.052 [-0.091, -0.012] | -0.040 [-0.077, -0.005] | -0.043 [-0.085, -0.004] | -0.043 [-0.083, -0.005] | -0.037 [-0.072, -0.003] | -0.040 [-0.082, 0.000] |
| Close peers WP - Family WP covariance | 0.028 [0.004, 0.052] | 0.028 [0.003, 0.052] | 0.027 [0.003, 0.052] | 0.026 [0.001, 0.051] | 0.029 [0.004, 0.055] | 0.027 [0.002, 0.052] |
| Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.019 [-0.003, 0.041] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] | 0.024 [0.002, 0.049] | 0.025 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.024 [-0.001, 0.048] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.008, 0.052] | 0.016 [-0.014, 0.047] | 0.015 [-0.016, 0.047] | 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047] | 0.017 [-0.017, 0.049] | 0.018 [-0.013, 0.049] |
| Close peers BP mean | 0.258 [0.243, 0.273] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.274] | 0.259 [0.243, 0.275] | 0.258 [0.242, 0.274] | 0.258 [0.243, 0.274] | 0.258 [0.243, 0.274] |
| Family BP mean | 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] | 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] |
| Weak ties BP mean | 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] | 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] |
| Intercept well-being | 0.776 [0.546, 1.002] | 0.809 [0.588, 1.038] | 0.793 [0.554, 1.032] | 0.755 [0.523, 0.989] | 0.590 [0.383, 0.799] | 0.765 [0.532, 1.004] |
| Close peers BP variance | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.041, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] | 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] |
| Family BP variance | 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] | 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] |
| Weak ties BP variance | 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] | 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.697 [0.632, 0.772] | 0.580 [0.523, 0.647] | 0.623 [0.561, 0.695] | 0.620 [0.557, 0.689] | 0.491 [0.441, 0.547] | 0.641 [0.576, 0.713] |
| Slope Close peers WP residual variance | 0.115 [0.093, 0.139] | 0.117 [0.094, 0.145] | 0.116 [0.092, 0.142] | 0.115 [0.093, 0.142] | 0.116 [0.093, 0.143] | 0.116 [0.093, 0.144] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.159 [0.123, 0.203] | 0.165 [0.127, 0.210] | 0.166 [0.128, 0.213] | 0.164 [0.125, 0.210] | 0.166 [0.126, 0.213] | 0.166 [0.127, 0.211] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.068 [0.034, 0.105] | 0.070 [0.037, 0.111] | 0.068 [0.040, 0.107] | 0.069 [0.037, 0.108] | 0.067 [0.032, 0.109] | 0.065 [0.034, 0.106] |
| R2 between | 0.097 [0.054, 0.150] | 0.131 [0.088, 0.184] | 0.121 [0.072, 0.179] | 0.131 [0.080, 0.191] | 0.230 [0.181, 0.284] | 0.119 [0.068, 0.178] |
| R2 Close peers WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| Number of participants | 850 | 752 | 747 | 751 | 751 | 749 |
| Number of observations | 55,229 | 49,538 | 49,324 | 49,510 | 49,507 | 49,430 |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.247 [-0.272, -0.221] | -0.241 [-0.268, -0.213] | -0.241 [-0.268, -0.212] | -0.241 [-0.268, -0.212] | -0.241 [-0.268, -0.213] | -0.241 [-0.269, -0.213] |
| Mixed WP | -0.013 [-0.039, 0.014] | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.010 [-0.040, 0.021] | -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019] | -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] |
| Family WP | -0.014 [-0.052, 0.022] | 0.003 [-0.037, 0.044] | 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043] | 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043] | 0.001 [-0.039, 0.041] | 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.207 [-0.235, -0.180] | -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] | -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] | -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] | -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] | -0.207 [-0.236, -0.178] |
| Weekend WP | 0.054 [0.036, 0.073] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] | 0.052 [0.033, 0.072] | 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.233 [0.227, 0.238] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] | 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] |
| R2 within | 0.099 [0.089, 0.109] | 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] | 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] | 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] | 0.100 [0.091, 0.111] | 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] |
| Personality trait | 0.078 [0.039, 0.117] | 0.155 [0.104, 0.208] | 0.110 [0.059, 0.162] | -0.251 [-0.290, -0.210] | 0.009 [-0.042, 0.063] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.008 [-0.025, 0.041] | 0.000 [-0.044, 0.045] | 0.037 [-0.006, 0.079] | -0.032 [-0.067, 0.004] | -0.020 [-0.064, 0.024] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.007 [-0.030, 0.042] | 0.007 [-0.042, 0.053] | 0.018 [-0.031, 0.064] | 0.016 [-0.023, 0.054] | -0.005 [-0.057, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.015 [-0.031, 0.062] | 0.011 [-0.051, 0.072] | 0.005 [-0.056, 0.067] | 0.016 [-0.038, 0.070] | 0.010 [-0.054, 0.077] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.015 [-0.020, 0.051] | -0.005 [-0.051, 0.041] | 0.026 [-0.019, 0.075] | -0.026 [-0.064, 0.011] | -0.020 [-0.067, 0.028] | |
| Gender | -0.002 [-0.062, 0.060] | -0.037 [-0.104, 0.029] | -0.047 [-0.113, 0.018] | -0.035 [-0.102, 0.030] | 0.044 [-0.017, 0.105] | -0.024 [-0.092, 0.042] |
| Ethnicity | -0.080 [-0.145, -0.015] | -0.076 [-0.143, -0.007] | -0.069 [-0.134, -0.001] | -0.060 [-0.127, 0.010] | -0.080 [-0.141, -0.016] | -0.089 [-0.155, -0.019] |
| SES | -0.013 [-0.104, 0.076] | -0.024 [-0.117, 0.071] | -0.008 [-0.099, 0.085] | -0.007 [-0.100, 0.087] | -0.010 [-0.095, 0.076] | -0.013 [-0.106, 0.082] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.024 [0.011, 0.037] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.035] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.035] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.033] | 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] | 0.022 [0.009, 0.036] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.006, 0.021] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.021] | 0.006 [-0.009, 0.021] | 0.005 [-0.010, 0.020] | 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] | 0.006 [-0.009, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] | 0.000 [-0.017, 0.017] | 0.000 [-0.018, 0.017] | 0.000 [-0.017, 0.018] | 0.003 [-0.013, 0.020] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.018] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015] | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] | 0.000 [-0.014, 0.014] | -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.009] | 0.000 [-0.014, 0.014] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.035] | 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] | 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] | 0.023 [0.012, 0.035] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.017, 0.010] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.008] | -0.006 [-0.021, 0.007] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.029 [0.018, 0.040] | 0.029 [0.019, 0.042] | 0.030 [0.019, 0.042] | 0.029 [0.019, 0.041] | 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] | 0.030 [0.019, 0.042] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.009 [-0.023, 0.009] | -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] | -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] | -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] | -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] | -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.017 [0.008, 0.028] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.031] | 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] | 0.021 [0.010, 0.031] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.060 [2.952, 3.170] | 3.100 [2.986, 3.213] | 3.088 [2.975, 3.200] | 3.073 [2.958, 3.187] | 3.038 [2.932, 3.145] | 3.089 [2.974, 3.204] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.199 [0.180, 0.220] | 0.189 [0.170, 0.212] | 0.184 [0.165, 0.206] | 0.189 [0.169, 0.211] | 0.158 [0.142, 0.177] | 0.193 [0.173, 0.217] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.036, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.034, 0.064] | 0.049 [0.034, 0.064] | 0.048 [0.033, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.033, 0.063] | 0.049 [0.034, 0.064] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.021 [0.010, 0.037] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.053 [0.030, 0.076] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] | 0.049 [0.028, 0.074] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.036 [0.023, 0.051] | 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.024, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] | 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] |
| R2 between | 0.005 [0.001, 0.014] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.032] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.049] | 0.017 [0.007, 0.032] | 0.110 [0.079, 0.142] | 0.007 [0.002, 0.018] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| Number of participants | 932 | 790 | 790 | 790 | 790 | 790 |
| Number of observations | 16,664 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.252 [-0.295, -0.208] | -0.238 [-0.285, -0.191] | -0.239 [-0.286, -0.192] | -0.238 [-0.286, -0.191] | -0.239 [-0.286, -0.193] | -0.239 [-0.286, -0.193] |
| Mixed WP | -0.047 [-0.095, 0.000] | -0.066 [-0.117, -0.014] | -0.068 [-0.119, -0.015] | -0.074 [-0.124, -0.023] | -0.068 [-0.119, -0.016] | -0.071 [-0.123, -0.016] |
| Family WP | 0.030 [-0.028, 0.088] | 0.012 [-0.050, 0.077] | 0.016 [-0.046, 0.080] | 0.017 [-0.046, 0.081] | 0.015 [-0.048, 0.077] | 0.004 [-0.055, 0.066] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.170 [-0.213, -0.125] | -0.161 [-0.215, -0.108] | -0.162 [-0.216, -0.109] | -0.160 [-0.215, -0.107] | -0.162 [-0.216, -0.109] | -0.161 [-0.216, -0.108] |
| Weekend WP | 0.109 [0.081, 0.138] | 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] | 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] | 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] | 0.113 [0.081, 0.146] | 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.246 [0.237, 0.255] | 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] | 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] | 0.247 [0.236, 0.257] |
| R2 within | 0.105 [0.092, 0.121] | 0.100 [0.082, 0.117] | 0.098 [0.081, 0.117] | 0.099 [0.082, 0.116] | 0.099 [0.082, 0.117] | 0.098 [0.082, 0.116] |
| Personality trait | 0.007 [-0.051, 0.067] | 0.135 [0.057, 0.213] | 0.123 [0.046, 0.201] | -0.197 [-0.262, -0.133] | 0.022 [-0.058, 0.107] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.044 [-0.011, 0.098] | -0.017 [-0.094, 0.059] | 0.037 [-0.038, 0.112] | -0.081 [-0.144, -0.017] | -0.029 [-0.103, 0.044] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.020 [-0.088, 0.054] | 0.026 [-0.061, 0.107] | 0.099 [0.015, 0.185] | -0.044 [-0.116, 0.023] | -0.030 [-0.121, 0.063] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.020 [-0.098, 0.051] | 0.017 [-0.092, 0.127] | -0.032 [-0.142, 0.076] | -0.044 [-0.126, 0.043] | -0.163 [-0.260, -0.068] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.023 [-0.089, 0.042] | 0.060 [-0.032, 0.151] | 0.010 [-0.076, 0.093] | -0.046 [-0.117, 0.023] | -0.028 [-0.114, 0.053] | |
| Gender | -0.037 [-0.127, 0.055] | -0.054 [-0.156, 0.050] | -0.076 [-0.177, 0.026] | -0.075 [-0.177, 0.029] | 0.019 [-0.080, 0.119] | -0.051 [-0.153, 0.056] |
| Ethnicity | -0.110 [-0.206, -0.016] | -0.103 [-0.211, 0.004] | -0.090 [-0.195, 0.014] | -0.087 [-0.194, 0.019] | -0.049 [-0.152, 0.054] | -0.101 [-0.207, 0.006] |
| SES | -0.113 [-0.244, 0.021] | -0.091 [-0.239, 0.055] | -0.090 [-0.234, 0.054] | -0.075 [-0.220, 0.071] | -0.086 [-0.227, 0.051] | -0.089 [-0.237, 0.059] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.024 [0.005, 0.045] | 0.028 [0.007, 0.050] | 0.029 [0.008, 0.050] | 0.026 [0.005, 0.048] | 0.019 [-0.001, 0.038] | 0.028 [0.007, 0.050] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.015, 0.028] | 0.016 [-0.008, 0.044] | 0.014 [-0.009, 0.042] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.038] | 0.010 [-0.013, 0.037] | 0.016 [-0.007, 0.044] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.018, 0.033] | -0.005 [-0.032, 0.023] | -0.006 [-0.033, 0.021] | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021] | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] | -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.042, 0.001] | -0.018 [-0.043, 0.005] | -0.021 [-0.045, 0.001] | -0.019 [-0.043, 0.004] | -0.026 [-0.050, -0.004] | -0.019 [-0.043, 0.004] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.034 [0.017, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.013, 0.053] | 0.026 [0.010, 0.050] | 0.025 [0.009, 0.048] | 0.024 [0.009, 0.048] | 0.027 [0.011, 0.051] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.037, 0.007] | -0.009 [-0.033, 0.013] | -0.008 [-0.030, 0.015] | -0.007 [-0.031, 0.015] | -0.010 [-0.034, 0.012] | -0.011 [-0.034, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.020 [-0.001, 0.044] | 0.016 [-0.005, 0.039] | 0.014 [-0.007, 0.037] | 0.015 [-0.006, 0.039] | 0.013 [-0.008, 0.035] | 0.014 [-0.006, 0.039] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.040, 0.002] | -0.010 [-0.034, 0.013] | -0.008 [-0.031, 0.016] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.016] | -0.010 [-0.033, 0.012] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.014] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.001, 0.034] | 0.008 [-0.013, 0.029] | 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] | 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030] | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.027] | 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.012 [-0.031, 0.012] | -0.002 [-0.025, 0.028] | -0.001 [-0.024, 0.030] | 0.000 [-0.023, 0.031] | -0.003 [-0.025, 0.025] | -0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.150 [2.991, 3.306] | 3.167 [2.988, 3.345] | 3.171 [2.997, 3.344] | 3.154 [2.976, 3.328] | 3.079 [2.907, 3.249] | 3.161 [2.977, 3.339] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.186 [0.160, 0.218] | 0.171 [0.143, 0.206] | 0.163 [0.136, 0.197] | 0.165 [0.137, 0.199] | 0.151 [0.125, 0.182] | 0.171 [0.142, 0.206] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.067 [0.045, 0.094] | 0.047 [0.027, 0.074] | 0.047 [0.028, 0.074] | 0.047 [0.027, 0.074] | 0.044 [0.025, 0.070] | 0.045 [0.025, 0.073] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.033 [0.015, 0.063] | 0.030 [0.012, 0.065] | 0.028 [0.012, 0.062] | 0.026 [0.010, 0.058] | 0.027 [0.010, 0.061] | 0.029 [0.012, 0.064] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.050 [0.021, 0.084] | 0.051 [0.021, 0.095] | 0.049 [0.020, 0.093] | 0.049 [0.021, 0.094] | 0.049 [0.021, 0.094] | 0.036 [0.013, 0.076] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.047 [0.026, 0.077] | 0.051 [0.025, 0.086] | 0.048 [0.024, 0.084] | 0.049 [0.024, 0.084] | 0.049 [0.025, 0.084] | 0.051 [0.026, 0.086] |
| R2 between | 0.015 [0.003, 0.038] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.045] | 0.036 [0.012, 0.071] | 0.033 [0.011, 0.066] | 0.080 [0.040, 0.130] | 0.017 [0.003, 0.044] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.068] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.042 [0.002, 0.130] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.043] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.067 [0.002, 0.290] | 0.021 [0.000, 0.158] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.093] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.117 [0.018, 0.354] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.013 [0.000, 0.081] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] | |
| Number of participants | 414 | 305 | 305 | 305 | 305 | 305 |
| Number of observations | 6,722 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.338 [-0.389, -0.289] | -0.335 [-0.392, -0.277] | -0.329 [-0.386, -0.275] | -0.337 [-0.392, -0.283] | -0.331 [-0.385, -0.277] | -0.333 [-0.389, -0.277] |
| Mixed WP | -0.015 [-0.074, 0.046] | -0.011 [-0.078, 0.049] | -0.017 [-0.081, 0.042] | -0.012 [-0.078, 0.052] | -0.015 [-0.081, 0.049] | -0.019 [-0.082, 0.043] |
| Family WP | -0.287 [-0.352, -0.221] | -0.299 [-0.368, -0.231] | -0.294 [-0.364, -0.224] | -0.297 [-0.368, -0.228] | -0.291 [-0.361, -0.222] | -0.297 [-0.369, -0.227] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.235 [-0.294, -0.174] | -0.244 [-0.307, -0.175] | -0.245 [-0.309, -0.178] | -0.239 [-0.305, -0.175] | -0.238 [-0.304, -0.173] | -0.237 [-0.303, -0.166] |
| Weekend WP | 0.245 [0.213, 0.276] | 0.254 [0.221, 0.287] | 0.255 [0.222, 0.287] | 0.255 [0.223, 0.288] | 0.254 [0.222, 0.287] | 0.252 [0.220, 0.285] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.950 [0.931, 0.970] | 0.959 [0.939, 0.980] | 0.960 [0.939, 0.981] | 0.961 [0.940, 0.981] | 0.960 [0.940, 0.981] | 0.955 [0.935, 0.977] |
| R2 within | 0.083 [0.075, 0.092] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] | 0.087 [0.079, 0.095] | 0.088 [0.080, 0.096] | 0.087 [0.079, 0.096] | 0.087 [0.079, 0.096] |
| Personality trait | 0.371 [0.292, 0.448] | 0.276 [0.174, 0.378] | 0.200 [0.108, 0.293] | -0.500 [-0.570, -0.430] | 0.044 [-0.048, 0.136] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.060 [-0.017, 0.137] | -0.028 [-0.123, 0.070] | 0.097 [0.013, 0.180] | -0.087 [-0.158, -0.019] | 0.002 [-0.081, 0.083] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.066 [-0.152, 0.020] | -0.060 [-0.169, 0.046] | -0.039 [-0.137, 0.058] | 0.034 [-0.052, 0.115] | 0.011 [-0.076, 0.103] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.099 [0.000, 0.198] | 0.051 [-0.073, 0.174] | 0.048 [-0.059, 0.156] | -0.097 [-0.184, -0.007] | 0.012 [-0.096, 0.123] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.036 [-0.056, 0.127] | 0.071 [-0.038, 0.182] | 0.039 [-0.058, 0.140] | -0.024 [-0.101, 0.056] | 0.057 [-0.040, 0.159] | |
| Gender | -0.127 [-0.253, -0.004] | -0.148 [-0.272, -0.027] | -0.179 [-0.308, -0.049] | -0.183 [-0.310, -0.057] | 0.075 [-0.046, 0.192] | -0.173 [-0.304, -0.042] |
| Ethnicity | -0.126 [-0.251, 0.001] | -0.066 [-0.190, 0.058] | -0.126 [-0.254, 0.003] | -0.104 [-0.232, 0.025] | -0.070 [-0.186, 0.047] | -0.140 [-0.269, -0.011] |
| SES | -0.052 [-0.206, 0.101] | -0.055 [-0.205, 0.098] | -0.033 [-0.192, 0.125] | -0.030 [-0.191, 0.128] | -0.067 [-0.214, 0.074] | -0.030 [-0.194, 0.135] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.081 [0.036, 0.128] | 0.069 [0.026, 0.113] | 0.083 [0.038, 0.130] | 0.072 [0.028, 0.117] | 0.059 [0.020, 0.099] | 0.081 [0.034, 0.130] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.060, 0.047] | 0.002 [-0.049, 0.050] | -0.007 [-0.056, 0.045] | -0.010 [-0.060, 0.042] | 0.001 [-0.045, 0.047] | -0.010 [-0.062, 0.040] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.082 [0.026, 0.138] | 0.072 [0.018, 0.129] | 0.083 [0.026, 0.142] | 0.083 [0.025, 0.142] | 0.062 [0.012, 0.112] | 0.088 [0.029, 0.148] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.076, 0.034] | -0.020 [-0.072, 0.029] | -0.019 [-0.072, 0.033] | -0.018 [-0.072, 0.035] | -0.021 [-0.070, 0.027] | -0.014 [-0.066, 0.038] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.062 [0.023, 0.106] | 0.070 [0.032, 0.112] | 0.064 [0.024, 0.110] | 0.068 [0.029, 0.114] | 0.064 [0.027, 0.112] | 0.069 [0.028, 0.113] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.066 [0.018, 0.115] | 0.074 [0.022, 0.131] | 0.076 [0.027, 0.131] | 0.071 [0.025, 0.127] | 0.067 [0.022, 0.123] | 0.077 [0.028, 0.129] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.061, 0.024] | -0.021 [-0.070, 0.026] | -0.020 [-0.068, 0.028] | -0.022 [-0.074, 0.024] | -0.023 [-0.074, 0.024] | -0.020 [-0.069, 0.028] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.039, 0.060] | 0.020 [-0.040, 0.082] | 0.012 [-0.044, 0.071] | 0.016 [-0.037, 0.077] | 0.012 [-0.041, 0.073] | 0.011 [-0.041, 0.075] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.030 [-0.076, 0.014] | -0.030 [-0.089, 0.025] | -0.035 [-0.093, 0.015] | -0.034 [-0.085, 0.020] | -0.034 [-0.086, 0.020] | -0.030 [-0.085, 0.028] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.105 [0.052, 0.164] | 0.098 [0.034, 0.163] | 0.097 [0.041, 0.160] | 0.100 [0.041, 0.162] | 0.098 [0.040, 0.160] | 0.102 [0.041, 0.166] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.305 [1.111, 1.505] | 1.278 [1.079, 1.478] | 1.321 [1.114, 1.527] | 1.304 [1.097, 1.511] | 1.134 [0.945, 1.323] | 1.325 [1.112, 1.542] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.676 [0.608, 0.753] | 0.555 [0.496, 0.622] | 0.605 [0.540, 0.677] | 0.607 [0.543, 0.683] | 0.480 [0.427, 0.540] | 0.627 [0.560, 0.703] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.137 [0.089, 0.190] | 0.146 [0.098, 0.204] | 0.140 [0.093, 0.196] | 0.137 [0.084, 0.193] | 0.136 [0.083, 0.195] | 0.145 [0.097, 0.200] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.100 [0.054, 0.157] | 0.111 [0.066, 0.168] | 0.109 [0.063, 0.168] | 0.112 [0.069, 0.173] | 0.111 [0.067, 0.172] | 0.114 [0.069, 0.170] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.293 [0.226, 0.375] | 0.313 [0.238, 0.404] | 0.315 [0.242, 0.401] | 0.318 [0.243, 0.408] | 0.311 [0.240, 0.398] | 0.324 [0.248, 0.414] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.164 [0.110, 0.236] | 0.158 [0.095, 0.233] | 0.152 [0.094, 0.225] | 0.163 [0.107, 0.237] | 0.163 [0.108, 0.236] | 0.160 [0.102, 0.235] |
| R2 between | 0.007 [0.001, 0.017] | 0.066 [0.044, 0.093] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.050] | 0.022 [0.010, 0.041] | 0.147 [0.110, 0.186] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.025] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.018 [0.001, 0.060] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.056] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.008 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| Number of participants | 843 | 746 | 741 | 745 | 745 | 743 |
| Number of observations | 21,096 | 19,133 | 19,070 | 19,129 | 19,121 | 19,079 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Parameter | Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.241 [-0.267, -0.216] | -0.235 [-0.264, -0.208] | -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] | -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] | -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] | -0.236 [-0.264, -0.208] |
| Mixed WP | -0.012 [-0.038, 0.015] | -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019] | -0.012 [-0.043, 0.019] | -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] | -0.013 [-0.043, 0.018] | -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019] |
| Family WP | 0.003 [-0.039, 0.042] | 0.019 [-0.024, 0.061] | 0.019 [-0.024, 0.061] | 0.020 [-0.022, 0.062] | 0.015 [-0.028, 0.059] | 0.019 [-0.024, 0.060] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.177 [-0.204, -0.149] | -0.175 [-0.205, -0.145] | -0.174 [-0.204, -0.143] | -0.174 [-0.204, -0.144] | -0.175 [-0.205, -0.144] | -0.175 [-0.204, -0.144] |
| CMC * Family WP | -0.081 [-0.167, 0.012] | -0.097 [-0.192, 0.002] | -0.092 [-0.187, 0.004] | -0.092 [-0.186, 0.003] | -0.088 [-0.181, 0.007] | -0.089 [-0.181, 0.006] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.169 [0.099, 0.245] | 0.174 [0.098, 0.250] | 0.174 [0.094, 0.250] | 0.175 [0.096, 0.252] | 0.172 [0.093, 0.249] | 0.173 [0.093, 0.250] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.050 [-0.115, 0.187] | -0.014 [-0.183, 0.156] | -0.003 [-0.169, 0.166] | 0.014 [-0.156, 0.184] | -0.008 [-0.186, 0.156] | -0.009 [-0.175, 0.158] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.078 [-0.019, 0.166] | 0.092 [0.006, 0.181] | 0.079 [-0.011, 0.170] | 0.083 [-0.006, 0.170] | 0.086 [-0.003, 0.176] | 0.080 [-0.013, 0.172] |
| Weekend WP | 0.050 [0.032, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] | 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.228 [0.222, 0.233] | 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] | 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] | 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] | 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] | 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] |
| R2 within | 0.118 [0.109, 0.128] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] | 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] |
| Personality trait | 0.079 [0.039, 0.118] | 0.156 [0.103, 0.208] | 0.110 [0.058, 0.162] | -0.251 [-0.291, -0.211] | 0.011 [-0.043, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.015 [-0.019, 0.049] | -0.001 [-0.045, 0.043] | 0.033 [-0.010, 0.077] | -0.035 [-0.071, 0.003] | -0.012 [-0.058, 0.035] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.005 [-0.032, 0.044] | 0.012 [-0.039, 0.064] | 0.007 [-0.042, 0.058] | 0.011 [-0.029, 0.051] | -0.004 [-0.053, 0.046] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.017 [-0.034, 0.068] | 0.015 [-0.048, 0.081] | -0.010 [-0.074, 0.058] | 0.019 [-0.037, 0.075] | -0.002 [-0.070, 0.066] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | 0.021 [-0.017, 0.058] | 0.005 [-0.043, 0.054] | 0.033 [-0.016, 0.085] | -0.025 [-0.062, 0.014] | -0.017 [-0.067, 0.033] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | 0.033 [-0.079, 0.143] | -0.047 [-0.206, 0.100] | 0.031 [-0.119, 0.178] | -0.059 [-0.186, 0.066] | 0.171 [0.019, 0.320] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.079 [-0.019, 0.188] | -0.017 [-0.144, 0.114] | 0.048 [-0.081, 0.183] | -0.001 [-0.103, 0.103] | 0.061 [-0.078, 0.195] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | 0.066 [-0.128, 0.250] | 0.066 [-0.189, 0.303] | -0.174 [-0.466, 0.093] | -0.065 [-0.301, 0.166] | 0.081 [-0.183, 0.348] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.084 [-0.198, 0.035] | 0.151 [0.004, 0.300] | 0.029 [-0.127, 0.184] | -0.041 [-0.160, 0.085] | -0.045 [-0.197, 0.102] | |
| Gender | 0.000 [-0.062, 0.055] | -0.038 [-0.106, 0.026] | -0.047 [-0.115, 0.017] | -0.036 [-0.103, 0.028] | 0.045 [-0.017, 0.105] | -0.025 [-0.092, 0.042] |
| Ethnicity | -0.085 [-0.154, -0.023] | -0.081 [-0.149, -0.012] | -0.073 [-0.139, -0.005] | -0.063 [-0.131, 0.007] | -0.084 [-0.146, -0.020] | -0.093 [-0.161, -0.024] |
| SES | -0.023 [-0.108, 0.066] | -0.029 [-0.122, 0.063] | -0.010 [-0.102, 0.081] | -0.009 [-0.101, 0.083] | -0.012 [-0.098, 0.075] | -0.015 [-0.108, 0.079] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.022 [0.009, 0.035] | 0.020 [0.007, 0.034] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.034] | 0.019 [0.006, 0.033] | 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] | 0.021 [0.008, 0.035] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.010 [-0.004, 0.025] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025] | 0.011 [-0.005, 0.025] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025] | 0.013 [-0.002, 0.028] | 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] | 0.000 [-0.019, 0.019] | -0.001 [-0.019, 0.018] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.021] | 0.003 [-0.014, 0.021] | 0.001 [-0.017, 0.021] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.007 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.009 [-0.024, 0.005] | -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] | -0.009 [-0.023, 0.005] | -0.011 [-0.024, 0.002] | -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.044, 0.037] | 0.003 [-0.040, 0.046] | 0.009 [-0.033, 0.052] | 0.003 [-0.040, 0.046] | -0.002 [-0.042, 0.037] | 0.003 [-0.041, 0.046] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.032 [-0.069, 0.008] | -0.033 [-0.073, 0.005] | -0.028 [-0.067, 0.010] | -0.029 [-0.069, 0.009] | -0.028 [-0.064, 0.007] | -0.028 [-0.070, 0.010] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.059 [-0.014, 0.121] | 0.054 [-0.028, 0.139] | 0.051 [-0.030, 0.134] | 0.062 [-0.022, 0.147] | 0.041 [-0.036, 0.125] | 0.049 [-0.033, 0.134] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.007 [-0.042, 0.048] | 0.004 [-0.044, 0.058] | -0.008 [-0.052, 0.046] | -0.008 [-0.053, 0.049] | -0.010 [-0.051, 0.044] | -0.005 [-0.051, 0.052] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] | 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] | -0.004 [-0.019, 0.010] | -0.005 [-0.021, 0.010] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.032] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.033] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.033] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.031] | 0.019 [0.007, 0.033] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.017 [-0.013, 0.047] | 0.019 [-0.017, 0.051] | 0.019 [-0.015, 0.052] | 0.018 [-0.017, 0.051] | 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051] | 0.020 [-0.014, 0.052] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.044 [-0.068, -0.019] | -0.029 [-0.055, -0.003] | -0.029 [-0.056, -0.002] | -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001] | -0.028 [-0.054, -0.002] | -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.015 [-0.030, 0.056] | 0.036 [-0.019, 0.094] | 0.033 [-0.022, 0.091] | 0.036 [-0.018, 0.092] | 0.033 [-0.024, 0.090] | 0.036 [-0.018, 0.093] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.017 [-0.046, 0.014] | -0.012 [-0.045, 0.020] | -0.011 [-0.047, 0.019] | -0.010 [-0.046, 0.021] | -0.010 [-0.046, 0.018] | -0.011 [-0.047, 0.019] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] | -0.005 [-0.018, 0.009] | -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.010 [0.001, 0.019] | 0.015 [0.002, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.002, 0.026] | 0.016 [0.004, 0.027] | 0.015 [0.003, 0.026] | 0.015 [0.002, 0.026] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.012, 0.049] | 0.027 [-0.005, 0.061] | 0.027 [-0.006, 0.062] | 0.027 [-0.004, 0.061] | 0.028 [-0.005, 0.061] | 0.027 [-0.004, 0.061] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.045, 0.002] | -0.008 [-0.034, 0.017] | -0.007 [-0.034, 0.020] | -0.006 [-0.033, 0.021] | -0.006 [-0.036, 0.018] | -0.006 [-0.034, 0.021] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.018, 0.062] | 0.043 [-0.003, 0.096] | 0.044 [0.000, 0.099] | 0.044 [0.000, 0.098] | 0.043 [-0.002, 0.100] | 0.043 [-0.002, 0.097] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.040, 0.004] | -0.014 [-0.041, 0.012] | -0.012 [-0.038, 0.013] | -0.012 [-0.039, 0.012] | -0.013 [-0.038, 0.011] | -0.014 [-0.040, 0.012] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.003 [-0.016, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.017, 0.014] | -0.003 [-0.017, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.016, 0.013] | -0.003 [-0.017, 0.013] | -0.002 [-0.016, 0.014] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.001 [-0.038, 0.034] | -0.001 [-0.039, 0.037] | -0.001 [-0.039, 0.036] | 0.000 [-0.036, 0.037] | -0.001 [-0.039, 0.036] | -0.001 [-0.037, 0.035] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.025 [-0.013, 0.061] | 0.024 [-0.012, 0.062] | 0.024 [-0.012, 0.063] | 0.024 [-0.012, 0.063] | 0.025 [-0.011, 0.063] | 0.025 [-0.011, 0.065] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.042 [-0.003, 0.091] | 0.048 [-0.010, 0.108] | 0.045 [-0.011, 0.104] | 0.049 [-0.006, 0.113] | 0.050 [-0.005, 0.107] | 0.049 [-0.006, 0.108] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.027, 0.043] | 0.013 [-0.030, 0.051] | 0.012 [-0.029, 0.049] | 0.013 [-0.024, 0.050] | 0.011 [-0.025, 0.050] | 0.014 [-0.024, 0.052] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.025, 0.033] | 0.015 [-0.018, 0.046] | 0.015 [-0.018, 0.047] | 0.016 [-0.017, 0.048] | 0.016 [-0.017, 0.045] | 0.017 [-0.016, 0.049] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.021 [-0.041, 0.004] | -0.014 [-0.037, 0.013] | -0.014 [-0.037, 0.012] | -0.012 [-0.036, 0.013] | -0.014 [-0.037, 0.011] | -0.013 [-0.036, 0.015] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.061, 0.043] | -0.004 [-0.050, 0.047] | 0.000 [-0.050, 0.049] | 0.000 [-0.048, 0.050] | -0.001 [-0.050, 0.050] | 0.000 [-0.049, 0.049] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.002 [-0.021, 0.025] | -0.007 [-0.029, 0.022] | -0.008 [-0.030, 0.021] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.021] | -0.008 [-0.029, 0.018] | -0.007 [-0.030, 0.023] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.067 [-0.013, 0.154] | 0.082 [-0.004, 0.163] | 0.082 [0.000, 0.165] | 0.084 [0.001, 0.165] | 0.086 [0.002, 0.169] | 0.081 [-0.001, 0.163] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.105 [-0.014, 0.231] | 0.133 [0.013, 0.289] | 0.130 [0.009, 0.287] | 0.132 [0.014, 0.289] | 0.128 [0.012, 0.282] | 0.127 [0.009, 0.282] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.013 [-0.093, 0.070] | -0.020 [-0.092, 0.064] | -0.019 [-0.093, 0.057] | -0.020 [-0.091, 0.059] | -0.023 [-0.098, 0.063] | -0.019 [-0.092, 0.063] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.082 [-0.044, 0.213] | 0.101 [-0.027, 0.230] | 0.097 [-0.024, 0.224] | 0.108 [-0.017, 0.235] | 0.103 [-0.021, 0.232] | 0.101 [-0.021, 0.227] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.046 [-0.023, 0.120] | 0.044 [-0.020, 0.127] | 0.045 [-0.015, 0.125] | 0.042 [-0.016, 0.123] | 0.040 [-0.025, 0.118] | 0.047 [-0.014, 0.130] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [-0.071, 0.122] | 0.025 [-0.085, 0.154] | 0.026 [-0.079, 0.152] | 0.030 [-0.076, 0.155] | 0.024 [-0.080, 0.134] | 0.028 [-0.087, 0.153] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.077 [2.972, 3.186] | 3.116 [3.003, 3.231] | 3.101 [2.989, 3.214] | 3.087 [2.972, 3.200] | 3.051 [2.943, 3.157] | 3.104 [2.988, 3.219] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.198 [0.179, 0.221] | 0.189 [0.169, 0.211] | 0.184 [0.164, 0.206] | 0.188 [0.168, 0.211] | 0.157 [0.140, 0.177] | 0.193 [0.173, 0.216] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.062] | 0.047 [0.034, 0.062] | 0.048 [0.035, 0.062] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.029 [0.016, 0.044] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.048] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.049] | 0.031 [0.019, 0.048] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.048] | 0.031 [0.018, 0.048] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.049 [0.031, 0.075] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.069] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.068] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.069] | 0.042 [0.018, 0.069] | 0.042 [0.022, 0.069] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.024 [0.010, 0.039] | 0.028 [0.016, 0.044] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.044] | 0.028 [0.016, 0.044] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.043] | 0.028 [0.015, 0.044] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.195 [0.102, 0.328] | 0.211 [0.116, 0.335] | 0.210 [0.118, 0.336] | 0.206 [0.112, 0.328] | 0.210 [0.114, 0.334] | 0.203 [0.111, 0.324] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.191 [0.116, 0.287] | 0.188 [0.109, 0.293] | 0.191 [0.113, 0.297] | 0.188 [0.108, 0.292] | 0.193 [0.116, 0.299] | 0.192 [0.113, 0.300] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.287 [0.145, 0.488] | 0.428 [0.215, 0.768] | 0.416 [0.211, 0.761] | 0.429 [0.225, 0.772] | 0.423 [0.225, 0.800] | 0.420 [0.220, 0.746] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.097 [0.040, 0.184] | 0.095 [0.029, 0.197] | 0.088 [0.031, 0.184] | 0.092 [0.031, 0.189] | 0.089 [0.033, 0.190] | 0.094 [0.032, 0.196] |
| R2 between | 0.005 [0.001, 0.016] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.034] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.050] | 0.018 [0.007, 0.033] | 0.110 [0.080, 0.144] | 0.008 [0.002, 0.019] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.050] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.025 [0.001, 0.099] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.011 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] | 0.014 [0.000, 0.090] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.024 [0.000, 0.166] | 0.046 [0.001, 0.225] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] | |
| Number of participants | 932 | 790 | 790 | 790 | 790 | 790 |
| Number of observations | 16,664 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 | 14,491 |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.247 [-0.290, -0.201] | -0.234 [-0.281, -0.187] | -0.235 [-0.282, -0.188] | -0.234 [-0.280, -0.187] | -0.236 [-0.283, -0.188] | -0.235 [-0.281, -0.188] |
| Mixed WP | -0.054 [-0.108, 0.001] | -0.075 [-0.131, -0.010] | -0.072 [-0.126, -0.012] | -0.077 [-0.131, -0.014] | -0.076 [-0.129, -0.011] | -0.078 [-0.136, -0.017] |
| Family WP | 0.028 [-0.035, 0.092] | 0.005 [-0.069, 0.073] | 0.010 [-0.061, 0.077] | 0.009 [-0.063, 0.075] | 0.011 [-0.062, 0.080] | -0.004 [-0.073, 0.062] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.154 [-0.206, -0.104] | -0.142 [-0.204, -0.083] | -0.146 [-0.207, -0.087] | -0.142 [-0.203, -0.083] | -0.144 [-0.207, -0.086] | -0.143 [-0.205, -0.085] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.000 [-0.144, 0.150] | 0.002 [-0.169, 0.171] | 0.004 [-0.161, 0.173] | 0.005 [-0.161, 0.175] | -0.006 [-0.171, 0.160] | 0.005 [-0.161, 0.171] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.125 [0.010, 0.252] | 0.132 [-0.004, 0.271] | 0.119 [-0.019, 0.253] | 0.126 [-0.015, 0.265] | 0.117 [-0.022, 0.257] | 0.125 [-0.011, 0.262] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.120 [-0.143, 0.374] | 0.080 [-0.243, 0.352] | 0.103 [-0.199, 0.367] | 0.116 [-0.194, 0.391] | 0.116 [-0.213, 0.423] | 0.068 [-0.249, 0.341] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.056 [-0.212, 0.135] | 0.017 [-0.195, 0.227] | 0.031 [-0.184, 0.233] | 0.048 [-0.170, 0.254] | 0.034 [-0.181, 0.231] | 0.040 [-0.179, 0.247] |
| Weekend WP | 0.108 [0.080, 0.136] | 0.112 [0.080, 0.145] | 0.112 [0.080, 0.144] | 0.112 [0.080, 0.145] | 0.112 [0.080, 0.144] | 0.112 [0.079, 0.144] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.239 [0.230, 0.248] | 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] | 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] | 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] | 0.239 [0.228, 0.249] | 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] |
| R2 within | 0.136 [0.121, 0.150] | 0.136 [0.119, 0.154] | 0.137 [0.120, 0.154] | 0.137 [0.120, 0.154] | 0.138 [0.121, 0.155] | 0.137 [0.121, 0.154] |
| Personality trait | 0.008 [-0.052, 0.068] | 0.134 [0.055, 0.214] | 0.121 [0.043, 0.200] | -0.199 [-0.266, -0.133] | 0.021 [-0.063, 0.107] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.046 [-0.013, 0.103] | -0.015 [-0.095, 0.066] | 0.038 [-0.040, 0.116] | -0.072 [-0.137, -0.007] | -0.030 [-0.108, 0.046] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | 0.001 [-0.088, 0.084] | 0.016 [-0.085, 0.110] | 0.073 [-0.022, 0.170] | -0.072 [-0.147, 0.004] | -0.040 [-0.152, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -0.012 [-0.097, 0.072] | -0.009 [-0.116, 0.108] | -0.066 [-0.189, 0.052] | -0.053 [-0.148, 0.042] | -0.176 [-0.293, -0.064] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.012 [-0.081, 0.057] | 0.084 [-0.020, 0.181] | 0.013 [-0.086, 0.109] | -0.056 [-0.134, 0.019] | -0.029 [-0.124, 0.065] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.048 [-0.258, 0.157] | -0.054 [-0.332, 0.213] | 0.040 [-0.257, 0.329] | 0.114 [-0.096, 0.338] | 0.084 [-0.190, 0.350] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | -0.020 [-0.184, 0.140] | 0.179 [-0.052, 0.410] | 0.035 [-0.180, 0.274] | 0.001 [-0.167, 0.169] | -0.016 [-0.227, 0.201] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.038 [-0.416, 0.371] | -0.361 [-0.840, 0.091] | -0.543 [-1.083, 0.044] | -0.055 [-0.479, 0.320] | -0.159 [-0.762, 0.423] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.151 [-0.111, 0.434] | 0.136 [-0.211, 0.470] | 0.007 [-0.337, 0.398] | -0.235 [-0.505, 0.031] | 0.000 [-0.339, 0.360] | |
| Gender | -0.036 [-0.127, 0.054] | -0.055 [-0.158, 0.049] | -0.074 [-0.173, 0.026] | -0.076 [-0.177, 0.026] | 0.020 [-0.081, 0.123] | -0.052 [-0.153, 0.051] |
| Ethnicity | -0.111 [-0.208, -0.011] | -0.112 [-0.213, -0.007] | -0.100 [-0.197, 0.005] | -0.097 [-0.198, 0.008] | -0.064 [-0.160, 0.041] | -0.108 [-0.210, -0.003] |
| SES | -0.126 [-0.252, 0.004] | -0.103 [-0.248, 0.044] | -0.099 [-0.240, 0.046] | -0.086 [-0.228, 0.061] | -0.092 [-0.229, 0.047] | -0.102 [-0.248, 0.044] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.022 [0.001, 0.044] | 0.026 [0.003, 0.050] | 0.027 [0.005, 0.050] | 0.023 [0.001, 0.048] | 0.018 [-0.003, 0.040] | 0.026 [0.004, 0.050] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.017, 0.033] | 0.021 [-0.007, 0.051] | 0.018 [-0.010, 0.049] | 0.015 [-0.012, 0.045] | 0.013 [-0.012, 0.043] | 0.021 [-0.007, 0.051] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] | -0.006 [-0.036, 0.026] | -0.006 [-0.035, 0.024] | -0.007 [-0.035, 0.023] | -0.010 [-0.038, 0.018] | -0.004 [-0.033, 0.025] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.024 [-0.049, -0.001] | -0.022 [-0.050, 0.004] | -0.025 [-0.053, 0.000] | -0.023 [-0.050, 0.003] | -0.031 [-0.058, -0.006] | -0.023 [-0.051, 0.004] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.048 [-0.117, 0.017] | -0.045 [-0.123, 0.026] | -0.042 [-0.117, 0.031] | -0.040 [-0.114, 0.028] | -0.036 [-0.106, 0.029] | -0.044 [-0.120, 0.028] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.061, 0.043] | -0.025 [-0.084, 0.043] | -0.034 [-0.093, 0.031] | -0.028 [-0.088, 0.038] | -0.031 [-0.086, 0.033] | -0.025 [-0.085, 0.042] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.002 [-0.106, 0.115] | 0.001 [-0.136, 0.163] | 0.019 [-0.112, 0.178] | 0.002 [-0.135, 0.155] | 0.017 [-0.117, 0.162] | 0.012 [-0.125, 0.170] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.043 [-0.038, 0.132] | 0.010 [-0.099, 0.112] | 0.004 [-0.101, 0.105] | 0.008 [-0.096, 0.106] | -0.023 [-0.123, 0.075] | 0.011 [-0.098, 0.115] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.038 [0.020, 0.059] | 0.032 [0.014, 0.055] | 0.031 [0.013, 0.055] | 0.029 [0.011, 0.052] | 0.030 [0.013, 0.053] | 0.032 [0.014, 0.055] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008] | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.014] | -0.008 [-0.033, 0.016] | -0.011 [-0.036, 0.014] | -0.011 [-0.037, 0.013] | -0.012 [-0.036, 0.013] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.011 [-0.011, 0.035] | 0.005 [-0.017, 0.028] | 0.005 [-0.016, 0.028] | 0.007 [-0.016, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.015, 0.028] | 0.006 [-0.016, 0.030] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.032 [-0.026, 0.090] | 0.018 [-0.046, 0.079] | 0.017 [-0.048, 0.074] | 0.018 [-0.046, 0.079] | 0.023 [-0.035, 0.084] | 0.020 [-0.046, 0.079] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.020 [-0.063, 0.023] | -0.017 [-0.067, 0.032] | -0.018 [-0.067, 0.028] | -0.016 [-0.067, 0.037] | -0.016 [-0.065, 0.031] | -0.016 [-0.066, 0.032] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.048 [-0.132, 0.033] | -0.023 [-0.136, 0.082] | -0.007 [-0.113, 0.096] | -0.020 [-0.126, 0.083] | -0.029 [-0.138, 0.076] | -0.028 [-0.139, 0.076] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.054 [-0.118, 0.016] | -0.064 [-0.142, 0.008] | -0.060 [-0.136, 0.014] | -0.057 [-0.133, 0.016] | -0.069 [-0.146, 0.002] | -0.061 [-0.138, 0.018] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | -0.014 [-0.038, 0.010] | -0.015 [-0.042, 0.012] | -0.014 [-0.040, 0.013] | -0.014 [-0.040, 0.011] | -0.016 [-0.043, 0.010] | -0.012 [-0.038, 0.012] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.006 [-0.011, 0.026] | 0.003 [-0.021, 0.031] | 0.005 [-0.019, 0.033] | 0.006 [-0.018, 0.033] | 0.004 [-0.021, 0.032] | 0.005 [-0.019, 0.033] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.026 [-0.033, 0.084] | 0.008 [-0.060, 0.075] | 0.008 [-0.062, 0.074] | 0.006 [-0.063, 0.072] | 0.015 [-0.055, 0.077] | 0.008 [-0.061, 0.072] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.051, 0.029] | -0.018 [-0.073, 0.041] | -0.017 [-0.070, 0.033] | -0.014 [-0.071, 0.044] | -0.012 [-0.063, 0.036] | -0.015 [-0.067, 0.042] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.034 [-0.096, 0.028] | -0.032 [-0.133, 0.072] | -0.015 [-0.111, 0.085] | -0.021 [-0.113, 0.078] | -0.037 [-0.132, 0.064] | -0.029 [-0.130, 0.069] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.048 [-0.106, 0.010] | -0.047 [-0.115, 0.020] | -0.050 [-0.120, 0.015] | -0.039 [-0.109, 0.024] | -0.051 [-0.119, 0.011] | -0.045 [-0.112, 0.023] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] | 0.006 [-0.022, 0.036] | 0.007 [-0.017, 0.037] | 0.007 [-0.019, 0.036] | 0.005 [-0.023, 0.034] | 0.004 [-0.023, 0.033] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.046 [-0.112, 0.013] | -0.025 [-0.104, 0.043] | -0.021 [-0.098, 0.046] | -0.026 [-0.104, 0.041] | -0.021 [-0.100, 0.044] | -0.021 [-0.095, 0.040] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.001 [-0.052, 0.045] | 0.006 [-0.050, 0.057] | 0.006 [-0.045, 0.058] | 0.007 [-0.047, 0.058] | 0.007 [-0.049, 0.061] | 0.003 [-0.048, 0.052] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.037 [-0.052, 0.137] | 0.044 [-0.064, 0.173] | 0.016 [-0.089, 0.137] | 0.033 [-0.066, 0.157] | 0.053 [-0.059, 0.198] | 0.038 [-0.060, 0.158] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.033 [-0.042, 0.102] | 0.033 [-0.055, 0.120] | 0.031 [-0.057, 0.118] | 0.030 [-0.058, 0.118] | 0.027 [-0.065, 0.113] | 0.026 [-0.058, 0.109] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.036 [-0.019, 0.101] | 0.021 [-0.057, 0.093] | 0.027 [-0.046, 0.096] | 0.026 [-0.048, 0.097] | 0.025 [-0.045, 0.095] | 0.026 [-0.049, 0.097] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.022 [-0.019, 0.072] | 0.024 [-0.016, 0.085] | 0.022 [-0.017, 0.078] | 0.024 [-0.016, 0.085] | 0.029 [-0.010, 0.090] | 0.026 [-0.015, 0.088] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.036 [-0.104, 0.033] | -0.020 [-0.117, 0.080] | -0.002 [-0.091, 0.091] | -0.022 [-0.116, 0.074] | -0.018 [-0.117, 0.088] | -0.028 [-0.128, 0.077] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.009 [-0.052, 0.082] | 0.040 [-0.031, 0.128] | 0.031 [-0.038, 0.117] | 0.030 [-0.038, 0.117] | 0.031 [-0.036, 0.120] | 0.038 [-0.033, 0.128] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.071 [-0.032, 0.195] | 0.073 [-0.064, 0.214] | 0.079 [-0.054, 0.223] | 0.075 [-0.060, 0.220] | 0.071 [-0.058, 0.213] | 0.072 [-0.059, 0.211] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.058 [-0.261, 0.175] | -0.027 [-0.321, 0.271] | -0.004 [-0.286, 0.282] | -0.012 [-0.291, 0.279] | -0.053 [-0.364, 0.251] | -0.023 [-0.327, 0.263] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.057 [-0.251, 0.178] | -0.062 [-0.314, 0.161] | -0.061 [-0.295, 0.173] | -0.065 [-0.299, 0.162] | -0.057 [-0.289, 0.173] | -0.079 [-0.317, 0.145] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.144, 0.145] | 0.011 [-0.185, 0.230] | 0.016 [-0.164, 0.205] | 0.019 [-0.181, 0.237] | 0.001 [-0.206, 0.222] | 0.002 [-0.201, 0.212] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.018 [-0.098, 0.176] | 0.043 [-0.088, 0.214] | 0.035 [-0.092, 0.190] | 0.030 [-0.103, 0.189] | 0.042 [-0.083, 0.201] | 0.035 [-0.097, 0.201] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.028 [-0.154, 0.212] | -0.021 [-0.312, 0.312] | -0.022 [-0.304, 0.271] | -0.023 [-0.314, 0.293] | -0.012 [-0.316, 0.309] | -0.024 [-0.322, 0.293] |
| Intercept well-being | 3.164 [3.003, 3.320] | 3.187 [3.011, 3.367] | 3.186 [3.015, 3.359] | 3.174 [3.001, 3.351] | 3.094 [2.924, 3.263] | 3.179 [3.001, 3.361] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.190 [0.164, 0.224] | 0.176 [0.146, 0.214] | 0.167 [0.139, 0.204] | 0.169 [0.140, 0.205] | 0.154 [0.128, 0.188] | 0.176 [0.146, 0.213] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.069 [0.047, 0.096] | 0.052 [0.031, 0.080] | 0.053 [0.032, 0.081] | 0.052 [0.032, 0.080] | 0.052 [0.031, 0.079] | 0.053 [0.031, 0.080] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.042 [0.024, 0.070] | 0.043 [0.020, 0.081] | 0.042 [0.018, 0.081] | 0.039 [0.016, 0.077] | 0.040 [0.018, 0.078] | 0.043 [0.019, 0.080] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.057 [0.032, 0.093] | 0.058 [0.028, 0.107] | 0.055 [0.024, 0.101] | 0.056 [0.025, 0.102] | 0.059 [0.028, 0.107] | 0.047 [0.019, 0.090] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.052 [0.028, 0.086] | 0.056 [0.024, 0.098] | 0.055 [0.024, 0.097] | 0.056 [0.025, 0.098] | 0.056 [0.026, 0.098] | 0.059 [0.028, 0.102] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.353 [0.173, 0.604] | 0.380 [0.169, 0.702] | 0.377 [0.167, 0.688] | 0.383 [0.176, 0.706] | 0.353 [0.140, 0.650] | 0.364 [0.158, 0.681] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.120 [0.044, 0.256] | 0.142 [0.052, 0.296] | 0.140 [0.048, 0.285] | 0.145 [0.052, 0.299] | 0.144 [0.056, 0.299] | 0.140 [0.048, 0.299] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.405 [0.170, 0.839] | 0.614 [0.200, 1.352] | 0.532 [0.198, 1.203] | 0.569 [0.210, 1.264] | 0.703 [0.278, 1.489] | 0.607 [0.180, 1.335] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.311 [0.132, 0.596] | 0.454 [0.199, 0.896] | 0.439 [0.189, 0.873] | 0.426 [0.181, 0.853] | 0.422 [0.176, 0.837] | 0.466 [0.195, 0.912] |
| R2 between | 0.015 [0.003, 0.039] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.047] | 0.037 [0.013, 0.073] | 0.033 [0.011, 0.068] | 0.080 [0.041, 0.132] | 0.018 [0.004, 0.045] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] | 0.029 [0.001, 0.101] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.062] | 0.026 [0.000, 0.146] | 0.038 [0.000, 0.159] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.091] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.015 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.106 [0.013, 0.304] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] | 0.022 [0.000, 0.116] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] | 0.017 [0.000, 0.091] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.096] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.009 [0.000, 0.087] | 0.040 [0.000, 0.212] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.102] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.082] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.120] | 0.043 [0.000, 0.232] | 0.089 [0.001, 0.311] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] | 0.016 [0.000, 0.168] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.017 [0.000, 0.120] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] | 0.038 [0.000, 0.167] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] | |
| Number of participants | 414 | 305 | 305 | 305 | 305 | 305 |
| Number of observations | 6,722 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 | 5,117 |
| Study 3 | ||||||
| CMC WP | -0.332 [-0.386, -0.280] | -0.328 [-0.383, -0.271] | -0.318 [-0.373, -0.261] | -0.327 [-0.385, -0.271] | -0.323 [-0.378, -0.267] | -0.322 [-0.377, -0.265] |
| Mixed WP | -0.028 [-0.094, 0.038] | -0.029 [-0.096, 0.039] | -0.037 [-0.102, 0.032] | -0.034 [-0.102, 0.031] | -0.042 [-0.106, 0.023] | -0.037 [-0.101, 0.029] |
| Family WP | -0.286 [-0.355, -0.214] | -0.304 [-0.379, -0.226] | -0.296 [-0.367, -0.220] | -0.304 [-0.374, -0.233] | -0.295 [-0.368, -0.223] | -0.296 [-0.370, -0.221] |
| Weak ties WP | -0.289 [-0.362, -0.216] | -0.308 [-0.386, -0.227] | -0.315 [-0.393, -0.230] | -0.301 [-0.379, -0.224] | -0.304 [-0.379, -0.223] | -0.292 [-0.369, -0.209] |
| CMC * Family WP | 0.228 [0.068, 0.376] | 0.207 [0.047, 0.371] | 0.240 [0.084, 0.401] | 0.219 [0.068, 0.376] | 0.220 [0.062, 0.383] | 0.249 [0.085, 0.404] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.252 [0.106, 0.393] | 0.264 [0.119, 0.408] | 0.277 [0.133, 0.437] | 0.273 [0.120, 0.420] | 0.265 [0.124, 0.414] | 0.251 [0.099, 0.401] |
| Mixed * Family WP | 0.175 [-0.100, 0.415] | 0.077 [-0.178, 0.327] | 0.045 [-0.206, 0.305] | 0.061 [-0.208, 0.332] | 0.035 [-0.206, 0.297] | 0.101 [-0.188, 0.351] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.156 [-0.473, 0.118] | -0.149 [-0.442, 0.149] | -0.215 [-0.528, 0.124] | -0.179 [-0.482, 0.104] | -0.231 [-0.536, 0.103] | -0.185 [-0.460, 0.085] |
| Weekend WP | 0.243 [0.211, 0.274] | 0.252 [0.219, 0.284] | 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] | 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] | 0.251 [0.218, 0.284] | 0.250 [0.217, 0.283] |
| Well-being WP residual variance | 0.936 [0.916, 0.955] | 0.943 [0.924, 0.963] | 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] | 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] | 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] | 0.940 [0.921, 0.961] |
| R2 within | 0.097 [0.090, 0.106] | 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] | 0.102 [0.094, 0.112] | 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] | 0.103 [0.094, 0.113] | 0.103 [0.094, 0.112] |
| Personality trait | 0.357 [0.277, 0.436] | 0.275 [0.174, 0.379] | 0.194 [0.098, 0.287] | -0.491 [-0.562, -0.419] | 0.039 [-0.054, 0.131] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | 0.044 [-0.031, 0.123] | -0.032 [-0.130, 0.064] | 0.086 [0.002, 0.172] | -0.073 [-0.141, -0.001] | 0.011 [-0.071, 0.095] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -0.069 [-0.165, 0.025] | -0.072 [-0.177, 0.039] | -0.029 [-0.136, 0.073] | 0.033 [-0.052, 0.118] | 0.018 [-0.084, 0.114] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | 0.086 [-0.019, 0.194] | 0.047 [-0.079, 0.174] | 0.048 [-0.065, 0.158] | -0.077 [-0.170, 0.018] | 0.007 [-0.108, 0.121] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -0.001 [-0.111, 0.112] | 0.099 [-0.039, 0.236] | 0.038 [-0.078, 0.159] | -0.009 [-0.105, 0.089] | 0.047 [-0.072, 0.164] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -0.042 [-0.265, 0.188] | -0.033 [-0.304, 0.238] | -0.019 [-0.258, 0.220] | 0.113 [-0.098, 0.308] | -0.037 [-0.276, 0.221] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.058 [-0.141, 0.268] | -0.122 [-0.391, 0.154] | 0.015 [-0.223, 0.267] | -0.022 [-0.207, 0.162] | 0.029 [-0.208, 0.241] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | -0.055 [-0.418, 0.319] | -0.072 [-0.496, 0.391] | 0.092 [-0.251, 0.462] | 0.102 [-0.234, 0.434] | -0.107 [-0.548, 0.312] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -0.213 [-0.620, 0.262] | 0.056 [-0.496, 0.620] | 0.050 [-0.460, 0.511] | 0.018 [-0.356, 0.372] | -0.076 [-0.549, 0.374] | |
| Gender | -0.128 [-0.252, -0.005] | -0.147 [-0.273, -0.024] | -0.180 [-0.307, -0.052] | -0.179 [-0.309, -0.052] | 0.080 [-0.043, 0.197] | -0.174 [-0.302, -0.045] |
| Ethnicity | -0.125 [-0.252, -0.005] | -0.070 [-0.193, 0.053] | -0.128 [-0.260, -0.003] | -0.104 [-0.232, 0.024] | -0.070 [-0.185, 0.041] | -0.144 [-0.274, -0.016] |
| SES | -0.047 [-0.198, 0.110] | -0.050 [-0.208, 0.105] | -0.021 [-0.185, 0.138] | -0.027 [-0.186, 0.131] | -0.058 [-0.201, 0.088] | -0.019 [-0.186, 0.141] |
| Well-being - CMC WP covariance | 0.079 [0.033, 0.125] | 0.070 [0.027, 0.116] | 0.082 [0.035, 0.129] | 0.073 [0.027, 0.122] | 0.063 [0.022, 0.106] | 0.079 [0.029, 0.129] |
| Well-being - Mixed WP covariance | 0.008 [-0.042, 0.063] | 0.014 [-0.039, 0.065] | 0.010 [-0.040, 0.066] | 0.002 [-0.052, 0.054] | 0.016 [-0.032, 0.068] | 0.002 [-0.056, 0.057] |
| Well-being - Family WP covariance | 0.069 [0.008, 0.129] | 0.063 [0.002, 0.123] | 0.071 [0.013, 0.132] | 0.071 [0.007, 0.134] | 0.057 [0.004, 0.112] | 0.074 [0.010, 0.139] |
| Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.008 [-0.073, 0.053] | 0.004 [-0.059, 0.069] | -0.007 [-0.071, 0.061] | -0.001 [-0.066, 0.063] | -0.002 [-0.058, 0.057] | 0.001 [-0.065, 0.068] |
| Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance | 0.003 [-0.120, 0.127] | -0.003 [-0.121, 0.117] | -0.003 [-0.135, 0.123] | 0.003 [-0.130, 0.134] | 0.015 [-0.099, 0.132] | -0.005 [-0.137, 0.135] |
| Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.052 [-0.177, 0.074] | -0.079 [-0.196, 0.039] | -0.053 [-0.176, 0.073] | -0.073 [-0.206, 0.050] | -0.077 [-0.186, 0.035] | -0.053 [-0.175, 0.078] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.078 [-0.137, 0.318] | 0.128 [-0.087, 0.350] | 0.144 [-0.087, 0.344] | 0.132 [-0.106, 0.334] | 0.161 [-0.037, 0.352] | 0.161 [-0.087, 0.376] |
| Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.027 [-0.239, 0.254] | 0.031 [-0.198, 0.272] | 0.004 [-0.228, 0.256] | -0.012 [-0.234, 0.243] | 0.039 [-0.182, 0.261] | -0.004 [-0.274, 0.263] |
| CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance | 0.065 [0.028, 0.115] | 0.076 [0.037, 0.119] | 0.068 [0.026, 0.116] | 0.070 [0.029, 0.119] | 0.066 [0.027, 0.114] | 0.072 [0.028, 0.120] |
| CMC WP - Family WP covariance | 0.051 [0.004, 0.101] | 0.058 [0.007, 0.111] | 0.056 [0.001, 0.113] | 0.061 [0.012, 0.115] | 0.060 [0.006, 0.121] | 0.061 [0.009, 0.113] |
| CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.000 [-0.049, 0.045] | -0.003 [-0.068, 0.054] | -0.003 [-0.065, 0.052] | -0.010 [-0.059, 0.039] | -0.005 [-0.061, 0.047] | -0.010 [-0.062, 0.043] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.089 [-0.190, 0.011] | -0.075 [-0.170, 0.030] | -0.092 [-0.191, 0.009] | -0.071 [-0.179, 0.036] | -0.085 [-0.190, 0.024] | -0.074 [-0.179, 0.025] |
| CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.124 [-0.234, -0.036] | -0.118 [-0.219, -0.024] | -0.133 [-0.240, -0.033] | -0.135 [-0.236, -0.041] | -0.148 [-0.257, -0.049] | -0.106 [-0.213, -0.001] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.043 [-0.179, 0.116] | -0.035 [-0.177, 0.094] | -0.056 [-0.215, 0.089] | -0.020 [-0.168, 0.129] | -0.038 [-0.187, 0.117] | -0.028 [-0.176, 0.135] |
| CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.039 [-0.209, 0.101] | -0.054 [-0.224, 0.125] | -0.071 [-0.243, 0.104] | -0.081 [-0.269, 0.073] | -0.094 [-0.295, 0.070] | -0.070 [-0.254, 0.123] |
| Mixed WP - Family WP covariance | 0.012 [-0.041, 0.069] | 0.022 [-0.040, 0.086] | 0.019 [-0.045, 0.081] | 0.021 [-0.034, 0.081] | 0.017 [-0.037, 0.083] | 0.012 [-0.041, 0.076] |
| Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance | -0.018 [-0.080, 0.041] | -0.020 [-0.077, 0.038] | -0.017 [-0.078, 0.051] | -0.031 [-0.091, 0.032] | -0.024 [-0.088, 0.042] | -0.024 [-0.088, 0.040] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.053 [-0.181, 0.054] | -0.046 [-0.151, 0.071] | -0.080 [-0.189, 0.068] | -0.051 [-0.174, 0.070] | -0.069 [-0.194, 0.055] | -0.056 [-0.178, 0.046] |
| Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.068 [-0.184, 0.048] | -0.045 [-0.142, 0.061] | -0.048 [-0.156, 0.045] | -0.029 [-0.142, 0.084] | -0.056 [-0.174, 0.045] | -0.041 [-0.156, 0.059] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.022 [-0.121, 0.122] | -0.025 [-0.144, 0.120] | -0.010 [-0.156, 0.128] | -0.001 [-0.125, 0.123] | 0.000 [-0.161, 0.148] | -0.027 [-0.168, 0.109] |
| Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.109 [-0.269, 0.064] | -0.074 [-0.276, 0.110] | -0.104 [-0.281, 0.099] | -0.086 [-0.248, 0.104] | -0.095 [-0.247, 0.054] | -0.088 [-0.266, 0.074] |
| Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance | 0.125 [0.052, 0.194] | 0.125 [0.051, 0.201] | 0.123 [0.051, 0.200] | 0.124 [0.059, 0.199] | 0.117 [0.046, 0.193] | 0.133 [0.066, 0.212] |
| Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.342 [-0.469, -0.225] | -0.360 [-0.495, -0.244] | -0.363 [-0.505, -0.240] | -0.362 [-0.507, -0.243] | -0.347 [-0.486, -0.221] | -0.364 [-0.504, -0.238] |
| Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.169 [-0.286, -0.047] | -0.179 [-0.310, -0.056] | -0.176 [-0.308, -0.049] | -0.171 [-0.297, -0.052] | -0.175 [-0.313, -0.051] | -0.192 [-0.321, -0.056] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.080 [-0.216, 0.111] | -0.094 [-0.290, 0.095] | -0.121 [-0.298, 0.080] | -0.109 [-0.282, 0.087] | -0.093 [-0.252, 0.090] | -0.096 [-0.268, 0.120] |
| Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.167 [-0.044, 0.376] | 0.184 [-0.057, 0.460] | 0.190 [-0.063, 0.424] | 0.172 [-0.079, 0.394] | 0.190 [-0.047, 0.435] | 0.190 [-0.047, 0.435] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance | -0.110 [-0.232, 0.015] | -0.131 [-0.278, 0.005] | -0.145 [-0.281, -0.025] | -0.143 [-0.298, -0.003] | -0.135 [-0.277, 0.024] | -0.168 [-0.330, -0.025] |
| Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.180 [-0.324, -0.070] | -0.216 [-0.360, -0.090] | -0.212 [-0.353, -0.098] | -0.209 [-0.339, -0.103] | -0.202 [-0.349, -0.094] | -0.241 [-0.391, -0.122] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | -0.015 [-0.186, 0.140] | -0.011 [-0.225, 0.176] | -0.029 [-0.208, 0.134] | -0.047 [-0.267, 0.135] | -0.026 [-0.236, 0.154] | -0.045 [-0.209, 0.145] |
| Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.070 [-0.132, 0.358] | 0.129 [-0.108, 0.343] | 0.101 [-0.099, 0.319] | 0.042 [-0.186, 0.274] | 0.079 [-0.136, 0.325] | 0.077 [-0.132, 0.273] |
| CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.261 [0.029, 0.517] | 0.254 [0.039, 0.526] | 0.292 [0.068, 0.582] | 0.283 [0.041, 0.582] | 0.302 [0.039, 0.587] | 0.331 [0.058, 0.629] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.238 [-0.044, 0.540] | 0.314 [0.000, 0.689] | 0.340 [0.017, 0.697] | 0.333 [-0.035, 0.740] | 0.328 [-0.004, 0.727] | 0.371 [0.003, 0.736] |
| CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.242 [-0.606, 0.196] | -0.232 [-0.732, 0.206] | -0.263 [-0.682, 0.204] | -0.158 [-0.700, 0.268] | -0.188 [-0.626, 0.240] | -0.257 [-0.628, 0.220] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance | 0.108 [-0.165, 0.384] | 0.125 [-0.158, 0.431] | 0.132 [-0.143, 0.434] | 0.159 [-0.110, 0.476] | 0.144 [-0.206, 0.492] | 0.191 [-0.059, 0.495] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | 0.111 [-0.260, 0.432] | 0.025 [-0.317, 0.481] | 0.085 [-0.253, 0.575] | 0.193 [-0.162, 0.673] | 0.159 [-0.198, 0.670] | 0.139 [-0.195, 0.597] |
| Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance | -0.016 [-0.359, 0.403] | -0.027 [-0.424, 0.452] | -0.090 [-0.505, 0.315] | -0.010 [-0.464, 0.511] | -0.010 [-0.446, 0.501] | 0.000 [-0.446, 0.592] |
| Intercept well-being | 1.306 [1.104, 1.511] | 1.280 [1.083, 1.487] | 1.321 [1.112, 1.535] | 1.304 [1.093, 1.510] | 1.130 [0.938, 1.313] | 1.327 [1.115, 1.535] |
| Intercept well-being residual variance | 0.678 [0.610, 0.756] | 0.563 [0.501, 0.633] | 0.609 [0.543, 0.683] | 0.613 [0.547, 0.690] | 0.488 [0.435, 0.550] | 0.629 [0.562, 0.706] |
| Slope CMC WP residual variance | 0.142 [0.098, 0.194] | 0.152 [0.103, 0.208] | 0.146 [0.100, 0.203] | 0.145 [0.098, 0.209] | 0.145 [0.096, 0.206] | 0.154 [0.103, 0.211] |
| Slope Mixed WP residual variance | 0.106 [0.061, 0.163] | 0.124 [0.071, 0.184] | 0.118 [0.067, 0.181] | 0.120 [0.065, 0.191] | 0.116 [0.063, 0.185] | 0.124 [0.072, 0.189] |
| Slope Family WP residual variance | 0.267 [0.201, 0.348] | 0.282 [0.206, 0.373] | 0.283 [0.211, 0.374] | 0.293 [0.213, 0.386] | 0.288 [0.210, 0.380] | 0.290 [0.216, 0.383] |
| Slope Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.195 [0.119, 0.286] | 0.213 [0.129, 0.314] | 0.199 [0.120, 0.300] | 0.205 [0.134, 0.295] | 0.206 [0.128, 0.309] | 0.206 [0.126, 0.315] |
| Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance | 0.836 [0.515, 1.208] | 0.880 [0.566, 1.284] | 0.897 [0.558, 1.307] | 0.925 [0.581, 1.328] | 0.888 [0.550, 1.325] | 0.930 [0.572, 1.378] |
| Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.512 [0.269, 0.846] | 0.500 [0.230, 0.820] | 0.539 [0.285, 0.874] | 0.560 [0.329, 0.908] | 0.554 [0.313, 0.916] | 0.544 [0.305, 0.908] |
| Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance | 0.551 [0.161, 1.190] | 0.688 [0.283, 1.338] | 0.645 [0.309, 1.303] | 0.658 [0.302, 1.417] | 0.659 [0.279, 1.332] | 0.652 [0.295, 1.225] |
| Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance | 0.961 [0.337, 1.604] | 1.021 [0.403, 1.966] | 1.075 [0.471, 2.106] | 1.005 [0.411, 1.973] | 1.056 [0.430, 2.114] | 1.010 [0.512, 2.002] |
| R2 between | 0.006 [0.001, 0.017] | 0.062 [0.039, 0.087] | 0.030 [0.015, 0.051] | 0.021 [0.009, 0.039] | 0.140 [0.104, 0.178] | 0.011 [0.003, 0.025] |
| R2 CMC WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] | 0.012 [0.000, 0.046] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] | |
| R2 Mixed WP | 0.010 [0.000, 0.058] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] | 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] | |
| R2 Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.033] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] | 0.007 [0.000, 0.032] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] | |
| R2 Weak ties WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] | |
| R2 CMC * Family WP | 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | 0.001 [0.000, 0.018] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.038] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] | |
| R2 CMC * Weak ties WP | 0.003 [0.000, 0.042] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] | 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] | 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] | |
| R2 Mixed * Family WP | 0.007 [0.000, 0.080] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] | 0.009 [0.000, 0.090] | 0.008 [0.000, 0.098] | |
| R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP | 0.013 [0.000, 0.101] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] | 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] | 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] | |
| Number of participants | 843 | 746 | 741 | 745 | 745 | 743 |
| Number of observations | 21,096 | 19,133 | 19,070 | 19,129 | 19,121 | 19,079 |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | .325 [.311, .340] | .327 [.312, .342] | .330 [.316, .345] | .329 [.314, .343] | .327 [.312, .342] | .329 [.315, .344] |
| Social interaction BP | .117 [.072, .163] | .090 [.039, .141] | .120 [.071, .168] | .140 [.092, .188] | .124 [.078, .170] | .142 [.094, .191] |
| Personality trait | .148 [.115, .181] | .131 [.100, .163] | .122 [.090, .155] | -.337 [-.368, -.307] | .014 [-.019, .046] | |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | -.016 [-.069, .037] | .057 [.004, .110] | -.036 [-.088, .015] | .089 [.036, .141] | .011 [-.041, .063] |
Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FtF WP | .418 [.402, .434] | .417 [.398, .437] | .418 [.399, .438] | .418 [.399, .438] | .417 [.398, .437] | .420 [.400, .439] |
| CMC WP | .106 [.087, .124] | .109 [.085, .132] | .127 [.107, .147] | .109 [.086, .132] | .103 [.081, .126] | .124 [.104, .144] |
| Mixed WP | .381 [.358, .404] | .383 [.360, .406] | .386 [.363, .409] | .385 [.362, .408] | .382 [.359, .405] | .383 [.360, .406] |
| FtF BP | .155 [.101, .209] | .122 [.063, .182] | .144 [.087, .202] | .163 [.105, .220] | .128 [.072, .183] | .162 [.105, .219] |
| CMC BP | -.015 [-.067, .038] | -.014 [-.071, .042] | -.008 [-.064, .048] | .001 [-.054, .057] | .015 [-.038, .067] | .009 [-.046, .064] |
| Mixed BP | .152 [.105, .200] | .123 [.069, .176] | .145 [.093, .196] | .165 [.114, .215] | .147 [.098, .197] | .166 [.116, .217] |
| Personality trait | .138 [.105, .171] | .129 [.098, .161] | .121 [.089, .153] | -.331 [-.361, -.301] | .017 [-.015, .049] | |
| Personality trait * FtF WP | -.020 [-.071, .031] | .082 [.031, .134] | -.043 [-.093, .007] | .110 [.059, .161] | .022 [-.029, .072] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | -.021 [-.089, .047] | -.005 [-.074, .063] | .011 [-.057, .078] | .043 [-.024, .111] | .032 [-.036, .100] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.058 [-.114, -.003] | .051 [-.004, .107] | -.037 [-.092, .018] | .118 [.062, .174] | .011 [-.043, .066] |
Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close peers WP | .389 [.370, .408] | .399 [.379, .418] | .402 [.382, .422] | .399 [.379, .419] | .397 [.377, .416] | .398 [.378, .418] |
| Family WP | .273 [.243, .303] | .278 [.243, .313] | .281 [.246, .316] | .278 [.243, .313] | .278 [.243, .313] | .276 [.241, .311] |
| Weak ties WP | .102 [.075, .129] | .116 [.085, .147] | .118 [.088, .149] | .115 [.084, .146] | .117 [.087, .148] | .122 [.091, .153] |
| Close peers BP | .138 [.087, .190] | .115 [.058, .172] | .145 [.089, .201] | .172 [.117, .227] | .144 [.092, .197] | .172 [.117, .227] |
| Family BP | .058 [.007, .109] | .094 [.040, .148] | .083 [.028, .137] | .093 [.039, .147] | .087 [.035, .139] | .095 [.041, .150] |
| Weak ties BP | -.011 [-.065, .042] | -.018 [-.075, .040] | -.006 [-.062, .051] | -.001 [-.057, .056] | -.000 [-.054, .054] | .006 [-.051, .063] |
| Personality trait | .150 [.118, .183] | .130 [.097, .162] | .118 [.086, .151] | -.337 [-.368, -.307] | .013 [-.019, .046] | |
| Personality trait * Close peers WP | -.037 [-.092, .018] | .032 [-.024, .087] | -.057 [-.112, -.002] | .102 [.046, .157] | .009 [-.046, .063] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | -.002 [-.063, .059] | .048 [-.012, .108] | -.028 [-.089, .033] | .046 [-.016, .108] | .006 [-.055, .067] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | -.063 [-.162, .036] | .096 [.002, .191] | .008 [-.085, .100] | .115 [.017, .214] | .007 [-.087, .102] |
Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.414 [-.441, -.388] | -.403 [-.433, -.374] | -.400 [-.429, -.371] | -.404 [-.434, -.374] | -.404 [-.434, -.375] | -.403 [-.432, -.373] |
| Mixed WP | -.027 [-.059, .006] | -.029 [-.066, .008] | -.032 [-.067, .004] | -.031 [-.066, .005] | -.031 [-.066, .005] | -.033 [-.068, .002] |
| Family WP | -.144 [-.182, -.106] | -.163 [-.205, -.121] | -.159 [-.200, -.118] | -.155 [-.197, -.112] | -.152 [-.194, -.110] | -.159 [-.200, -.117] |
| Weak ties WP | -.314 [-.347, -.282] | -.323 [-.357, -.288] | -.329 [-.364, -.294] | -.320 [-.354, -.286] | -.322 [-.357, -.288] | -.325 [-.360, -.291] |
| Personality trait | .149 [.117, .181] | .146 [.113, .179] | .116 [.082, .150] | -.335 [-.367, -.304] | .018 [-.016, .051] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .058 [-.004, .119] | -.016 [-.076, .045] | .090 [.028, .151] | -.117 [-.181, -.054] | -.027 [-.087, .032] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.042 [-.128, .045] | -.012 [-.097, .074] | .031 [-.056, .119] | .027 [-.062, .116] | -.008 [-.093, .077] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .056 [-.012, .124] | .032 [-.036, .099] | .019 [-.048, .087] | -.060 [-.130, .010] | -.021 [-.089, .048] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .026 [-.045, .098] | .040 [-.031, .110] | .046 [-.025, .116] | -.063 [-.133, .006] | -.006 [-.075, .063] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
| Baseline | Extraversion | Agreeableness | Conscientiousness | Neuroticism | Openness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMC WP | -.405 [-.432, -.377] | -.390 [-.419, -.361] | -.387 [-.416, -.358] | -.395 [-.424, -.365] | -.393 [-.423, -.363] | -.390 [-.419, -.360] |
| Mixed WP | -.025 [-.059, .008] | -.036 [-.073, .002] | -.044 [-.081, -.007] | -.044 [-.082, -.006] | -.049 [-.085, -.013] | -.045 [-.081, -.009] |
| Family WP | -.130 [-.172, -.088] | -.133 [-.179, -.087] | -.150 [-.194, -.105] | -.158 [-.201, -.114] | -.158 [-.202, -.114] | -.155 [-.200, -.110] |
| Weak ties WP | -.320 [-.352, -.289] | -.313 [-.353, -.273] | -.314 [-.355, -.274] | -.308 [-.348, -.268] | -.313 [-.353, -.273] | -.307 [-.349, -.266] |
| CMC * Family WP | .066 [-.028, .159] | .053 [-.053, .160] | .086 [-.017, .189] | .069 [-.037, .174] | .050 [-.052, .153] | .084 [-.022, .191] |
| CMC * Weak ties WP | .279 [.201, .357] | .280 [.189, .371] | .269 [.170, .368] | .266 [.169, .362] | .255 [.155, .355] | .244 [.147, .341] |
| Mixed * Family WP | .160 [.001, .319] | .069 [-.104, .242] | .043 [-.108, .195] | .072 [-.105, .249] | .060 [-.129, .249] | .080 [-.093, .254] |
| Mixed * Weak ties WP | .034 [-.087, .154] | .116 [-.008, .240] | .094 [-.045, .233] | .033 [-.099, .165] | .035 [-.095, .165] | .022 [-.116, .160] |
| Personality trait | .143 [.110, .175] | .146 [.112, .179] | .114 [.080, .148] | -.332 [-.363, -.300] | .017 [-.017, .051] | |
| Personality trait * CMC WP | .058 [-.003, .119] | -.017 [-.077, .043] | .080 [.020, .141] | -.109 [-.172, -.046] | -.016 [-.076, .044] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed WP | -.030 [-.118, .058] | -.017 [-.100, .066] | .019 [-.066, .104] | .004 [-.080, .088] | -.005 [-.087, .077] | |
| Personality trait * Family WP | .056 [-.020, .132] | .028 [-.045, .102] | .006 [-.067, .079] | -.053 [-.131, .025] | -.037 [-.113, .038] | |
| Personality trait * Weak ties WP | .019 [-.060, .098] | .070 [-.011, .150] | .053 [-.026, .132] | -.062 [-.139, .016] | -.008 [-.085, .070] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Family WP | -.005 [-.088, .078] | -.028 [-.110, .054] | .010 [-.072, .092] | .030 [-.057, .116] | .054 [-.029, .138] | |
| Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP | .063 [-.032, .157] | -.007 [-.099, .084] | .032 [-.061, .126] | -.008 [-.095, .080] | .032 [-.058, .122] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP | .017 [-.107, .141] | -.028 [-.146, .090] | -.081 [-.201, .040] | -.012 [-.138, .114] | -.003 [-.132, .127] | |
| Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP | -.043 [-.174, .088] | .104 [-.025, .234] | .023 [-.116, .162] | -.081 [-.204, .042] | -.032 [-.156, .091] |
Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.
Figure S6.3
Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.4
Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.5
Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.6
Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.7
Note: Interaction effect between mode of communication and type of interaction partner. The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 3,036, observations N = 59,110). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.9
Note: Shown are simple slopes for varying levels of neuroticism. Neuroticism was grand-mean centered (max = 1.89, min = -2.02). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.10
Note: Shown are simple slopes for varying levels of neuroticism. Neuroticism was grand-mean centered (max = 1.89, min = -2.02). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
| Parameter | Poulation estimate | Average estimate | Population SD | Average SE | MSE | CI coverage | % sig |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social interaction WP | 0.184 | 0.184 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.934 | 1.000 |
| Social interaction BP | 0.285 | 0.287 | 0.053 | 0.053 | 0.003 | 0.935 | 1.000 |
| Personality trait * Social interaction WP | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.930 | 0.929 |
Note: Results of a Monte Carlo power simulation for the power to detect small (standardized coefficient = 0.10) within-person and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being. Number of samples = 1,000; Level 2 sample size = 3,075 participants; Level 1 sample size = 45 observations per participant.
We conducted a Monte Carlo power simulation to calculate the power we had to detect small (standardized coefficient = 0.10) within- and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being. A standardized within- or between-person coefficient of 0.10 indicates that social interactions explain 1% of the within- or between-person variance in well-being, respectively. A standardized cross-level interaction effect of 0.10 indicates that personality explains 1% of the random slope variance of social interactions predicting well-being.
The parameters for the population model were generated as described in Arend & Schäfer (2019):
To obtain realistic estimates of the variances and covariances, we created a pooled data set and specified (a) a null model in which we estimated the unconditional variances of social interactions and well-being (i.e., without predictors), and (b) a random intercept-random slope model for the within-person relationship between social interactions and well-being, in which we estimated the unconditional random slope variance (i.e., without the cross-level interaction effect). From the null model, we derived the within- and between-person variances of well-being (within: 0.583, between: 0.431) and social interactions (within: 0.173, between: 0.053). From the random intercept-random slope model, we derived the random slope variance (0.048) and the random intercept-random slope covariance (-0.036). The mean of personality was set to 0 and the variance was set to 0.589 (variance of neuroticism in the pooled data set). The Level 2 mean of social interactions was set to 0.690 (adapted from the null model) and the Level 2 intercept of well-being was set to -0.200 (expected value for a person who never interacts if the overall mean is 0).
We adjusted the standardized coefficients to the scales in the empirical data set using the following equation:
standardized coefficient * sd outcome / sd predictor (see Equation 15 in Arend & Schäfer, 2019).
This resulted in the following parameters for the simulation:
Level 1 effect (Int -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.583) / sqrt(0.173) = 0.184
Level 2 effect (Int -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.431) / sqrt(0.053) = 0.285
Level 2 effect (P -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.431) / sqrt(0.589) = 0.086
Cross-level interaction effect (P -> S): 0.10 * sqrt(0.048) / sqrt(0.589) = 0.029
We adjusted the residual variances of well-being and the residual variance of the random slope to account for the variance explained, as described by Arend & Schäfer (2019). Specifically, the residual variances were estimated as:
Residual variance WB within: 0.583 * 0.99 = 0.577 (1% of the variance explained)
Residual variance WB between: 0.431 * 0.98 = 0.422 (2% of the variance explained)
Residual variance slope: 0.048 * 0.99 = 0.048 (1% of the variance explained)
Based on these input parameters, we generated 1,000 samples (level 2 sample size = 3,075 participants, level 1 sample size = 45 observations per participant; total number of observations = 138,375) and determined the proportion of samples in which the estimates were significant (alpha = 0.05). The results indicated that we had 100% power to detect small within- and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and 93% power to detect a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being.
The reliabilities (McDonald’s omega) for the individual traits were as follows: .87 (extraversion), .78 (agreeableness), .79 (conscientiousness), .82 (neuroticism), and .79 (openness) in S1; .87 (extraversion), .78 (agreeableness), .80 (conscientiousness), .81 (neuroticism), and .79 (openness) in S2; .87 (extraversion), .81 (agreeableness), .83 (conscientiousness), .89 (neuroticism), and .84 (openness) in S3.
Social interaction
Figure S6.1

Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,533, observations N = 120,973). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).
Figure S6.2

Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,533, observations N = 120,973). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).