Supplement

S1: Different CMC Channels

Unstandardized Models

Analysis 1b

Table S1.1
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
TVC WP 0.026 [-0.009, 0.062] 0.036 [-0.004, 0.075] 0.040 [0.000, 0.079] 0.037 [-0.002, 0.076] 0.037 [-0.001, 0.076] 0.039 [0.000, 0.079]
TCE WP 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] 0.006 [-0.018, 0.031] 0.011 [-0.012, 0.037] 0.009 [-0.014, 0.034] 0.009 [-0.015, 0.034] 0.009 [-0.014, 0.035]
SNS WP 0.042 [0.011, 0.074] 0.038 [0.004, 0.074] 0.042 [0.008, 0.078] 0.039 [0.008, 0.074] 0.039 [0.008, 0.069] 0.041 [0.009, 0.076]
Weekend WP 0.033 [0.016, 0.050] 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] 0.034 [0.016, 0.053] 0.034 [0.016, 0.052] 0.034 [0.016, 0.053]
TVC WP variance 0.065 [0.064, 0.066] 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] 0.064 [0.063, 0.066] 0.064 [0.063, 0.066]
TCE WP variance 0.146 [0.143, 0.149] 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] 0.145 [0.142, 0.148] 0.145 [0.142, 0.148]
SNS WP variance 0.075 [0.073, 0.076] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.231 [0.226, 0.236] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234]
R2 within 0.046 [0.035, 0.056] 0.044 [0.032, 0.053] 0.044 [0.032, 0.053] 0.043 [0.032, 0.053] 0.042 [0.033, 0.053] 0.044 [0.032, 0.053]
TVC BP -0.403 [-0.807, -0.012] -0.667 [-1.106, -0.242] -0.529 [-0.968, -0.106] -0.454 [-0.888, -0.032] -0.508 [-0.905, -0.111] -0.514 [-0.957, -0.081]
TCE BP -0.162 [-0.306, -0.019] -0.190 [-0.351, -0.035] -0.147 [-0.304, 0.006] -0.147 [-0.305, 0.005] -0.087 [-0.226, 0.050] -0.130 [-0.292, 0.026]
SNS BP -0.165 [-0.347, 0.015] -0.185 [-0.374, 0.005] -0.165 [-0.352, 0.024] -0.153 [-0.337, 0.036] -0.100 [-0.279, 0.076] -0.139 [-0.328, 0.053]
Personality trait 0.106 [0.070, 0.143] 0.141 [0.094, 0.188] 0.147 [0.100, 0.193] -0.273 [-0.309, -0.238] 0.005 [-0.045, 0.053]
Personality trait * TVC WP -0.037 [-0.088, 0.012] 0.042 [-0.023, 0.106] -0.002 [-0.065, 0.065] 0.036 [-0.018, 0.090] 0.052 [-0.021, 0.122]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.033 [-0.064, -0.002] 0.032 [-0.009, 0.070] 0.030 [-0.010, 0.067] 0.019 [-0.013, 0.052] 0.009 [-0.033, 0.050]
Personality trait * SNS WP -0.014 [-0.050, 0.025] 0.040 [-0.006, 0.086] 0.008 [-0.042, 0.059] 0.030 [-0.016, 0.071] 0.027 [-0.020, 0.081]
Well-being - TVC WP covariance -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] -0.023 [-0.044, -0.003] -0.027 [-0.048, -0.007] -0.024 [-0.044, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.038, -0.001] -0.026 [-0.046, -0.004]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.016 [-0.028, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] -0.022 [-0.035, -0.009] -0.022 [-0.034, -0.009] -0.016 [-0.027, -0.004] -0.021 [-0.034, -0.008]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] -0.017 [-0.034, 0.001] -0.019 [-0.036, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.034, 0.000] -0.015 [-0.031, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.035, 0.000]
TVC WP - TCE WP covariance 0.031 [0.016, 0.047] 0.023 [0.009, 0.040] 0.023 [0.009, 0.040] 0.024 [0.010, 0.041] 0.025 [0.009, 0.043] 0.024 [0.009, 0.040]
TVC WP - SNS WP covariance 0.011 [-0.005, 0.029] 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] 0.017 [0.001, 0.035] 0.018 [0.002, 0.035] 0.016 [-0.006, 0.036] 0.018 [0.002, 0.036]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.020 [0.008, 0.030] 0.018 [0.006, 0.029] 0.017 [0.005, 0.028] 0.019 [0.007, 0.031] 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] 0.018 [0.006, 0.030]
TVC BP mean 0.084 [0.078, 0.090] 0.082 [0.075, 0.089] 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] 0.082 [0.075, 0.088] 0.082 [0.075, 0.088]
TCE BP mean 0.280 [0.266, 0.294] 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] 0.274 [0.259, 0.289] 0.274 [0.259, 0.289]
SNS BP mean 0.127 [0.117, 0.138] 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] 0.129 [0.117, 0.140] 0.129 [0.117, 0.140]
Intercept well-being 2.955 [2.888, 3.022] 3.000 [2.927, 3.073] 2.973 [2.902, 3.044] 2.964 [2.892, 3.035] 2.947 [2.882, 3.014] 2.963 [2.890, 3.036]
TVC BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.010] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
TCE BP variance 0.051 [0.046, 0.056] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055]
SNS BP variance 0.031 [0.028, 0.034] 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] 0.031 [0.028, 0.035] 0.031 [0.028, 0.035]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.228 [0.210, 0.249] 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] 0.219 [0.200, 0.241] 0.184 [0.168, 0.203] 0.227 [0.207, 0.250]
Slope TVC WP residual variance 0.066 [0.042, 0.096] 0.073 [0.048, 0.101] 0.072 [0.047, 0.101] 0.072 [0.047, 0.102] 0.069 [0.046, 0.099] 0.071 [0.046, 0.101]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.033 [0.022, 0.046] 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] 0.026 [0.012, 0.039] 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] 0.025 [0.014, 0.038] 0.025 [0.012, 0.039]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.027 [0.013, 0.043] 0.023 [0.011, 0.041] 0.022 [0.010, 0.041] 0.024 [0.011, 0.042] 0.025 [0.012, 0.041] 0.023 [0.011, 0.041]
R2 between 0.017 [0.004, 0.042] 0.047 [0.021, 0.085] 0.039 [0.018, 0.069] 0.037 [0.018, 0.065] 0.117 [0.089, 0.150] 0.018 [0.004, 0.046]
R2 TVC WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.034] 0.007 [0.000, 0.039]
R2 TCE WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.058] 0.008 [0.000, 0.039] 0.007 [0.000, 0.036] 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 SNS WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.014 [0.000, 0.074] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.010 [0.000, 0.060] 0.007 [0.000, 0.054]
Number of participants 1,333 1,121 1,121 1,121 1,120 1,121
Number of observations 19,007 16,426 16,426 16,426 16,421 16,426
Study 2
TVC WP 0.059 [0.016, 0.104] 0.076 [0.023, 0.126] 0.077 [0.026, 0.127] 0.077 [0.024, 0.127] 0.075 [0.024, 0.124] 0.072 [0.020, 0.122]
TCE WP 0.007 [-0.021, 0.035] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.026, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.025, 0.043] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.041] 0.010 [-0.025, 0.043]
SNS WP 0.043 [0.004, 0.079] 0.031 [-0.007, 0.072] 0.032 [-0.007, 0.072] 0.029 [-0.010, 0.070] 0.032 [-0.008, 0.072] 0.034 [-0.005, 0.074]
Weekend WP 0.078 [0.057, 0.100] 0.078 [0.054, 0.103] 0.078 [0.054, 0.103] 0.077 [0.053, 0.102] 0.077 [0.053, 0.102] 0.078 [0.054, 0.103]
TVC WP variance 0.068 [0.066, 0.069] 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] 0.064 [0.062, 0.066] 0.064 [0.062, 0.066]
TCE WP variance 0.138 [0.134, 0.142] 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] 0.135 [0.131, 0.139] 0.135 [0.131, 0.139]
SNS WP variance 0.072 [0.070, 0.074] 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] 0.074 [0.072, 0.076] 0.074 [0.072, 0.076]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.240 [0.233, 0.247] 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] 0.242 [0.234, 0.249] 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] 0.242 [0.235, 0.250] 0.242 [0.235, 0.250]
R2 within 0.033 [0.025, 0.043] 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] 0.032 [0.020, 0.044] 0.031 [0.020, 0.044] 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] 0.031 [0.020, 0.043]
TVC BP -0.750 [-1.270, -0.211] -0.714 [-1.332, -0.119] -0.646 [-1.256, -0.055] -0.609 [-1.208, -0.029] -0.583 [-1.147, -0.038] -0.632 [-1.251, -0.039]
TCE BP -0.194 [-0.369, -0.014] -0.131 [-0.335, 0.078] -0.112 [-0.313, 0.093] -0.088 [-0.286, 0.114] -0.100 [-0.284, 0.090] -0.104 [-0.306, 0.102]
SNS BP -0.095 [-0.327, 0.132] -0.012 [-0.265, 0.241] -0.005 [-0.258, 0.244] 0.034 [-0.212, 0.283] 0.016 [-0.215, 0.248] 0.011 [-0.241, 0.263]
Personality trait 0.039 [-0.006, 0.086] 0.070 [0.008, 0.132] 0.127 [0.068, 0.186] -0.247 [-0.294, -0.200] 0.017 [-0.044, 0.079]
Personality trait * TVC WP -0.006 [-0.069, 0.053] -0.075 [-0.156, 0.011] -0.030 [-0.107, 0.049] 0.036 [-0.035, 0.106] -0.088 [-0.166, -0.008]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.016 [-0.058, 0.025] -0.051 [-0.107, 0.005] 0.003 [-0.051, 0.060] 0.039 [-0.007, 0.083] -0.013 [-0.068, 0.040]
Personality trait * SNS WP -0.013 [-0.067, 0.041] 0.023 [-0.043, 0.090] 0.038 [-0.027, 0.105] 0.006 [-0.047, 0.061] 0.006 [-0.069, 0.075]
Well-being - TVC WP covariance -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] -0.003 [-0.028, 0.022] -0.003 [-0.029, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.022, 0.023] -0.004 [-0.029, 0.021]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.004 [-0.018, 0.012] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] 0.006 [-0.010, 0.020] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.018] 0.010 [-0.005, 0.023] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.018]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.009 [-0.028, 0.009] -0.009 [-0.027, 0.012] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.011] -0.011 [-0.030, 0.009] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.011] -0.009 [-0.028, 0.012]
TVC WP - TCE WP covariance 0.022 [0.006, 0.039] 0.019 [0.006, 0.038] 0.018 [0.001, 0.037] 0.020 [0.006, 0.039] 0.018 [0.000, 0.038] 0.019 [0.005, 0.038]
TVC WP - SNS WP covariance 0.004 [-0.010, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.009, 0.028] 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.008 [-0.009, 0.026] 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.001 [-0.008, 0.011] 0.004 [-0.005, 0.015] 0.005 [-0.005, 0.015] 0.004 [-0.006, 0.014] 0.005 [-0.005, 0.015] 0.005 [-0.005, 0.016]
TVC BP mean 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088]
TCE BP mean 0.264 [0.246, 0.281] 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] 0.248 [0.229, 0.267] 0.248 [0.229, 0.267]
SNS BP mean 0.120 [0.107, 0.134] 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] 0.126 [0.111, 0.141] 0.126 [0.111, 0.141]
Intercept well-being 2.949 [2.867, 3.028] 2.936 [2.844, 3.024] 2.924 [2.835, 3.011] 2.910 [2.821, 2.994] 2.915 [2.832, 2.994] 2.920 [2.830, 3.007]
TVC BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.009] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
TCE BP variance 0.049 [0.043, 0.055] 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] 0.045 [0.039, 0.053] 0.045 [0.039, 0.052] 0.045 [0.039, 0.053]
SNS BP variance 0.028 [0.024, 0.031] 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] 0.029 [0.025, 0.034] 0.029 [0.025, 0.034]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.207 [0.186, 0.232] 0.192 [0.168, 0.219] 0.191 [0.168, 0.218] 0.187 [0.165, 0.213] 0.159 [0.140, 0.183] 0.193 [0.170, 0.221]
Slope TVC WP residual variance 0.055 [0.030, 0.090] 0.053 [0.022, 0.091] 0.051 [0.023, 0.088] 0.052 [0.022, 0.090] 0.051 [0.023, 0.088] 0.048 [0.018, 0.085]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.016 [0.004, 0.031] 0.016 [0.002, 0.030] 0.016 [0.005, 0.031] 0.016 [0.002, 0.031] 0.016 [0.004, 0.031]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.011 [0.004, 0.028] 0.010 [0.002, 0.027] 0.010 [0.003, 0.027] 0.009 [0.003, 0.026] 0.010 [0.003, 0.027] 0.010 [0.003, 0.027]
R2 between 0.033 [0.008, 0.072] 0.031 [0.007, 0.076] 0.028 [0.007, 0.069] 0.039 [0.016, 0.078] 0.114 [0.076, 0.161] 0.023 [0.004, 0.063]
R2 TVC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.019 [0.000, 0.091] 0.005 [0.000, 0.051] 0.008 [0.000, 0.063] 0.030 [0.001, 0.117]
R2 TCE WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.078] 0.034 [0.000, 0.151] 0.005 [0.000, 0.091] 0.025 [0.000, 0.417] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054]
R2 SNS WP 0.016 [0.000, 0.195] 0.015 [0.000, 0.186] 0.033 [0.000, 0.301] 0.012 [0.000, 0.115] 0.014 [0.000, 0.128]
Number of participants 824 619 619 619 619 619
Number of observations 11,802 9,350 9,350 9,350 9,350 9,350
Study 3
TVC WP 0.190 [0.145, 0.235] 0.197 [0.148, 0.244] 0.201 [0.152, 0.250] 0.196 [0.147, 0.245] 0.196 [0.147, 0.245] 0.199 [0.152, 0.246]
TCE WP 0.146 [0.093, 0.200] 0.131 [0.071, 0.187] 0.144 [0.088, 0.201] 0.135 [0.078, 0.191] 0.132 [0.074, 0.190] 0.138 [0.081, 0.198]
SNS WP 0.123 [0.011, 0.232] 0.160 [0.043, 0.280] 0.162 [0.042, 0.279] 0.161 [0.040, 0.280] 0.162 [0.040, 0.286] 0.152 [0.019, 0.266]
Weekend WP 0.209 [0.187, 0.231] 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] 0.212 [0.189, 0.236] 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] 0.210 [0.187, 0.234] 0.210 [0.186, 0.233]
TVC WP variance 0.070 [0.069, 0.071] 0.071 [0.070, 0.072] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.071 [0.070, 0.072]
TCE WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.047 [0.047, 0.048] 0.047 [0.046, 0.048]
SNS WP variance 0.013 [0.013, 0.013] 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] 0.012 [0.012, 0.013] 0.012 [0.012, 0.013]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.904 [0.892, 0.917] 0.910 [0.896, 0.924] 0.912 [0.898, 0.925] 0.914 [0.900, 0.927] 0.912 [0.898, 0.926] 0.908 [0.894, 0.921]
R2 within 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.027 [0.022, 0.032] 0.027 [0.023, 0.032] 0.026 [0.022, 0.031] 0.026 [0.023, 0.031] 0.027 [0.023, 0.032]
TVC BP -0.062 [-0.878, 0.746] -0.084 [-0.883, 0.716] 0.017 [-0.809, 0.836] 0.128 [-0.720, 0.973] 0.267 [-0.492, 1.013] 0.285 [-0.538, 1.133]
TCE BP 0.021 [-0.495, 0.532] 0.046 [-0.453, 0.538] -0.001 [-0.549, 0.530] 0.030 [-0.496, 0.539] 0.433 [-0.030, 0.898] 0.080 [-0.448, 0.612]
SNS BP 1.101 [-0.500, 2.700] 0.729 [-0.795, 2.296] 1.187 [-0.438, 2.813] 1.349 [-0.230, 2.904] 1.083 [-0.323, 2.489] 1.237 [-0.378, 2.837]
Personality trait 0.371 [0.293, 0.450] 0.279 [0.175, 0.384] 0.235 [0.142, 0.328] -0.517 [-0.583, -0.449] 0.007 [-0.089, 0.101]
Personality trait * TVC WP -0.011 [-0.078, 0.057] -0.051 [-0.134, 0.034] -0.008 [-0.081, 0.066] -0.009 [-0.069, 0.052] 0.050 [-0.025, 0.124]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.079 [-0.165, 0.008] -0.055 [-0.159, 0.041] -0.043 [-0.130, 0.038] 0.020 [-0.054, 0.094] -0.018 [-0.108, 0.076]
Personality trait * SNS WP -0.031 [-0.184, 0.119] -0.065 [-0.261, 0.130] -0.008 [-0.186, 0.172] 0.011 [-0.132, 0.153] 0.022 [-0.160, 0.185]
Well-being - TVC WP covariance -0.035 [-0.075, 0.003] -0.029 [-0.069, 0.009] -0.026 [-0.066, 0.015] -0.032 [-0.071, 0.008] -0.035 [-0.071, 0.001] -0.034 [-0.077, 0.005]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.020 [-0.073, 0.031] 0.002 [-0.051, 0.052] -0.005 [-0.060, 0.048] -0.006 [-0.056, 0.046] -0.004 [-0.048, 0.043] -0.006 [-0.059, 0.050]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.039 [-0.135, 0.073] -0.012 [-0.118, 0.091] -0.020 [-0.113, 0.084] -0.022 [-0.124, 0.069] -0.016 [-0.109, 0.073] -0.034 [-0.138, 0.083]
TVC WP - TCE WP covariance 0.039 [0.004, 0.072] 0.040 [0.009, 0.073] 0.036 [0.003, 0.071] 0.035 [0.003, 0.071] 0.036 [0.002, 0.072] 0.041 [0.008, 0.078]
TVC WP - SNS WP covariance 0.020 [-0.039, 0.088] 0.012 [-0.054, 0.077] 0.015 [-0.052, 0.079] 0.017 [-0.041, 0.085] 0.021 [-0.035, 0.090] 0.006 [-0.055, 0.077]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.073 [-0.005, 0.147] 0.073 [-0.001, 0.145] 0.061 [-0.001, 0.130] 0.079 [0.015, 0.145] 0.081 [0.015, 0.149] 0.074 [0.002, 0.143]
TVC BP mean 0.088 [0.082, 0.094] 0.089 [0.082, 0.096] 0.090 [0.083, 0.096] 0.089 [0.083, 0.096] 0.089 [0.083, 0.096] 0.089 [0.082, 0.096]
TCE BP mean 0.072 [0.063, 0.081] 0.072 [0.064, 0.082] 0.072 [0.062, 0.081] 0.072 [0.063, 0.081] 0.072 [0.063, 0.082] 0.072 [0.063, 0.082]
SNS BP mean 0.016 [0.013, 0.019] 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] 0.016 [0.013, 0.020] 0.016 [0.013, 0.020]
Intercept well-being 0.764 [0.661, 0.868] 0.763 [0.659, 0.870] 0.750 [0.643, 0.857] 0.733 [0.624, 0.841] 0.696 [0.601, 0.793] 0.720 [0.612, 0.826]
TVC BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
TCE BP variance 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] 0.015 [0.013, 0.016] 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] 0.015 [0.013, 0.017] 0.015 [0.013, 0.017]
SNS BP variance 0.002 [0.001, 0.002] 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] 0.002 [0.002, 0.002] 0.002 [0.002, 0.002]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.758 [0.687, 0.840] 0.634 [0.571, 0.705] 0.685 [0.618, 0.764] 0.680 [0.612, 0.756] 0.536 [0.481, 0.597] 0.709 [0.639, 0.789]
Slope TVC WP residual variance 0.100 [0.066, 0.139] 0.103 [0.066, 0.147] 0.101 [0.068, 0.142] 0.101 [0.066, 0.144] 0.102 [0.067, 0.144] 0.098 [0.062, 0.142]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.083 [0.046, 0.128] 0.088 [0.048, 0.136] 0.081 [0.046, 0.129] 0.080 [0.045, 0.129] 0.082 [0.047, 0.128] 0.090 [0.051, 0.138]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.213 [0.109, 0.359] 0.204 [0.096, 0.350] 0.205 [0.102, 0.398] 0.204 [0.098, 0.365] 0.203 [0.104, 0.360] 0.199 [0.084, 0.356]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.021] 0.061 [0.039, 0.087] 0.028 [0.013, 0.050] 0.026 [0.011, 0.048] 0.153 [0.118, 0.191] 0.009 [0.001, 0.027]
R2 TVC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.005 [0.000, 0.033]
R2 TCE WP 0.019 [0.000, 0.080] 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029]
R2 SNS WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.048] 0.006 [0.000, 0.061] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045]
Number of participants 861 761 756 760 760 758
Number of observations 41,035 36,563 36,371 36,553 36,557 36,491

Note: Effect of TVC, TCE, and SNS on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2a

Table S1.2
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
TCE WP -0.033 [-0.077, 0.011] -0.037 [-0.088, 0.013] -0.038 [-0.089, 0.012] -0.036 [-0.088, 0.014] -0.037 [-0.089, 0.013] -0.037 [-0.088, 0.013]
SNS WP -0.024 [-0.081, 0.032] -0.032 [-0.095, 0.028] -0.033 [-0.096, 0.028] -0.032 [-0.096, 0.030] -0.034 [-0.101, 0.027] -0.034 [-0.096, 0.028]
Family WP -0.042 [-0.097, 0.010] -0.037 [-0.097, 0.017] -0.040 [-0.101, 0.015] -0.039 [-0.100, 0.016] -0.038 [-0.098, 0.017] -0.035 [-0.095, 0.019]
Weak ties WP -0.068 [-0.134, -0.006] -0.063 [-0.129, -0.003] -0.060 [-0.126, 0.001] -0.064 [-0.131, -0.001] -0.066 [-0.138, -0.004] -0.062 [-0.128, -0.003]
Weekend WP 0.018 [-0.013, 0.049] 0.026 [-0.007, 0.059] 0.026 [-0.008, 0.058] 0.026 [-0.007, 0.059] 0.024 [-0.009, 0.057] 0.025 [-0.008, 0.058]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.238 [0.228, 0.248] 0.235 [0.225, 0.246] 0.235 [0.225, 0.246] 0.235 [0.225, 0.245] 0.234 [0.224, 0.245] 0.235 [0.225, 0.246]
R2 within 0.039 [0.028, 0.049] 0.038 [0.024, 0.054] 0.038 [0.024, 0.054] 0.039 [0.025, 0.057] 0.040 [0.032, 0.052] 0.038 [0.025, 0.054]
Personality trait 0.063 [0.023, 0.103] 0.147 [0.096, 0.199] 0.143 [0.092, 0.194] -0.267 [-0.306, -0.226] 0.013 [-0.039, 0.067]
Personality trait * TCE WP 0.012 [-0.058, 0.078] -0.024 [-0.107, 0.070] 0.046 [-0.034, 0.131] 0.004 [-0.069, 0.081] -0.020 [-0.110, 0.078]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.019 [-0.067, 0.097] -0.008 [-0.107, 0.095] 0.001 [-0.097, 0.099] 0.035 [-0.067, 0.120] -0.024 [-0.127, 0.102]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.034 [-0.031, 0.105] -0.048 [-0.134, 0.042] 0.024 [-0.063, 0.110] -0.014 [-0.095, 0.066] 0.055 [-0.039, 0.155]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.022 [-0.065, 0.110] 0.035 [-0.067, 0.144] -0.027 [-0.130, 0.086] -0.016 [-0.104, 0.069] 0.010 [-0.104, 0.124]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.007 [-0.030, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.020] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.021] -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.020]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.009 [-0.042, 0.021] -0.006 [-0.043, 0.029] -0.004 [-0.039, 0.029] -0.006 [-0.041, 0.027] -0.001 [-0.030, 0.031] -0.006 [-0.042, 0.029]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.032, 0.019] -0.010 [-0.040, 0.022] -0.007 [-0.036, 0.025] -0.012 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.012 [-0.038, 0.017] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.022]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.052, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.042, 0.029] -0.008 [-0.044, 0.027] -0.005 [-0.040, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.046, 0.020] -0.007 [-0.043, 0.031]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.035 [0.004, 0.075] 0.040 [0.004, 0.087] 0.039 [0.004, 0.086] 0.040 [0.007, 0.085] 0.031 [0.004, 0.073] 0.040 [0.005, 0.087]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.010, 0.039] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.020, 0.044] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.044]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.034, 0.025] -0.007 [-0.036, 0.020] -0.006 [-0.035, 0.020] -0.008 [-0.037, 0.018] -0.008 [-0.042, 0.028] -0.007 [-0.035, 0.019]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.020, 0.046] 0.016 [-0.014, 0.053] 0.017 [-0.013, 0.055] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.054] 0.010 [-0.025, 0.047] 0.017 [-0.013, 0.055]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.030, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.031, 0.042] 0.006 [-0.032, 0.041] 0.005 [-0.032, 0.041] 0.011 [-0.026, 0.056] 0.006 [-0.031, 0.042]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.037 [-0.001, 0.072] 0.031 [-0.005, 0.071] 0.032 [-0.004, 0.073] 0.030 [-0.006, 0.071] 0.032 [-0.002, 0.071] 0.031 [-0.006, 0.072]
Intercept well-being 2.850 [2.819, 2.880] 2.867 [2.835, 2.900] 2.867 [2.835, 2.899] 2.866 [2.834, 2.899] 2.870 [2.839, 2.901] 2.867 [2.835, 2.900]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.214 [0.192, 0.239] 0.208 [0.185, 0.234] 0.202 [0.179, 0.227] 0.203 [0.180, 0.228] 0.171 [0.151, 0.193] 0.210 [0.186, 0.236]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.039 [0.011, 0.073] 0.052 [0.020, 0.096] 0.050 [0.019, 0.092] 0.052 [0.020, 0.095] 0.047 [0.020, 0.091] 0.050 [0.019, 0.094]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.060 [0.028, 0.117] 0.056 [0.016, 0.124] 0.055 [0.015, 0.124] 0.055 [0.018, 0.121] 0.053 [0.015, 0.119] 0.058 [0.017, 0.127]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.048 [0.020, 0.099] 0.050 [0.022, 0.097] 0.053 [0.024, 0.100] 0.051 [0.023, 0.099] 0.053 [0.016, 0.095] 0.051 [0.022, 0.098]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.075 [0.031, 0.126] 0.059 [0.016, 0.111] 0.058 [0.016, 0.110] 0.060 [0.017, 0.113] 0.065 [0.031, 0.123] 0.059 [0.017, 0.112]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] 0.021 [0.009, 0.038] 0.019 [0.008, 0.035] 0.096 [0.069, 0.126] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 TCE WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.008 [0.000, 0.069] 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] 0.005 [0.000, 0.052]
R2 SNS WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] 0.004 [0.000, 0.061] 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] 0.009 [0.000, 0.084] 0.006 [0.000, 0.080]
R2 Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] 0.009 [0.000, 0.070] 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] 0.004 [0.000, 0.062] 0.011 [0.000, 0.101]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] 0.007 [0.000, 0.088] 0.006 [0.000, 0.107] 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] 0.005 [0.000, 0.078]
Number of participants 1,203 1,016 1,016 1,016 1,015 1,016
Number of observations 6,700 5,701 5,701 5,701 5,696 5,701
Study 2
TCE WP -0.080 [-0.138, -0.019] -0.088 [-0.162, -0.019] -0.088 [-0.162, -0.021] -0.091 [-0.165, -0.022] -0.092 [-0.169, -0.023] -0.082 [-0.158, -0.013]
SNS WP -0.048 [-0.126, 0.036] -0.096 [-0.187, -0.010] -0.099 [-0.190, -0.014] -0.099 [-0.192, -0.014] -0.103 [-0.194, -0.018] -0.083 [-0.180, 0.005]
Family WP -0.029 [-0.099, 0.045] -0.045 [-0.128, 0.036] -0.042 [-0.125, 0.040] -0.043 [-0.127, 0.038] -0.044 [-0.129, 0.036] -0.047 [-0.131, 0.034]
Weak ties WP -0.043 [-0.115, 0.027] -0.058 [-0.150, 0.036] -0.061 [-0.154, 0.032] -0.054 [-0.147, 0.041] -0.063 [-0.154, 0.030] -0.059 [-0.152, 0.032]
Weekend WP 0.090 [0.052, 0.130] 0.090 [0.045, 0.137] 0.090 [0.045, 0.137] 0.088 [0.043, 0.135] 0.092 [0.047, 0.139] 0.088 [0.043, 0.135]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.236 [0.223, 0.249] 0.241 [0.227, 0.257] 0.241 [0.226, 0.257] 0.241 [0.227, 0.257] 0.240 [0.226, 0.256] 0.241 [0.226, 0.257]
R2 within 0.046 [0.032, 0.057] 0.052 [0.034, 0.065] 0.052 [0.035, 0.066] 0.053 [0.034, 0.066] 0.052 [0.034, 0.066] 0.052 [0.034, 0.065]
Personality trait 0.018 [-0.034, 0.070] 0.050 [-0.023, 0.121] 0.116 [0.048, 0.183] -0.216 [-0.272, -0.159] -0.015 [-0.084, 0.055]
Personality trait * TCE WP 0.010 [-0.064, 0.091] 0.078 [-0.044, 0.186] 0.028 [-0.075, 0.136] 0.069 [-0.032, 0.165] 0.085 [-0.014, 0.186]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.034 [-0.079, 0.147] 0.056 [-0.097, 0.214] -0.040 [-0.181, 0.113] 0.077 [-0.041, 0.217] 0.132 [-0.027, 0.286]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.035 [-0.133, 0.065] 0.055 [-0.073, 0.192] -0.026 [-0.152, 0.101] 0.076 [-0.047, 0.194] -0.013 [-0.141, 0.123]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.009 [-0.097, 0.098] 0.122 [-0.029, 0.266] -0.080 [-0.212, 0.051] -0.008 [-0.121, 0.110] -0.002 [-0.135, 0.128]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.024 [-0.057, 0.008] -0.012 [-0.046, 0.016] -0.013 [-0.047, 0.016] -0.014 [-0.050, 0.015] -0.009 [-0.041, 0.018] -0.011 [-0.045, 0.016]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.039 [-0.083, 0.002] -0.046 [-0.093, 0.000] -0.047 [-0.093, 0.001] -0.042 [-0.088, 0.004] -0.041 [-0.084, 0.005] -0.043 [-0.090, 0.003]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.061, 0.013] -0.033 [-0.074, 0.010] -0.036 [-0.077, 0.006] -0.032 [-0.073, 0.011] -0.028 [-0.068, 0.013] -0.033 [-0.074, 0.010]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.036 [-0.072, 0.004] -0.024 [-0.067, 0.017] -0.022 [-0.068, 0.018] -0.020 [-0.064, 0.020] -0.025 [-0.063, 0.014] -0.024 [-0.068, 0.017]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.041 [0.008, 0.086] 0.028 [-0.001, 0.080] 0.027 [0.000, 0.077] 0.028 [0.000, 0.080] 0.029 [0.002, 0.079] 0.025 [-0.002, 0.076]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance 0.016 [-0.015, 0.049] 0.016 [-0.015, 0.055] 0.015 [-0.016, 0.053] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.055] 0.016 [-0.016, 0.053] 0.014 [-0.016, 0.052]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.015, 0.036] 0.009 [-0.017, 0.038] 0.009 [-0.018, 0.038] 0.009 [-0.017, 0.039] 0.010 [-0.018, 0.041] 0.008 [-0.018, 0.036]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.059 [0.009, 0.113] 0.070 [0.016, 0.144] 0.069 [0.017, 0.141] 0.069 [0.014, 0.142] 0.069 [0.016, 0.140] 0.067 [0.015, 0.139]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.037 [0.004, 0.078] 0.037 [-0.005, 0.087] 0.038 [-0.006, 0.088] 0.036 [-0.006, 0.087] 0.039 [-0.005, 0.091] 0.035 [-0.007, 0.082]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.037 [0.000, 0.085] 0.043 [0.004, 0.098] 0.043 [0.005, 0.098] 0.041 [0.004, 0.096] 0.043 [0.005, 0.101] 0.042 [0.003, 0.097]
Intercept well-being 2.826 [2.785, 2.866] 2.845 [2.801, 2.889] 2.845 [2.801, 2.890] 2.846 [2.801, 2.890] 2.848 [2.805, 2.890] 2.846 [2.801, 2.890]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.221 [0.192, 0.254] 0.199 [0.170, 0.234] 0.198 [0.169, 0.233] 0.193 [0.163, 0.227] 0.177 [0.150, 0.209] 0.200 [0.170, 0.234]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.034 [0.012, 0.072] 0.023 [0.003, 0.073] 0.022 [0.003, 0.069] 0.023 [0.003, 0.072] 0.023 [0.003, 0.072] 0.022 [0.002, 0.070]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.098 [0.043, 0.182] 0.086 [0.036, 0.175] 0.085 [0.035, 0.171] 0.085 [0.035, 0.173] 0.088 [0.034, 0.172] 0.079 [0.028, 0.167]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.082 [0.036, 0.153] 0.110 [0.045, 0.196] 0.110 [0.047, 0.195] 0.110 [0.046, 0.197] 0.110 [0.046, 0.197] 0.109 [0.044, 0.196]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.041 [0.014, 0.092] 0.052 [0.020, 0.121] 0.053 [0.021, 0.121] 0.051 [0.020, 0.121] 0.055 [0.022, 0.125] 0.051 [0.020, 0.121]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.014 [0.002, 0.033] 0.063 [0.035, 0.098] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 TCE WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.185] 0.045 [0.000, 0.480] 0.017 [0.000, 0.203] 0.052 [0.000, 0.384] 0.058 [0.000, 0.505]
R2 SNS WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] 0.009 [0.000, 0.092] 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] 0.017 [0.000, 0.140] 0.040 [0.000, 0.213]
R2 Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.014 [0.000, 0.102] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] 0.044 [0.000, 0.235] 0.025 [0.000, 0.172] 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] 0.007 [0.000, 0.091]
Number of participants 729 553 553 553 553 553
Number of observations 3,928 2,905 2,905 2,905 2,905 2,905
Study 3
TCE WP -0.162 [-0.256, -0.070] -0.177 [-0.279, -0.076] -0.186 [-0.290, -0.081] -0.182 [-0.282, -0.085] -0.172 [-0.284, -0.070] -0.171 [-0.274, -0.066]
SNS WP -0.164 [-0.319, -0.013] -0.161 [-0.344, 0.008] -0.186 [-0.360, -0.010] -0.158 [-0.340, 0.009] -0.193 [-0.366, -0.002] -0.187 [-0.344, -0.019]
Family WP -0.230 [-0.341, -0.115] -0.250 [-0.383, -0.111] -0.249 [-0.373, -0.117] -0.252 [-0.390, -0.115] -0.247 [-0.371, -0.119] -0.215 [-0.360, -0.088]
Weak ties WP -0.268 [-0.356, -0.177] -0.280 [-0.384, -0.184] -0.301 [-0.393, -0.204] -0.286 [-0.394, -0.183] -0.286 [-0.383, -0.176] -0.276 [-0.368, -0.181]
Weekend WP 0.201 [0.128, 0.273] 0.212 [0.134, 0.288] 0.208 [0.130, 0.287] 0.210 [0.132, 0.287] 0.211 [0.134, 0.288] 0.202 [0.125, 0.279]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.938 [0.900, 0.978] 0.955 [0.913, 0.998] 0.953 [0.912, 0.998] 0.956 [0.914, 1.000] 0.956 [0.914, 1.000] 0.948 [0.907, 0.992]
R2 within 0.047 [0.038, 0.060] 0.053 [0.040, 0.064] 0.055 [0.043, 0.067] 0.052 [0.042, 0.065] 0.049 [0.037, 0.061] 0.051 [0.039, 0.065]
Personality trait 0.359 [0.261, 0.455] 0.273 [0.152, 0.395] 0.250 [0.142, 0.361] -0.539 [-0.621, -0.458] 0.074 [-0.038, 0.187]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.053 [-0.198, 0.090] 0.140 [-0.023, 0.309] -0.033 [-0.182, 0.112] 0.062 [-0.077, 0.193] -0.054 [-0.212, 0.115]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.006 [-0.209, 0.218] 0.269 [-0.028, 0.567] 0.072 [-0.180, 0.338] 0.060 [-0.173, 0.281] -0.025 [-0.283, 0.236]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.066 [-0.098, 0.255] 0.055 [-0.168, 0.269] 0.091 [-0.099, 0.262] -0.037 [-0.210, 0.122] 0.018 [-0.158, 0.216]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.045 [-0.098, 0.179] 0.153 [-0.012, 0.333] 0.015 [-0.119, 0.150] 0.033 [-0.085, 0.154] 0.107 [-0.049, 0.262]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.049 [-0.137, 0.042] -0.044 [-0.135, 0.046] -0.066 [-0.159, 0.025] -0.056 [-0.144, 0.038] -0.027 [-0.110, 0.054] -0.054 [-0.147, 0.039]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance 0.087 [-0.072, 0.236] 0.102 [-0.053, 0.257] 0.047 [-0.117, 0.203] 0.087 [-0.068, 0.234] 0.110 [-0.030, 0.256] 0.087 [-0.080, 0.263]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.040 [-0.074, 0.156] 0.026 [-0.092, 0.144] 0.038 [-0.069, 0.161] 0.032 [-0.080, 0.141] 0.017 [-0.078, 0.120] 0.006 [-0.113, 0.140]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.072 [-0.167, 0.011] -0.091 [-0.180, -0.003] -0.098 [-0.189, -0.017] -0.089 [-0.175, 0.010] -0.076 [-0.160, 0.004] -0.089 [-0.176, -0.005]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.145 [0.017, 0.303] 0.176 [0.024, 0.346] 0.147 [0.021, 0.316] 0.181 [0.014, 0.341] 0.138 [0.005, 0.315] 0.134 [-0.011, 0.295]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance -0.020 [-0.115, 0.096] 0.008 [-0.089, 0.113] -0.022 [-0.125, 0.109] 0.003 [-0.089, 0.113] -0.001 [-0.123, 0.120] -0.011 [-0.105, 0.095]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.038 [-0.030, 0.118] 0.046 [-0.028, 0.129] 0.032 [-0.027, 0.122] 0.051 [-0.024, 0.149] 0.042 [-0.032, 0.128] 0.038 [-0.033, 0.145]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.039 [-0.120, 0.210] 0.044 [-0.118, 0.246] 0.063 [-0.085, 0.274] 0.027 [-0.137, 0.248] 0.071 [-0.115, 0.240] 0.048 [-0.121, 0.241]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.091, 0.148] 0.008 [-0.106, 0.129] 0.020 [-0.088, 0.136] 0.023 [-0.112, 0.201] -0.011 [-0.108, 0.120] -0.003 [-0.113, 0.140]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.021 [-0.066, 0.131] 0.009 [-0.083, 0.127] 0.003 [-0.087, 0.132] 0.019 [-0.076, 0.117] 0.015 [-0.076, 0.165] 0.029 [-0.055, 0.151]
Intercept well-being 0.894 [0.821, 0.966] 0.898 [0.828, 0.968] 0.898 [0.824, 0.972] 0.893 [0.819, 0.967] 0.901 [0.835, 0.968] 0.901 [0.828, 0.975]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.771 [0.677, 0.872] 0.640 [0.556, 0.742] 0.690 [0.600, 0.796] 0.680 [0.592, 0.783] 0.527 [0.454, 0.611] 0.711 [0.617, 0.816]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.156 [0.032, 0.264] 0.181 [0.080, 0.302] 0.167 [0.073, 0.322] 0.180 [0.088, 0.310] 0.172 [0.084, 0.301] 0.176 [0.075, 0.310]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.343 [0.127, 0.700] 0.382 [0.186, 0.696] 0.383 [0.163, 0.712] 0.389 [0.186, 0.721] 0.330 [0.126, 0.668] 0.333 [0.148, 0.692]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.133 [0.039, 0.323] 0.147 [0.027, 0.360] 0.162 [0.049, 0.377] 0.157 [0.035, 0.349] 0.178 [0.075, 0.404] 0.152 [0.025, 0.378]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.103 [0.015, 0.229] 0.107 [0.042, 0.220] 0.094 [0.030, 0.206] 0.112 [0.046, 0.230] 0.100 [0.037, 0.229] 0.106 [0.046, 0.245]
R2 between 0.047 [0.025, 0.076] 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] 0.019 [0.006, 0.040] 0.149 [0.108, 0.193] 0.002 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 TCE WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] 0.018 [0.000, 0.107] 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] 0.006 [0.000, 0.060]
R2 SNS WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.030 [0.000, 0.130] 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] 0.008 [0.000, 0.083] 0.005 [0.000, 0.059]
R2 Family WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.162] 0.007 [0.000, 0.095] 0.013 [0.000, 0.123] 0.006 [0.000, 0.086] 0.007 [0.000, 0.095]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.091] 0.039 [0.000, 0.209] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.007 [0.000, 0.094] 0.022 [0.000, 0.144]
Number of participants 775 694 690 694 693 691
Number of observations 5,701 5,074 5,043 5,083 5,084 5,057

Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2b

Table S1.3
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
TCE WP -0.038 [-0.086, 0.011] -0.038 [-0.094, 0.016] -0.044 [-0.101, 0.009] -0.038 [-0.095, 0.018] -0.037 [-0.091, 0.019] -0.040 [-0.097, 0.013]
SNS WP -0.024 [-0.084, 0.035] -0.031 [-0.104, 0.035] -0.035 [-0.108, 0.030] -0.028 [-0.100, 0.038] -0.032 [-0.101, 0.035] -0.033 [-0.106, 0.032]
Family WP -0.029 [-0.083, 0.025] -0.032 [-0.094, 0.031] -0.032 [-0.099, 0.031] -0.026 [-0.093, 0.039] -0.026 [-0.090, 0.036] -0.029 [-0.093, 0.035]
Weak ties WP -0.061 [-0.127, 0.005] -0.057 [-0.128, 0.012] -0.053 [-0.120, 0.015] -0.053 [-0.123, 0.016] -0.056 [-0.126, 0.017] -0.057 [-0.127, 0.012]
TCE * Family WP 0.111 [-0.025, 0.251] 0.070 [-0.088, 0.223] 0.081 [-0.077, 0.235] 0.055 [-0.100, 0.209] 0.078 [-0.076, 0.230] 0.070 [-0.094, 0.224]
TCE * Weak ties WP 0.003 [-0.223, 0.222] -0.060 [-0.316, 0.182] -0.044 [-0.285, 0.193] -0.047 [-0.292, 0.197] -0.015 [-0.240, 0.259] -0.050 [-0.299, 0.189]
SNS * Family WP 0.120 [-0.070, 0.328] 0.159 [-0.071, 0.382] 0.168 [-0.059, 0.397] 0.179 [-0.051, 0.404] 0.142 [-0.069, 0.372] 0.152 [-0.074, 0.373]
SNS * Weak ties WP 0.125 [-0.240, 0.415] 0.070 [-0.268, 0.386] 0.123 [-0.222, 0.428] 0.127 [-0.234, 0.439] 0.161 [-0.188, 0.484] 0.096 [-0.244, 0.419]
Weekend WP 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047] 0.023 [-0.010, 0.056] 0.022 [-0.011, 0.055] 0.023 [-0.009, 0.056] 0.021 [-0.011, 0.054] 0.021 [-0.011, 0.055]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.232 [0.222, 0.241] 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] 0.228 [0.218, 0.238] 0.228 [0.218, 0.239] 0.228 [0.219, 0.239]
R2 within 0.058 [0.049, 0.068] 0.064 [0.052, 0.077] 0.063 [0.054, 0.076] 0.065 [0.055, 0.074] 0.063 [0.052, 0.074] 0.063 [0.052, 0.077]
Personality trait 0.067 [0.026, 0.108] 0.153 [0.101, 0.204] 0.141 [0.090, 0.193] -0.272 [-0.312, -0.230] 0.013 [-0.043, 0.067]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.001 [-0.071, 0.068] -0.049 [-0.147, 0.039] 0.037 [-0.053, 0.128] 0.006 [-0.076, 0.092] -0.007 [-0.109, 0.090]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.007 [-0.080, 0.094] -0.025 [-0.134, 0.082] -0.015 [-0.130, 0.097] 0.027 [-0.069, 0.125] -0.008 [-0.131, 0.109]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.048 [-0.026, 0.123] -0.031 [-0.130, 0.064] -0.018 [-0.114, 0.085] -0.042 [-0.133, 0.050] 0.066 [-0.044, 0.172]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.002 [-0.093, 0.090] 0.060 [-0.053, 0.169] -0.003 [-0.111, 0.100] -0.018 [-0.113, 0.083] 0.017 [-0.095, 0.127]
Personality trait * TCE * Family WP 0.219 [0.015, 0.421] 0.064 [-0.182, 0.308] 0.079 [-0.237, 0.341] -0.100 [-0.341, 0.126] 0.022 [-0.255, 0.275]
Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP 0.229 [-0.100, 0.556] -0.084 [-0.564, 0.317] -0.145 [-0.533, 0.269] -0.170 [-0.498, 0.247] -0.079 [-0.597, 0.448]
Personality trait * SNS * Family WP 0.212 [-0.089, 0.513] 0.098 [-0.252, 0.462] -0.461 [-0.839, -0.020] -0.168 [-0.494, 0.148] 0.036 [-0.396, 0.431]
Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP 0.011 [-0.415, 0.498] 0.155 [-0.407, 0.690] -0.010 [-0.522, 0.594] -0.458 [-0.925, 0.006] -0.114 [-0.723, 0.451]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.009 [-0.034, 0.016] -0.010 [-0.039, 0.020] -0.006 [-0.035, 0.024] -0.012 [-0.040, 0.017] -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.020]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.015 [-0.046, 0.015] -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032] -0.003 [-0.043, 0.036] -0.006 [-0.045, 0.032] -0.003 [-0.038, 0.031] -0.008 [-0.050, 0.030]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.038, 0.022] -0.013 [-0.049, 0.022] -0.011 [-0.045, 0.025] -0.009 [-0.043, 0.026] -0.015 [-0.043, 0.015] -0.016 [-0.052, 0.020]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.059, 0.017] -0.014 [-0.058, 0.027] -0.018 [-0.060, 0.022] -0.013 [-0.056, 0.027] -0.014 [-0.052, 0.022] -0.011 [-0.056, 0.030]
Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.023 [-0.101, 0.055] -0.022 [-0.114, 0.066] -0.016 [-0.109, 0.068] -0.015 [-0.109, 0.067] -0.007 [-0.083, 0.069] -0.014 [-0.109, 0.073]
Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.032 [-0.150, 0.086] 0.004 [-0.138, 0.140] 0.018 [-0.146, 0.160] 0.010 [-0.136, 0.148] -0.025 [-0.153, 0.106] 0.000 [-0.155, 0.141]
Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.020 [-0.123, 0.093] -0.014 [-0.140, 0.116] -0.023 [-0.144, 0.115] 0.017 [-0.088, 0.133] -0.016 [-0.129, 0.097] -0.014 [-0.138, 0.112]
Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.161, 0.160] 0.022 [-0.170, 0.219] 0.030 [-0.155, 0.222] 0.015 [-0.156, 0.202] -0.029 [-0.178, 0.134] 0.025 [-0.164, 0.222]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.037 [0.011, 0.076] 0.050 [0.014, 0.095] 0.047 [0.013, 0.092] 0.048 [0.016, 0.094] 0.050 [0.021, 0.098] 0.051 [0.015, 0.094]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.020, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.041] 0.006 [-0.021, 0.041] 0.006 [-0.021, 0.039] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.042] 0.006 [-0.022, 0.041]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.034, 0.035] -0.008 [-0.042, 0.029] -0.007 [-0.039, 0.032] -0.008 [-0.041, 0.026] -0.005 [-0.036, 0.028] -0.009 [-0.041, 0.028]
TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.078 [-0.156, -0.022] -0.074 [-0.162, -0.005] -0.077 [-0.165, -0.007] -0.076 [-0.164, -0.009] -0.079 [-0.168, -0.008] -0.076 [-0.170, -0.006]
TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.067 [-0.162, 0.005] -0.057 [-0.156, 0.033] -0.073 [-0.175, 0.014] -0.065 [-0.168, 0.017] -0.062 [-0.155, 0.034] -0.064 [-0.164, 0.025]
TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.064 [-0.181, 0.026] -0.065 [-0.177, 0.042] -0.064 [-0.177, 0.038] -0.068 [-0.183, 0.031] -0.062 [-0.183, 0.049] -0.066 [-0.179, 0.037]
TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.026 [-0.148, 0.086] -0.051 [-0.185, 0.083] -0.058 [-0.187, 0.076] -0.050 [-0.180, 0.076] -0.030 [-0.180, 0.087] -0.053 [-0.184, 0.078]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.008 [-0.023, 0.042] 0.006 [-0.024, 0.049] 0.006 [-0.024, 0.047] 0.008 [-0.021, 0.048] 0.008 [-0.024, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.025, 0.048]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.033, 0.055] 0.003 [-0.037, 0.039] 0.003 [-0.036, 0.041] 0.004 [-0.038, 0.039] -0.001 [-0.034, 0.041] 0.004 [-0.037, 0.041]
SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.038 [-0.119, 0.036] -0.043 [-0.136, 0.026] -0.045 [-0.134, 0.025] -0.048 [-0.140, 0.022] -0.039 [-0.130, 0.034] -0.043 [-0.136, 0.026]
SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.035 [-0.145, 0.047] -0.034 [-0.134, 0.075] -0.043 [-0.152, 0.057] -0.038 [-0.144, 0.063] -0.037 [-0.139, 0.073] -0.037 [-0.139, 0.075]
SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.026 [-0.135, 0.051] -0.052 [-0.177, 0.044] -0.047 [-0.177, 0.050] -0.059 [-0.191, 0.032] -0.045 [-0.153, 0.058] -0.048 [-0.176, 0.047]
SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.153, 0.103] -0.053 [-0.188, 0.101] -0.059 [-0.192, 0.088] -0.054 [-0.185, 0.099] -0.032 [-0.183, 0.098] -0.053 [-0.188, 0.099]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.035 [0.004, 0.071] 0.026 [-0.004, 0.063] 0.026 [-0.004, 0.064] 0.026 [-0.004, 0.063] 0.029 [-0.007, 0.067] 0.025 [-0.005, 0.062]
Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance 0.016 [-0.047, 0.084] 0.017 [-0.054, 0.102] 0.019 [-0.049, 0.095] 0.022 [-0.046, 0.103] 0.021 [-0.049, 0.090] 0.020 [-0.049, 0.103]
Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.071, 0.083] 0.008 [-0.088, 0.115] 0.007 [-0.097, 0.103] 0.011 [-0.094, 0.104] 0.003 [-0.112, 0.095] 0.014 [-0.091, 0.124]
Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.071, 0.102] -0.003 [-0.092, 0.095] 0.000 [-0.091, 0.102] 0.003 [-0.085, 0.099] 0.006 [-0.070, 0.112] 0.002 [-0.089, 0.107]
Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.123, 0.117] 0.004 [-0.143, 0.132] 0.001 [-0.148, 0.140] -0.004 [-0.152, 0.129] 0.011 [-0.118, 0.151] 0.020 [-0.134, 0.157]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance 0.022 [-0.052, 0.101] 0.020 [-0.048, 0.088] 0.018 [-0.048, 0.091] 0.020 [-0.047, 0.096] 0.029 [-0.050, 0.106] 0.022 [-0.046, 0.091]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.101, 0.071] -0.017 [-0.119, 0.076] -0.015 [-0.117, 0.071] -0.017 [-0.120, 0.070] -0.011 [-0.118, 0.071] -0.009 [-0.120, 0.088]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.017 [-0.128, 0.075] 0.004 [-0.098, 0.101] 0.002 [-0.087, 0.096] 0.004 [-0.082, 0.096] 0.004 [-0.118, 0.101] 0.007 [-0.091, 0.103]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.030 [-0.156, 0.086] -0.011 [-0.138, 0.139] -0.021 [-0.144, 0.109] -0.015 [-0.142, 0.124] -0.004 [-0.136, 0.122] -0.003 [-0.132, 0.141]
TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.152 [-0.016, 0.366] 0.128 [-0.053, 0.412] 0.148 [-0.051, 0.460] 0.140 [-0.046, 0.437] 0.130 [-0.056, 0.400] 0.144 [-0.057, 0.456]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.140 [-0.046, 0.388] 0.108 [-0.059, 0.398] 0.124 [-0.055, 0.404] 0.107 [-0.072, 0.406] 0.149 [-0.064, 0.443] 0.124 [-0.054, 0.419]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.038 [-0.202, 0.319] 0.038 [-0.233, 0.359] 0.044 [-0.236, 0.375] 0.037 [-0.238, 0.361] 0.032 [-0.231, 0.360] 0.050 [-0.232, 0.376]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.162 [-0.072, 0.427] 0.144 [-0.177, 0.504] 0.150 [-0.132, 0.515] 0.127 [-0.159, 0.482] 0.079 [-0.200, 0.468] 0.151 [-0.156, 0.514]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.333 [0.058, 0.736] 0.385 [0.051, 0.987] 0.406 [0.082, 1.021] 0.363 [0.055, 0.943] 0.357 [0.029, 0.876] 0.384 [0.064, 1.007]
SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.112 [-0.177, 0.547] 0.111 [-0.249, 0.715] 0.115 [-0.234, 0.700] 0.121 [-0.212, 0.655] 0.106 [-0.242, 0.503] 0.099 [-0.257, 0.686]
Intercept well-being 2.852 [2.820, 2.883] 2.870 [2.835, 2.904] 2.870 [2.837, 2.903] 2.869 [2.835, 2.902] 2.872 [2.841, 2.904] 2.870 [2.835, 2.903]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.217 [0.195, 0.242] 0.212 [0.188, 0.239] 0.205 [0.181, 0.231] 0.206 [0.183, 0.233] 0.174 [0.154, 0.197] 0.213 [0.189, 0.241]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.058 [0.026, 0.098] 0.072 [0.037, 0.115] 0.068 [0.035, 0.114] 0.070 [0.036, 0.115] 0.071 [0.039, 0.119] 0.071 [0.037, 0.117]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.059 [0.022, 0.110] 0.074 [0.036, 0.133] 0.071 [0.034, 0.134] 0.072 [0.034, 0.136] 0.066 [0.028, 0.134] 0.075 [0.036, 0.134]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.056 [0.023, 0.101] 0.054 [0.023, 0.096] 0.060 [0.027, 0.102] 0.059 [0.026, 0.101] 0.056 [0.026, 0.110] 0.057 [0.026, 0.098]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.074 [0.035, 0.125] 0.066 [0.027, 0.124] 0.064 [0.025, 0.115] 0.066 [0.026, 0.122] 0.067 [0.029, 0.125] 0.066 [0.026, 0.123]
Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance 0.301 [0.118, 0.558] 0.281 [0.104, 0.595] 0.296 [0.095, 0.635] 0.288 [0.094, 0.613] 0.335 [0.137, 0.625] 0.293 [0.089, 0.627]
Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.420 [0.170, 0.847] 0.464 [0.211, 0.947] 0.520 [0.232, 1.054] 0.496 [0.220, 0.998] 0.450 [0.170, 0.932] 0.495 [0.225, 1.010]
Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance 0.454 [0.138, 0.955] 0.520 [0.258, 1.097] 0.506 [0.223, 1.058] 0.456 [0.189, 0.982] 0.471 [0.157, 0.980] 0.507 [0.223, 1.094]
Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.685 [0.278, 1.428] 0.801 [0.326, 1.756] 0.798 [0.313, 1.793] 0.748 [0.270, 1.744] 0.761 [0.258, 1.701] 0.803 [0.322, 1.747]
R2 between 0.007 [0.001, 0.017] 0.023 [0.010, 0.040] 0.018 [0.007, 0.034] 0.098 [0.071, 0.128] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 TCE WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036]
R2 SNS WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.004 [0.000, 0.060] 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] 0.006 [0.000, 0.069] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050]
R2 Family WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.098] 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] 0.009 [0.000, 0.103] 0.015 [0.000, 0.094]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] 0.013 [0.000, 0.096] 0.004 [0.000, 0.048] 0.005 [0.000, 0.061] 0.004 [0.000, 0.051]
R2 TCE * Family WP 0.050 [0.001, 0.225] 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] 0.009 [0.000, 0.096] 0.009 [0.000, 0.096] 0.005 [0.000, 0.076]
R2 TCE * Weak ties WP 0.034 [0.000, 0.236] 0.009 [0.000, 0.119] 0.012 [0.000, 0.102] 0.020 [0.000, 0.168] 0.011 [0.000, 0.131]
R2 SNS * Family WP 0.026 [0.000, 0.176] 0.008 [0.000, 0.091] 0.080 [0.001, 0.285] 0.017 [0.000, 0.155] 0.007 [0.000, 0.089]
R2 SNS * Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.116] 0.012 [0.000, 0.138] 0.008 [0.000, 0.114] 0.069 [0.000, 0.302] 0.010 [0.000, 0.137]
Number of participants 1,203 1,016 1,016 1,016 1,015 1,016
Number of observations 6,700 5,701 5,701 5,701 5,696 5,701
Study 2
TCE WP -0.079 [-0.146, -0.021] -0.084 [-0.161, -0.006] -0.081 [-0.159, -0.004] -0.098 [-0.173, -0.023] -0.091 [-0.165, -0.018] -0.078 [-0.154, 0.000]
SNS WP -0.044 [-0.130, 0.039] -0.089 [-0.190, 0.014] -0.093 [-0.195, 0.008] -0.101 [-0.198, -0.005] -0.101 [-0.198, -0.005] -0.075 [-0.179, 0.027]
Family WP -0.047 [-0.126, 0.029] -0.075 [-0.175, 0.023] -0.072 [-0.174, 0.029] -0.065 [-0.161, 0.036] -0.074 [-0.173, 0.025] -0.073 [-0.173, 0.028]
Weak ties WP -0.067 [-0.145, 0.008] -0.078 [-0.185, 0.021] -0.090 [-0.202, 0.016] -0.091 [-0.189, 0.004] -0.097 [-0.204, 0.007] -0.090 [-0.200, 0.012]
TCE * Family WP -0.068 [-0.241, 0.132] -0.147 [-0.381, 0.097] -0.137 [-0.378, 0.121] -0.128 [-0.351, 0.104] -0.146 [-0.378, 0.089] -0.113 [-0.341, 0.138]
TCE * Weak ties WP 0.256 [-0.052, 0.527] 0.099 [-0.328, 0.470] 0.107 [-0.335, 0.492] 0.110 [-0.285, 0.468] 0.091 [-0.306, 0.503] 0.141 [-0.315, 0.533]
SNS * Family WP -0.193 [-0.497, 0.090] -0.291 [-0.629, 0.062] -0.270 [-0.618, 0.074] -0.226 [-0.551, 0.164] -0.327 [-0.653, 0.043] -0.139 [-0.533, 0.277]
SNS * Weak ties WP -0.150 [-0.586, 0.263] -0.299 [-0.799, 0.207] -0.333 [-0.853, 0.180] -0.409 [-0.962, 0.146] -0.278 [-0.902, 0.209] -0.269 [-0.821, 0.262]
Weekend WP 0.090 [0.050, 0.130] 0.092 [0.047, 0.139] 0.090 [0.044, 0.136] 0.089 [0.043, 0.135] 0.095 [0.049, 0.142] 0.089 [0.044, 0.136]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.229 [0.217, 0.242] 0.235 [0.221, 0.249] 0.234 [0.220, 0.249] 0.235 [0.221, 0.250] 0.234 [0.220, 0.249] 0.234 [0.221, 0.249]
R2 within 0.072 [0.060, 0.084] 0.082 [0.068, 0.100] 0.084 [0.069, 0.099] 0.081 [0.065, 0.095] 0.085 [0.072, 0.100] 0.084 [0.069, 0.101]
Personality trait 0.021 [-0.033, 0.077] 0.046 [-0.028, 0.120] 0.118 [0.048, 0.187] -0.216 [-0.274, -0.156] 0.000 [-0.072, 0.072]
Personality trait * TCE WP 0.015 [-0.078, 0.106] 0.084 [-0.056, 0.212] 0.014 [-0.119, 0.144] 0.101 [-0.021, 0.209] 0.053 [-0.071, 0.170]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.038 [-0.084, 0.162] 0.055 [-0.121, 0.225] -0.064 [-0.236, 0.107] 0.138 [-0.015, 0.282] 0.148 [-0.018, 0.313]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.041 [-0.165, 0.067] 0.036 [-0.119, 0.183] 0.000 [-0.142, 0.143] 0.092 [-0.050, 0.233] 0.040 [-0.112, 0.181]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.008 [-0.115, 0.115] 0.075 [-0.094, 0.228] -0.054 [-0.210, 0.090] -0.025 [-0.166, 0.109] 0.007 [-0.148, 0.151]
Personality trait * TCE * Family WP 0.045 [-0.250, 0.346] 0.110 [-0.301, 0.501] 0.297 [-0.105, 0.722] -0.163 [-0.475, 0.206] 0.144 [-0.245, 0.535]
Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP 0.206 [-0.160, 0.568] 0.102 [-0.507, 0.757] 0.321 [-0.253, 0.876] 0.047 [-0.487, 0.590] 0.162 [-0.390, 0.660]
Personality trait * SNS * Family WP -0.187 [-0.672, 0.205] -0.275 [-0.867, 0.322] -0.012 [-0.543, 0.541] 0.226 [-0.216, 0.750] 0.499 [-0.131, 1.092]
Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP 0.855 [0.291, 1.416] 0.134 [-0.763, 0.953] 0.877 [0.003, 1.713] -0.112 [-0.919, 0.689] 0.270 [-0.533, 0.995]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.026 [-0.061, 0.009] -0.014 [-0.053, 0.028] -0.012 [-0.051, 0.028] -0.012 [-0.058, 0.030] -0.007 [-0.044, 0.030] -0.013 [-0.051, 0.029]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance -0.046 [-0.094, 0.000] -0.048 [-0.100, 0.005] -0.049 [-0.100, 0.001] -0.046 [-0.103, 0.008] -0.039 [-0.089, 0.011] -0.047 [-0.099, 0.003]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.020 [-0.065, 0.021] -0.031 [-0.080, 0.021] -0.031 [-0.079, 0.019] -0.031 [-0.081, 0.020] -0.024 [-0.074, 0.028] -0.032 [-0.079, 0.021]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.030 [-0.073, 0.008] -0.027 [-0.070, 0.020] -0.024 [-0.067, 0.022] -0.018 [-0.067, 0.027] -0.031 [-0.075, 0.013] -0.026 [-0.070, 0.024]
Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance 0.033 [-0.075, 0.144] 0.040 [-0.085, 0.162] 0.043 [-0.079, 0.168] 0.016 [-0.110, 0.146] 0.039 [-0.075, 0.148] 0.046 [-0.075, 0.165]
Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.053 [-0.210, 0.083] -0.036 [-0.227, 0.122] -0.016 [-0.182, 0.131] -0.040 [-0.272, 0.174] 0.006 [-0.187, 0.165] -0.023 [-0.196, 0.134]
Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.052 [-0.098, 0.200] 0.080 [-0.096, 0.252] 0.074 [-0.096, 0.248] 0.046 [-0.124, 0.225] 0.103 [-0.069, 0.271] 0.083 [-0.093, 0.261]
Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.041 [-0.303, 0.162] -0.061 [-0.348, 0.200] -0.056 [-0.315, 0.209] -0.148 [-0.467, 0.153] -0.029 [-0.324, 0.224] -0.050 [-0.309, 0.218]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.053 [0.018, 0.105] 0.064 [0.015, 0.132] 0.061 [0.012, 0.125] 0.054 [0.015, 0.121] 0.062 [0.015, 0.125] 0.058 [0.012, 0.124]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.016, 0.061] 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] 0.021 [-0.024, 0.070] 0.020 [-0.023, 0.074] 0.025 [-0.020, 0.075] 0.022 [-0.024, 0.070]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.026, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.020, 0.053] 0.015 [-0.022, 0.052] 0.010 [-0.023, 0.046] 0.015 [-0.022, 0.051] 0.012 [-0.024, 0.050]
TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.024 [-0.106, 0.050] -0.020 [-0.137, 0.077] -0.023 [-0.127, 0.076] -0.035 [-0.148, 0.055] -0.026 [-0.136, 0.074] -0.021 [-0.128, 0.079]
TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.084, 0.117] 0.001 [-0.114, 0.115] -0.007 [-0.125, 0.101] -0.007 [-0.140, 0.106] -0.012 [-0.137, 0.106] -0.004 [-0.122, 0.115]
TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.137, 0.079] -0.014 [-0.134, 0.113] -0.015 [-0.131, 0.105] -0.027 [-0.171, 0.095] -0.017 [-0.143, 0.096] -0.025 [-0.153, 0.105]
TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.026 [-0.130, 0.173] 0.000 [-0.166, 0.189] -0.010 [-0.187, 0.186] 0.007 [-0.176, 0.186] -0.008 [-0.191, 0.189] -0.012 [-0.187, 0.186]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.057 [0.005, 0.117] 0.067 [-0.006, 0.151] 0.067 [-0.004, 0.145] 0.055 [-0.013, 0.143] 0.066 [-0.001, 0.149] 0.065 [-0.005, 0.146]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] 0.029 [-0.027, 0.088] 0.036 [-0.022, 0.098] 0.027 [-0.030, 0.083] 0.036 [-0.021, 0.098] 0.029 [-0.025, 0.089]
SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.054 [-0.180, 0.064] -0.078 [-0.233, 0.066] -0.091 [-0.246, 0.059] -0.086 [-0.235, 0.036] -0.086 [-0.232, 0.063] -0.078 [-0.224, 0.066]
SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.176, 0.179] -0.001 [-0.182, 0.185] -0.038 [-0.226, 0.151] -0.030 [-0.220, 0.155] -0.034 [-0.230, 0.163] -0.024 [-0.221, 0.161]
SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.166, 0.151] -0.018 [-0.201, 0.176] -0.023 [-0.191, 0.151] -0.024 [-0.205, 0.176] -0.025 [-0.210, 0.161] -0.036 [-0.215, 0.147]
SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [-0.183, 0.257] 0.026 [-0.219, 0.278] -0.025 [-0.261, 0.249] -0.003 [-0.272, 0.254] -0.015 [-0.293, 0.251] -0.002 [-0.259, 0.246]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.028 [-0.006, 0.068] 0.036 [-0.013, 0.097] 0.040 [-0.012, 0.099] 0.030 [-0.018, 0.093] 0.040 [-0.012, 0.102] 0.037 [-0.013, 0.097]
Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.044 [-0.138, 0.044] -0.048 [-0.190, 0.107] -0.052 [-0.193, 0.101] -0.048 [-0.181, 0.102] -0.057 [-0.197, 0.093] -0.041 [-0.179, 0.115]
Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.037 [-0.174, 0.093] -0.079 [-0.262, 0.089] -0.093 [-0.272, 0.061] -0.078 [-0.285, 0.087] -0.090 [-0.288, 0.071] -0.094 [-0.280, 0.072]
Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.019 [-0.142, 0.113] 0.012 [-0.144, 0.216] 0.010 [-0.142, 0.230] 0.028 [-0.182, 0.260] -0.004 [-0.189, 0.235] 0.005 [-0.164, 0.232]
Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.152, 0.201] -0.019 [-0.287, 0.246] -0.028 [-0.277, 0.227] 0.011 [-0.276, 0.249] -0.031 [-0.322, 0.222] -0.008 [-0.287, 0.272]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.013 [-0.100, 0.069] -0.039 [-0.156, 0.065] -0.054 [-0.179, 0.060] -0.035 [-0.149, 0.059] -0.050 [-0.172, 0.054] -0.048 [-0.166, 0.062]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.047 [-0.160, 0.038] -0.037 [-0.200, 0.096] -0.048 [-0.221, 0.075] -0.049 [-0.205, 0.072] -0.050 [-0.214, 0.074] -0.048 [-0.223, 0.082]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.127, 0.106] -0.019 [-0.155, 0.116] -0.022 [-0.165, 0.118] -0.035 [-0.166, 0.094] -0.045 [-0.183, 0.094] -0.033 [-0.179, 0.113]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.148, 0.110] 0.008 [-0.190, 0.206] -0.025 [-0.214, 0.175] 0.007 [-0.180, 0.188] -0.019 [-0.235, 0.157] -0.010 [-0.211, 0.199]
TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.152 [-0.097, 0.436] 0.175 [-0.150, 0.558] 0.204 [-0.140, 0.598] 0.156 [-0.179, 0.587] 0.157 [-0.143, 0.548] 0.192 [-0.136, 0.588]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.300 [0.061, 0.661] 0.318 [0.032, 0.823] 0.325 [0.028, 0.815] 0.310 [-0.017, 0.863] 0.324 [0.039, 0.810] 0.351 [0.055, 0.866]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.076 [-0.321, 0.417] 0.152 [-0.317, 0.703] 0.175 [-0.327, 0.743] 0.100 [-0.384, 0.659] 0.112 [-0.405, 0.683] 0.138 [-0.339, 0.671]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.163 [-0.165, 0.490] 0.097 [-0.328, 0.554] 0.096 [-0.382, 0.516] 0.090 [-0.374, 0.600] 0.111 [-0.318, 0.563] 0.128 [-0.331, 0.592]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.332 [0.022, 0.997] 0.471 [-0.024, 1.364] 0.460 [-0.060, 1.308] 0.586 [0.042, 1.564] 0.540 [0.010, 1.452] 0.444 [-0.039, 1.274]
SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.160 [-0.271, 0.614] 0.182 [-0.381, 0.858] 0.157 [-0.446, 0.822] 0.106 [-0.599, 0.744] 0.127 [-0.530, 0.847] 0.148 [-0.477, 0.870]
Intercept well-being 2.822 [2.782, 2.864] 2.842 [2.796, 2.887] 2.840 [2.794, 2.886] 2.841 [2.796, 2.885] 2.842 [2.798, 2.886] 2.841 [2.795, 2.887]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.228 [0.197, 0.262] 0.205 [0.173, 0.243] 0.205 [0.173, 0.242] 0.198 [0.167, 0.235] 0.182 [0.154, 0.216] 0.206 [0.174, 0.243]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.049 [0.020, 0.097] 0.056 [0.026, 0.109] 0.055 [0.025, 0.105] 0.053 [0.021, 0.107] 0.053 [0.023, 0.105] 0.053 [0.025, 0.105]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.125 [0.064, 0.210] 0.143 [0.063, 0.256] 0.143 [0.061, 0.252] 0.131 [0.061, 0.236] 0.143 [0.063, 0.244] 0.132 [0.054, 0.242]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.091 [0.043, 0.161] 0.116 [0.056, 0.218] 0.118 [0.060, 0.210] 0.116 [0.054, 0.222] 0.117 [0.056, 0.221] 0.120 [0.060, 0.222]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.062 [0.022, 0.120] 0.070 [0.028, 0.141] 0.073 [0.031, 0.148] 0.065 [0.024, 0.132] 0.078 [0.033, 0.151] 0.071 [0.029, 0.143]
Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance 0.376 [0.170, 0.672] 0.483 [0.158, 0.923] 0.511 [0.178, 0.975] 0.454 [0.190, 0.898] 0.477 [0.193, 0.908] 0.478 [0.146, 0.935]
Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.480 [0.167, 1.014] 0.651 [0.203, 1.435] 0.613 [0.189, 1.256] 0.660 [0.222, 1.461] 0.654 [0.198, 1.454] 0.653 [0.197, 1.396]
Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance 0.582 [0.271, 1.228] 0.711 [0.201, 1.680] 0.710 [0.249, 1.626] 0.754 [0.275, 1.880] 0.708 [0.235, 1.671] 0.825 [0.269, 1.900]
Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.742 [0.241, 2.127] 1.259 [0.419, 3.113] 1.277 [0.501, 3.078] 1.527 [0.489, 3.505] 1.394 [0.516, 3.268] 1.308 [0.465, 3.338]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.014 [0.002, 0.034] 0.061 [0.032, 0.097] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 TCE WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] 0.022 [0.000, 0.143] 0.008 [0.000, 0.089] 0.046 [0.000, 0.214] 0.012 [0.000, 0.106]
R2 SNS WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] 0.007 [0.000, 0.064] 0.009 [0.000, 0.093] 0.033 [0.000, 0.146] 0.031 [0.000, 0.165]
R2 Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.018 [0.000, 0.117] 0.005 [0.000, 0.053]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.089] 0.015 [0.000, 0.127] 0.013 [0.000, 0.146] 0.009 [0.000, 0.097] 0.008 [0.000, 0.088]
R2 TCE * Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.091] 0.009 [0.000, 0.079] 0.038 [0.000, 0.208] 0.017 [0.000, 0.137] 0.012 [0.000, 0.126]
R2 TCE * Weak ties WP 0.021 [0.000, 0.166] 0.014 [0.000, 0.129] 0.034 [0.000, 0.216] 0.013 [0.000, 0.141] 0.014 [0.000, 0.130]
R2 SNS * Family WP 0.018 [0.000, 0.215] 0.021 [0.000, 0.231] 0.010 [0.000, 0.097] 0.020 [0.000, 0.184] 0.055 [0.000, 0.232]
R2 SNS * Weak ties WP 0.161 [0.016, 0.436] 0.014 [0.000, 0.133] 0.092 [0.001, 0.351] 0.014 [0.000, 0.187] 0.016 [0.000, 0.148]
Number of participants 729 553 553 553 553 553
Number of observations 3,928 2,905 2,905 2,905 2,905 2,905
Study 3
TCE WP -0.149 [-0.251, -0.048] -0.166 [-0.276, -0.063] -0.168 [-0.292, -0.056] -0.165 [-0.272, -0.057] -0.170 [-0.281, -0.061] -0.170 [-0.275, -0.062]
SNS WP -0.155 [-0.340, 0.018] -0.178 [-0.379, 0.026] -0.196 [-0.396, 0.005] -0.191 [-0.400, 0.016] -0.180 [-0.394, 0.026] -0.188 [-0.390, 0.005]
Family WP -0.258 [-0.389, -0.119] -0.275 [-0.413, -0.131] -0.264 [-0.426, -0.123] -0.277 [-0.418, -0.127] -0.259 [-0.409, -0.109] -0.234 [-0.384, -0.105]
Weak ties WP -0.238 [-0.336, -0.136] -0.267 [-0.374, -0.157] -0.260 [-0.384, -0.157] -0.265 [-0.371, -0.159] -0.268 [-0.377, -0.162] -0.263 [-0.367, -0.156]
TCE * Family WP 0.004 [-0.375, 0.389] 0.042 [-0.375, 0.484] 0.054 [-0.368, 0.480] 0.045 [-0.363, 0.441] 0.076 [-0.358, 0.514] 0.122 [-0.337, 0.510]
TCE * Weak ties WP 0.195 [-0.087, 0.433] 0.168 [-0.094, 0.465] 0.254 [-0.005, 0.530] 0.174 [-0.083, 0.443] 0.185 [-0.098, 0.473] 0.179 [-0.082, 0.465]
SNS * Family WP -0.236 [-1.103, 0.670] -0.270 [-1.274, 0.824] -0.066 [-1.368, 1.141] -0.295 [-1.370, 0.747] -0.118 [-1.117, 0.922] 0.157 [-0.926, 1.268]
SNS * Weak ties WP 0.303 [-0.176, 0.823] 0.280 [-0.235, 0.837] 0.290 [-0.237, 0.848] 0.332 [-0.189, 0.888] 0.426 [-0.152, 1.014] 0.373 [-0.219, 0.953]
Weekend WP 0.201 [0.129, 0.272] 0.210 [0.130, 0.288] 0.210 [0.131, 0.288] 0.213 [0.134, 0.291] 0.208 [0.130, 0.286] 0.199 [0.121, 0.274]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.918 [0.880, 0.957] 0.931 [0.890, 0.974] 0.930 [0.890, 0.973] 0.934 [0.894, 0.976] 0.933 [0.894, 0.976] 0.926 [0.887, 0.968]
R2 within 0.072 [0.060, 0.084] 0.076 [0.062, 0.088] 0.078 [0.068, 0.089] 0.077 [0.066, 0.089] 0.077 [0.067, 0.089] 0.077 [0.067, 0.088]
Personality trait 0.370 [0.271, 0.470] 0.249 [0.122, 0.380] 0.272 [0.158, 0.385] -0.551 [-0.638, -0.466] 0.089 [-0.024, 0.205]
Personality trait * TCE WP -0.069 [-0.228, 0.095] 0.146 [-0.037, 0.339] -0.015 [-0.180, 0.149] 0.054 [-0.088, 0.202] -0.050 [-0.226, 0.121]
Personality trait * SNS WP 0.093 [-0.175, 0.358] 0.261 [-0.129, 0.604] 0.074 [-0.211, 0.387] 0.060 [-0.196, 0.312] 0.006 [-0.286, 0.288]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.088 [-0.122, 0.288] 0.073 [-0.165, 0.317] 0.055 [-0.162, 0.280] -0.048 [-0.235, 0.121] 0.063 [-0.171, 0.283]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.030 [-0.113, 0.185] 0.105 [-0.091, 0.293] 0.037 [-0.122, 0.201] 0.019 [-0.112, 0.149] 0.115 [-0.039, 0.289]
Personality trait * TCE * Family WP 0.621 [0.040, 1.204] -0.096 [-0.772, 0.688] 0.435 [-0.131, 1.038] -0.424 [-0.976, 0.170] 0.612 [-0.107, 1.216]
Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP -0.050 [-0.435, 0.386] -0.488 [-1.031, 0.020] 0.458 [0.063, 0.845] -0.246 [-0.602, 0.092] -0.028 [-0.440, 0.376]
Personality trait * SNS * Family WP 0.294 [-1.038, 1.716] 0.940 [-1.372, 3.629] -0.353 [-1.685, 1.014] -0.238 [-1.626, 1.029] 0.064 [-1.492, 1.685]
Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP 0.535 [-0.343, 1.335] -0.824 [-1.667, 0.304] 0.809 [0.002, 1.685] 0.217 [-0.455, 0.887] 0.764 [-0.120, 1.640]
Well-being - TCE WP covariance -0.068 [-0.166, 0.024] -0.063 [-0.162, 0.031] -0.091 [-0.195, 0.009] -0.072 [-0.173, 0.028] -0.046 [-0.133, 0.040] -0.060 [-0.169, 0.044]
Well-being - SNS WP covariance 0.088 [-0.096, 0.275] 0.047 [-0.125, 0.245] 0.056 [-0.132, 0.240] 0.042 [-0.143, 0.239] 0.108 [-0.055, 0.293] 0.093 [-0.110, 0.283]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.028 [-0.093, 0.157] 0.009 [-0.117, 0.142] 0.021 [-0.109, 0.152] 0.006 [-0.125, 0.140] -0.002 [-0.115, 0.121] 0.010 [-0.121, 0.148]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.072 [-0.172, 0.023] -0.081 [-0.176, 0.013] -0.076 [-0.172, 0.024] -0.084 [-0.183, 0.009] -0.068 [-0.158, 0.023] -0.074 [-0.183, 0.036]
Well-being - TCE * Family WP covariance 0.127 [-0.212, 0.469] -0.025 [-0.391, 0.318] 0.068 [-0.285, 0.441] 0.012 [-0.363, 0.369] -0.033 [-0.339, 0.306] 0.069 [-0.286, 0.469]
Well-being - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.178 [-0.072, 0.457] 0.180 [-0.048, 0.412] 0.244 [0.025, 0.491] 0.116 [-0.125, 0.368] 0.072 [-0.150, 0.290] 0.184 [-0.051, 0.437]
Well-being - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.082 [-0.705, 0.930] -0.099 [-1.073, 0.828] 0.054 [-1.028, 1.241] -0.038 [-1.068, 0.985] -0.069 [-0.771, 0.753] -0.034 [-0.914, 1.032]
Well-being - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.321 [-0.133, 0.879] 0.206 [-0.281, 0.776] 0.389 [-0.099, 0.918] 0.171 [-0.378, 0.777] 0.596 [0.135, 1.125] 0.486 [-0.100, 1.054]
TCE WP - SNS WP covariance 0.148 [0.006, 0.317] 0.173 [0.023, 0.367] 0.164 [0.007, 0.364] 0.158 [0.012, 0.343] 0.164 [0.018, 0.333] 0.134 [-0.008, 0.327]
TCE WP - Family WP covariance 0.018 [-0.091, 0.132] 0.026 [-0.106, 0.154] 0.035 [-0.091, 0.159] 0.011 [-0.107, 0.145] 0.029 [-0.087, 0.161] 0.017 [-0.094, 0.160]
TCE WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.076 [-0.012, 0.179] 0.062 [-0.023, 0.184] 0.052 [-0.031, 0.175] 0.068 [-0.016, 0.177] 0.068 [-0.017, 0.184] 0.065 [-0.026, 0.176]
TCE WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.104 [-0.398, 0.188] -0.048 [-0.366, 0.266] -0.056 [-0.378, 0.234] -0.069 [-0.411, 0.197] -0.068 [-0.396, 0.244] -0.082 [-0.350, 0.225]
TCE WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [-0.177, 0.240] 0.004 [-0.197, 0.235] 0.015 [-0.195, 0.216] 0.040 [-0.151, 0.265] 0.043 [-0.163, 0.227] 0.023 [-0.155, 0.205]
TCE WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.085 [-0.499, 0.693] 0.130 [-0.513, 0.867] 0.175 [-0.542, 0.862] 0.193 [-0.484, 0.909] 0.108 [-0.635, 0.741] 0.120 [-0.614, 0.936]
TCE WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.162 [-0.582, 0.222] -0.234 [-0.647, 0.186] -0.151 [-0.618, 0.261] -0.158 [-0.577, 0.272] -0.237 [-0.674, 0.135] -0.242 [-0.657, 0.199]
SNS WP - Family WP covariance 0.076 [-0.127, 0.277] 0.081 [-0.121, 0.284] 0.089 [-0.071, 0.292] 0.064 [-0.139, 0.318] 0.066 [-0.131, 0.274] 0.074 [-0.086, 0.289]
SNS WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.052 [-0.085, 0.211] 0.057 [-0.068, 0.222] 0.077 [-0.062, 0.260] 0.037 [-0.109, 0.213] 0.040 [-0.084, 0.198] 0.045 [-0.081, 0.212]
SNS WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.088 [-0.546, 0.326] -0.152 [-0.648, 0.333] -0.162 [-0.716, 0.377] -0.160 [-0.667, 0.311] -0.163 [-0.651, 0.387] -0.097 [-0.549, 0.355]
SNS WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance -0.021 [-0.369, 0.298] -0.050 [-0.357, 0.282] -0.046 [-0.393, 0.266] -0.063 [-0.377, 0.243] -0.069 [-0.414, 0.268] -0.013 [-0.342, 0.323]
SNS WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.168 [-0.577, 1.280] 0.057 [-0.879, 1.282] 0.480 [-0.459, 1.899] 0.273 [-0.669, 1.584] 0.034 [-1.025, 1.352] 0.306 [-0.855, 1.675]
SNS WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.037 [-0.498, 0.437] -0.123 [-0.678, 0.557] 0.029 [-0.476, 0.692] -0.047 [-0.588, 0.615] -0.013 [-0.566, 0.647] 0.028 [-0.518, 0.671]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.064 [-0.035, 0.180] 0.064 [-0.047, 0.210] 0.087 [-0.040, 0.228] 0.049 [-0.053, 0.180] 0.066 [-0.047, 0.208] 0.051 [-0.047, 0.165]
Family WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.034 [-0.346, 0.312] -0.037 [-0.423, 0.315] -0.035 [-0.375, 0.420] -0.063 [-0.429, 0.281] -0.018 [-0.401, 0.392] -0.052 [-0.409, 0.367]
Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.066 [-0.186, 0.299] 0.050 [-0.227, 0.395] 0.072 [-0.183, 0.340] 0.012 [-0.271, 0.313] 0.025 [-0.273, 0.294] 0.040 [-0.216, 0.383]
Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.082 [-0.502, 0.775] 0.166 [-0.521, 1.069] 0.406 [-0.303, 1.473] 0.058 [-0.635, 0.943] 0.233 [-0.521, 1.290] 0.096 [-0.541, 1.110]
Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.065 [-0.575, 0.395] -0.231 [-0.767, 0.275] -0.207 [-0.868, 0.347] -0.114 [-0.647, 0.422] -0.185 [-0.730, 0.302] -0.129 [-0.709, 0.390]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Family WP covariance -0.062 [-0.342, 0.169] -0.043 [-0.327, 0.246] -0.005 [-0.279, 0.278] -0.068 [-0.361, 0.263] 0.002 [-0.342, 0.364] -0.066 [-0.360, 0.258]
Weak ties WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.078 [-0.092, 0.269] 0.091 [-0.121, 0.297] 0.086 [-0.085, 0.331] 0.089 [-0.077, 0.304] 0.103 [-0.046, 0.301] 0.083 [-0.063, 0.310]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance -0.017 [-0.623, 0.554] 0.075 [-0.573, 0.640] 0.123 [-0.497, 0.724] -0.010 [-0.747, 0.615] 0.050 [-0.671, 0.819] -0.008 [-0.667, 0.706]
Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance -0.117 [-0.497, 0.247] -0.113 [-0.495, 0.285] -0.048 [-0.449, 0.387] -0.090 [-0.434, 0.291] -0.137 [-0.538, 0.241] -0.205 [-0.577, 0.190]
TCE * Family WP - TCE * Weak ties WP covariance 0.321 [-0.290, 0.975] 0.306 [-0.248, 0.979] 0.481 [-0.178, 1.327] 0.237 [-0.352, 0.961] 0.306 [-0.374, 1.077] 0.336 [-0.320, 1.044]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.240 [-1.050, 1.523] 0.336 [-1.918, 2.565] 0.024 [-2.528, 2.124] 0.201 [-1.636, 2.331] 0.455 [-1.439, 2.735] 0.080 [-2.040, 2.244]
TCE * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.483 [-0.635, 1.751] 0.155 [-1.047, 1.414] 0.257 [-0.958, 1.574] 0.152 [-1.001, 1.381] 0.222 [-1.039, 1.583] 0.358 [-1.021, 1.538]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Family WP covariance 0.090 [-1.080, 1.210] 0.319 [-1.201, 1.546] 0.233 [-1.311, 1.815] 0.181 [-1.046, 1.419] 0.128 [-1.312, 1.707] 0.373 [-0.864, 1.758]
TCE * Weak ties WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.144 [-0.534, 0.997] -0.050 [-0.787, 0.877] 0.130 [-0.757, 1.168] -0.048 [-0.727, 0.740] 0.082 [-0.685, 0.992] 0.087 [-0.717, 1.033]
SNS * Family WP - SNS * Weak ties WP covariance 0.118 [-2.166, 1.921] -0.375 [-3.113, 2.575] -0.162 [-3.168, 2.726] 0.114 [-2.492, 3.127] -0.251 [-3.453, 2.618] -0.154 [-2.887, 2.818]
Intercept well-being 0.901 [0.828, 0.976] 0.909 [0.834, 0.982] 0.909 [0.834, 0.985] 0.902 [0.828, 0.977] 0.910 [0.842, 0.979] 0.912 [0.834, 0.988]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.797 [0.699, 0.908] 0.663 [0.572, 0.765] 0.719 [0.625, 0.831] 0.700 [0.605, 0.808] 0.543 [0.465, 0.633] 0.741 [0.642, 0.858]
Slope TCE WP residual variance 0.205 [0.097, 0.339] 0.209 [0.108, 0.355] 0.214 [0.117, 0.372] 0.211 [0.110, 0.358] 0.219 [0.129, 0.370] 0.215 [0.105, 0.368]
Slope SNS WP residual variance 0.418 [0.184, 0.758] 0.449 [0.210, 0.844] 0.476 [0.241, 0.878] 0.488 [0.258, 0.873] 0.457 [0.214, 0.854] 0.430 [0.199, 0.818]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.225 [0.088, 0.447] 0.284 [0.131, 0.525] 0.279 [0.084, 0.524] 0.251 [0.111, 0.487] 0.265 [0.117, 0.487] 0.240 [0.104, 0.496]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.159 [0.071, 0.283] 0.155 [0.053, 0.309] 0.146 [0.066, 0.294] 0.151 [0.064, 0.285] 0.150 [0.064, 0.281] 0.148 [0.068, 0.287]
Slope TCE * Family WP residual variance 1.203 [0.410, 2.648] 1.298 [0.491, 2.722] 1.609 [0.582, 3.168] 1.311 [0.371, 2.835] 1.612 [0.627, 3.221] 1.393 [0.601, 2.818]
Slope TCE * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.770 [0.313, 1.578] 0.785 [0.351, 1.479] 0.914 [0.394, 1.698] 0.685 [0.244, 1.385] 0.791 [0.282, 1.532] 0.731 [0.145, 1.478]
Slope SNS * Family WP residual variance 3.998 [1.134, 11.172] 5.774 [1.749, 15.678] 7.956 [2.760, 20.044] 5.790 [1.765, 14.207] 5.218 [1.815, 15.159] 6.650 [2.271, 17.372]
Slope SNS * Weak ties WP residual variance 2.130 [0.750, 4.590] 2.587 [0.875, 5.011] 2.880 [1.270, 5.971] 2.494 [0.873, 5.051] 3.093 [1.573, 6.032] 3.050 [1.338, 6.115]
R2 between 0.049 [0.026, 0.078] 0.014 [0.003, 0.031] 0.022 [0.007, 0.043] 0.151 [0.108, 0.197] 0.002 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 TCE WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] 0.016 [0.000, 0.089] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.051]
R2 SNS WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] 0.022 [0.000, 0.122] 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] 0.005 [0.000, 0.055]
R2 Family WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.076] 0.006 [0.000, 0.073] 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] 0.007 [0.000, 0.074]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.013 [0.000, 0.107] 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] 0.018 [0.000, 0.109]
R2 TCE * Family WP 0.065 [0.001, 0.272] 0.006 [0.000, 0.089] 0.032 [0.000, 0.180] 0.034 [0.000, 0.222] 0.052 [0.000, 0.230]
R2 TCE * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] 0.040 [0.000, 0.169] 0.062 [0.002, 0.225] 0.025 [0.000, 0.149] 0.006 [0.000, 0.072]
R2 SNS * Family WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.122] 0.024 [0.000, 0.178] 0.011 [0.000, 0.128] 0.016 [0.000, 0.146] 0.011 [0.000, 0.094]
R2 SNS * Weak ties WP 0.028 [0.000, 0.190] 0.037 [0.000, 0.183] 0.055 [0.001, 0.214] 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] 0.038 [0.000, 0.178]
Number of participants 775 694 690 694 693 691
Number of observations 5,701 5,074 5,043 5,083 5,084 5,057

Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Analysis 1b

Table S1.4
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
TVC WP .154 [.124, .184] .166 [.130, .201] .172 [.136, .207] .168 [.133, .204] .162 [.128, .197] .171 [.136, .206]
TCE WP .038 [.011, .065] .052 [.021, .083] .062 [.031, .092] .055 [.024, .086] .060 [.028, .092] .059 [.028, .090]
SNS WP .094 [.049, .139] .083 [.035, .130] .084 [.037, .132] .080 [.031, .128] .076 [.031, .122] .093 [.046, .141]
TVC BP -.065 [-.112, -.019] -.080 [-.130, -.029] -.065 [-.116, -.014] -.053 [-.104, -.002] -.053 [-.102, -.004] -.051 [-.102, -.001]
TCE BP -.054 [-.096, -.011] -.046 [-.092, -.000] -.040 [-.086, .006] -.036 [-.083, .010] -.004 [-.047, .039] -.032 [-.078, .014]
SNS BP -.019 [-.061, .023] -.017 [-.063, .029] -.007 [-.054, .039] .002 [-.044, .048] .005 [-.039, .050] .000 [-.046, .046]
Personality trait .147 [.119, .176] .118 [.089, .147] .133 [.104, .162] -.333 [-.359, -.307] .007 [-.022, .036]
Personality trait * TVC WP -.043 [-.113, .027] -.024 [-.094, .045] -.017 [-.085, .052] .038 [-.033, .108] .033 [-.038, .104]
Personality trait * TCE WP -.118 [-.202, -.035] -.011 [-.092, .071] .022 [-.058, .103] .066 [-.018, .149] -.006 [-.087, .076]
Personality trait * SNS WP -.049 [-.158, .060] .055 [-.051, .160] .030 [-.080, .140] .062 [-.046, .170] .053 [-.054, .160]

Note: Effect of TVC, TCE, and SNS (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2a

Table S1.5
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
TCE WP -.120 [-.175, -.065] -.130 [-.188, -.073] -.137 [-.194, -.079] -.137 [-.192, -.082] -.133 [-.194, -.072] -.120 [-.178, -.062]
SNS WP -.095 [-.169, -.021] -.123 [-.208, -.037] -.130 [-.215, -.046] -.133 [-.214, -.051] -.138 [-.223, -.053] -.126 [-.207, -.045]
Family WP -.123 [-.183, -.063] -.133 [-.209, -.058] -.136 [-.211, -.060] -.147 [-.220, -.074] -.117 [-.188, -.047] -.118 [-.192, -.045]
Weak ties WP -.190 [-.256, -.125] -.210 [-.272, -.148] -.225 [-.288, -.162] -.214 [-.281, -.148] -.253 [-.313, -.193] -.208 [-.270, -.147]
Personality trait .108 [.075, .141] .117 [.084, .149] .133 [.099, .166] -.319 [-.350, -.289] .015 [-.018, .048]
Personality trait * TCE WP -.011 [-.126, .104] .062 [-.059, .183] .030 [-.080, .141] .065 [-.056, .187] -.020 [-.142, .102]
Personality trait * SNS WP .033 [-.082, .148] .084 [-.032, .200] .005 [-.110, .121] .090 [-.037, .217] .032 [-.097, .161]
Personality trait * Family WP .025 [-.088, .137] .005 [-.103, .112] .028 [-.080, .136] .017 [-.100, .135] .034 [-.082, .150]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .047 [-.084, .178] .146 [.011, .281] -.042 [-.168, .085] -.004 [-.125, .117] .061 [-.073, .195]

Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2b

Table S1.6
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
TCE WP -.120 [-.174, -.066] -.129 [-.190, -.068] -.126 [-.189, -.063] -.136 [-.200, -.072] -.144 [-.207, -.081] -.121 [-.182, -.061]
SNS WP -.072 [-.147, .002] -.111 [-.206, -.017] -.126 [-.223, -.029] -.108 [-.195, -.020] -.129 [-.219, -.039] -.117 [-.209, -.024]
Family WP -.133 [-.201, -.064] -.149 [-.222, -.076] -.132 [-.208, -.057] -.132 [-.208, -.057] -.120 [-.202, -.037] -.118 [-.191, -.044]
Weak ties WP -.200 [-.263, -.136] -.198 [-.274, -.121] -.214 [-.295, -.133] -.209 [-.284, -.134] -.214 [-.287, -.141] -.212 [-.288, -.137]
TCE * Family WP .054 [-.109, .217] .061 [-.144, .266] .026 [-.180, .232] -.004 [-.211, .203] .042 [-.159, .244] .039 [-.169, .246]
TCE * Weak ties WP .196 [-.001, .393] .089 [-.151, .329] .151 [-.083, .385] .094 [-.115, .303] .084 [-.141, .309] .121 [-.082, .323]
SNS * Family WP -.075 [-.378, .228] -.023 [-.345, .299] .073 [-.281, .426] .148 [-.189, .486] -.071 [-.401, .259] .194 [-.160, .549]
SNS * Weak ties WP .154 [-.218, .526] .119 [-.241, .479] .089 [-.289, .467] .111 [-.284, .506] .279 [-.070, .628] .113 [-.259, .486]
Personality trait .114 [.080, .147] .113 [.079, .147] .135 [.101, .168] -.321 [-.352, -.290] .020 [-.014, .054]
Personality trait * TCE WP -.018 [-.120, .084] .043 [-.062, .147] .026 [-.077, .129] .068 [-.040, .176] -.004 [-.109, .102]
Personality trait * SNS WP .046 [-.065, .157] .048 [-.064, .161] -.014 [-.129, .101] .095 [-.020, .211] .048 [-.067, .163]
Personality trait * Family WP .041 [-.067, .149] .012 [-.095, .119] .003 [-.109, .115] -.008 [-.124, .108] .076 [-.037, .189]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .011 [-.113, .135] .109 [-.016, .234] -.004 [-.125, .117] -.012 [-.134, .109] .065 [-.053, .184]
Personality trait * TCE * Family WP .171 [.032, .309] .031 [-.100, .161] .144 [.002, .285] -.121 [-.260, .017] .102 [-.038, .242]
Personality trait * TCE * Weak ties WP .084 [-.064, .231] -.100 [-.247, .048] .118 [-.028, .263] -.106 [-.262, .050] .007 [-.147, .161]
Personality trait * SNS * Family WP .050 [-.106, .206] .027 [-.132, .186] -.124 [-.280, .032] -.026 [-.187, .135] .083 [-.070, .237]
Personality trait * SNS * Weak ties WP .196 [.037, .354] -.046 [-.205, .113] .182 [.028, .335] -.054 [-.208, .101] .103 [-.048, .253]

Note: Effect of TCE, SNS, family, and weak ties (reference category: TVC with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. TVC = talking on the phone, videochatting; TCE = texting, chatting, emailing; SNS = interactions on social networking sites; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

S2: Episodes With Mutiple Partners

Unstandardized Models

Table S2.1
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP 0.133 [0.119, 0.146] 0.131 [0.116, 0.146] 0.132 [0.117, 0.147] 0.132 [0.117, 0.147] 0.131 [0.117, 0.146] 0.132 [0.116, 0.147]
Family WP 0.056 [0.038, 0.073] 0.058 [0.039, 0.078] 0.058 [0.039, 0.078] 0.058 [0.038, 0.078] 0.057 [0.038, 0.075] 0.058 [0.039, 0.078]
Weak ties WP -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.024, 0.005] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005]
Weekend WP 0.090 [0.079, 0.101] 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] 0.089 [0.078, 0.101] 0.089 [0.078, 0.100] 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] 0.089 [0.077, 0.100]
Close peers WP variance 0.189 [0.187, 0.192] 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] 0.191 [0.188, 0.194] 0.191 [0.188, 0.194]
Family WP variance 0.127 [0.125, 0.129] 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] 0.126 [0.124, 0.128] 0.126 [0.124, 0.128]
Weak ties WP variance 0.168 [0.166, 0.171] 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] 0.170 [0.167, 0.172] 0.170 [0.167, 0.172]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.244 [0.241, 0.248] 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] 0.241 [0.238, 0.245] 0.241 [0.238, 0.245]
R2 within 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.060 [0.054, 0.065] 0.060 [0.054, 0.066] 0.060 [0.053, 0.065] 0.059 [0.054, 0.065] 0.059 [0.053, 0.065]
Close peers BP 0.053 [-0.077, 0.180] -0.059 [-0.201, 0.083] 0.024 [-0.112, 0.160] 0.057 [-0.081, 0.193] 0.043 [-0.082, 0.166] 0.060 [-0.080, 0.198]
Family BP 0.200 [0.032, 0.373] 0.166 [-0.010, 0.345] 0.090 [-0.085, 0.268] 0.066 [-0.111, 0.247] 0.211 [0.052, 0.372] 0.156 [-0.023, 0.338]
Weak ties BP -0.004 [-0.216, 0.209] -0.076 [-0.304, 0.164] -0.017 [-0.243, 0.216] 0.018 [-0.212, 0.251] -0.066 [-0.278, 0.146] 0.010 [-0.224, 0.249]
Personality trait 0.106 [0.073, 0.140] 0.148 [0.105, 0.190] 0.131 [0.088, 0.174] -0.257 [-0.289, -0.225] 0.013 [-0.032, 0.058]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] 0.015 [-0.009, 0.039] -0.019 [-0.042, 0.005] 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] 0.001 [-0.023, 0.025]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.034 [-0.058, -0.010] -0.012 [-0.043, 0.018] 0.002 [-0.028, 0.033] 0.038 [0.013, 0.063] -0.007 [-0.038, 0.024]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.009 [-0.026, 0.008] 0.013 [-0.011, 0.035] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] 0.014 [-0.005, 0.033] 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.013 [-0.020, -0.006] -0.011 [-0.018, -0.005] -0.013 [-0.020, -0.007] -0.011 [-0.018, -0.005] -0.009 [-0.015, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.019, -0.005]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.016, 0.001] -0.009 [-0.018, 0.000] -0.010 [-0.019, -0.001] -0.011 [-0.019, -0.002] -0.005 [-0.013, 0.003] -0.010 [-0.019, -0.001]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.016 [-0.023, -0.009] -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008] -0.016 [-0.023, -0.009] -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008] -0.013 [-0.019, -0.007] -0.015 [-0.022, -0.008]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.005 [0.000, 0.009] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [0.001, 0.008] 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] 0.005 [0.002, 0.009]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.005, 0.003] -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004] -0.001 [-0.005, 0.004]
Close peers BP mean 0.624 [0.612, 0.637] 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] 0.623 [0.610, 0.636] 0.623 [0.610, 0.636]
Family BP mean 0.185 [0.175, 0.194] 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] 0.184 [0.174, 0.195] 0.184 [0.174, 0.195]
Weak ties BP mean 0.254 [0.245, 0.262] 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] 0.254 [0.245, 0.263] 0.254 [0.245, 0.263]
Intercept well-being 2.883 [2.787, 2.982] 2.993 [2.885, 3.099] 2.939 [2.837, 3.042] 2.913 [2.811, 3.015] 2.920 [2.826, 3.015] 2.898 [2.795, 3.001]
Close peers BP variance 0.046 [0.042, 0.051] 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] 0.045 [0.041, 0.049] 0.045 [0.041, 0.049]
Family BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] 0.026 [0.024, 0.029] 0.026 [0.024, 0.029]
Weak ties BP variance 0.018 [0.016, 0.020] 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] 0.017 [0.015, 0.019] 0.017 [0.015, 0.019]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.205 [0.189, 0.222] 0.191 [0.175, 0.209] 0.190 [0.174, 0.207] 0.191 [0.176, 0.209] 0.159 [0.146, 0.174] 0.198 [0.181, 0.216]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.022 [0.017, 0.027] 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] 0.021 [0.017, 0.027] 0.022 [0.017, 0.027]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.031 [0.024, 0.038] 0.031 [0.024, 0.039] 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] 0.031 [0.024, 0.040] 0.032 [0.025, 0.040]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.014 [0.010, 0.019] 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] 0.015 [0.011, 0.020] 0.015 [0.011, 0.020]
R2 between 0.008 [0.001, 0.020] 0.027 [0.014, 0.048] 0.026 [0.014, 0.041] 0.022 [0.011, 0.036] 0.116 [0.091, 0.145] 0.007 [0.001, 0.020]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 Family WP 0.012 [0.001, 0.036] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.013 [0.002, 0.036] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.004 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 45,802 39,747 39,747 39,747 39,741 39,747
Study 2
Close peers WP 0.114 [0.097, 0.132] 0.120 [0.100, 0.140] 0.120 [0.100, 0.140] 0.119 [0.099, 0.140] 0.119 [0.099, 0.139] 0.120 [0.100, 0.141]
Family WP 0.078 [0.056, 0.099] 0.066 [0.041, 0.091] 0.066 [0.041, 0.092] 0.065 [0.040, 0.090] 0.066 [0.041, 0.092] 0.066 [0.041, 0.091]
Weak ties WP -0.014 [-0.032, 0.004] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.014] -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013]
Weekend WP 0.122 [0.109, 0.137] 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] 0.123 [0.108, 0.139] 0.123 [0.108, 0.139]
Close peers WP variance 0.195 [0.192, 0.198] 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] 0.196 [0.193, 0.200] 0.196 [0.193, 0.200]
Family WP variance 0.127 [0.125, 0.130] 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] 0.128 [0.125, 0.130] 0.128 [0.125, 0.130]
Weak ties WP variance 0.164 [0.161, 0.167] 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] 0.162 [0.159, 0.165] 0.162 [0.159, 0.165]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.251 [0.247, 0.256] 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] 0.250 [0.245, 0.255]
R2 within 0.056 [0.050, 0.063] 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] 0.057 [0.049, 0.065] 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] 0.056 [0.048, 0.065] 0.057 [0.049, 0.065]
Close peers BP 0.069 [-0.080, 0.216] 0.057 [-0.107, 0.225] 0.088 [-0.070, 0.249] 0.136 [-0.019, 0.296] 0.099 [-0.048, 0.246] 0.098 [-0.060, 0.260]
Family BP 0.019 [-0.182, 0.224] 0.062 [-0.156, 0.278] 0.055 [-0.163, 0.270] 0.014 [-0.202, 0.228] 0.116 [-0.089, 0.317] 0.061 [-0.157, 0.279]
Weak ties BP 0.034 [-0.227, 0.289] -0.055 [-0.332, 0.233] -0.030 [-0.302, 0.253] -0.028 [-0.297, 0.250] -0.141 [-0.397, 0.124] -0.023 [-0.298, 0.263]
Personality trait 0.043 [0.001, 0.085] 0.077 [0.022, 0.130] 0.133 [0.080, 0.185] -0.222 [-0.265, -0.180] 0.024 [-0.032, 0.078]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.001 [-0.025, 0.023] -0.011 [-0.045, 0.023] 0.005 [-0.027, 0.037] 0.036 [0.010, 0.063] 0.012 [-0.019, 0.045]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.009 [-0.037, 0.020] 0.007 [-0.031, 0.048] 0.017 [-0.023, 0.056] 0.012 [-0.020, 0.045] -0.024 [-0.064, 0.016]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.013 [-0.038, 0.012] -0.015 [-0.049, 0.019] -0.016 [-0.050, 0.018] 0.030 [0.002, 0.057] -0.015 [-0.048, 0.019]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.009 [-0.017, -0.001] -0.006 [-0.015, 0.003] -0.006 [-0.014, 0.003] -0.006 [-0.015, 0.002] -0.001 [-0.009, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.015, 0.003]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.011 [-0.022, 0.000] -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.020, 0.000] -0.008 [-0.018, 0.002] -0.010 [-0.020, 0.001]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013] -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] -0.021 [-0.030, -0.012] -0.018 [-0.027, -0.009] -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.007, 0.004] 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] 0.000 [-0.005, 0.006] 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [0.001, 0.011] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] 0.003 [-0.002, 0.008] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.003, 0.009] 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.001, 0.012]
Close peers BP mean 0.574 [0.558, 0.591] 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] 0.572 [0.553, 0.591] 0.572 [0.553, 0.591]
Family BP mean 0.187 [0.175, 0.199] 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] 0.187 [0.173, 0.201] 0.187 [0.173, 0.201]
Weak ties BP mean 0.248 [0.237, 0.258] 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] 0.243 [0.231, 0.256] 0.243 [0.231, 0.256]
Intercept well-being 2.868 [2.754, 2.983] 2.907 [2.782, 3.031] 2.885 [2.765, 3.002] 2.863 [2.746, 2.978] 2.894 [2.784, 3.004] 2.876 [2.755, 2.995]
Close peers BP variance 0.050 [0.045, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056]
Family BP variance 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] 0.027 [0.024, 0.031] 0.027 [0.024, 0.031]
Weak ties BP variance 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] 0.018 [0.016, 0.021] 0.018 [0.016, 0.021]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.186 [0.168, 0.206] 0.166 [0.148, 0.187] 0.165 [0.147, 0.186] 0.160 [0.143, 0.181] 0.140 [0.124, 0.158] 0.167 [0.149, 0.188]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.019 [0.013, 0.025] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] 0.020 [0.013, 0.027] 0.019 [0.013, 0.026] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] 0.022 [0.013, 0.033] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.017 [0.011, 0.025] 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] 0.016 [0.010, 0.024] 0.016 [0.009, 0.023] 0.016 [0.010, 0.024]
R2 between 0.005 [0.000, 0.018] 0.012 [0.003, 0.031] 0.015 [0.004, 0.035] 0.032 [0.014, 0.060] 0.102 [0.069, 0.143] 0.009 [0.002, 0.029]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.019 [0.001, 0.058] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.005 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] 0.016 [0.000, 0.061] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027]
Number of participants 850 634 634 634 634 634
Number of observations 26,648 21,146 21,146 21,146 21,146 21,146
Study 3
Close peers WP 0.359 [0.330, 0.388] 0.364 [0.334, 0.395] 0.363 [0.332, 0.394] 0.364 [0.332, 0.394] 0.363 [0.332, 0.394] 0.364 [0.332, 0.394]
Family WP 0.143 [0.110, 0.175] 0.140 [0.106, 0.176] 0.141 [0.107, 0.176] 0.141 [0.106, 0.176] 0.142 [0.107, 0.177] 0.140 [0.105, 0.175]
Weak ties WP 0.042 [0.007, 0.076] 0.041 [0.005, 0.079] 0.040 [0.004, 0.077] 0.041 [0.004, 0.078] 0.041 [0.004, 0.077] 0.043 [0.007, 0.080]
Weekend WP 0.258 [0.240, 0.275] 0.264 [0.246, 0.282] 0.266 [0.247, 0.284] 0.264 [0.246, 0.283] 0.264 [0.246, 0.283] 0.263 [0.245, 0.282]
Close peers WP variance 0.167 [0.165, 0.169] 0.167 [0.165, 0.168] 0.167 [0.165, 0.169] 0.167 [0.165, 0.168] 0.166 [0.165, 0.168] 0.166 [0.164, 0.168]
Family WP variance 0.123 [0.121, 0.124] 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] 0.126 [0.124, 0.127] 0.126 [0.124, 0.127]
Weak ties WP variance 0.083 [0.082, 0.083] 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] 0.084 [0.083, 0.085] 0.084 [0.083, 0.085]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.946 [0.935, 0.956] 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] 0.954 [0.943, 0.966] 0.956 [0.945, 0.967] 0.955 [0.944, 0.966] 0.952 [0.941, 0.963]
R2 within 0.066 [0.062, 0.070] 0.067 [0.062, 0.071] 0.067 [0.062, 0.071] 0.066 [0.062, 0.071] 0.066 [0.062, 0.071] 0.066 [0.062, 0.071]
Close peers BP 0.711 [0.454, 0.981] 0.449 [0.193, 0.707] 0.636 [0.371, 0.902] 0.675 [0.411, 0.938] 0.643 [0.415, 0.868] 0.706 [0.442, 0.971]
Family BP 0.280 [-0.087, 0.656] 0.302 [-0.056, 0.658] 0.271 [-0.102, 0.632] 0.267 [-0.095, 0.632] 0.346 [0.020, 0.669] 0.245 [-0.142, 0.624]
Weak ties BP -0.311 [-0.971, 0.357] -0.374 [-1.038, 0.286] -0.227 [-0.920, 0.466] -0.161 [-0.859, 0.519] -0.039 [-0.644, 0.570] -0.173 [-0.883, 0.543]
Personality trait 0.359 [0.282, 0.436] 0.256 [0.157, 0.359] 0.213 [0.122, 0.303] -0.508 [-0.572, -0.444] -0.003 [-0.093, 0.085]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.017 [-0.061, 0.025] -0.047 [-0.101, 0.006] -0.047 [-0.096, 0.002] 0.020 [-0.019, 0.059] -0.029 [-0.076, 0.019]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.013 [-0.061, 0.039] 0.008 [-0.051, 0.065] -0.025 [-0.079, 0.029] -0.007 [-0.050, 0.037] 0.025 [-0.029, 0.079]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.044 [-0.095, 0.005] 0.018 [-0.045, 0.081] -0.001 [-0.059, 0.055] 0.005 [-0.040, 0.050] 0.004 [-0.052, 0.060]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.047 [-0.073, -0.022] -0.039 [-0.065, -0.015] -0.038 [-0.064, -0.013] -0.036 [-0.062, -0.011] -0.034 [-0.057, -0.011] -0.043 [-0.070, -0.017]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.023 [-0.052, 0.006] -0.020 [-0.048, 0.008] -0.020 [-0.049, 0.008] -0.015 [-0.044, 0.013] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.007] -0.019 [-0.049, 0.010]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.036 [-0.066, -0.008] -0.021 [-0.048, 0.006] -0.030 [-0.060, -0.001] -0.027 [-0.058, 0.003] -0.027 [-0.052, 0.000] -0.028 [-0.057, 0.002]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.013, 0.016] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.017, 0.014] 0.000 [-0.015, 0.015] -0.002 [-0.017, 0.013]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] 0.006 [-0.010, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.007, 0.023] 0.007 [-0.009, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.007, 0.024] 0.007 [-0.008, 0.023]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.019, 0.013] -0.009 [-0.027, 0.008] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] -0.009 [-0.025, 0.008] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.009] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008]
Close peers BP mean 0.344 [0.328, 0.360] 0.345 [0.328, 0.362] 0.346 [0.328, 0.363] 0.345 [0.328, 0.363] 0.345 [0.327, 0.362] 0.345 [0.328, 0.363]
Family BP mean 0.183 [0.171, 0.195] 0.189 [0.177, 0.202] 0.190 [0.177, 0.202] 0.190 [0.177, 0.203] 0.190 [0.177, 0.203] 0.190 [0.177, 0.203]
Weak ties BP mean 0.104 [0.097, 0.111] 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] 0.105 [0.098, 0.112] 0.105 [0.098, 0.112]
Intercept well-being 0.640 [0.522, 0.753] 0.723 [0.608, 0.841] 0.650 [0.529, 0.770] 0.627 [0.511, 0.748] 0.613 [0.509, 0.717] 0.627 [0.504, 0.749]
Close peers BP variance 0.056 [0.051, 0.062] 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] 0.058 [0.052, 0.064] 0.057 [0.052, 0.064] 0.058 [0.052, 0.064]
Family BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Weak ties BP variance 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] 0.009 [0.008, 0.010] 0.009 [0.008, 0.010]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.700 [0.633, 0.773] 0.589 [0.531, 0.657] 0.636 [0.574, 0.708] 0.629 [0.568, 0.701] 0.486 [0.436, 0.540] 0.654 [0.590, 0.725]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.091 [0.075, 0.110] 0.089 [0.073, 0.109] 0.088 [0.071, 0.108] 0.089 [0.072, 0.109] 0.090 [0.072, 0.109] 0.089 [0.072, 0.108]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.095 [0.077, 0.118] 0.096 [0.076, 0.119] 0.095 [0.074, 0.119] 0.096 [0.075, 0.120] 0.094 [0.073, 0.118] 0.096 [0.075, 0.119]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.048, 0.091] 0.068 [0.047, 0.093] 0.067 [0.048, 0.092] 0.068 [0.048, 0.093] 0.068 [0.047, 0.093] 0.067 [0.047, 0.089]
R2 between 0.046 [0.021, 0.081] 0.082 [0.055, 0.115] 0.059 [0.033, 0.094] 0.060 [0.033, 0.096] 0.188 [0.149, 0.229] 0.049 [0.023, 0.086]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.004 [0.000, 0.019] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 64,953 58,468 58,225 58,463 58,448 58,366

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), including episodes with multiple partners. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Table S2.2
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP .291 [.278, .304] .285 [.271, .300] .298 [.285, .311] .297 [.283, .310] .296 [.283, .309] .286 [.271, .300]
Family WP .131 [.116, .147] .126 [.108, .145] .127 [.109, .146] .126 [.107, .144] .124 [.107, .142] .125 [.106, .144]
Weak ties WP -.002 [-.017, .013] -.004 [-.021, .013] .001 [-.015, .017] -.003 [-.020, .014] .000 [-.016, .016] -.004 [-.021, .013]
Close peers BP .081 [.042, .120] .041 [-.003, .085] .075 [.032, .117] .092 [.050, .135] .091 [.050, .131] .093 [.050, .136]
Family BP .049 [.010, .088] .053 [.010, .096] .038 [-.005, .081] .030 [-.014, .073] .072 [.031, .113] .047 [.003, .091]
Weak ties BP -.008 [-.049, .033] -.028 [-.073, .017] -.013 [-.058, .032] -.006 [-.051, .039] -.022 [-.064, .021] -.007 [-.052, .038]
Personality trait .153 [.125, .182] .124 [.097, .152] .130 [.103, .158] -.335 [-.360, -.310] .011 [-.017, .039]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -.032 [-.077, .013] -.012 [-.058, .033] -.049 [-.094, -.004] .074 [.028, .119] -.009 [-.054, .037]
Personality trait * Family WP -.061 [-.112, -.011] -.005 [-.054, .044] -.004 [-.053, .046] .053 [.003, .103] -.006 [-.055, .044]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.061 [-.116, -.005] .018 [-.038, .074] -.012 [-.069, .044] .059 [.002, .116] .011 [-.045, .066]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties (reference category: no social interaction), including episodes with multiple partners. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

S3: Effect of Significant Others

Unstandardized Models

Analysis 1c

Table S3.1
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Friends and roommates WP 0.165 [0.147, 0.184] 0.166 [0.145, 0.185] 0.170 [0.149, 0.189] 0.168 [0.148, 0.188] 0.168 [0.148, 0.187] 0.168 [0.148, 0.188]
Significant others WP 0.211 [0.175, 0.247] 0.214 [0.176, 0.251] 0.218 [0.181, 0.255] 0.218 [0.181, 0.255] 0.212 [0.173, 0.249] 0.217 [0.180, 0.254]
Family WP 0.162 [0.130, 0.195] 0.170 [0.134, 0.205] 0.175 [0.139, 0.209] 0.170 [0.134, 0.204] 0.170 [0.135, 0.205] 0.173 [0.138, 0.208]
Weak ties WP 0.038 [0.017, 0.059] 0.035 [0.012, 0.059] 0.040 [0.017, 0.064] 0.038 [0.015, 0.061] 0.038 [0.016, 0.060] 0.038 [0.016, 0.062]
Weekend WP 0.070 [0.057, 0.083] 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] 0.068 [0.054, 0.082] 0.068 [0.054, 0.082]
Friends and roommates WP variance 0.184 [0.181, 0.186] 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] 0.185 [0.182, 0.189] 0.185 [0.182, 0.188] 0.185 [0.182, 0.189]
Significant others WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] 0.046 [0.045, 0.047] 0.046 [0.045, 0.047]
Family WP variance 0.063 [0.062, 0.064] 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] 0.062 [0.061, 0.063] 0.062 [0.061, 0.063]
Weak ties WP variance 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.240 [0.236, 0.244] 0.238 [0.233, 0.242] 0.238 [0.233, 0.242] 0.238 [0.234, 0.242] 0.238 [0.234, 0.242] 0.238 [0.234, 0.242]
R2 within 0.090 [0.082, 0.098] 0.091 [0.080, 0.102] 0.093 [0.082, 0.104] 0.091 [0.081, 0.103] 0.092 [0.083, 0.101] 0.092 [0.081, 0.103]
Friends and roommates BP 0.051 [-0.103, 0.208] -0.025 [-0.193, 0.142] 0.073 [-0.091, 0.233] 0.119 [-0.044, 0.280] 0.061 [-0.087, 0.216] 0.130 [-0.036, 0.295]
Significant others BP 0.023 [-0.185, 0.233] -0.017 [-0.241, 0.206] 0.037 [-0.184, 0.256] 0.028 [-0.193, 0.248] 0.143 [-0.059, 0.346] 0.069 [-0.156, 0.294]
Family BP 0.109 [-0.287, 0.513] 0.183 [-0.236, 0.592] 0.141 [-0.277, 0.549] 0.132 [-0.286, 0.544] 0.358 [-0.016, 0.744] 0.247 [-0.175, 0.665]
Weak ties BP -0.125 [-0.517, 0.266] -0.263 [-0.695, 0.146] -0.156 [-0.574, 0.250] -0.115 [-0.537, 0.290] -0.184 [-0.556, 0.209] -0.063 [-0.495, 0.350]
Personality trait 0.109 [0.075, 0.145] 0.149 [0.106, 0.193] 0.136 [0.094, 0.180] -0.270 [-0.303, -0.237] 0.019 [-0.027, 0.064]
Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP -0.025 [-0.049, 0.000] 0.035 [0.005, 0.067] -0.014 [-0.045, 0.018] 0.023 [-0.003, 0.049] 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.002 [-0.043, 0.048] 0.031 [-0.029, 0.093] -0.039 [-0.102, 0.023] 0.048 [-0.001, 0.095] -0.036 [-0.094, 0.027]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.020 [-0.065, 0.024] 0.054 [-0.002, 0.111] 0.038 [-0.021, 0.097] 0.062 [0.014, 0.109] 0.025 [-0.034, 0.083]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.032 [-0.059, -0.004] 0.027 [-0.009, 0.063] 0.008 [-0.028, 0.044] 0.032 [0.002, 0.061] 0.001 [-0.035, 0.037]
Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance -0.020 [-0.030, -0.011] -0.019 [-0.028, -0.010] -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] -0.019 [-0.028, -0.010] -0.017 [-0.025, -0.008] -0.020 [-0.029, -0.011]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.027 [-0.043, -0.011] -0.029 [-0.047, -0.011] -0.029 [-0.047, -0.012] -0.025 [-0.043, -0.008] -0.020 [-0.038, -0.003] -0.027 [-0.045, -0.009]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.038, -0.007] -0.024 [-0.040, -0.009] -0.028 [-0.044, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002] -0.025 [-0.042, -0.010]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018] -0.027 [-0.037, -0.017] -0.030 [-0.040, -0.019] -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018] -0.024 [-0.034, -0.015] -0.029 [-0.039, -0.018]
Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance 0.014 [0.002, 0.027] 0.009 [-0.003, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023]
Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] 0.025 [0.013, 0.038] 0.025 [0.012, 0.038] 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] 0.026 [0.013, 0.039]
Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [0.008, 0.022] 0.013 [0.005, 0.022] 0.013 [0.005, 0.022] 0.014 [0.005, 0.022] 0.013 [0.006, 0.021] 0.014 [0.005, 0.022]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.021 [-0.001, 0.040] 0.022 [0.004, 0.043] 0.021 [0.002, 0.042] 0.022 [0.004, 0.043] 0.019 [0.000, 0.040] 0.022 [0.004, 0.043]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.009, 0.016] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.017] 0.006 [-0.006, 0.019]
Friends and roommates BP mean 0.405 [0.392, 0.419] 0.405 [0.390, 0.419] 0.405 [0.390, 0.419] 0.404 [0.390, 0.419] 0.404 [0.390, 0.419] 0.404 [0.389, 0.419]
Significant others BP mean 0.085 [0.077, 0.094] 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] 0.084 [0.074, 0.093] 0.084 [0.074, 0.093]
Family BP mean 0.075 [0.069, 0.080] 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] 0.074 [0.068, 0.079] 0.073 [0.067, 0.079] 0.074 [0.068, 0.079]
Weak ties BP mean 0.138 [0.132, 0.145] 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] 0.139 [0.132, 0.146] 0.139 [0.132, 0.146]
Intercept well-being 2.926 [2.801, 3.051] 2.990 [2.856, 3.126] 2.933 [2.802, 3.065] 2.910 [2.779, 3.041] 2.918 [2.794, 3.035] 2.887 [2.752, 3.021]
Friends and roommates BP variance 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] 0.055 [0.050, 0.061] 0.055 [0.050, 0.061]
Significant others BP variance 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] 0.024 [0.022, 0.026] 0.024 [0.022, 0.026]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.007, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Weak ties BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.010] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.212 [0.195, 0.230] 0.198 [0.181, 0.217] 0.197 [0.180, 0.216] 0.199 [0.182, 0.218] 0.164 [0.150, 0.180] 0.206 [0.188, 0.225]
Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance 0.034 [0.025, 0.043] 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] 0.032 [0.023, 0.042] 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] 0.033 [0.024, 0.042] 0.033 [0.024, 0.042]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.048 [0.029, 0.071] 0.047 [0.030, 0.070] 0.046 [0.029, 0.069] 0.047 [0.030, 0.069] 0.044 [0.027, 0.068] 0.047 [0.030, 0.069]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.085 [0.064, 0.109] 0.087 [0.063, 0.113] 0.085 [0.062, 0.112] 0.086 [0.063, 0.113] 0.084 [0.062, 0.112] 0.087 [0.064, 0.114]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.020 [0.011, 0.032] 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] 0.021 [0.011, 0.032]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.023] 0.029 [0.015, 0.056] 0.030 [0.016, 0.052] 0.029 [0.015, 0.052] 0.127 [0.098, 0.161] 0.012 [0.002, 0.041]
R2 Friends and roommates WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] 0.007 [0.000, 0.027] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.005 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 Significant others WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] 0.007 [0.000, 0.047] 0.014 [0.000, 0.060] 0.005 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.013 [0.001, 0.040] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.017 [0.000, 0.069] 0.007 [0.000, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.015 [0.000, 0.059] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015]
Number of participants 1,351 1,132 1,132 1,132 1,131 1,132
Number of observations 32,346 28,008 28,008 28,008 28,002 28,008
Study 2
Friends and roommates WP 0.152 [0.129, 0.175] 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] 0.155 [0.129, 0.181] 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] 0.155 [0.128, 0.180] 0.156 [0.130, 0.182]
Significant others WP 0.255 [0.207, 0.297] 0.264 [0.212, 0.314] 0.263 [0.210, 0.312] 0.261 [0.209, 0.310] 0.253 [0.200, 0.302] 0.261 [0.210, 0.311]
Family WP 0.191 [0.152, 0.227] 0.180 [0.138, 0.220] 0.180 [0.138, 0.219] 0.180 [0.138, 0.221] 0.179 [0.137, 0.219] 0.174 [0.133, 0.214]
Weak ties WP 0.048 [0.020, 0.074] 0.053 [0.019, 0.084] 0.054 [0.019, 0.084] 0.054 [0.019, 0.085] 0.053 [0.020, 0.083] 0.054 [0.019, 0.084]
Weekend WP 0.100 [0.084, 0.116] 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] 0.103 [0.084, 0.121] 0.102 [0.084, 0.121] 0.103 [0.084, 0.121]
Friends and roommates WP variance 0.172 [0.168, 0.175] 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] 0.173 [0.169, 0.177] 0.173 [0.169, 0.177]
Significant others WP variance 0.050 [0.049, 0.051] 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] 0.048 [0.047, 0.049] 0.048 [0.047, 0.049]
Family WP variance 0.077 [0.075, 0.078] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077] 0.075 [0.074, 0.077]
Weak ties WP variance 0.112 [0.110, 0.115] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111] 0.109 [0.107, 0.111]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.246 [0.241, 0.252] 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] 0.247 [0.241, 0.253] 0.247 [0.241, 0.253]
R2 within 0.087 [0.075, 0.101] 0.088 [0.075, 0.101] 0.087 [0.075, 0.101] 0.086 [0.075, 0.100] 0.085 [0.074, 0.099] 0.087 [0.075, 0.100]
Friends and roommates BP 0.073 [-0.110, 0.253] 0.098 [-0.114, 0.303] 0.131 [-0.071, 0.328] 0.171 [-0.027, 0.365] 0.089 [-0.098, 0.272] 0.152 [-0.049, 0.350]
Significant others BP 0.160 [-0.117, 0.444] 0.130 [-0.158, 0.421] 0.179 [-0.104, 0.464] 0.192 [-0.086, 0.475] 0.271 [0.007, 0.533] 0.173 [-0.111, 0.460]
Family BP -0.005 [-0.360, 0.367] 0.213 [-0.179, 0.607] 0.229 [-0.161, 0.621] 0.159 [-0.226, 0.548] 0.265 [-0.098, 0.634] 0.242 [-0.150, 0.636]
Weak ties BP -0.076 [-0.496, 0.377] -0.171 [-0.627, 0.297] -0.152 [-0.600, 0.313] -0.161 [-0.602, 0.295] -0.207 [-0.625, 0.227] -0.095 [-0.548, 0.366]
Personality trait 0.040 [-0.003, 0.083] 0.083 [0.026, 0.140] 0.136 [0.082, 0.190] -0.231 [-0.274, -0.188] 0.022 [-0.034, 0.079]
Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP 0.003 [-0.028, 0.033] -0.003 [-0.047, 0.041] 0.001 [-0.041, 0.043] 0.038 [0.003, 0.073] 0.009 [-0.033, 0.050]
Personality trait * Significant others WP -0.036 [-0.096, 0.022] 0.007 [-0.078, 0.097] 0.016 [-0.068, 0.093] 0.071 [0.001, 0.147] -0.017 [-0.103, 0.057]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.006 [-0.044, 0.056] -0.012 [-0.081, 0.059] -0.010 [-0.077, 0.058] 0.040 [-0.016, 0.096] -0.101 [-0.169, -0.034]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.010 [-0.041, 0.023] -0.010 [-0.060, 0.038] -0.019 [-0.066, 0.026] 0.043 [0.005, 0.084] 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048]
Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance -0.014 [-0.024, -0.004] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.002] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] -0.005 [-0.016, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.002]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.022 [-0.043, -0.001] -0.011 [-0.036, 0.017] -0.013 [-0.039, 0.015] -0.014 [-0.038, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.027, 0.017] -0.013 [-0.038, 0.015]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.036, 0.000] -0.013 [-0.030, 0.003] -0.017 [-0.035, 0.001]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.032 [-0.044, -0.020] -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] -0.031 [-0.045, -0.018] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.018]
Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.003 [-0.014, 0.013] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.010] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.009] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.010]
Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance 0.012 [0.000, 0.026] 0.015 [0.003, 0.029] 0.014 [0.003, 0.029] 0.015 [0.002, 0.028] 0.014 [0.002, 0.027] 0.015 [0.003, 0.029]
Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.006, 0.013] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012] 0.001 [-0.006, 0.011] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.012]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.017, 0.035] 0.005 [-0.015, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.016, 0.031] 0.004 [-0.017, 0.030] 0.003 [-0.017, 0.029] 0.004 [-0.017, 0.029]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [-0.009, 0.025] -0.002 [-0.020, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.018, 0.021] -0.002 [-0.019, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.022]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.007, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.006, 0.022] 0.007 [-0.007, 0.021] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023]
Friends and roommates BP mean 0.363 [0.345, 0.380] 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] 0.360 [0.340, 0.380] 0.360 [0.340, 0.380]
Significant others BP mean 0.081 [0.071, 0.092] 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] 0.080 [0.067, 0.092] 0.080 [0.067, 0.092]
Family BP mean 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] 0.094 [0.084, 0.104] 0.094 [0.084, 0.104]
Weak ties BP mean 0.148 [0.139, 0.157] 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] 0.142 [0.132, 0.152] 0.142 [0.132, 0.152]
Intercept well-being 2.883 [2.736, 3.023] 2.884 [2.732, 3.041] 2.863 [2.716, 3.015] 2.854 [2.710, 3.004] 2.876 [2.739, 3.017] 2.847 [2.700, 2.999]
Friends and roommates BP variance 0.056 [0.050, 0.063] 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] 0.054 [0.047, 0.062] 0.054 [0.047, 0.062]
Significant others BP variance 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] 0.022 [0.019, 0.025] 0.022 [0.019, 0.025]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.012 [0.010, 0.013]
Weak ties BP variance 0.011 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.192 [0.173, 0.214] 0.173 [0.154, 0.196] 0.172 [0.152, 0.194] 0.167 [0.148, 0.189] 0.145 [0.128, 0.164] 0.174 [0.155, 0.197]
Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.045 [0.023, 0.076] 0.035 [0.014, 0.069] 0.036 [0.014, 0.072] 0.035 [0.015, 0.071] 0.035 [0.014, 0.070] 0.035 [0.014, 0.071]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.059 [0.039, 0.085] 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] 0.058 [0.037, 0.084] 0.057 [0.036, 0.082] 0.054 [0.034, 0.078]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.017 [0.007, 0.030] 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] 0.018 [0.008, 0.032] 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] 0.018 [0.008, 0.032]
R2 between 0.011 [0.002, 0.042] 0.022 [0.006, 0.062] 0.029 [0.009, 0.075] 0.046 [0.020, 0.095] 0.120 [0.080, 0.169] 0.023 [0.005, 0.072]
R2 Friends and roommates WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.018 [0.000, 0.067] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 Significant others WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.096] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.005 [0.000, 0.065] 0.039 [0.000, 0.187] 0.004 [0.000, 0.055]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.008 [0.000, 0.046] 0.034 [0.004, 0.097]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] 0.005 [0.000, 0.048] 0.029 [0.001, 0.132] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
Number of participants 841 627 627 627 627 627
Number of observations 19,801 15,692 15,692 15,692 15,692 15,692
Study 3
Friends and roommates WP 0.439 [0.401, 0.476] 0.454 [0.414, 0.494] 0.454 [0.414, 0.493] 0.452 [0.412, 0.493] 0.453 [0.413, 0.492] 0.449 [0.410, 0.489]
Significant others WP 0.438 [0.355, 0.516] 0.428 [0.342, 0.516] 0.433 [0.349, 0.519] 0.427 [0.341, 0.513] 0.421 [0.333, 0.508] 0.436 [0.346, 0.523]
Family WP 0.258 [0.210, 0.305] 0.261 [0.211, 0.313] 0.262 [0.212, 0.312] 0.259 [0.210, 0.311] 0.260 [0.211, 0.309] 0.259 [0.208, 0.310]
Weak ties WP 0.132 [0.090, 0.177] 0.135 [0.090, 0.185] 0.134 [0.085, 0.182] 0.136 [0.088, 0.186] 0.134 [0.087, 0.182] 0.137 [0.086, 0.189]
Weekend WP 0.235 [0.216, 0.255] 0.239 [0.219, 0.259] 0.241 [0.221, 0.261] 0.240 [0.220, 0.260] 0.239 [0.219, 0.259] 0.239 [0.219, 0.259]
Friends and roommates WP variance 0.112 [0.110, 0.113] 0.110 [0.109, 0.111] 0.110 [0.109, 0.112] 0.110 [0.109, 0.111] 0.110 [0.109, 0.112] 0.110 [0.109, 0.112]
Significant others WP variance 0.032 [0.032, 0.033] 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] 0.033 [0.033, 0.034] 0.033 [0.033, 0.034]
Family WP variance 0.074 [0.073, 0.074] 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] 0.076 [0.075, 0.077] 0.076 [0.075, 0.077]
Weak ties WP variance 0.048 [0.048, 0.049] 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] 0.049 [0.048, 0.050] 0.049 [0.048, 0.049] 0.049 [0.048, 0.049]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.917 [0.906, 0.928] 0.923 [0.911, 0.935] 0.925 [0.913, 0.937] 0.926 [0.914, 0.938] 0.925 [0.913, 0.937] 0.922 [0.910, 0.934]
R2 within 0.077 [0.071, 0.083] 0.079 [0.074, 0.086] 0.080 [0.074, 0.086] 0.080 [0.074, 0.086] 0.079 [0.074, 0.085] 0.080 [0.074, 0.086]
Friends and roommates BP 0.909 [0.540, 1.267] 0.682 [0.334, 1.033] 0.935 [0.563, 1.311] 0.998 [0.633, 1.361] 0.813 [0.491, 1.135] 1.038 [0.671, 1.406]
Significant others BP 1.057 [0.571, 1.543] 0.670 [0.204, 1.145] 0.817 [0.327, 1.313] 0.875 [0.383, 1.362] 1.143 [0.715, 1.572] 0.942 [0.444, 1.430]
Family BP 0.862 [0.281, 1.439] 0.860 [0.328, 1.412] 0.834 [0.276, 1.402] 0.908 [0.331, 1.473] 0.913 [0.403, 1.417] 0.888 [0.302, 1.474]
Weak ties BP -0.009 [-1.068, 1.039] 0.009 [-1.016, 1.044] 0.236 [-0.825, 1.340] 0.312 [-0.753, 1.357] 0.705 [-0.254, 1.664] 0.341 [-0.777, 1.440]
Personality trait 0.364 [0.285, 0.443] 0.260 [0.161, 0.363] 0.217 [0.127, 0.310] -0.518 [-0.583, -0.453] -0.009 [-0.099, 0.082]
Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP -0.039 [-0.094, 0.016] -0.020 [-0.089, 0.049] -0.047 [-0.110, 0.014] 0.036 [-0.013, 0.087] 0.006 [-0.053, 0.066]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.064 [-0.059, 0.185] -0.132 [-0.292, 0.028] -0.047 [-0.180, 0.086] 0.050 [-0.062, 0.165] -0.082 [-0.209, 0.048]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.019 [-0.054, 0.087] 0.018 [-0.069, 0.105] -0.041 [-0.115, 0.035] -0.003 [-0.066, 0.062] 0.025 [-0.052, 0.105]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.013 [-0.084, 0.054] 0.043 [-0.043, 0.127] 0.016 [-0.053, 0.090] 0.015 [-0.043, 0.076] 0.031 [-0.044, 0.106]
Well-being - Friends and roommates WP covariance -0.067 [-0.099, -0.034] -0.053 [-0.086, -0.023] -0.059 [-0.094, -0.025] -0.054 [-0.090, -0.021] -0.049 [-0.079, -0.020] -0.060 [-0.094, -0.026]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.026 [-0.097, 0.049] -0.043 [-0.112, 0.029] -0.024 [-0.098, 0.052] -0.023 [-0.099, 0.049] -0.017 [-0.080, 0.053] -0.023 [-0.101, 0.053]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.038 [-0.079, 0.003] -0.034 [-0.075, 0.004] -0.033 [-0.075, 0.009] -0.026 [-0.068, 0.015] -0.028 [-0.065, 0.007] -0.033 [-0.075, 0.009]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.057 [-0.097, -0.017] -0.043 [-0.083, -0.007] -0.048 [-0.089, -0.011] -0.046 [-0.084, -0.009] -0.037 [-0.074, -0.002] -0.044 [-0.087, -0.005]
Friends and roommates WP - Significant others WP covariance 0.043 [-0.003, 0.088] 0.048 [0.000, 0.092] 0.044 [-0.005, 0.094] 0.044 [-0.007, 0.095] 0.043 [-0.007, 0.094] 0.048 [-0.003, 0.100]
Friends and roommates WP - Family WP covariance 0.028 [0.001, 0.055] 0.024 [-0.004, 0.052] 0.026 [-0.003, 0.054] 0.023 [-0.005, 0.052] 0.026 [-0.003, 0.054] 0.025 [-0.002, 0.053]
Friends and roommates WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] 0.027 [0.001, 0.054] 0.028 [0.003, 0.056] 0.028 [0.003, 0.053] 0.027 [-0.001, 0.055] 0.029 [0.003, 0.056]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.022 [-0.027, 0.075] 0.028 [-0.026, 0.082] 0.030 [-0.024, 0.083] 0.030 [-0.025, 0.084] 0.028 [-0.029, 0.084] 0.028 [-0.029, 0.085]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.047, 0.059] 0.009 [-0.045, 0.063] 0.010 [-0.041, 0.064] 0.014 [-0.040, 0.064] 0.007 [-0.045, 0.061] 0.011 [-0.042, 0.067]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.010, 0.049] 0.014 [-0.017, 0.045] 0.017 [-0.015, 0.050] 0.013 [-0.018, 0.045] 0.014 [-0.015, 0.048] 0.014 [-0.018, 0.046]
Friends and roommates BP mean 0.181 [0.169, 0.194] 0.178 [0.165, 0.192] 0.179 [0.165, 0.192] 0.179 [0.165, 0.192] 0.178 [0.165, 0.192] 0.179 [0.165, 0.192]
Significant others BP mean 0.057 [0.048, 0.066] 0.060 [0.050, 0.069] 0.060 [0.050, 0.069] 0.059 [0.050, 0.068] 0.059 [0.050, 0.069] 0.059 [0.050, 0.068]
Family BP mean 0.094 [0.086, 0.102] 0.098 [0.089, 0.106] 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] 0.098 [0.089, 0.107]
Weak ties BP mean 0.057 [0.052, 0.061] 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.057 [0.052, 0.062] 0.057 [0.052, 0.062]
Intercept well-being 0.571 [0.433, 0.714] 0.626 [0.488, 0.764] 0.561 [0.416, 0.710] 0.533 [0.389, 0.674] 0.527 [0.400, 0.653] 0.525 [0.383, 0.671]
Friends and roommates BP variance 0.032 [0.029, 0.036] 0.033 [0.030, 0.036] 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] 0.033 [0.029, 0.036] 0.033 [0.029, 0.036] 0.033 [0.030, 0.037]
Significant others BP variance 0.016 [0.014, 0.018] 0.017 [0.015, 0.018] 0.017 [0.015, 0.018] 0.016 [0.015, 0.018] 0.016 [0.015, 0.018] 0.016 [0.015, 0.018]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.004 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.717 [0.650, 0.793] 0.599 [0.538, 0.667] 0.647 [0.585, 0.721] 0.641 [0.577, 0.714] 0.495 [0.446, 0.552] 0.665 [0.601, 0.739]
Slope Friends and roommates WP residual variance 0.115 [0.090, 0.143] 0.113 [0.086, 0.145] 0.113 [0.087, 0.144] 0.112 [0.085, 0.144] 0.113 [0.087, 0.145] 0.111 [0.085, 0.141]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.238 [0.172, 0.327] 0.254 [0.179, 0.346] 0.256 [0.182, 0.349] 0.262 [0.184, 0.357] 0.257 [0.182, 0.355] 0.261 [0.182, 0.365]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.165 [0.127, 0.208] 0.172 [0.134, 0.220] 0.173 [0.133, 0.221] 0.172 [0.130, 0.219] 0.172 [0.133, 0.220] 0.174 [0.133, 0.224]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.037, 0.103] 0.069 [0.041, 0.111] 0.068 [0.037, 0.107] 0.071 [0.038, 0.109] 0.069 [0.035, 0.110] 0.066 [0.035, 0.107]
R2 between 0.073 [0.035, 0.122] 0.106 [0.070, 0.152] 0.090 [0.049, 0.144] 0.098 [0.053, 0.154] 0.230 [0.179, 0.282] 0.088 [0.042, 0.143]
R2 Friends and roommates WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 Significant others WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.037] 0.012 [0.000, 0.056] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] 0.006 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.030] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 54,435 48,759 48,547 48,733 48,731 48,656

Note: Effect of friends and roommates, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2a

Table S3.2
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.247 [-0.269, -0.225] -0.244 [-0.268, -0.220] -0.243 [-0.267, -0.220] -0.243 [-0.267, -0.220] -0.243 [-0.268, -0.218] -0.244 [-0.268, -0.220]
Mixed WP -0.011 [-0.036, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.035, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018] -0.009 [-0.039, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.034, 0.018]
Significant others WP 0.095 [0.057, 0.133] 0.097 [0.054, 0.139] 0.099 [0.055, 0.141] 0.098 [0.055, 0.141] 0.097 [0.054, 0.138] 0.099 [0.056, 0.141]
Family WP 0.017 [-0.015, 0.050] 0.026 [-0.009, 0.061] 0.027 [-0.009, 0.062] 0.024 [-0.012, 0.059] 0.024 [-0.010, 0.058] 0.026 [-0.010, 0.061]
Weak ties WP -0.186 [-0.208, -0.162] -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164] -0.188 [-0.214, -0.163] -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164] -0.188 [-0.214, -0.164] -0.189 [-0.214, -0.164]
Weekend WP 0.058 [0.041, 0.073] 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] 0.058 [0.041, 0.075] 0.057 [0.040, 0.074] 0.058 [0.041, 0.074]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.231 [0.226, 0.236] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.229 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234]
R2 within 0.105 [0.097, 0.114] 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] 0.110 [0.100, 0.120] 0.109 [0.099, 0.120] 0.110 [0.100, 0.120]
Personality trait 0.090 [0.058, 0.124] 0.156 [0.114, 0.200] 0.131 [0.090, 0.175] -0.253 [-0.286, -0.221] 0.015 [-0.030, 0.061]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.004 [-0.033, 0.026] 0.014 [-0.024, 0.052] 0.034 [-0.002, 0.072] -0.044 [-0.076, -0.011] -0.024 [-0.064, 0.015]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.012 [-0.020, 0.045] 0.036 [-0.008, 0.076] 0.028 [-0.014, 0.068] 0.012 [-0.020, 0.044] -0.006 [-0.047, 0.037]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.031 [-0.019, 0.081] 0.003 [-0.064, 0.073] -0.008 [-0.077, 0.063] 0.039 [-0.014, 0.095] -0.044 [-0.110, 0.024]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.016 [-0.027, 0.058] 0.025 [-0.032, 0.080] 0.036 [-0.019, 0.093] 0.036 [-0.008, 0.081] 0.010 [-0.048, 0.069]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.012 [-0.018, 0.043] 0.005 [-0.037, 0.044] 0.030 [-0.008, 0.071] -0.006 [-0.039, 0.027] -0.008 [-0.050, 0.034]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.022 [0.011, 0.033] 0.021 [0.010, 0.033] 0.020 [0.009, 0.032] 0.019 [0.008, 0.031] 0.015 [0.004, 0.025] 0.021 [0.010, 0.034]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.006 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.017] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.017]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.017 [-0.037, 0.001] -0.022 [-0.043, -0.001] -0.020 [-0.041, 0.000] -0.019 [-0.040, 0.002] -0.013 [-0.033, 0.006] -0.019 [-0.040, 0.002]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.019, 0.012] -0.009 [-0.025, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.005] -0.011 [-0.026, 0.005] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.016, 0.006] -0.005 [-0.017, 0.006] -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.018, 0.005] -0.006 [-0.016, 0.005] -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] 0.023 [0.013, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.034]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.016] 0.000 [-0.015, 0.016] 0.001 [-0.015, 0.015] 0.000 [-0.016, 0.016]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.006 [-0.018, 0.006] -0.007 [-0.020, 0.005] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.005] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.004] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.020, 0.005]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.022 [0.012, 0.032] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.033] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.007 [-0.021, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.015, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.013, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.014, 0.020]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.014, 0.009] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.018, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.017, 0.008]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] 0.018 [0.008, 0.028] 0.018 [0.010, 0.029]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.013, 0.025] 0.010 [-0.012, 0.034] 0.010 [-0.011, 0.034] 0.010 [-0.012, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.010, 0.032] 0.010 [-0.011, 0.035]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.006, 0.025] 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] 0.013 [-0.003, 0.031] 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] 0.014 [-0.002, 0.031] 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.013, 0.012] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.013, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.011, 0.014] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.016]
Intercept well-being 2.984 [2.959, 3.009] 3.000 [2.973, 3.027] 3.000 [2.973, 3.027] 2.999 [2.972, 3.026] 3.001 [2.976, 3.026] 3.000 [2.973, 3.028]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.200 [0.184, 0.218] 0.187 [0.171, 0.206] 0.183 [0.167, 0.201] 0.186 [0.170, 0.204] 0.155 [0.142, 0.170] 0.193 [0.176, 0.212]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.047 [0.036, 0.060] 0.049 [0.037, 0.063] 0.049 [0.037, 0.063] 0.048 [0.036, 0.063] 0.048 [0.036, 0.062] 0.049 [0.036, 0.063]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.020 [0.012, 0.033] 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] 0.021 [0.013, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.034] 0.021 [0.011, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.035]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.049 [0.030, 0.073] 0.057 [0.034, 0.084] 0.058 [0.036, 0.085] 0.058 [0.035, 0.085] 0.056 [0.033, 0.084] 0.057 [0.034, 0.084]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.058 [0.039, 0.079] 0.057 [0.036, 0.081] 0.056 [0.036, 0.081] 0.057 [0.037, 0.081] 0.058 [0.037, 0.083] 0.057 [0.037, 0.081]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.034 [0.023, 0.047] 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] 0.035 [0.024, 0.050] 0.036 [0.025, 0.051] 0.036 [0.025, 0.051]
R2 between 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] 0.018 [0.008, 0.031] 0.105 [0.081, 0.132] 0.000 [0.000, 0.003]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.011 [0.001, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.012 [0.000, 0.052] 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 Significant others WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.039] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] 0.006 [0.000, 0.040]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] 0.006 [0.000, 0.033] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
Number of participants 1,346 1,130 1,130 1,130 1,129 1,130
Number of observations 21,805 18,815 18,815 18,815 18,810 18,815
Study 2
CMC WP -0.238 [-0.266, -0.209] -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] -0.234 [-0.266, -0.202] -0.233 [-0.265, -0.201] -0.234 [-0.266, -0.201]
Mixed WP -0.026 [-0.063, 0.010] -0.034 [-0.075, 0.001] -0.035 [-0.076, 0.000] -0.038 [-0.079, -0.002] -0.035 [-0.076, 0.001] -0.035 [-0.076, 0.000]
Significant others WP 0.130 [0.079, 0.182] 0.145 [0.083, 0.206] 0.143 [0.080, 0.205] 0.142 [0.080, 0.203] 0.136 [0.074, 0.196] 0.142 [0.080, 0.202]
Family WP 0.048 [0.008, 0.084] 0.042 [0.000, 0.084] 0.041 [-0.001, 0.083] 0.042 [-0.001, 0.084] 0.040 [-0.003, 0.082] 0.036 [-0.006, 0.077]
Weak ties WP -0.145 [-0.176, -0.113] -0.139 [-0.175, -0.105] -0.140 [-0.176, -0.106] -0.139 [-0.176, -0.105] -0.141 [-0.177, -0.106] -0.139 [-0.175, -0.105]
Weekend WP 0.092 [0.071, 0.112] 0.096 [0.073, 0.119] 0.096 [0.072, 0.118] 0.096 [0.072, 0.118] 0.096 [0.073, 0.119] 0.096 [0.072, 0.118]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.235 [0.229, 0.242] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245]
R2 within 0.109 [0.099, 0.120] 0.106 [0.095, 0.119] 0.106 [0.095, 0.119] 0.107 [0.095, 0.119] 0.107 [0.096, 0.119] 0.106 [0.094, 0.119]
Personality trait 0.033 [-0.009, 0.074] 0.082 [0.025, 0.137] 0.122 [0.068, 0.177] -0.204 [-0.249, -0.161] 0.015 [-0.041, 0.071]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] 0.015 [-0.040, 0.068] 0.014 [-0.038, 0.066] -0.061 [-0.105, -0.017] -0.008 [-0.059, 0.046]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.024 [-0.069, 0.026] 0.027 [-0.039, 0.091] 0.039 [-0.029, 0.094] -0.009 [-0.057, 0.042] 0.018 [-0.045, 0.081]
Personality trait * Significant others WP -0.034 [-0.111, 0.040] 0.002 [-0.102, 0.113] 0.020 [-0.080, 0.121] 0.053 [-0.035, 0.144] -0.039 [-0.135, 0.060]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.003 [-0.054, 0.048] -0.002 [-0.072, 0.071] -0.010 [-0.077, 0.061] 0.002 [-0.058, 0.061] -0.092 [-0.159, -0.026]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.021 [-0.063, 0.023] 0.020 [-0.040, 0.083] -0.019 [-0.075, 0.041] -0.019 [-0.068, 0.028] 0.014 [-0.042, 0.070]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.015 [0.001, 0.028] 0.017 [0.003, 0.032] 0.017 [0.002, 0.031] 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.018 [0.004, 0.032]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.004 [-0.020, 0.012] 0.000 [-0.018, 0.016] -0.002 [-0.019, 0.014] -0.002 [-0.020, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.019, 0.013] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.015]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.022 [-0.047, 0.003] -0.031 [-0.057, -0.004] -0.033 [-0.060, -0.006] -0.035 [-0.061, -0.007] -0.028 [-0.053, -0.004] -0.032 [-0.059, -0.005]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.015, 0.020] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] -0.012 [-0.029, 0.006] -0.013 [-0.029, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.028, 0.007]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.036, -0.008] -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.027 [-0.043, -0.011]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.020 [0.006, 0.034] 0.016 [0.001, 0.031] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.029] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.030] 0.016 [0.001, 0.031]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.014 [-0.031, 0.003] -0.007 [-0.027, 0.013] -0.007 [-0.027, 0.013] -0.006 [-0.026, 0.014] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.015] -0.006 [-0.026, 0.013]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.038, -0.008] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.031, -0.002]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [0.001, 0.026] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026] 0.012 [-0.001, 0.026] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026] 0.012 [-0.001, 0.026] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.026]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.010 [-0.034, 0.009] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.018] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.019] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] -0.001 [-0.021, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.013 [-0.029, 0.003] -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.017, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] -0.001 [-0.015, 0.014]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [-0.004, 0.021] 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] 0.015 [0.000, 0.029] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] 0.015 [0.001, 0.029]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.018, 0.038] 0.013 [-0.012, 0.040] 0.013 [-0.013, 0.040] 0.013 [-0.012, 0.040] 0.013 [-0.013, 0.040] 0.010 [-0.014, 0.036]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.007, 0.036] 0.020 [-0.003, 0.046] 0.021 [-0.002, 0.047] 0.022 [-0.001, 0.048] 0.022 [-0.001, 0.047] 0.021 [-0.001, 0.047]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.012, 0.015] 0.005 [-0.011, 0.025] 0.005 [-0.011, 0.025] 0.005 [-0.011, 0.026] 0.004 [-0.012, 0.024] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.027]
Intercept well-being 2.957 [2.925, 2.989] 2.972 [2.937, 3.006] 2.972 [2.938, 3.006] 2.970 [2.937, 3.004] 2.973 [2.940, 3.005] 2.972 [2.937, 3.006]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.182 [0.164, 0.205] 0.165 [0.145, 0.187] 0.163 [0.144, 0.185] 0.159 [0.141, 0.181] 0.142 [0.125, 0.161] 0.165 [0.146, 0.188]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.050 [0.035, 0.067] 0.045 [0.030, 0.063] 0.045 [0.030, 0.063] 0.045 [0.030, 0.064] 0.043 [0.029, 0.061] 0.045 [0.030, 0.063]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.031 [0.015, 0.051] 0.019 [0.006, 0.038] 0.018 [0.006, 0.037] 0.018 [0.006, 0.038] 0.018 [0.005, 0.039] 0.019 [0.006, 0.038]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.064 [0.036, 0.103] 0.075 [0.042, 0.125] 0.077 [0.043, 0.128] 0.076 [0.043, 0.127] 0.076 [0.042, 0.125] 0.074 [0.041, 0.126]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.051 [0.033, 0.075] 0.044 [0.023, 0.071] 0.045 [0.024, 0.071] 0.045 [0.024, 0.071] 0.045 [0.024, 0.072] 0.041 [0.021, 0.067]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.032 [0.016, 0.050] 0.039 [0.023, 0.061] 0.038 [0.023, 0.061] 0.039 [0.023, 0.061] 0.039 [0.024, 0.061] 0.039 [0.023, 0.062]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.007 [0.001, 0.020] 0.017 [0.005, 0.036] 0.076 [0.048, 0.109] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.024 [0.002, 0.072] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Mixed WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.108] 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] 0.016 [0.000, 0.119] 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] 0.006 [0.000, 0.080]
R2 Significant others WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037] 0.011 [0.000, 0.070] 0.005 [0.000, 0.049]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.037 [0.003, 0.113]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 12,960 10,079 10,079 10,079 10,079 10,079
Study 3
CMC WP -0.347 [-0.400, -0.295] -0.350 [-0.406, -0.294] -0.340 [-0.397, -0.283] -0.349 [-0.405, -0.292] -0.344 [-0.400, -0.288] -0.347 [-0.403, -0.290]
Mixed WP 0.014 [-0.043, 0.076] 0.001 [-0.074, 0.074] -0.005 [-0.071, 0.062] -0.001 [-0.070, 0.065] 0.005 [-0.065, 0.070] 0.006 [-0.065, 0.072]
Significant others WP 0.040 [-0.063, 0.146] 0.025 [-0.088, 0.138] 0.027 [-0.086, 0.134] 0.017 [-0.100, 0.127] 0.012 [-0.104, 0.123] 0.022 [-0.083, 0.132]
Family WP -0.264 [-0.333, -0.195] -0.278 [-0.351, -0.205] -0.275 [-0.349, -0.203] -0.280 [-0.350, -0.208] -0.277 [-0.346, -0.203] -0.278 [-0.349, -0.208]
Weak ties WP -0.208 [-0.275, -0.139] -0.218 [-0.286, -0.151] -0.223 [-0.292, -0.156] -0.220 [-0.289, -0.150] -0.220 [-0.291, -0.150] -0.213 [-0.283, -0.144]
Weekend WP 0.243 [0.210, 0.274] 0.250 [0.217, 0.284] 0.251 [0.217, 0.284] 0.251 [0.218, 0.285] 0.249 [0.215, 0.283] 0.248 [0.215, 0.282]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.931 [0.912, 0.952] 0.940 [0.919, 0.961] 0.941 [0.920, 0.963] 0.942 [0.921, 0.963] 0.941 [0.921, 0.963] 0.938 [0.917, 0.960]
R2 within 0.094 [0.085, 0.102] 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] 0.097 [0.089, 0.106] 0.097 [0.088, 0.107] 0.097 [0.088, 0.106] 0.097 [0.089, 0.105]
Personality trait 0.382 [0.302, 0.458] 0.283 [0.179, 0.384] 0.213 [0.120, 0.305] -0.499 [-0.565, -0.433] 0.018 [-0.075, 0.112]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.061 [-0.018, 0.140] -0.029 [-0.125, 0.070] 0.101 [0.016, 0.190] -0.099 [-0.171, -0.030] -0.028 [-0.112, 0.054]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.010 [-0.106, 0.086] -0.030 [-0.148, 0.082] -0.023 [-0.134, 0.089] 0.026 [-0.052, 0.112] 0.019 [-0.077, 0.120]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.119 [-0.041, 0.270] -0.102 [-0.318, 0.115] -0.015 [-0.181, 0.151] -0.035 [-0.175, 0.106] -0.075 [-0.233, 0.080]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.126 [0.023, 0.231] 0.044 [-0.080, 0.165] 0.045 [-0.066, 0.152] -0.100 [-0.190, -0.010] -0.006 [-0.119, 0.103]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.050 [-0.041, 0.143] 0.063 [-0.058, 0.184] 0.026 [-0.074, 0.131] -0.007 [-0.087, 0.076] 0.072 [-0.034, 0.170]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.091 [0.047, 0.138] 0.081 [0.036, 0.126] 0.097 [0.051, 0.147] 0.084 [0.038, 0.134] 0.063 [0.022, 0.106] 0.096 [0.047, 0.146]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.003 [-0.054, 0.062] 0.001 [-0.053, 0.055] 0.002 [-0.054, 0.055] 0.005 [-0.054, 0.061] 0.014 [-0.037, 0.061] 0.004 [-0.052, 0.059]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance 0.073 [-0.025, 0.164] 0.039 [-0.047, 0.131] 0.061 [-0.033, 0.156] 0.067 [-0.030, 0.160] 0.051 [-0.035, 0.134] 0.063 [-0.038, 0.161]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.106 [0.047, 0.167] 0.085 [0.026, 0.144] 0.106 [0.047, 0.167] 0.105 [0.044, 0.167] 0.076 [0.025, 0.128] 0.109 [0.047, 0.171]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.027 [-0.085, 0.030] -0.027 [-0.082, 0.026] -0.022 [-0.079, 0.035] -0.022 [-0.080, 0.036] -0.025 [-0.076, 0.027] -0.020 [-0.079, 0.039]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.054 [0.009, 0.096] 0.065 [0.020, 0.118] 0.063 [0.021, 0.108] 0.056 [0.011, 0.106] 0.056 [0.010, 0.107] 0.071 [0.019, 0.124]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.027 [-0.099, 0.042] -0.041 [-0.115, 0.035] -0.038 [-0.120, 0.033] -0.039 [-0.123, 0.036] -0.042 [-0.123, 0.028] -0.040 [-0.125, 0.039]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.049 [0.002, 0.100] 0.049 [0.001, 0.105] 0.052 [-0.001, 0.109] 0.048 [-0.010, 0.108] 0.042 [-0.016, 0.098] 0.050 [-0.004, 0.107]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.031 [-0.084, 0.014] -0.044 [-0.096, 0.002] -0.037 [-0.091, 0.010] -0.044 [-0.101, 0.007] -0.043 [-0.099, 0.006] -0.038 [-0.093, 0.008]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.009 [-0.098, 0.084] -0.006 [-0.123, 0.093] -0.026 [-0.113, 0.067] 0.002 [-0.083, 0.093] 0.002 [-0.084, 0.097] 0.006 [-0.087, 0.109]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.052, 0.062] 0.015 [-0.046, 0.078] 0.010 [-0.051, 0.069] 0.016 [-0.048, 0.079] 0.015 [-0.051, 0.073] 0.008 [-0.050, 0.075]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.071, 0.043] -0.011 [-0.060, 0.045] -0.011 [-0.065, 0.039] -0.004 [-0.054, 0.053] -0.007 [-0.059, 0.051] -0.016 [-0.075, 0.043]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.081 [-0.007, 0.175] 0.078 [-0.024, 0.182] 0.078 [-0.026, 0.186] 0.088 [-0.018, 0.192] 0.086 [-0.014, 0.192] 0.076 [-0.023, 0.187]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.092 [-0.005, 0.183] 0.083 [0.005, 0.179] 0.097 [0.002, 0.205] 0.090 [0.000, 0.185] 0.092 [0.000, 0.188] 0.077 [-0.015, 0.169]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.097 [0.037, 0.161] 0.088 [0.022, 0.160] 0.091 [0.026, 0.157] 0.090 [0.024, 0.158] 0.090 [0.023, 0.158] 0.090 [0.026, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 1.079 [1.021, 1.140] 1.074 [1.017, 1.132] 1.072 [1.012, 1.134] 1.069 [1.010, 1.129] 1.073 [1.019, 1.127] 1.074 [1.014, 1.134]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.692 [0.624, 0.772] 0.567 [0.508, 0.637] 0.624 [0.558, 0.699] 0.624 [0.559, 0.698] 0.486 [0.434, 0.545] 0.647 [0.578, 0.725]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.136 [0.095, 0.192] 0.143 [0.098, 0.202] 0.140 [0.091, 0.201] 0.138 [0.090, 0.197] 0.135 [0.084, 0.195] 0.139 [0.091, 0.204]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.074 [0.031, 0.138] 0.102 [0.052, 0.173] 0.093 [0.039, 0.155] 0.091 [0.039, 0.158] 0.089 [0.041, 0.157] 0.100 [0.052, 0.163]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.337 [0.221, 0.505] 0.351 [0.213, 0.534] 0.355 [0.227, 0.531] 0.380 [0.249, 0.552] 0.378 [0.250, 0.556] 0.348 [0.219, 0.524]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.290 [0.216, 0.381] 0.313 [0.233, 0.411] 0.310 [0.224, 0.406] 0.313 [0.232, 0.416] 0.309 [0.229, 0.407] 0.316 [0.236, 0.413]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.168 [0.100, 0.255] 0.165 [0.093, 0.257] 0.159 [0.088, 0.250] 0.160 [0.092, 0.242] 0.160 [0.097, 0.241] 0.151 [0.088, 0.233]
R2 between 0.062 [0.040, 0.089] 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] 0.014 [0.005, 0.030] 0.143 [0.109, 0.179] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.037] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.015 [0.000, 0.053] 0.023 [0.002, 0.070] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034]
R2 Significant others WP 0.011 [0.000, 0.056] 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Family WP 0.013 [0.001, 0.043] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.010 [0.000, 0.038] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.007 [0.000, 0.044]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 19,828 17,950 17,889 17,948 17,941 17,901

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2b

Table S3.3
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.238 [-0.260, -0.216] -0.235 [-0.259, -0.211] -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] -0.234 [-0.258, -0.210] -0.235 [-0.259, -0.211]
Mixed WP -0.009 [-0.035, 0.017] -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] -0.002 [-0.032, 0.024] -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025] -0.003 [-0.031, 0.024]
Significant others WP 0.106 [0.066, 0.147] 0.107 [0.058, 0.151] 0.108 [0.059, 0.153] 0.110 [0.060, 0.155] 0.113 [0.067, 0.159] 0.108 [0.060, 0.152]
Family WP 0.030 [-0.004, 0.063] 0.042 [0.005, 0.077] 0.042 [0.005, 0.077] 0.040 [0.002, 0.076] 0.040 [0.002, 0.076] 0.042 [0.005, 0.077]
Weak ties WP -0.158 [-0.183, -0.133] -0.163 [-0.190, -0.136] -0.162 [-0.189, -0.135] -0.164 [-0.191, -0.137] -0.165 [-0.191, -0.139] -0.164 [-0.190, -0.136]
CMC * Significant others WP -0.223 [-0.330, -0.113] -0.242 [-0.361, -0.129] -0.243 [-0.364, -0.128] -0.236 [-0.354, -0.122] -0.228 [-0.344, -0.108] -0.232 [-0.354, -0.117]
CMC * Family WP -0.103 [-0.179, -0.026] -0.118 [-0.197, -0.037] -0.117 [-0.196, -0.039] -0.116 [-0.195, -0.037] -0.105 [-0.182, -0.025] -0.115 [-0.194, -0.035]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.142 [0.075, 0.208] 0.131 [0.061, 0.200] 0.131 [0.062, 0.201] 0.133 [0.063, 0.205] 0.131 [0.063, 0.199] 0.131 [0.062, 0.200]
Mixed * Significant others WP -0.043 [-0.233, 0.133] 0.009 [-0.205, 0.215] 0.030 [-0.183, 0.238] 0.011 [-0.213, 0.226] 0.033 [-0.179, 0.211] -0.012 [-0.223, 0.201]
Mixed * Family WP -0.004 [-0.136, 0.139] 0.000 [-0.151, 0.154] 0.003 [-0.144, 0.158] 0.001 [-0.152, 0.156] -0.005 [-0.165, 0.142] -0.007 [-0.157, 0.146]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.079 [-0.002, 0.164] 0.087 [0.002, 0.170] 0.076 [-0.010, 0.159] 0.071 [-0.013, 0.156] 0.065 [-0.013, 0.146] 0.071 [-0.015, 0.154]
Weekend WP 0.051 [0.034, 0.066] 0.051 [0.033, 0.068] 0.050 [0.033, 0.068] 0.050 [0.033, 0.067] 0.050 [0.032, 0.067] 0.050 [0.033, 0.067]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.224 [0.219, 0.228] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226]
R2 within 0.133 [0.125, 0.143] 0.138 [0.126, 0.148] 0.138 [0.128, 0.148] 0.139 [0.130, 0.149] 0.141 [0.132, 0.150] 0.138 [0.127, 0.148]
Personality trait 0.090 [0.057, 0.122] 0.156 [0.113, 0.198] 0.132 [0.090, 0.174] -0.251 [-0.283, -0.218] 0.018 [-0.027, 0.062]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.001 [-0.029, 0.031] 0.016 [-0.023, 0.054] 0.032 [-0.006, 0.072] -0.046 [-0.078, -0.013] -0.020 [-0.060, 0.021]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.012 [-0.021, 0.044] 0.029 [-0.014, 0.072] 0.024 [-0.019, 0.068] 0.015 [-0.020, 0.050] -0.011 [-0.054, 0.036]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.023 [-0.033, 0.077] -0.008 [-0.087, 0.070] -0.016 [-0.093, 0.059] 0.042 [-0.017, 0.102] -0.048 [-0.116, 0.025]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.016 [-0.030, 0.061] 0.027 [-0.031, 0.085] 0.034 [-0.026, 0.093] 0.038 [-0.011, 0.087] 0.005 [-0.057, 0.066]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.013 [-0.019, 0.045] 0.011 [-0.033, 0.054] 0.037 [-0.004, 0.078] -0.003 [-0.037, 0.031] -0.005 [-0.048, 0.038]
Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP -0.071 [-0.205, 0.067] -0.074 [-0.253, 0.120] 0.011 [-0.178, 0.207] -0.064 [-0.219, 0.076] -0.071 [-0.241, 0.100]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.023 [-0.077, 0.122] -0.088 [-0.213, 0.041] -0.025 [-0.151, 0.103] -0.070 [-0.184, 0.038] 0.090 [-0.055, 0.233]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.045 [-0.042, 0.132] 0.015 [-0.095, 0.127] 0.016 [-0.094, 0.124] -0.014 [-0.106, 0.079] 0.058 [-0.054, 0.178]
Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP -0.220 [-0.474, 0.036] -0.395 [-0.763, -0.026] 0.008 [-0.349, 0.388] 0.162 [-0.098, 0.401] -0.144 [-0.465, 0.183]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.112 [-0.068, 0.303] -0.009 [-0.229, 0.221] -0.057 [-0.309, 0.197] -0.058 [-0.265, 0.146] 0.074 [-0.172, 0.327]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.078 [-0.183, 0.024] 0.052 [-0.084, 0.196] 0.029 [-0.100, 0.153] -0.024 [-0.136, 0.085] -0.047 [-0.180, 0.092]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.021 [0.010, 0.032] 0.021 [0.009, 0.033] 0.020 [0.008, 0.031] 0.019 [0.008, 0.031] 0.014 [0.004, 0.025] 0.021 [0.009, 0.033]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.017]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.017 [-0.038, 0.003] -0.025 [-0.047, -0.003] -0.022 [-0.043, 0.000] -0.020 [-0.043, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.036, 0.005] -0.021 [-0.043, 0.001]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.018, 0.013] -0.009 [-0.026, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.027, 0.006] -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.009 [-0.026, 0.008]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.020, 0.003] -0.008 [-0.020, 0.004] -0.007 [-0.019, 0.004] -0.009 [-0.022, 0.002] -0.008 [-0.020, 0.003] -0.007 [-0.019, 0.005]
Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.003 [-0.048, 0.054] 0.027 [-0.026, 0.084] 0.022 [-0.031, 0.077] 0.016 [-0.034, 0.071] 0.004 [-0.046, 0.054] 0.020 [-0.033, 0.077]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.040, 0.031] 0.003 [-0.032, 0.039] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.044] 0.006 [-0.029, 0.041] -0.006 [-0.039, 0.026] 0.002 [-0.033, 0.038]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.033, 0.033] -0.001 [-0.034, 0.031] -0.002 [-0.033, 0.030] -0.001 [-0.032, 0.031] -0.003 [-0.033, 0.027] 0.000 [-0.033, 0.033]
Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.013 [-0.071, 0.120] 0.040 [-0.061, 0.140] 0.033 [-0.061, 0.126] 0.011 [-0.091, 0.101] 0.039 [-0.062, 0.141] 0.014 [-0.084, 0.110]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.036 [-0.027, 0.101] 0.035 [-0.033, 0.107] 0.037 [-0.031, 0.107] 0.042 [-0.028, 0.116] 0.029 [-0.036, 0.101] 0.036 [-0.034, 0.108]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.047, 0.034] 0.001 [-0.041, 0.045] -0.005 [-0.044, 0.036] -0.007 [-0.047, 0.033] -0.012 [-0.049, 0.026] -0.008 [-0.049, 0.038]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] 0.021 [0.010, 0.032] 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] 0.021 [0.012, 0.031]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.002 [-0.017, 0.012] 0.003 [-0.015, 0.018] 0.002 [-0.015, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.014, 0.019] 0.005 [-0.011, 0.022] 0.002 [-0.015, 0.017]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.020, 0.006] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.009] -0.006 [-0.018, 0.008]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [0.004, 0.022] 0.017 [0.007, 0.028] 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] 0.016 [0.006, 0.026] 0.017 [0.006, 0.027] 0.017 [0.007, 0.028]
CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.020 [-0.056, 0.013] -0.006 [-0.044, 0.035] -0.004 [-0.044, 0.037] -0.006 [-0.045, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.048, 0.022] -0.006 [-0.045, 0.035]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.011, 0.041] 0.009 [-0.016, 0.037] 0.010 [-0.015, 0.038] 0.011 [-0.016, 0.040] 0.009 [-0.019, 0.038] 0.010 [-0.015, 0.038]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.028 [-0.050, -0.006] -0.017 [-0.042, 0.005] -0.018 [-0.042, 0.005] -0.017 [-0.041, 0.007] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.006] -0.016 [-0.040, 0.007]
CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.018 [-0.077, 0.041] -0.005 [-0.069, 0.056] -0.005 [-0.073, 0.055] -0.011 [-0.078, 0.057] 0.004 [-0.061, 0.077] -0.015 [-0.082, 0.046]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.004 [-0.045, 0.048] 0.012 [-0.041, 0.064] 0.010 [-0.043, 0.064] 0.014 [-0.038, 0.064] 0.016 [-0.037, 0.066] 0.012 [-0.040, 0.066]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.043, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.034, 0.024] -0.007 [-0.037, 0.021] -0.004 [-0.034, 0.026] -0.002 [-0.028, 0.026] -0.006 [-0.034, 0.022]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.004 [-0.018, 0.012] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.015, 0.016] 0.002 [-0.014, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.015]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.015, 0.011] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.015, 0.013] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [0.000, 0.017] 0.013 [0.003, 0.022] 0.012 [0.003, 0.022] 0.012 [0.002, 0.022] 0.012 [0.003, 0.023] 0.013 [0.003, 0.023]
Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.003 [-0.041, 0.033] 0.001 [-0.039, 0.040] 0.004 [-0.036, 0.044] 0.002 [-0.039, 0.042] 0.004 [-0.033, 0.041] 0.002 [-0.038, 0.042]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] 0.016 [-0.008, 0.041] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.042] 0.018 [-0.007, 0.044] 0.015 [-0.009, 0.041] 0.016 [-0.007, 0.041]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.035, 0.012] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.016] -0.006 [-0.030, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.018] -0.008 [-0.030, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.017]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.006 [-0.052, 0.042] -0.005 [-0.059, 0.055] -0.007 [-0.058, 0.057] -0.009 [-0.063, 0.056] -0.002 [-0.052, 0.062] -0.011 [-0.063, 0.055]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.022, 0.054] 0.017 [-0.021, 0.066] 0.017 [-0.020, 0.065] 0.019 [-0.019, 0.066] 0.022 [-0.018, 0.072] 0.018 [-0.020, 0.065]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.040, 0.004] -0.008 [-0.032, 0.014] -0.010 [-0.031, 0.013] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.028, 0.016] -0.009 [-0.031, 0.015]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.004 [-0.016, 0.025] 0.010 [-0.009, 0.030] 0.009 [-0.010, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.011, 0.031] 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [0.001, 0.029] 0.018 [0.001, 0.035] 0.019 [0.001, 0.036] 0.018 [0.001, 0.034] 0.019 [0.001, 0.037] 0.017 [0.001, 0.034]
Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.042 [-0.088, 0.003] -0.042 [-0.096, 0.003] -0.045 [-0.099, 0.000] -0.046 [-0.099, 0.000] -0.044 [-0.094, 0.002] -0.047 [-0.100, 0.000]
Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.057, 0.029] -0.014 [-0.066, 0.044] -0.017 [-0.070, 0.040] -0.018 [-0.067, 0.040] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.042] -0.015 [-0.067, 0.041]
Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.052, 0.027] -0.023 [-0.060, 0.021] -0.026 [-0.065, 0.017] -0.026 [-0.065, 0.017] -0.023 [-0.061, 0.017] -0.025 [-0.062, 0.017]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.001 [-0.065, 0.075] 0.005 [-0.071, 0.086] 0.013 [-0.064, 0.097] 0.002 [-0.074, 0.092] 0.005 [-0.081, 0.099] 0.001 [-0.073, 0.084]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.058, 0.090] 0.026 [-0.071, 0.100] 0.021 [-0.075, 0.099] 0.023 [-0.076, 0.105] 0.023 [-0.059, 0.103] 0.028 [-0.069, 0.103]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.023, 0.051] 0.015 [-0.019, 0.058] 0.013 [-0.023, 0.054] 0.014 [-0.025, 0.055] 0.013 [-0.024, 0.050] 0.014 [-0.023, 0.054]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.009, 0.019] 0.004 [-0.009, 0.018]
Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.002 [-0.054, 0.050] -0.013 [-0.062, 0.033] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.035] -0.013 [-0.060, 0.034] -0.008 [-0.061, 0.042] -0.010 [-0.061, 0.037]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.048, 0.015] -0.017 [-0.051, 0.013] -0.017 [-0.052, 0.013] -0.016 [-0.051, 0.014] -0.014 [-0.048, 0.017] -0.017 [-0.051, 0.013]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [-0.013, 0.058] 0.023 [-0.012, 0.058] 0.022 [-0.014, 0.057] 0.023 [-0.012, 0.058] 0.021 [-0.016, 0.055] 0.022 [-0.012, 0.057]
Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.009 [-0.081, 0.078] 0.003 [-0.075, 0.074] 0.007 [-0.067, 0.078] 0.003 [-0.079, 0.072] 0.003 [-0.069, 0.087] 0.007 [-0.073, 0.074]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094] 0.049 [-0.001, 0.108] 0.047 [-0.002, 0.105] 0.052 [0.002, 0.111] 0.058 [0.006, 0.115] 0.052 [0.002, 0.112]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.023 [-0.013, 0.056] 0.016 [-0.018, 0.052] 0.016 [-0.019, 0.052] 0.014 [-0.020, 0.050] 0.015 [-0.020, 0.054] 0.018 [-0.015, 0.054]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.011 [-0.052, 0.026] -0.008 [-0.050, 0.030] -0.006 [-0.047, 0.035] -0.006 [-0.048, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.049, 0.024] -0.008 [-0.051, 0.032]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.017, 0.035] 0.017 [-0.011, 0.047] 0.016 [-0.011, 0.046] 0.018 [-0.010, 0.047] 0.016 [-0.011, 0.044] 0.017 [-0.010, 0.047]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] -0.006 [-0.027, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.028, 0.017] -0.006 [-0.028, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.028, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.028, 0.019]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.016 [-0.061, 0.038] -0.007 [-0.074, 0.059] -0.009 [-0.072, 0.059] -0.008 [-0.071, 0.057] -0.007 [-0.067, 0.053] -0.012 [-0.079, 0.057]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.049, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.044, 0.058] 0.006 [-0.043, 0.057] 0.004 [-0.047, 0.055] 0.006 [-0.048, 0.061] 0.006 [-0.044, 0.058]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.018, 0.028] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.031] 0.004 [-0.019, 0.028] 0.004 [-0.019, 0.029] 0.003 [-0.021, 0.028] 0.005 [-0.018, 0.029]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.033 [-0.057, 0.141] -0.018 [-0.128, 0.101] -0.018 [-0.121, 0.102] -0.008 [-0.124, 0.128] -0.002 [-0.106, 0.104] -0.020 [-0.132, 0.107]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.063 [-0.025, 0.158] 0.025 [-0.068, 0.124] 0.033 [-0.058, 0.129] 0.034 [-0.055, 0.131] 0.025 [-0.057, 0.121] 0.027 [-0.063, 0.124]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.149 [-0.025, 0.362] 0.119 [-0.058, 0.314] 0.094 [-0.113, 0.282] 0.113 [-0.105, 0.319] 0.083 [-0.080, 0.299] 0.142 [-0.042, 0.345]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.040 [-0.214, 0.149] -0.074 [-0.231, 0.130] -0.053 [-0.220, 0.151] -0.060 [-0.230, 0.151] -0.041 [-0.192, 0.134] -0.063 [-0.229, 0.151]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.083, 0.105] -0.001 [-0.082, 0.087] 0.010 [-0.069, 0.096] -0.002 [-0.087, 0.085] -0.008 [-0.095, 0.073] 0.004 [-0.073, 0.090]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.048 [-0.018, 0.119] 0.046 [-0.015, 0.122] 0.048 [-0.014, 0.124] 0.048 [-0.015, 0.120] 0.051 [-0.021, 0.124] 0.049 [-0.014, 0.125]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.048 [-0.195, 0.088] -0.025 [-0.196, 0.114] -0.037 [-0.191, 0.106] -0.031 [-0.197, 0.117] -0.053 [-0.201, 0.110] -0.038 [-0.199, 0.103]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.062 [-0.037, 0.173] 0.079 [-0.039, 0.204] 0.081 [-0.034, 0.209] 0.075 [-0.045, 0.199] 0.076 [-0.044, 0.203] 0.072 [-0.044, 0.199]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.077, 0.056] 0.010 [-0.053, 0.081] 0.008 [-0.055, 0.076] 0.005 [-0.056, 0.081] -0.004 [-0.079, 0.071] 0.012 [-0.049, 0.081]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.012 [-0.126, 0.148] 0.003 [-0.159, 0.155] 0.002 [-0.153, 0.150] 0.020 [-0.152, 0.161] 0.011 [-0.144, 0.143] 0.001 [-0.159, 0.147]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.069 [-0.042, 0.184] 0.073 [-0.049, 0.200] 0.072 [-0.053, 0.194] 0.073 [-0.048, 0.196] 0.076 [-0.049, 0.214] 0.079 [-0.049, 0.206]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.061 [-0.002, 0.129] 0.067 [0.007, 0.134] 0.065 [0.009, 0.132] 0.063 [0.004, 0.130] 0.061 [-0.006, 0.126] 0.066 [0.011, 0.134]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.217, 0.209] -0.017 [-0.250, 0.240] -0.008 [-0.222, 0.253] -0.018 [-0.250, 0.256] 0.027 [-0.215, 0.247] -0.032 [-0.255, 0.257]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.078 [-0.023, 0.195] 0.053 [-0.050, 0.178] 0.059 [-0.039, 0.185] 0.053 [-0.053, 0.179] 0.056 [-0.061, 0.185] 0.050 [-0.054, 0.177]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.049 [-0.049, 0.154] 0.061 [-0.044, 0.189] 0.063 [-0.037, 0.182] 0.068 [-0.036, 0.181] 0.068 [-0.044, 0.187] 0.070 [-0.034, 0.193]
Intercept well-being 2.993 [2.967, 3.018] 3.010 [2.983, 3.037] 3.010 [2.984, 3.037] 3.009 [2.983, 3.037] 3.011 [2.986, 3.037] 3.010 [2.982, 3.038]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.201 [0.184, 0.219] 0.188 [0.171, 0.206] 0.183 [0.167, 0.202] 0.186 [0.170, 0.205] 0.156 [0.142, 0.172] 0.193 [0.176, 0.212]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.044 [0.033, 0.056] 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] 0.045 [0.033, 0.058] 0.046 [0.035, 0.060]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.021 [0.011, 0.034] 0.023 [0.013, 0.036] 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] 0.024 [0.012, 0.038] 0.023 [0.012, 0.037] 0.023 [0.013, 0.037]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.056 [0.036, 0.083] 0.063 [0.040, 0.092] 0.065 [0.042, 0.094] 0.064 [0.042, 0.095] 0.066 [0.042, 0.097] 0.063 [0.041, 0.091]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.054 [0.035, 0.076] 0.052 [0.034, 0.077] 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] 0.053 [0.033, 0.078] 0.053 [0.033, 0.078]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.030 [0.020, 0.043] 0.033 [0.023, 0.047] 0.033 [0.023, 0.047] 0.033 [0.022, 0.047] 0.033 [0.022, 0.048] 0.034 [0.023, 0.048]
Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance 0.360 [0.226, 0.537] 0.297 [0.169, 0.471] 0.301 [0.176, 0.474] 0.303 [0.175, 0.465] 0.311 [0.189, 0.475] 0.308 [0.174, 0.484]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.169 [0.094, 0.269] 0.169 [0.096, 0.271] 0.172 [0.097, 0.275] 0.172 [0.097, 0.279] 0.184 [0.100, 0.288] 0.169 [0.093, 0.271]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.175 [0.109, 0.261] 0.156 [0.088, 0.241] 0.156 [0.090, 0.239] 0.157 [0.087, 0.241] 0.170 [0.100, 0.256] 0.158 [0.092, 0.243]
Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance 0.442 [0.157, 0.837] 0.538 [0.268, 1.023] 0.521 [0.233, 0.990] 0.524 [0.226, 0.993] 0.470 [0.217, 0.941] 0.556 [0.271, 1.043]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.351 [0.184, 0.588] 0.444 [0.231, 0.739] 0.422 [0.210, 0.716] 0.444 [0.227, 0.728] 0.442 [0.233, 0.714] 0.442 [0.220, 0.740]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.123 [0.061, 0.214] 0.110 [0.048, 0.200] 0.108 [0.045, 0.198] 0.109 [0.048, 0.194] 0.111 [0.053, 0.193] 0.112 [0.049, 0.203]
R2 between 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] 0.018 [0.008, 0.031] 0.103 [0.078, 0.129] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.013 [0.001, 0.039] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.007 [0.000, 0.046] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025]
R2 Significant others WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.008 [0.000, 0.044] 0.007 [0.000, 0.040]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.008 [0.000, 0.042] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.008 [0.000, 0.036] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 CMC * Significant others WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] 0.005 [0.000, 0.043] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.009 [0.000, 0.052] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] 0.009 [0.000, 0.056]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.004 [0.000, 0.038]
R2 Mixed * Significant others WP 0.028 [0.000, 0.132] 0.055 [0.001, 0.202] 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] 0.016 [0.000, 0.105] 0.008 [0.000, 0.075]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.066] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.018 [0.000, 0.119] 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] 0.006 [0.000, 0.054]
Number of participants 1,346 1,130 1,130 1,130 1,129 1,130
Number of observations 21,805 18,815 18,815 18,815 18,810 18,815
Study 2
CMC WP -0.235 [-0.264, -0.205] -0.234 [-0.267, -0.201] -0.234 [-0.267, -0.202] -0.235 [-0.267, -0.202] -0.234 [-0.266, -0.201] -0.235 [-0.267, -0.201]
Mixed WP -0.032 [-0.070, 0.007] -0.046 [-0.087, -0.003] -0.047 [-0.086, -0.005] -0.049 [-0.090, -0.007] -0.047 [-0.086, -0.006] -0.046 [-0.088, -0.003]
Significant others WP 0.135 [0.078, 0.192] 0.150 [0.083, 0.221] 0.148 [0.080, 0.218] 0.149 [0.081, 0.221] 0.140 [0.071, 0.213] 0.148 [0.080, 0.219]
Family WP 0.050 [0.012, 0.090] 0.042 [-0.001, 0.083] 0.043 [0.000, 0.084] 0.043 [0.000, 0.085] 0.042 [-0.001, 0.085] 0.035 [-0.007, 0.075]
Weak ties WP -0.128 [-0.161, -0.096] -0.125 [-0.163, -0.086] -0.126 [-0.165, -0.088] -0.125 [-0.163, -0.086] -0.126 [-0.164, -0.087] -0.126 [-0.165, -0.088]
CMC * Significant others WP -0.165 [-0.295, -0.049] -0.182 [-0.325, -0.037] -0.171 [-0.317, -0.026] -0.195 [-0.346, -0.048] -0.167 [-0.316, -0.018] -0.193 [-0.339, -0.046]
CMC * Family WP -0.019 [-0.111, 0.076] -0.025 [-0.131, 0.075] -0.030 [-0.134, 0.068] -0.020 [-0.126, 0.084] -0.028 [-0.132, 0.072] -0.024 [-0.130, 0.079]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.096 [0.015, 0.171] 0.057 [-0.041, 0.151] 0.053 [-0.041, 0.147] 0.057 [-0.043, 0.155] 0.056 [-0.033, 0.151] 0.051 [-0.050, 0.149]
Mixed * Significant others WP -0.144 [-0.400, 0.097] -0.238 [-0.554, 0.116] -0.188 [-0.514, 0.169] -0.210 [-0.539, 0.142] -0.159 [-0.499, 0.189] -0.213 [-0.530, 0.135]
Mixed * Family WP 0.027 [-0.133, 0.164] -0.035 [-0.206, 0.143] -0.041 [-0.220, 0.133] -0.007 [-0.183, 0.174] -0.037 [-0.219, 0.144] -0.031 [-0.207, 0.149]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.027 [-0.093, 0.149] 0.045 [-0.093, 0.201] 0.048 [-0.083, 0.200] 0.041 [-0.095, 0.189] 0.047 [-0.080, 0.200] 0.041 [-0.100, 0.192]
Weekend WP 0.088 [0.067, 0.108] 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] 0.092 [0.070, 0.116] 0.093 [0.070, 0.116] 0.093 [0.070, 0.116]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.230 [0.224, 0.237] 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] 0.232 [0.225, 0.239] 0.232 [0.225, 0.239]
R2 within 0.135 [0.124, 0.147] 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] 0.139 [0.126, 0.151] 0.139 [0.127, 0.151] 0.138 [0.126, 0.150]
Personality trait 0.034 [-0.007, 0.075] 0.084 [0.028, 0.141] 0.125 [0.071, 0.179] -0.205 [-0.249, -0.162] 0.016 [-0.040, 0.073]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.000 [-0.037, 0.040] 0.021 [-0.034, 0.077] 0.016 [-0.036, 0.067] -0.058 [-0.100, -0.013] -0.011 [-0.063, 0.041]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.018 [-0.073, 0.036] 0.018 [-0.052, 0.083] 0.025 [-0.042, 0.097] -0.028 [-0.083, 0.029] 0.027 [-0.044, 0.095]
Personality trait * Significant others WP -0.035 [-0.118, 0.051] -0.036 [-0.152, 0.078] 0.020 [-0.088, 0.133] 0.058 [-0.042, 0.154] -0.030 [-0.135, 0.080]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.004 [-0.058, 0.048] -0.004 [-0.078, 0.073] -0.009 [-0.077, 0.062] -0.009 [-0.068, 0.052] -0.103 [-0.171, -0.027]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.022 [-0.065, 0.021] 0.032 [-0.034, 0.092] -0.014 [-0.074, 0.046] -0.017 [-0.069, 0.034] 0.012 [-0.047, 0.072]
Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP -0.055 [-0.231, 0.133] 0.184 [-0.072, 0.449] 0.043 [-0.186, 0.297] -0.105 [-0.303, 0.095] -0.125 [-0.346, 0.127]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.029 [-0.157, 0.097] -0.125 [-0.299, 0.055] -0.069 [-0.239, 0.103] 0.071 [-0.067, 0.211] 0.053 [-0.108, 0.225]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.058 [-0.160, 0.043] 0.145 [-0.024, 0.292] -0.002 [-0.146, 0.150] 0.002 [-0.117, 0.124] -0.017 [-0.155, 0.118]
Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP 0.134 [-0.289, 0.614] 0.159 [-0.438, 0.771] 0.045 [-0.539, 0.699] -0.402 [-0.877, 0.075] -0.136 [-0.678, 0.394]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.009 [-0.218, 0.263] -0.199 [-0.494, 0.079] -0.259 [-0.544, 0.018] 0.060 [-0.183, 0.321] 0.040 [-0.263, 0.375]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.022 [-0.177, 0.151] 0.020 [-0.216, 0.281] 0.012 [-0.189, 0.238] -0.032 [-0.203, 0.160] 0.086 [-0.127, 0.311]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.012 [-0.002, 0.026] 0.016 [0.001, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] 0.016 [0.001, 0.032]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.020, 0.018] -0.002 [-0.021, 0.016] -0.002 [-0.022, 0.015] -0.004 [-0.022, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.020, 0.019]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001] -0.034 [-0.065, -0.003] -0.034 [-0.066, -0.003] -0.038 [-0.070, -0.008] -0.032 [-0.060, -0.005] -0.036 [-0.067, -0.005]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020] -0.012 [-0.032, 0.008] -0.011 [-0.031, 0.008] -0.011 [-0.030, 0.008] -0.012 [-0.031, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012] -0.030 [-0.047, -0.013] -0.029 [-0.046, -0.013] -0.033 [-0.049, -0.017] -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012]
Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.021 [-0.041, 0.078] 0.023 [-0.044, 0.098] 0.006 [-0.061, 0.085] 0.017 [-0.053, 0.093] 0.015 [-0.049, 0.086] 0.018 [-0.046, 0.094]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.029 [-0.072, 0.014] -0.029 [-0.076, 0.015] -0.026 [-0.073, 0.018] -0.028 [-0.072, 0.016] -0.023 [-0.065, 0.018] -0.028 [-0.074, 0.016]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.010 [-0.046, 0.027] -0.009 [-0.042, 0.030] -0.016 [-0.050, 0.023] -0.012 [-0.044, 0.028] -0.009 [-0.041, 0.027] -0.011 [-0.043, 0.028]
Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.077 [-0.044, 0.239] 0.099 [-0.082, 0.268] 0.103 [-0.076, 0.271] 0.106 [-0.060, 0.274] 0.068 [-0.086, 0.227] 0.110 [-0.072, 0.269]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.052 [-0.134, 0.028] -0.046 [-0.127, 0.034] -0.039 [-0.120, 0.037] -0.037 [-0.121, 0.042] -0.037 [-0.116, 0.039] -0.046 [-0.125, 0.035]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.010 [-0.067, 0.048] -0.026 [-0.085, 0.031] -0.028 [-0.087, 0.025] -0.030 [-0.091, 0.026] -0.030 [-0.088, 0.021] -0.023 [-0.082, 0.036]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.020 [0.008, 0.035] 0.018 [0.004, 0.034] 0.018 [0.005, 0.033] 0.017 [0.003, 0.033] 0.018 [0.005, 0.032] 0.019 [0.004, 0.034]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.007 [-0.026, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.025, 0.022] -0.001 [-0.025, 0.020] 0.000 [-0.024, 0.022] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.024, 0.021]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.035, -0.006] -0.015 [-0.032, 0.000] -0.014 [-0.031, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.032, 0.000] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.024] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.023]
CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.013 [-0.032, 0.052] 0.019 [-0.022, 0.059] 0.017 [-0.024, 0.058] 0.022 [-0.019, 0.064] 0.017 [-0.023, 0.056] 0.018 [-0.022, 0.057]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.013 [-0.020, 0.045] 0.007 [-0.028, 0.043] 0.006 [-0.028, 0.042] 0.007 [-0.028, 0.044] 0.009 [-0.023, 0.046] 0.006 [-0.029, 0.041]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.042, 0.010] -0.012 [-0.037, 0.013] -0.014 [-0.039, 0.011] -0.013 [-0.039, 0.014] -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] -0.013 [-0.038, 0.012]
CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.040 [-0.044, 0.116] 0.010 [-0.079, 0.105] 0.017 [-0.072, 0.112] 0.016 [-0.082, 0.115] 0.002 [-0.088, 0.094] 0.023 [-0.064, 0.117]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.035 [-0.088, 0.014] -0.042 [-0.105, 0.015] -0.036 [-0.099, 0.023] -0.040 [-0.101, 0.019] -0.038 [-0.104, 0.017] -0.043 [-0.107, 0.016]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.027 [-0.071, 0.016] -0.021 [-0.060, 0.025] -0.019 [-0.061, 0.026] -0.021 [-0.062, 0.023] -0.017 [-0.060, 0.025] -0.019 [-0.057, 0.024]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.006 [-0.027, 0.017] 0.000 [-0.024, 0.025] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.024] 0.000 [-0.023, 0.024] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] 0.001 [-0.023, 0.025]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.013] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.012] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.014]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.010, 0.019] 0.009 [-0.006, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.006, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.007, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.006, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023]
Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.004 [-0.038, 0.041] 0.001 [-0.047, 0.046] 0.001 [-0.047, 0.045] 0.003 [-0.043, 0.044] 0.001 [-0.044, 0.043] 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.030, 0.041] 0.006 [-0.029, 0.039] 0.010 [-0.024, 0.043] 0.005 [-0.028, 0.039] 0.008 [-0.026, 0.041] 0.006 [-0.029, 0.040]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.026, 0.026] -0.007 [-0.033, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.032, 0.018] -0.005 [-0.031, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.034, 0.016]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.022 [-0.050, 0.097] 0.009 [-0.078, 0.107] 0.014 [-0.078, 0.106] 0.014 [-0.072, 0.115] 0.010 [-0.074, 0.104] 0.013 [-0.070, 0.110]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.008 [-0.050, 0.044] -0.015 [-0.072, 0.042] -0.010 [-0.067, 0.048] -0.013 [-0.071, 0.044] -0.016 [-0.074, 0.042] -0.016 [-0.071, 0.038]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.023 [-0.060, 0.009] -0.023 [-0.059, 0.015] -0.022 [-0.060, 0.014] -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] -0.021 [-0.058, 0.017] -0.022 [-0.059, 0.012]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.008 [-0.014, 0.034] 0.006 [-0.022, 0.037] 0.006 [-0.021, 0.038] 0.006 [-0.023, 0.037] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.038] 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.004, 0.040] 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] 0.021 [-0.002, 0.048] 0.024 [0.000, 0.051] 0.023 [0.000, 0.050] 0.022 [-0.001, 0.050]
Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.011 [-0.064, 0.036] -0.021 [-0.087, 0.045] -0.014 [-0.081, 0.052] -0.022 [-0.089, 0.046] -0.017 [-0.081, 0.049] -0.023 [-0.089, 0.042]
Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.024 [-0.032, 0.078] 0.042 [-0.024, 0.099] 0.041 [-0.027, 0.096] 0.043 [-0.028, 0.102] 0.042 [-0.024, 0.098] 0.044 [-0.021, 0.102]
Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038] 0.008 [-0.034, 0.052] 0.009 [-0.032, 0.053] 0.008 [-0.031, 0.053] 0.007 [-0.034, 0.052] 0.007 [-0.034, 0.052]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.032 [-0.135, 0.090] -0.004 [-0.160, 0.141] -0.010 [-0.167, 0.141] -0.019 [-0.178, 0.132] -0.011 [-0.158, 0.138] -0.007 [-0.163, 0.140]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.000 [-0.070, 0.073] 0.013 [-0.097, 0.112] 0.014 [-0.100, 0.107] 0.010 [-0.102, 0.107] 0.008 [-0.109, 0.105] 0.013 [-0.100, 0.112]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.034, 0.073] 0.013 [-0.055, 0.083] 0.014 [-0.055, 0.083] 0.019 [-0.050, 0.088] 0.015 [-0.058, 0.087] 0.015 [-0.053, 0.085]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.012, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.024] 0.004 [-0.018, 0.024] 0.005 [-0.015, 0.025] 0.004 [-0.015, 0.024] 0.006 [-0.013, 0.025]
Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.014 [-0.064, 0.035] -0.015 [-0.072, 0.041] -0.011 [-0.066, 0.044] -0.015 [-0.073, 0.041] -0.015 [-0.072, 0.047] -0.014 [-0.070, 0.038]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.028 [-0.061, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.056, 0.027] -0.011 [-0.055, 0.027] -0.014 [-0.057, 0.025] -0.012 [-0.056, 0.027] -0.011 [-0.054, 0.026]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.034, 0.025] 0.002 [-0.027, 0.031] 0.001 [-0.028, 0.031] 0.002 [-0.029, 0.032] 0.001 [-0.029, 0.031] 0.003 [-0.026, 0.031]
Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.041 [-0.136, 0.053] -0.032 [-0.147, 0.084] -0.038 [-0.151, 0.090] -0.039 [-0.154, 0.082] -0.036 [-0.149, 0.091] -0.039 [-0.155, 0.079]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.025 [-0.028, 0.075] 0.042 [-0.011, 0.099] 0.035 [-0.021, 0.096] 0.041 [-0.014, 0.101] 0.042 [-0.014, 0.104] 0.039 [-0.013, 0.095]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.027, 0.055] 0.001 [-0.046, 0.043] 0.001 [-0.044, 0.048] 0.003 [-0.044, 0.046] 0.000 [-0.049, 0.044] -0.001 [-0.048, 0.041]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.016 [-0.059, 0.023] -0.018 [-0.068, 0.029] -0.014 [-0.063, 0.034] -0.015 [-0.066, 0.032] -0.015 [-0.065, 0.030] -0.016 [-0.065, 0.031]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.029, 0.037] 0.008 [-0.032, 0.047] 0.011 [-0.029, 0.048] 0.009 [-0.034, 0.047] 0.011 [-0.031, 0.048] 0.010 [-0.032, 0.047]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.007, 0.038] 0.016 [-0.009, 0.044] 0.016 [-0.009, 0.043] 0.016 [-0.008, 0.044] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.045] 0.015 [-0.009, 0.043]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.024 [-0.102, 0.056] -0.026 [-0.119, 0.066] -0.025 [-0.120, 0.071] -0.035 [-0.132, 0.058] -0.032 [-0.126, 0.062] -0.025 [-0.119, 0.067]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.011 [-0.053, 0.032] -0.018 [-0.070, 0.031] -0.013 [-0.069, 0.037] -0.017 [-0.072, 0.032] -0.017 [-0.072, 0.034] -0.018 [-0.071, 0.032]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.033, 0.044] 0.002 [-0.040, 0.046] 0.005 [-0.037, 0.046] 0.003 [-0.040, 0.047] 0.005 [-0.038, 0.047] 0.001 [-0.041, 0.044]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.068, 0.109] 0.017 [-0.086, 0.141] 0.015 [-0.084, 0.129] 0.018 [-0.080, 0.137] 0.020 [-0.079, 0.135] 0.011 [-0.088, 0.130]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.051, 0.074] 0.012 [-0.061, 0.097] 0.014 [-0.056, 0.099] 0.011 [-0.060, 0.094] 0.013 [-0.061, 0.098] 0.013 [-0.057, 0.097]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.146 [-0.047, 0.357] 0.146 [-0.086, 0.431] 0.147 [-0.075, 0.423] 0.158 [-0.089, 0.458] 0.149 [-0.090, 0.412] 0.144 [-0.084, 0.415]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.037 [-0.087, 0.161] 0.010 [-0.188, 0.185] 0.019 [-0.165, 0.186] 0.006 [-0.182, 0.184] 0.021 [-0.166, 0.202] 0.006 [-0.187, 0.180]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.038 [-0.133, 0.054] -0.010 [-0.126, 0.111] -0.009 [-0.122, 0.113] -0.014 [-0.133, 0.113] -0.008 [-0.132, 0.119] -0.016 [-0.132, 0.103]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [-0.020, 0.079] 0.020 [-0.043, 0.094] 0.024 [-0.029, 0.099] 0.023 [-0.038, 0.102] 0.022 [-0.035, 0.097] 0.020 [-0.040, 0.093]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.013 [-0.169, 0.151] -0.019 [-0.290, 0.229] -0.036 [-0.284, 0.189] -0.034 [-0.322, 0.207] -0.026 [-0.274, 0.212] -0.019 [-0.289, 0.232]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.025 [-0.083, 0.140] 0.019 [-0.127, 0.164] 0.006 [-0.133, 0.147] 0.005 [-0.137, 0.149] 0.000 [-0.139, 0.147] 0.013 [-0.126, 0.159]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.084, 0.082] 0.007 [-0.096, 0.111] 0.012 [-0.085, 0.106] 0.014 [-0.086, 0.118] 0.015 [-0.085, 0.110] 0.008 [-0.088, 0.109]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.022 [-0.139, 0.091] -0.019 [-0.156, 0.130] -0.031 [-0.163, 0.117] -0.027 [-0.168, 0.113] -0.024 [-0.164, 0.122] -0.030 [-0.172, 0.103]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.059, 0.083] 0.001 [-0.094, 0.092] 0.001 [-0.097, 0.086] 0.005 [-0.092, 0.097] -0.003 [-0.102, 0.090] 0.002 [-0.093, 0.091]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.048, 0.072] 0.001 [-0.054, 0.070] 0.008 [-0.047, 0.074] 0.004 [-0.050, 0.070] 0.006 [-0.049, 0.072] -0.001 [-0.057, 0.068]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.215, 0.272] 0.042 [-0.338, 0.390] 0.061 [-0.321, 0.393] 0.046 [-0.354, 0.381] 0.075 [-0.274, 0.416] 0.020 [-0.378, 0.345]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.165, 0.187] 0.074 [-0.134, 0.299] 0.068 [-0.150, 0.301] 0.063 [-0.158, 0.302] 0.076 [-0.139, 0.309] 0.067 [-0.145, 0.303]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.105, 0.125] 0.026 [-0.114, 0.176] 0.010 [-0.129, 0.171] 0.021 [-0.116, 0.184] 0.015 [-0.119, 0.167] 0.017 [-0.124, 0.170]
Intercept well-being 2.962 [2.931, 2.993] 2.976 [2.941, 3.011] 2.976 [2.941, 3.011] 2.975 [2.940, 3.010] 2.977 [2.944, 3.010] 2.976 [2.940, 3.011]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.185 [0.165, 0.207] 0.168 [0.147, 0.191] 0.166 [0.145, 0.189] 0.162 [0.142, 0.185] 0.144 [0.126, 0.165] 0.168 [0.148, 0.192]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.051 [0.035, 0.067] 0.046 [0.032, 0.066] 0.046 [0.032, 0.065] 0.047 [0.032, 0.067] 0.045 [0.031, 0.064] 0.046 [0.031, 0.065]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.034 [0.016, 0.057] 0.031 [0.016, 0.053] 0.030 [0.015, 0.053] 0.030 [0.014, 0.052] 0.030 [0.015, 0.053] 0.029 [0.015, 0.052]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.079 [0.046, 0.123] 0.096 [0.057, 0.150] 0.096 [0.056, 0.151] 0.097 [0.058, 0.152] 0.096 [0.055, 0.148] 0.097 [0.057, 0.152]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.051 [0.032, 0.074] 0.045 [0.022, 0.073] 0.044 [0.023, 0.072] 0.044 [0.023, 0.071] 0.046 [0.025, 0.071] 0.042 [0.021, 0.069]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.034 [0.021, 0.053] 0.043 [0.025, 0.065] 0.042 [0.026, 0.064] 0.043 [0.025, 0.066] 0.043 [0.027, 0.066] 0.042 [0.025, 0.064]
Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance 0.196 [0.090, 0.370] 0.264 [0.132, 0.483] 0.256 [0.128, 0.481] 0.265 [0.132, 0.478] 0.259 [0.131, 0.466] 0.261 [0.140, 0.470]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.166 [0.088, 0.281] 0.198 [0.093, 0.341] 0.185 [0.083, 0.332] 0.200 [0.094, 0.345] 0.191 [0.094, 0.335] 0.199 [0.095, 0.338]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.024, 0.126] 0.078 [0.036, 0.159] 0.077 [0.037, 0.151] 0.076 [0.036, 0.158] 0.077 [0.036, 0.156] 0.073 [0.033, 0.154]
Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance 0.646 [0.243, 1.363] 0.909 [0.356, 1.783] 0.966 [0.414, 1.889] 1.011 [0.405, 1.978] 0.933 [0.385, 1.803] 0.932 [0.386, 1.833]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.293 [0.141, 0.537] 0.392 [0.219, 0.702] 0.371 [0.200, 0.673] 0.387 [0.213, 0.681] 0.408 [0.227, 0.720] 0.396 [0.219, 0.708]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.163 [0.070, 0.319] 0.186 [0.082, 0.358] 0.193 [0.081, 0.359] 0.187 [0.081, 0.363] 0.194 [0.078, 0.356] 0.192 [0.081, 0.360]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] 0.018 [0.006, 0.036] 0.075 [0.047, 0.109] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.020 [0.001, 0.061] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] 0.006 [0.000, 0.064] 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] 0.006 [0.000, 0.054]
R2 Significant others WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.010 [0.000, 0.068] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.045 [0.003, 0.130]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.005 [0.000, 0.036] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 CMC * Significant others WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] 0.023 [0.000, 0.126] 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] 0.013 [0.000, 0.099] 0.012 [0.000, 0.086]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.014 [0.000, 0.098] 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] 0.008 [0.000, 0.066] 0.005 [0.000, 0.047]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.015 [0.000, 0.104] 0.043 [0.000, 0.221] 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] 0.006 [0.000, 0.075]
R2 Mixed * Significant others WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.119] 0.010 [0.000, 0.102] 0.009 [0.000, 0.098] 0.046 [0.000, 0.222] 0.008 [0.000, 0.093]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] 0.018 [0.000, 0.116] 0.032 [0.000, 0.137] 0.007 [0.000, 0.071] 0.006 [0.000, 0.065]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.066] 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] 0.009 [0.000, 0.093]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 12,960 10,079 10,079 10,079 10,079 10,079
Study 3
CMC WP -0.340 [-0.394, -0.284] -0.340 [-0.399, -0.282] -0.331 [-0.389, -0.272] -0.340 [-0.399, -0.280] -0.336 [-0.394, -0.275] -0.335 [-0.393, -0.275]
Mixed WP 0.002 [-0.065, 0.072] -0.017 [-0.094, 0.055] -0.022 [-0.093, 0.051] -0.023 [-0.093, 0.055] -0.020 [-0.093, 0.054] -0.027 [-0.103, 0.052]
Significant others WP 0.055 [-0.053, 0.162] 0.026 [-0.097, 0.148] 0.039 [-0.076, 0.155] 0.028 [-0.092, 0.152] 0.034 [-0.089, 0.153] 0.036 [-0.084, 0.157]
Family WP -0.258 [-0.329, -0.188] -0.282 [-0.357, -0.204] -0.276 [-0.349, -0.204] -0.282 [-0.358, -0.206] -0.278 [-0.355, -0.203] -0.281 [-0.357, -0.207]
Weak ties WP -0.263 [-0.340, -0.186] -0.282 [-0.365, -0.200] -0.290 [-0.370, -0.210] -0.279 [-0.361, -0.199] -0.285 [-0.365, -0.204] -0.276 [-0.355, -0.193]
CMC * Significant others WP -0.325 [-0.547, -0.100] -0.331 [-0.592, -0.023] -0.359 [-0.607, -0.090] -0.375 [-0.616, -0.138] -0.418 [-0.672, -0.194] -0.356 [-0.606, -0.123]
CMC * Family WP 0.157 [0.001, 0.314] 0.144 [-0.024, 0.310] 0.175 [0.005, 0.337] 0.160 [-0.011, 0.320] 0.155 [-0.012, 0.319] 0.193 [0.018, 0.364]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.198 [0.044, 0.349] 0.204 [0.043, 0.365] 0.221 [0.050, 0.383] 0.205 [0.041, 0.370] 0.203 [0.037, 0.365] 0.206 [0.041, 0.367]
Mixed * Significant others WP -0.030 [-0.555, 0.499] -0.112 [-0.797, 0.460] -0.070 [-0.690, 0.590] -0.216 [-0.820, 0.352] -0.146 [-0.702, 0.457] -0.106 [-0.737, 0.507]
Mixed * Family WP 0.179 [-0.101, 0.483] 0.066 [-0.224, 0.386] 0.101 [-0.183, 0.386] 0.096 [-0.201, 0.392] 0.078 [-0.260, 0.380] 0.084 [-0.216, 0.398]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.165 [-0.475, 0.152] -0.223 [-0.583, 0.149] -0.214 [-0.569, 0.136] -0.197 [-0.552, 0.187] -0.212 [-0.565, 0.142] -0.203 [-0.568, 0.121]
Weekend WP 0.241 [0.209, 0.273] 0.247 [0.213, 0.280] 0.248 [0.214, 0.282] 0.248 [0.214, 0.281] 0.246 [0.213, 0.279] 0.246 [0.212, 0.280]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.910 [0.891, 0.930] 0.918 [0.898, 0.939] 0.919 [0.899, 0.940] 0.920 [0.900, 0.940] 0.919 [0.899, 0.941] 0.916 [0.897, 0.937]
R2 within 0.116 [0.107, 0.125] 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] 0.122 [0.113, 0.131] 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] 0.123 [0.113, 0.132] 0.122 [0.114, 0.131]
Personality trait 0.369 [0.290, 0.448] 0.283 [0.179, 0.387] 0.209 [0.117, 0.303] -0.489 [-0.556, -0.423] 0.015 [-0.079, 0.109]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.050 [-0.029, 0.130] -0.038 [-0.139, 0.060] 0.080 [-0.008, 0.167] -0.086 [-0.159, -0.014] -0.014 [-0.102, 0.072]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.008 [-0.113, 0.100] -0.043 [-0.166, 0.082] -0.013 [-0.131, 0.105] 0.009 [-0.091, 0.116] 0.011 [-0.103, 0.122]
Personality trait * Significant others WP 0.164 [0.001, 0.324] -0.076 [-0.306, 0.146] 0.007 [-0.177, 0.183] -0.102 [-0.254, 0.060] -0.077 [-0.247, 0.095]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.118 [0.015, 0.223] 0.039 [-0.087, 0.170] 0.049 [-0.066, 0.162] -0.090 [-0.189, 0.004] 0.001 [-0.116, 0.117]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.023 [-0.091, 0.143] 0.097 [-0.045, 0.246] 0.022 [-0.098, 0.146] -0.004 [-0.102, 0.102] 0.073 [-0.056, 0.198]
Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP -0.283 [-0.663, 0.085] 0.202 [-0.222, 0.677] -0.212 [-0.567, 0.128] 0.226 [-0.090, 0.538] 0.083 [-0.252, 0.420]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.090 [-0.325, 0.138] -0.010 [-0.298, 0.291] -0.059 [-0.312, 0.181] 0.137 [-0.079, 0.343] -0.005 [-0.258, 0.252]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.006 [-0.209, 0.237] -0.070 [-0.354, 0.216] -0.012 [-0.272, 0.232] -0.019 [-0.222, 0.176] 0.010 [-0.236, 0.254]
Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP 0.105 [-0.797, 0.919] -0.487 [-1.727, 0.627] 0.503 [-0.480, 1.369] -0.624 [-1.421, 0.122] -0.500 [-1.297, 0.275]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.099 [-0.492, 0.316] -0.035 [-0.525, 0.471] 0.098 [-0.361, 0.570] 0.037 [-0.351, 0.433] -0.180 [-0.692, 0.261]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.113 [-0.568, 0.363] 0.051 [-0.547, 0.620] -0.026 [-0.549, 0.476] -0.039 [-0.486, 0.373] -0.239 [-0.826, 0.332]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.093 [0.045, 0.142] 0.085 [0.039, 0.135] 0.101 [0.052, 0.150] 0.091 [0.043, 0.143] 0.072 [0.029, 0.116] 0.099 [0.047, 0.152]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.003 [-0.062, 0.060] 0.004 [-0.058, 0.063] 0.005 [-0.058, 0.066] 0.003 [-0.060, 0.065] 0.011 [-0.043, 0.069] 0.005 [-0.063, 0.068]
Well-being - Significant others WP covariance 0.089 [-0.007, 0.189] 0.062 [-0.034, 0.161] 0.087 [-0.013, 0.190] 0.097 [-0.007, 0.201] 0.058 [-0.032, 0.147] 0.091 [-0.017, 0.202]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.096 [0.032, 0.160] 0.079 [0.018, 0.143] 0.098 [0.037, 0.164] 0.096 [0.030, 0.163] 0.068 [0.012, 0.126] 0.098 [0.032, 0.165]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.083, 0.052] -0.006 [-0.071, 0.061] -0.008 [-0.078, 0.060] -0.003 [-0.070, 0.066] -0.007 [-0.066, 0.053] -0.004 [-0.076, 0.064]
Well-being - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.140 [-0.354, 0.069] -0.122 [-0.328, 0.079] -0.165 [-0.364, 0.031] -0.119 [-0.342, 0.097] -0.089 [-0.268, 0.086] -0.146 [-0.360, 0.112]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.043 [-0.174, 0.089] -0.033 [-0.163, 0.096] -0.061 [-0.200, 0.080] -0.062 [-0.203, 0.086] -0.021 [-0.144, 0.096] -0.056 [-0.199, 0.087]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.102 [-0.237, 0.028] -0.116 [-0.244, 0.010] -0.124 [-0.259, 0.006] -0.133 [-0.273, 0.012] -0.128 [-0.248, -0.009] -0.110 [-0.251, 0.032]
Well-being - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.169 [-0.720, 0.408] -0.198 [-0.696, 0.266] -0.154 [-0.686, 0.348] -0.159 [-0.625, 0.368] -0.299 [-0.849, 0.144] -0.137 [-0.669, 0.416]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.082 [-0.163, 0.347] 0.130 [-0.113, 0.374] 0.116 [-0.145, 0.356] 0.113 [-0.148, 0.349] 0.121 [-0.080, 0.318] 0.107 [-0.151, 0.399]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.087 [-0.383, 0.203] -0.054 [-0.362, 0.234] -0.105 [-0.390, 0.194] -0.110 [-0.406, 0.157] -0.085 [-0.360, 0.181] -0.084 [-0.385, 0.205]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.057 [0.012, 0.104] 0.064 [0.017, 0.119] 0.067 [0.023, 0.117] 0.071 [0.023, 0.124] 0.069 [0.025, 0.119] 0.071 [0.020, 0.124]
CMC WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.018 [-0.103, 0.058] -0.034 [-0.124, 0.055] -0.030 [-0.116, 0.050] -0.014 [-0.095, 0.067] -0.029 [-0.108, 0.054] -0.028 [-0.108, 0.052]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.048 [-0.006, 0.104] 0.047 [-0.009, 0.108] 0.052 [-0.002, 0.110] 0.050 [-0.004, 0.110] 0.047 [-0.006, 0.107] 0.043 [-0.010, 0.101]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.009 [-0.062, 0.041] -0.021 [-0.078, 0.032] -0.022 [-0.084, 0.032] -0.016 [-0.079, 0.050] -0.015 [-0.079, 0.035] -0.024 [-0.083, 0.033]
CMC WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.007 [-0.137, 0.117] 0.007 [-0.129, 0.159] -0.005 [-0.151, 0.149] -0.005 [-0.129, 0.136] -0.016 [-0.152, 0.127] 0.001 [-0.135, 0.142]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.065 [-0.162, 0.036] -0.043 [-0.153, 0.069] -0.064 [-0.174, 0.049] -0.043 [-0.153, 0.065] -0.038 [-0.146, 0.072] -0.048 [-0.156, 0.070]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.121 [-0.237, -0.010] -0.111 [-0.234, -0.003] -0.122 [-0.241, -0.008] -0.131 [-0.254, -0.023] -0.131 [-0.255, -0.023] -0.111 [-0.223, -0.001]
CMC WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.062 [-0.264, 0.395] 0.056 [-0.309, 0.395] 0.064 [-0.295, 0.413] 0.049 [-0.291, 0.369] 0.041 [-0.325, 0.356] 0.054 [-0.299, 0.404]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.197, 0.151] -0.020 [-0.197, 0.154] -0.024 [-0.204, 0.152] -0.022 [-0.178, 0.139] -0.011 [-0.182, 0.155] -0.020 [-0.199, 0.144]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.036 [-0.213, 0.150] -0.035 [-0.251, 0.195] -0.062 [-0.279, 0.122] -0.060 [-0.255, 0.115] -0.046 [-0.260, 0.146] -0.042 [-0.236, 0.170]
Mixed WP - Significant others WP covariance -0.020 [-0.102, 0.064] -0.012 [-0.103, 0.079] -0.029 [-0.118, 0.068] -0.011 [-0.106, 0.096] -0.021 [-0.130, 0.089] -0.025 [-0.112, 0.069]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.018 [-0.040, 0.082] 0.010 [-0.056, 0.077] 0.009 [-0.056, 0.078] 0.017 [-0.046, 0.085] 0.013 [-0.048, 0.077] 0.017 [-0.050, 0.083]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.010 [-0.065, 0.048] -0.019 [-0.084, 0.044] -0.018 [-0.086, 0.046] -0.020 [-0.088, 0.039] -0.026 [-0.089, 0.047] -0.021 [-0.079, 0.046]
Mixed WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.012 [-0.138, 0.106] 0.004 [-0.128, 0.143] 0.016 [-0.107, 0.157] 0.005 [-0.140, 0.143] -0.008 [-0.160, 0.126] 0.001 [-0.131, 0.128]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.061 [-0.177, 0.057] -0.039 [-0.174, 0.091] -0.037 [-0.158, 0.095] -0.042 [-0.168, 0.088] -0.025 [-0.156, 0.089] -0.038 [-0.166, 0.081]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.059 [-0.166, 0.044] -0.031 [-0.162, 0.095] -0.043 [-0.157, 0.072] -0.033 [-0.158, 0.097] -0.045 [-0.181, 0.074] -0.045 [-0.163, 0.083]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.007 [-0.300, 0.299] -0.005 [-0.355, 0.329] -0.002 [-0.299, 0.343] 0.033 [-0.268, 0.335] 0.003 [-0.290, 0.297] -0.011 [-0.304, 0.310]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.145, 0.161] -0.005 [-0.163, 0.171] -0.013 [-0.160, 0.169] -0.006 [-0.154, 0.163] -0.005 [-0.163, 0.156] 0.007 [-0.136, 0.161]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.053 [-0.219, 0.124] -0.020 [-0.208, 0.168] -0.052 [-0.228, 0.164] -0.037 [-0.252, 0.195] -0.049 [-0.238, 0.143] -0.031 [-0.213, 0.180]
Significant others WP - Family WP covariance 0.067 [-0.024, 0.167] 0.067 [-0.029, 0.169] 0.069 [-0.026, 0.178] 0.074 [-0.029, 0.193] 0.049 [-0.052, 0.173] 0.059 [-0.051, 0.173]
Significant others WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.063 [-0.032, 0.160] 0.064 [-0.026, 0.176] 0.067 [-0.027, 0.178] 0.059 [-0.038, 0.173] 0.043 [-0.068, 0.162] 0.038 [-0.058, 0.147]
Significant others WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance -0.068 [-0.313, 0.116] -0.094 [-0.320, 0.101] -0.113 [-0.367, 0.122] -0.103 [-0.339, 0.085] -0.068 [-0.297, 0.116] -0.092 [-0.312, 0.107]
Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.028 [-0.206, 0.241] -0.002 [-0.235, 0.217] 0.001 [-0.253, 0.228] 0.016 [-0.198, 0.235] 0.039 [-0.169, 0.254] 0.008 [-0.212, 0.226]
Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.071 [-0.111, 0.260] 0.036 [-0.151, 0.217] 0.033 [-0.182, 0.207] 0.042 [-0.139, 0.240] 0.057 [-0.141, 0.259] 0.100 [-0.090, 0.284]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.012 [-0.469, 0.489] -0.066 [-0.533, 0.393] -0.052 [-0.590, 0.461] -0.061 [-0.557, 0.475] -0.158 [-0.729, 0.318] -0.075 [-0.615, 0.498]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.097 [-0.212, 0.396] 0.152 [-0.160, 0.431] 0.101 [-0.184, 0.417] 0.139 [-0.160, 0.435] 0.131 [-0.181, 0.446] 0.132 [-0.195, 0.441]
Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.108 [-0.253, 0.456] 0.061 [-0.304, 0.411] 0.053 [-0.319, 0.399] 0.084 [-0.252, 0.463] 0.085 [-0.313, 0.514] 0.116 [-0.249, 0.516]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.102 [0.036, 0.177] 0.106 [0.027, 0.191] 0.103 [0.035, 0.184] 0.109 [0.027, 0.194] 0.098 [0.026, 0.179] 0.098 [0.023, 0.189]
Family WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.050 [-0.129, 0.230] 0.039 [-0.126, 0.225] 0.015 [-0.166, 0.190] 0.033 [-0.141, 0.197] 0.048 [-0.133, 0.210] 0.032 [-0.134, 0.225]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.296 [-0.431, -0.174] -0.314 [-0.455, -0.176] -0.324 [-0.470, -0.195] -0.330 [-0.471, -0.193] -0.307 [-0.451, -0.167] -0.322 [-0.472, -0.194]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.100 [-0.233, 0.034] -0.121 [-0.272, 0.018] -0.136 [-0.283, -0.001] -0.131 [-0.270, -0.001] -0.126 [-0.277, -0.006] -0.094 [-0.243, 0.043]
Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.076 [-0.327, 0.483] 0.086 [-0.401, 0.491] 0.081 [-0.278, 0.534] 0.100 [-0.351, 0.595] 0.001 [-0.453, 0.531] 0.150 [-0.279, 0.593]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.025 [-0.236, 0.182] -0.013 [-0.225, 0.190] -0.053 [-0.269, 0.164] -0.077 [-0.290, 0.151] -0.062 [-0.263, 0.127] -0.025 [-0.247, 0.184]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.108 [-0.133, 0.353] 0.132 [-0.130, 0.421] 0.136 [-0.123, 0.403] 0.094 [-0.164, 0.410] 0.106 [-0.174, 0.386] 0.151 [-0.112, 0.404]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Significant others WP covariance 0.012 [-0.162, 0.173] 0.007 [-0.161, 0.174] -0.021 [-0.196, 0.143] -0.030 [-0.203, 0.132] -0.011 [-0.196, 0.165] 0.003 [-0.170, 0.180]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.079 [-0.217, 0.049] -0.086 [-0.232, 0.053] -0.093 [-0.244, 0.049] -0.109 [-0.262, 0.031] -0.083 [-0.229, 0.063] -0.118 [-0.272, 0.022]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.144 [-0.290, -0.028] -0.187 [-0.356, -0.054] -0.176 [-0.332, -0.041] -0.185 [-0.333, -0.068] -0.200 [-0.352, -0.055] -0.146 [-0.303, -0.023]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.131 [-0.232, 0.501] 0.144 [-0.246, 0.495] 0.122 [-0.260, 0.503] 0.155 [-0.222, 0.576] 0.126 [-0.366, 0.583] 0.165 [-0.242, 0.572]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.182, 0.193] 0.030 [-0.182, 0.259] 0.022 [-0.202, 0.241] -0.026 [-0.216, 0.183] 0.015 [-0.204, 0.245] 0.021 [-0.178, 0.212]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.195, 0.251] 0.014 [-0.213, 0.223] -0.009 [-0.285, 0.256] -0.010 [-0.234, 0.215] -0.025 [-0.283, 0.207] 0.020 [-0.213, 0.239]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.076 [-0.250, 0.456] 0.078 [-0.273, 0.454] 0.151 [-0.220, 0.556] 0.094 [-0.222, 0.469] 0.079 [-0.239, 0.436] 0.120 [-0.221, 0.536]
CMC * Significant others WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.223 [-0.026, 0.597] 0.198 [-0.082, 0.518] 0.229 [-0.076, 0.593] 0.235 [-0.050, 0.603] 0.223 [-0.091, 0.574] 0.170 [-0.103, 0.521]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance 0.159 [-0.593, 1.048] 0.226 [-0.587, 1.230] 0.354 [-0.484, 1.405] 0.357 [-0.437, 1.296] 0.461 [-0.347, 1.462] 0.367 [-0.495, 1.390]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.035 [-0.506, 0.409] -0.013 [-0.435, 0.405] -0.022 [-0.444, 0.447] -0.071 [-0.508, 0.364] -0.057 [-0.469, 0.390] 0.002 [-0.476, 0.458]
CMC * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.379 [-0.054, 0.926] 0.301 [-0.172, 0.917] 0.328 [-0.187, 0.982] 0.354 [-0.067, 0.906] 0.328 [-0.196, 0.885] 0.341 [-0.144, 0.965]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.256 [0.018, 0.562] 0.242 [-0.025, 0.530] 0.290 [0.036, 0.581] 0.278 [0.013, 0.566] 0.238 [-0.004, 0.550] 0.282 [0.027, 0.587]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.025 [-0.819, 0.722] 0.016 [-0.868, 0.826] -0.090 [-0.977, 0.872] -0.079 [-0.947, 0.720] 0.140 [-0.926, 0.927] -0.072 [-1.049, 0.816]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.290 [-0.055, 0.667] 0.312 [-0.093, 0.771] 0.339 [-0.039, 0.736] 0.314 [-0.034, 0.713] 0.315 [0.020, 0.713] 0.336 [-0.053, 0.830]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.426, 0.489] -0.044 [-0.501, 0.428] 0.032 [-0.524, 0.564] 0.015 [-0.516, 0.559] -0.065 [-0.574, 0.526] -0.087 [-0.575, 0.461]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Significant others WP covariance -0.201 [-0.922, 0.534] -0.172 [-0.873, 0.593] -0.171 [-0.975, 0.707] -0.161 [-0.935, 0.633] -0.062 [-0.809, 0.704] -0.197 [-0.923, 0.624]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.023 [-0.350, 0.387] 0.043 [-0.380, 0.440] 0.063 [-0.319, 0.458] 0.113 [-0.292, 0.545] 0.046 [-0.348, 0.439] 0.086 [-0.282, 0.492]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.393 [-0.015, 0.864] 0.315 [-0.175, 0.858] 0.445 [-0.090, 1.032] 0.446 [0.002, 0.973] 0.453 [-0.046, 1.035] 0.378 [-0.005, 0.904]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.457 [-0.459, 1.464] 0.554 [-0.412, 1.681] 0.483 [-0.552, 1.641] 0.420 [-0.659, 1.489] 0.672 [-0.343, 1.779] 0.407 [-0.571, 1.567]
Mixed * Significant others WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.078 [-1.085, 1.142] 0.113 [-1.036, 1.391] 0.188 [-1.097, 1.539] 0.264 [-1.074, 1.545] 0.289 [-0.865, 1.489] 0.143 [-1.169, 1.381]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.036 [-0.464, 0.658] 0.050 [-0.583, 0.655] 0.012 [-0.570, 0.704] -0.017 [-0.615, 0.682] -0.028 [-0.625, 0.642] 0.018 [-0.541, 0.674]
Intercept well-being 1.086 [1.026, 1.146] 1.080 [1.021, 1.138] 1.079 [1.018, 1.141] 1.077 [1.017, 1.138] 1.080 [1.026, 1.134] 1.082 [1.021, 1.144]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.696 [0.626, 0.775] 0.578 [0.514, 0.650] 0.628 [0.562, 0.707] 0.627 [0.560, 0.707] 0.493 [0.438, 0.555] 0.650 [0.579, 0.731]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.140 [0.095, 0.197] 0.154 [0.101, 0.221] 0.151 [0.100, 0.213] 0.153 [0.100, 0.215] 0.149 [0.099, 0.208] 0.156 [0.105, 0.219]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.096 [0.043, 0.167] 0.115 [0.062, 0.191] 0.113 [0.059, 0.183] 0.119 [0.060, 0.193] 0.113 [0.061, 0.191] 0.114 [0.061, 0.190]
Slope Significant others WP residual variance 0.349 [0.223, 0.515] 0.379 [0.250, 0.570] 0.385 [0.240, 0.579] 0.385 [0.246, 0.578] 0.363 [0.221, 0.561] 0.364 [0.238, 0.543]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.268 [0.195, 0.362] 0.281 [0.199, 0.378] 0.282 [0.201, 0.378] 0.283 [0.201, 0.389] 0.277 [0.193, 0.374] 0.286 [0.207, 0.386]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.190 [0.113, 0.288] 0.209 [0.121, 0.325] 0.188 [0.103, 0.300] 0.197 [0.109, 0.303] 0.193 [0.103, 0.303] 0.182 [0.085, 0.296]
Slope CMC * Significant others WP residual variance 0.623 [0.290, 1.192] 0.664 [0.303, 1.222] 0.722 [0.311, 1.271] 0.684 [0.327, 1.246] 0.656 [0.276, 1.226] 0.715 [0.281, 1.285]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.852 [0.520, 1.277] 0.912 [0.582, 1.319] 0.932 [0.601, 1.333] 0.924 [0.578, 1.364] 0.886 [0.533, 1.284] 0.947 [0.589, 1.379]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.633 [0.339, 1.010] 0.616 [0.299, 0.990] 0.641 [0.358, 1.040] 0.691 [0.391, 1.096] 0.683 [0.368, 1.120] 0.569 [0.307, 0.958]
Slope Mixed * Significant others WP residual variance 3.139 [1.468, 6.260] 3.330 [1.559, 6.230] 3.873 [1.912, 7.098] 3.458 [1.737, 6.358] 4.105 [2.144, 7.366] 3.798 [1.830, 7.116]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.944 [0.463, 1.723] 1.025 [0.416, 2.064] 1.041 [0.491, 1.882] 1.023 [0.475, 1.963] 1.070 [0.472, 1.977] 1.002 [0.394, 1.945]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 1.424 [0.708, 2.436] 1.280 [0.536, 2.567] 1.630 [0.753, 3.003] 1.495 [0.674, 2.734] 1.655 [0.891, 3.064] 1.494 [0.742, 2.793]
R2 between 0.058 [0.036, 0.084] 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] 0.014 [0.004, 0.029] 0.136 [0.103, 0.173] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.009 [0.000, 0.038] 0.016 [0.001, 0.055] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 Significant others WP 0.018 [0.000, 0.073] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.010 [0.000, 0.058] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Family WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.045] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.009 [0.000, 0.041] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.009 [0.000, 0.054] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.007 [0.000, 0.053]
R2 CMC * Significant others WP 0.030 [0.000, 0.181] 0.011 [0.000, 0.106] 0.014 [0.000, 0.093] 0.025 [0.000, 0.143] 0.005 [0.000, 0.057]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.030] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030]
R2 Mixed * Significant others WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.075] 0.012 [0.000, 0.115] 0.016 [0.000, 0.114] 0.031 [0.000, 0.137] 0.014 [0.000, 0.094]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] 0.007 [0.000, 0.062] 0.009 [0.000, 0.117]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.068] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.005 [0.000, 0.052] 0.010 [0.000, 0.103]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 19,828 17,950 17,889 17,948 17,941 17,901

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Analysis 1c

Table S3.4
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Friends and roommates WP .350 [.332, .368] .364 [.345, .384] .368 [.348, .387] .365 [.346, .385] .364 [.344, .383] .365 [.346, .384]
Significant others WP .430 [.388, .473] .435 [.389, .480] .439 [.394, .484] .435 [.389, .480] .426 [.380, .471] .438 [.391, .485]
Family WP .284 [.256, .311] .290 [.258, .321] .294 [.263, .325] .287 [.255, .319] .287 [.255, .319] .289 [.258, .320]
Weak ties WP .090 [.066, .114] .097 [.071, .124] .099 [.073, .126] .100 [.073, .126] .098 [.072, .125] .098 [.072, .124]
Friends and roommates BP .099 [.052, .145] .075 [.024, .126] .115 [.065, .165] .134 [.084, .184] .104 [.057, .151] .138 [.089, .188]
Significant others BP .076 [.032, .119] .051 [.004, .097] .068 [.022, .114] .071 [.026, .117] .116 [.073, .159] .079 [.033, .126]
Family BP .048 [.004, .093] .073 [.026, .120] .067 [.019, .114] .067 [.021, .114] .094 [.049, .139] .078 [.030, .125]
Weak ties BP -.013 [-.061, .034] -.027 [-.077, .023] -.012 [-.061, .038] -.007 [-.056, .042] -.002 [-.049, .046] .000 [-.050, .051]
Personality trait .152 [.123, .180] .125 [.097, .153] .131 [.103, .159] -.339 [-.365, -.314] .012 [-.016, .040]
Personality trait * Friends and roommates WP -.056 [-.107, -.004] .028 [-.023, .080] -.039 [-.091, .013] .079 [.027, .130] .014 [-.038, .065]
Personality trait * Significant others WP .009 [-.071, .088] -.013 [-.096, .069] -.043 [-.123, .037] .105 [.022, .189] -.066 [-.142, .009]
Personality trait * Family WP -.003 [-.058, .053] .036 [-.018, .090] -.002 [-.056, .053] .063 [.007, .119] -.009 [-.064, .045]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.072 [-.148, .004] .052 [-.024, .128] .006 [-.068, .080] .101 [.023, .179] .021 [-.054, .095]

Note: Effect of friends and roommates, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2a

Table S3.5
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.425 [-.448, -.401] -.423 [-.448, -.397] -.422 [-.448, -.396] -.424 [-.450, -.398] -.417 [-.443, -.391] -.424 [-.450, -.398]
Mixed WP -.013 [-.043, .017] -.012 [-.045, .021] -.015 [-.048, .018] -.013 [-.046, .019] -.017 [-.051, .017] -.009 [-.041, .023]
Significant others WP .168 [.122, .214] .163 [.109, .216] .170 [.116, .224] .162 [.108, .216] .154 [.102, .207] .164 [.111, .217]
Family WP -.060 [-.093, -.027] -.083 [-.120, -.046] -.082 [-.119, -.045] -.085 [-.122, -.047] -.076 [-.113, -.038] -.084 [-.121, -.046]
Weak ties WP -.300 [-.328, -.271] -.303 [-.332, -.273] -.300 [-.330, -.270] -.302 [-.332, -.273] -.298 [-.329, -.267] -.302 [-.332, -.271]
Personality trait .148 [.119, .176] .136 [.107, .166] .129 [.100, .157] -.331 [-.357, -.304] .014 [-.015, .043]
Personality trait * CMC WP .016 [-.038, .070] .014 [-.041, .068] .073 [.019, .126] -.129 [-.185, -.074] -.036 [-.089, .018]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .002 [-.086, .091] .057 [-.031, .146] .056 [-.035, .147] .034 [-.053, .120] .012 [-.074, .098]
Personality trait * Significant others WP .050 [-.029, .128] -.018 [-.100, .063] -.002 [-.080, .075] .049 [-.030, .128] -.066 [-.142, .009]
Personality trait * Family WP .063 [.000, .125] .030 [-.032, .091] .037 [-.024, .097] -.013 [-.075, .049] -.035 [-.097, .027]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .020 [-.043, .083] .034 [-.032, .099] .030 [-.033, .093] -.023 [-.086, .039] .023 [-.042, .087]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2b

Table S3.6
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.418 [-.442, -.393] -.414 [-.440, -.388] -.405 [-.431, -.379] -.414 [-.441, -.386] -.414 [-.440, -.388] -.410 [-.436, -.383]
Mixed WP -.018 [-.051, .015] -.024 [-.058, .009] -.023 [-.057, .010] -.023 [-.059, .014] -.023 [-.058, .013] -.025 [-.060, .010]
Significant others WP .173 [.118, .228] .169 [.111, .228] .173 [.116, .231] .197 [.140, .255] .182 [.120, .244] .182 [.124, .241]
Family WP -.047 [-.082, -.012] -.059 [-.099, -.018] -.068 [-.106, -.029] -.060 [-.099, -.020] -.059 [-.098, -.019] -.058 [-.097, -.018]
Weak ties WP -.279 [-.310, -.247] -.284 [-.317, -.251] -.283 [-.316, -.251] -.280 [-.313, -.247] -.283 [-.316, -.250] -.283 [-.315, -.252]
CMC * Significant others WP -.386 [-.502, -.269] -.371 [-.501, -.241] -.389 [-.522, -.255] -.405 [-.535, -.275] -.404 [-.537, -.271] -.395 [-.526, -.263]
CMC * Family WP -.025 [-.104, .054] -.052 [-.140, .037] -.044 [-.131, .044] -.046 [-.134, .041] -.040 [-.129, .050] -.040 [-.130, .049]
CMC * Weak ties WP .196 [.115, .277] .201 [.124, .279] .193 [.111, .275] .203 [.115, .291] .201 [.122, .280] .190 [.107, .274]
Mixed * Significant others WP -.285 [-.523, -.047] -.036 [-.298, .225] -.056 [-.345, .234] -.107 [-.399, .184] .015 [-.223, .253] -.102 [-.386, .183]
Mixed * Family WP .071 [-.107, .250] -.004 [-.168, .160] .055 [-.106, .216] .046 [-.119, .212] -.004 [-.181, .173] .009 [-.165, .182]
Mixed * Weak ties WP .066 [-.055, .187] .079 [-.046, .204] .043 [-.080, .165] .103 [-.018, .225] .071 [-.059, .201] .068 [-.067, .203]
Personality trait .140 [.111, .169] .135 [.106, .164] .129 [.101, .157] -.326 [-.352, -.299] .015 [-.015, .044]
Personality trait * CMC WP .019 [-.034, .073] .014 [-.040, .069] .064 [.010, .119] -.126 [-.182, -.070] -.028 [-.083, .026]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .004 [-.083, .091] .031 [-.053, .115] .041 [-.045, .126] .007 [-.081, .096] .006 [-.079, .092]
Personality trait * Significant others WP .051 [-.029, .131] -.036 [-.120, .049] -.001 [-.080, .078] .033 [-.048, .115] -.063 [-.140, .013]
Personality trait * Family WP .063 [-.004, .130] .030 [-.036, .097] .036 [-.029, .101] -.015 [-.083, .053] -.039 [-.107, .030]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .006 [-.061, .073] .055 [-.015, .124] .037 [-.029, .103] -.018 [-.085, .049] .022 [-.048, .091]
Personality trait * CMC * Significant others WP -.091 [-.196, .014] .036 [-.071, .143] -.021 [-.124, .082] -.026 [-.129, .078] -.039 [-.135, .056]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.019 [-.100, .062] -.060 [-.142, .023] -.036 [-.114, .042] .023 [-.060, .106] .040 [-.041, .122]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP .010 [-.078, .097] .022 [-.068, .112] .006 [-.079, .091] -.013 [-.098, .072] .029 [-.060, .118]
Personality trait * Mixed * Significant others WP -.048 [-.180, .083] -.103 [-.239, .032] .053 [-.083, .188] -.066 [-.189, .057] -.090 [-.205, .024]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP .032 [-.077, .140] -.045 [-.149, .060] -.060 [-.167, .047] -.003 [-.116, .110] .011 [-.101, .123]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -.077 [-.196, .041] .037 [-.080, .154] .015 [-.095, .125] -.032 [-.145, .082] -.026 [-.142, .090]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, significant others, family, and weak ties (reference category: FtF interactions with friends and roommates). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Friends and roommates = interactions with friends and/or roommates; Significant others = interactions with significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

S4: Additional Outcomes

Analysis 1a

Unstandardized Models

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.1
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Social interaction WP 0.147 [0.132, 0.163] 0.147 [0.130, 0.164] 0.150 [0.133, 0.166] 0.148 [0.132, 0.165] 0.148 [0.131, 0.165] 0.148 [0.132, 0.165]
Weekend WP 0.105 [0.094, 0.116] 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] 0.105 [0.094, 0.117] 0.105 [0.094, 0.117]
Social interaction WP variance 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.251 [0.248, 0.255] 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] 0.248 [0.245, 0.252] 0.248 [0.245, 0.252]
R2 within 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] 0.033 [0.029, 0.037] 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] 0.033 [0.030, 0.037] 0.033 [0.030, 0.037]
Social interaction BP 0.112 [-0.050, 0.276] -0.024 [-0.205, 0.159] 0.067 [-0.102, 0.241] 0.107 [-0.063, 0.280] 0.117 [-0.045, 0.279] 0.144 [-0.028, 0.321]
Personality trait 0.103 [0.070, 0.136] 0.150 [0.107, 0.192] 0.134 [0.093, 0.176] -0.255 [-0.286, -0.223] 0.014 [-0.030, 0.057]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.016 [-0.037, 0.005] 0.037 [0.009, 0.064] -0.003 [-0.031, 0.024] 0.038 [0.016, 0.059] 0.004 [-0.024, 0.032]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.022 [-0.030, -0.014] -0.021 [-0.029, -0.014] -0.024 [-0.032, -0.016] -0.022 [-0.029, -0.014] -0.016 [-0.024, -0.010] -0.022 [-0.030, -0.014]
Social interaction BP mean 0.786 [0.776, 0.795] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793]
Intercept well-being 2.858 [2.729, 2.988] 2.982 [2.835, 3.125] 2.909 [2.770, 3.044] 2.879 [2.739, 3.013] 2.871 [2.740, 2.999] 2.850 [2.708, 2.987]
Social interaction BP variance 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.206 [0.190, 0.223] 0.192 [0.176, 0.209] 0.190 [0.174, 0.207] 0.192 [0.176, 0.209] 0.161 [0.147, 0.175] 0.199 [0.182, 0.216]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.026 [0.020, 0.032] 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] 0.026 [0.019, 0.032] 0.025 [0.019, 0.031] 0.026 [0.019, 0.032]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] 0.019 [0.009, 0.034] 0.024 [0.013, 0.038] 0.021 [0.010, 0.034] 0.107 [0.084, 0.133] 0.004 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.018] 0.010 [0.001, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.016 [0.003, 0.040] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,717 40,532 40,532 40,532 40,526 40,532
Study 2
Social interaction WP 0.142 [0.123, 0.161] 0.145 [0.124, 0.165] 0.144 [0.123, 0.165] 0.144 [0.123, 0.164] 0.143 [0.122, 0.163] 0.144 [0.123, 0.164]
Weekend WP 0.136 [0.123, 0.150] 0.136 [0.121, 0.151] 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] 0.136 [0.120, 0.151] 0.136 [0.121, 0.151]
Social interaction WP variance 0.156 [0.153, 0.159] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.258 [0.254, 0.263] 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] 0.256 [0.251, 0.261] 0.256 [0.251, 0.261]
R2 within 0.032 [0.028, 0.037] 0.034 [0.029, 0.040] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039]
Social interaction BP 0.092 [-0.101, 0.290] 0.113 [-0.106, 0.334] 0.157 [-0.052, 0.366] 0.190 [-0.015, 0.396] 0.148 [-0.047, 0.343] 0.177 [-0.033, 0.387]
Personality trait 0.039 [-0.003, 0.080] 0.075 [0.021, 0.128] 0.127 [0.077, 0.178] -0.218 [-0.258, -0.177] 0.023 [-0.030, 0.077]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.003 [-0.021, 0.026] -0.007 [-0.042, 0.028] -0.001 [-0.034, 0.030] 0.046 [0.019, 0.073] -0.013 [-0.048, 0.021]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.018 [-0.026, -0.010] -0.016 [-0.025, -0.008] -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] -0.010 [-0.018, -0.002] -0.016 [-0.025, -0.008]
Social interaction BP mean 0.763 [0.750, 0.775] 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] 0.753 [0.739, 0.768] 0.753 [0.739, 0.768]
Intercept well-being 2.844 [2.688, 2.994] 2.849 [2.678, 3.018] 2.816 [2.654, 2.978] 2.790 [2.632, 2.949] 2.823 [2.673, 2.971] 2.801 [2.639, 2.962]
Social interaction BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.185 [0.167, 0.205] 0.164 [0.146, 0.185] 0.163 [0.145, 0.184] 0.159 [0.141, 0.179] 0.139 [0.123, 0.157] 0.165 [0.147, 0.186]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.014 [0.009, 0.021] 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] 0.016 [0.010, 0.023] 0.015 [0.009, 0.022] 0.016 [0.010, 0.023]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.007 [0.001, 0.023] 0.012 [0.002, 0.031] 0.027 [0.011, 0.053] 0.094 [0.063, 0.128] 0.007 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.039 [0.006, 0.105] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
Number of participants 851 635 635 635 635 635
Number of observations 27,150 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523
Study 3
Social interaction WP 0.345 [0.319, 0.372] 0.348 [0.321, 0.376] 0.349 [0.322, 0.376] 0.349 [0.322, 0.376] 0.348 [0.321, 0.375] 0.349 [0.322, 0.376]
Weekend WP 0.266 [0.249, 0.284] 0.273 [0.255, 0.291] 0.275 [0.256, 0.293] 0.274 [0.256, 0.292] 0.274 [0.255, 0.292] 0.273 [0.255, 0.291]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.964 [0.953, 0.975] 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] 0.975 [0.964, 0.986] 0.974 [0.962, 0.985] 0.970 [0.959, 0.982]
R2 within 0.050 [0.046, 0.053] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.053] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054]
Social interaction BP 0.890 [0.629, 1.155] 0.653 [0.388, 0.909] 0.829 [0.566, 1.103] 0.883 [0.618, 1.148] 0.917 [0.685, 1.151] 0.917 [0.646, 1.191]
Personality trait 0.352 [0.274, 0.430] 0.251 [0.151, 0.350] 0.217 [0.127, 0.306] -0.512 [-0.576, -0.449] -0.006 [-0.094, 0.084]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.002 [-0.039, 0.036] -0.003 [-0.052, 0.044] -0.032 [-0.076, 0.011] 0.010 [-0.025, 0.044] 0.000 [-0.042, 0.041]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.049 [-0.073, -0.028] -0.041 [-0.064, -0.021] -0.043 [-0.065, -0.020] -0.039 [-0.061, -0.017] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.020] -0.044 [-0.067, -0.022]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] 0.482 [0.466, 0.498] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] 0.482 [0.466, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 0.475 [0.336, 0.613] 0.580 [0.443, 0.720] 0.495 [0.352, 0.634] 0.466 [0.326, 0.608] 0.451 [0.325, 0.575] 0.453 [0.311, 0.597]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.044, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.698 [0.635, 0.772] 0.584 [0.527, 0.650] 0.630 [0.568, 0.701] 0.623 [0.561, 0.692] 0.479 [0.432, 0.532] 0.648 [0.585, 0.719]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.077 [0.064, 0.092] 0.075 [0.061, 0.091] 0.075 [0.061, 0.090] 0.075 [0.061, 0.090] 0.075 [0.061, 0.091] 0.075 [0.061, 0.090]
R2 between 0.053 [0.027, 0.087] 0.086 [0.059, 0.118] 0.067 [0.039, 0.103] 0.072 [0.042, 0.111] 0.209 [0.167, 0.253] 0.061 [0.031, 0.100]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.003 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Content / Happy
Table S4.2
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Social interaction WP 0.204 [0.184, 0.225] 0.207 [0.183, 0.229] 0.209 [0.186, 0.231] 0.208 [0.185, 0.230] 0.206 [0.183, 0.228] 0.208 [0.185, 0.230]
Weekend WP 0.144 [0.129, 0.159] 0.145 [0.128, 0.161] 0.145 [0.128, 0.161] 0.144 [0.128, 0.161] 0.144 [0.128, 0.160] 0.144 [0.128, 0.161]
Social interaction WP variance 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.509 [0.503, 0.516] 0.507 [0.499, 0.514] 0.507 [0.500, 0.514] 0.507 [0.500, 0.514] 0.507 [0.499, 0.514] 0.507 [0.499, 0.514]
R2 within 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] 0.029 [0.025, 0.033] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.025, 0.033]
Social interaction BP 0.734 [0.542, 0.924] 0.538 [0.321, 0.755] 0.686 [0.478, 0.894] 0.733 [0.523, 0.943] 0.731 [0.533, 0.929] 0.776 [0.563, 0.987]
Personality trait 0.140 [0.098, 0.179] 0.177 [0.126, 0.228] 0.125 [0.075, 0.176] -0.263 [-0.302, -0.224] 0.051 [-0.002, 0.104]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.009 [-0.036, 0.019] 0.046 [0.011, 0.083] -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] 0.041 [0.012, 0.071] 0.011 [-0.026, 0.048]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.017 [-0.028, -0.006] -0.017 [-0.028, -0.005] -0.021 [-0.032, -0.009] -0.016 [-0.028, -0.005] -0.011 [-0.023, 0.000] -0.017 [-0.029, -0.006]
Social interaction BP mean 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793]
Intercept well-being 2.045 [1.892, 2.199] 2.207 [2.035, 2.379] 2.090 [1.925, 2.256] 2.052 [1.885, 2.218] 2.056 [1.899, 2.215] 2.021 [1.852, 2.188]
Social interaction BP variance 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.030]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.281 [0.259, 0.305] 0.270 [0.247, 0.295] 0.269 [0.246, 0.294] 0.275 [0.252, 0.301] 0.241 [0.221, 0.264] 0.280 [0.256, 0.306]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.036 [0.027, 0.047] 0.036 [0.026, 0.047] 0.035 [0.025, 0.046] 0.036 [0.025, 0.047] 0.035 [0.025, 0.048] 0.036 [0.026, 0.048]
R2 between 0.049 [0.027, 0.078] 0.051 [0.032, 0.076] 0.065 [0.041, 0.095] 0.060 [0.036, 0.091] 0.125 [0.094, 0.160] 0.057 [0.031, 0.089]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.012 [0.001, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.014 [0.001, 0.042] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,717 40,532 40,532 40,532 40,526 40,532
Study 2
Social interaction WP 0.216 [0.192, 0.241] 0.220 [0.192, 0.250] 0.217 [0.188, 0.246] 0.216 [0.188, 0.246] 0.216 [0.188, 0.245] 0.216 [0.188, 0.246]
Weekend WP 0.179 [0.160, 0.198] 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] 0.184 [0.162, 0.206] 0.183 [0.162, 0.206] 0.184 [0.162, 0.206]
Social interaction WP variance 0.156 [0.153, 0.158] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.521 [0.512, 0.530] 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] 0.513 [0.503, 0.523] 0.513 [0.503, 0.523]
R2 within 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] 0.032 [0.027, 0.038] 0.032 [0.027, 0.038]
Social interaction BP 0.551 [0.306, 0.790] 0.320 [0.045, 0.601] 0.480 [0.219, 0.746] 0.516 [0.257, 0.780] 0.474 [0.224, 0.728] 0.492 [0.230, 0.758]
Personality trait 0.108 [0.056, 0.161] 0.078 [0.010, 0.146] 0.128 [0.064, 0.193] -0.226 [-0.280, -0.172] 0.068 [0.002, 0.137]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.023 [-0.009, 0.056] -0.006 [-0.055, 0.038] 0.003 [-0.041, 0.047] 0.044 [0.008, 0.080] -0.008 [-0.054, 0.038]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.007 [-0.021, 0.006] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.010] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.010]
Social interaction BP mean 0.763 [0.751, 0.776] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769]
Intercept well-being 2.140 [1.954, 2.330] 2.316 [2.102, 2.527] 2.195 [1.989, 2.397] 2.168 [1.964, 2.366] 2.199 [2.005, 2.391] 2.187 [1.981, 2.389]
Social interaction BP variance 0.029 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.274 [0.247, 0.305] 0.253 [0.225, 0.288] 0.257 [0.229, 0.293] 0.253 [0.225, 0.288] 0.232 [0.206, 0.264] 0.258 [0.230, 0.294]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] 0.022 [0.011, 0.035] 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] 0.023 [0.012, 0.036] 0.022 [0.011, 0.035] 0.023 [0.012, 0.036]
R2 between 0.031 [0.010, 0.062] 0.029 [0.012, 0.055] 0.030 [0.009, 0.065] 0.043 [0.017, 0.080] 0.084 [0.052, 0.125] 0.031 [0.009, 0.066]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.057] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.024 [0.001, 0.091] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026]
Number of participants 851 635 635 635 635 635
Number of observations 27,150 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523
Study 3
Social interaction WP 0.333 [0.312, 0.354] 0.336 [0.314, 0.358] 0.336 [0.314, 0.358] 0.335 [0.314, 0.357] 0.335 [0.314, 0.357] 0.336 [0.314, 0.357]
Weekend WP 0.172 [0.159, 0.185] 0.176 [0.162, 0.190] 0.177 [0.163, 0.190] 0.176 [0.162, 0.190] 0.176 [0.162, 0.189] 0.176 [0.162, 0.189]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.534 [0.528, 0.540] 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] 0.539 [0.533, 0.545] 0.538 [0.532, 0.544] 0.537 [0.531, 0.543]
R2 within 0.064 [0.060, 0.067] 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] 0.064 [0.060, 0.068] 0.064 [0.060, 0.068]
Social interaction BP 0.832 [0.638, 1.027] 0.636 [0.449, 0.823] 0.779 [0.582, 0.976] 0.825 [0.631, 1.020] 0.854 [0.670, 1.036] 0.846 [0.646, 1.049]
Personality trait 0.300 [0.243, 0.357] 0.197 [0.122, 0.273] 0.168 [0.102, 0.234] -0.312 [-0.360, -0.261] 0.036 [-0.033, 0.103]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.004 [-0.025, 0.034] -0.004 [-0.040, 0.033] -0.033 [-0.067, 0.001] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.035] 0.001 [-0.034, 0.034]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.039 [-0.052, -0.025] -0.035 [-0.049, -0.023] -0.035 [-0.049, -0.022] -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] -0.034 [-0.047, -0.021] -0.036 [-0.050, -0.023]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] 0.482 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] 0.482 [0.466, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 2.040 [1.939, 2.144] 2.116 [2.017, 2.215] 2.048 [1.944, 2.154] 2.024 [1.919, 2.127] 2.011 [1.913, 2.108] 2.017 [1.909, 2.121]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.385 [0.350, 0.425] 0.317 [0.286, 0.352] 0.352 [0.318, 0.391] 0.349 [0.315, 0.388] 0.300 [0.270, 0.334] 0.363 [0.327, 0.404]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.054 [0.046, 0.064] 0.052 [0.043, 0.062] 0.052 [0.044, 0.062] 0.052 [0.043, 0.062] 0.052 [0.044, 0.062] 0.053 [0.044, 0.062]
R2 between 0.081 [0.049, 0.121] 0.122 [0.090, 0.159] 0.095 [0.061, 0.136] 0.102 [0.066, 0.145] 0.183 [0.141, 0.230] 0.090 [0.054, 0.134]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Stressed
Table S4.3
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Social interaction WP -0.070 [-0.090, -0.050] -0.075 [-0.098, -0.053] -0.077 [-0.099, -0.055] -0.075 [-0.097, -0.053] -0.076 [-0.097, -0.055] -0.076 [-0.098, -0.054]
Weekend WP -0.150 [-0.166, -0.135] -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136] -0.153 [-0.170, -0.136]
Social interaction WP variance 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.552 [0.545, 0.559] 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] 0.545 [0.538, 0.553] 0.545 [0.538, 0.553]
R2 within 0.013 [0.011, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.014 [0.012, 0.017] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016]
Social interaction BP 0.348 [0.135, 0.564] 0.449 [0.201, 0.690] 0.413 [0.178, 0.642] 0.374 [0.142, 0.602] 0.359 [0.139, 0.570] 0.328 [0.092, 0.559]
Personality trait -0.067 [-0.112, -0.022] -0.160 [-0.216, -0.104] -0.141 [-0.196, -0.086] 0.289 [0.247, 0.331] -0.045 [-0.102, 0.011]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.005 [-0.021, 0.031] -0.033 [-0.066, -0.001] -0.014 [-0.046, 0.019] -0.024 [-0.052, 0.002] 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.025 [-0.037, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.013] -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] -0.021 [-0.033, -0.009] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.013]
Social interaction BP mean 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.794] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793]
Intercept well-being 1.933 [1.761, 2.105] 1.841 [1.648, 2.039] 1.868 [1.685, 2.056] 1.900 [1.717, 2.089] 1.910 [1.742, 2.086] 1.935 [1.751, 2.126]
Social interaction BP variance 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.347 [0.319, 0.376] 0.333 [0.306, 0.365] 0.327 [0.300, 0.357] 0.329 [0.302, 0.359] 0.289 [0.264, 0.316] 0.336 [0.308, 0.367]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.019 [0.010, 0.029] 0.016 [0.008, 0.027] 0.016 [0.008, 0.026] 0.016 [0.008, 0.027] 0.017 [0.008, 0.027] 0.016 [0.008, 0.027]
R2 between 0.009 [0.001, 0.024] 0.021 [0.006, 0.044] 0.029 [0.013, 0.050] 0.023 [0.010, 0.043] 0.088 [0.065, 0.114] 0.010 [0.002, 0.026]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.013 [0.000, 0.059] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.010 [0.000, 0.053] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,717 40,532 40,532 40,532 40,526 40,532
Study 2
Social interaction WP -0.060 [-0.085, -0.036] -0.064 [-0.094, -0.033] -0.067 [-0.096, -0.036] -0.064 [-0.094, -0.033] -0.066 [-0.095, -0.035] -0.065 [-0.094, -0.034]
Weekend WP -0.180 [-0.201, -0.160] -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] -0.180 [-0.202, -0.157] -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157] -0.180 [-0.203, -0.157]
Social interaction WP variance 0.156 [0.153, 0.159] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.571 [0.562, 0.581] 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] 0.567 [0.556, 0.578] 0.567 [0.556, 0.578]
R2 within 0.015 [0.011, 0.018] 0.017 [0.012, 0.021] 0.017 [0.013, 0.021] 0.017 [0.012, 0.021] 0.017 [0.013, 0.021] 0.017 [0.012, 0.021]
Social interaction BP 0.383 [0.123, 0.633] 0.273 [-0.026, 0.571] 0.254 [-0.030, 0.535] 0.214 [-0.067, 0.492] 0.254 [-0.017, 0.521] 0.230 [-0.053, 0.509]
Personality trait -0.031 [-0.088, 0.024] -0.089 [-0.160, -0.017] -0.128 [-0.196, -0.058] 0.224 [0.168, 0.281] -0.038 [-0.110, 0.034]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.013 [-0.021, 0.045] -0.025 [-0.074, 0.024] -0.012 [-0.058, 0.032] -0.008 [-0.046, 0.028] 0.022 [-0.026, 0.070]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.016 [-0.030, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.001] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.033, -0.001] -0.016 [-0.031, 0.000] -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001]
Social interaction BP mean 0.764 [0.751, 0.776] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769] 0.754 [0.739, 0.769]
Intercept well-being 1.931 [1.732, 2.134] 1.994 [1.763, 2.223] 2.008 [1.791, 2.227] 2.040 [1.825, 2.257] 2.009 [1.798, 2.218] 2.026 [1.808, 2.245]
Social interaction BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034] 0.029 [0.026, 0.034]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.302 [0.273, 0.335] 0.292 [0.259, 0.330] 0.289 [0.257, 0.328] 0.286 [0.254, 0.325] 0.264 [0.235, 0.300] 0.292 [0.259, 0.331]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.014 [0.004, 0.029] 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] 0.017 [0.008, 0.031] 0.017 [0.007, 0.031] 0.017 [0.007, 0.031]
R2 between 0.014 [0.001, 0.037] 0.009 [0.000, 0.036] 0.012 [0.002, 0.036] 0.017 [0.005, 0.039] 0.058 [0.033, 0.091] 0.007 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.007 [0.000, 0.068] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.044] 0.006 [0.000, 0.054]
Number of participants 851 635 635 635 635 635
Number of observations 27,150 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523
Study 3
Social interaction WP -0.010 [-0.026, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.011 [-0.028, 0.007] -0.011 [-0.029, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008]
Weekend WP -0.251 [-0.264, -0.238] -0.256 [-0.269, -0.242] -0.257 [-0.270, -0.243] -0.256 [-0.270, -0.243] -0.256 [-0.270, -0.242] -0.255 [-0.268, -0.241]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.539 [0.533, 0.545] 0.543 [0.537, 0.550] 0.543 [0.536, 0.549] 0.544 [0.538, 0.551] 0.543 [0.536, 0.549] 0.542 [0.535, 0.548]
R2 within 0.029 [0.026, 0.032] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Social interaction BP 0.066 [-0.145, 0.278] 0.133 [-0.091, 0.364] 0.071 [-0.153, 0.294] 0.055 [-0.166, 0.273] 0.063 [-0.140, 0.263] 0.051 [-0.168, 0.267]
Personality trait -0.080 [-0.146, -0.015] -0.064 [-0.145, 0.018] -0.028 [-0.101, 0.046] 0.322 [0.266, 0.377] 0.060 [-0.012, 0.133]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.001 [-0.023, 0.026] -0.007 [-0.037, 0.023] -0.005 [-0.032, 0.022] 0.019 [-0.002, 0.042] -0.021 [-0.049, 0.006]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001] -0.011 [-0.023, 0.001] -0.011 [-0.023, 0.000] -0.015 [-0.026, -0.004] -0.010 [-0.022, 0.001]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] 0.483 [0.466, 0.500] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 2.223 [2.110, 2.331] 2.192 [2.074, 2.313] 2.225 [2.108, 2.342] 2.235 [2.118, 2.349] 2.229 [2.122, 2.336] 2.232 [2.117, 2.348]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.441 [0.401, 0.486] 0.424 [0.384, 0.470] 0.430 [0.387, 0.478] 0.428 [0.387, 0.477] 0.365 [0.329, 0.405] 0.428 [0.387, 0.475]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.022 [0.017, 0.028] 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] 0.022 [0.016, 0.028] 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] 0.022 [0.017, 0.028] 0.023 [0.017, 0.029]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.007 [0.001, 0.023] 0.003 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.085 [0.059, 0.114] 0.003 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.025] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Lonely
Table S4.4
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Social interaction WP -0.174 [-0.195, -0.153] -0.164 [-0.186, -0.143] -0.169 [-0.191, -0.148] -0.168 [-0.189, -0.146] -0.167 [-0.189, -0.145] -0.168 [-0.190, -0.147]
Weekend WP -0.021 [-0.033, -0.009] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] -0.018 [-0.032, -0.005] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006]
Social interaction WP variance 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148] 0.146 [0.144, 0.148]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.347 [0.342, 0.352] 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] 0.340 [0.335, 0.345] 0.340 [0.335, 0.345]
R2 within 0.033 [0.030, 0.036] 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] 0.032 [0.028, 0.036] 0.032 [0.028, 0.036]
Social interaction BP 0.060 [-0.133, 0.249] 0.173 [-0.044, 0.383] 0.071 [-0.136, 0.274] 0.052 [-0.156, 0.252] 0.035 [-0.159, 0.232] 0.027 [-0.183, 0.229]
Personality trait -0.105 [-0.144, -0.066] -0.112 [-0.163, -0.062] -0.133 [-0.183, -0.085] 0.212 [0.173, 0.252] 0.055 [0.003, 0.106]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.036 [0.010, 0.063] -0.021 [-0.057, 0.014] 0.003 [-0.032, 0.039] -0.050 [-0.078, -0.022] 0.002 [-0.034, 0.037]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.062 [-0.075, -0.049] -0.055 [-0.068, -0.044] -0.058 [-0.071, -0.046] -0.057 [-0.070, -0.045] -0.051 [-0.063, -0.040] -0.058 [-0.070, -0.045]
Social interaction BP mean 0.786 [0.776, 0.796] 0.783 [0.773, 0.794] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793] 0.783 [0.773, 0.793]
Intercept well-being 1.526 [1.374, 1.682] 1.414 [1.248, 1.586] 1.493 [1.334, 1.659] 1.509 [1.350, 1.675] 1.520 [1.366, 1.674] 1.529 [1.368, 1.695]
Social interaction BP variance 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029] 0.027 [0.024, 0.029]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.297 [0.274, 0.322] 0.267 [0.245, 0.292] 0.270 [0.247, 0.294] 0.268 [0.245, 0.292] 0.246 [0.226, 0.269] 0.274 [0.251, 0.298]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] 0.054 [0.044, 0.064] 0.054 [0.044, 0.065] 0.054 [0.044, 0.065] 0.053 [0.043, 0.064] 0.054 [0.044, 0.065]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.017 [0.007, 0.035] 0.010 [0.003, 0.022] 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.051 [0.035, 0.071] 0.003 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.008 [0.001, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.014 [0.003, 0.033] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,717 40,532 40,532 40,532 40,526 40,532
Study 2
Social interaction WP -0.156 [-0.181, -0.131] -0.159 [-0.187, -0.129] -0.158 [-0.186, -0.129] -0.159 [-0.188, -0.130] -0.156 [-0.184, -0.127] -0.159 [-0.187, -0.129]
Weekend WP -0.049 [-0.065, -0.033] -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] -0.043 [-0.061, -0.026] -0.043 [-0.061, -0.026] -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026]
Social interaction WP variance 0.156 [0.153, 0.158] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163] 0.160 [0.157, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.346 [0.340, 0.352] 0.338 [0.332, 0.345] 0.338 [0.332, 0.345] 0.338 [0.331, 0.345] 0.338 [0.331, 0.345] 0.338 [0.331, 0.345]
R2 within 0.030 [0.026, 0.035] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039] 0.034 [0.029, 0.039]
Social interaction BP -0.125 [-0.372, 0.118] -0.315 [-0.581, -0.040] -0.256 [-0.510, 0.002] -0.279 [-0.530, -0.023] -0.230 [-0.474, 0.020] -0.279 [-0.533, -0.021]
Personality trait 0.024 [-0.027, 0.075] -0.059 [-0.124, 0.007] -0.128 [-0.190, -0.064] 0.206 [0.154, 0.258] 0.037 [-0.028, 0.104]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.001 [-0.033, 0.034] 0.042 [-0.006, 0.090] 0.027 [-0.019, 0.070] -0.093 [-0.130, -0.055] 0.002 [-0.045, 0.050]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.053 [-0.068, -0.039] -0.053 [-0.069, -0.039] -0.052 [-0.068, -0.038] -0.052 [-0.068, -0.037] -0.042 [-0.056, -0.027] -0.053 [-0.069, -0.039]
Social interaction BP mean 0.763 [0.751, 0.776] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768] 0.753 [0.738, 0.768]
Intercept well-being 1.691 [1.500, 1.881] 1.793 [1.584, 1.997] 1.749 [1.551, 1.943] 1.768 [1.572, 1.958] 1.729 [1.536, 1.916] 1.767 [1.568, 1.961]
Social interaction BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.029 [0.026, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.295 [0.267, 0.327] 0.257 [0.229, 0.290] 0.256 [0.228, 0.289] 0.251 [0.223, 0.282] 0.234 [0.208, 0.264] 0.257 [0.229, 0.289]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.048 [0.037, 0.061] 0.051 [0.038, 0.066] 0.050 [0.038, 0.065] 0.051 [0.038, 0.065] 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] 0.051 [0.038, 0.065]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.013 [0.001, 0.040] 0.011 [0.001, 0.032] 0.023 [0.007, 0.048] 0.056 [0.032, 0.086] 0.011 [0.001, 0.034]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.049 [0.018, 0.097] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
Number of participants 851 635 635 635 635 635
Number of observations 27,150 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523 21,523
Study 3
Social interaction WP -0.099 [-0.117, -0.082] -0.096 [-0.115, -0.078] -0.097 [-0.116, -0.079] -0.097 [-0.115, -0.078] -0.097 [-0.115, -0.078] -0.097 [-0.116, -0.079]
Weekend WP -0.038 [-0.048, -0.027] -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] -0.040 [-0.050, -0.029] -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] -0.039 [-0.050, -0.029] -0.037 [-0.048, -0.027]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.341 [0.337, 0.345] 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] 0.339 [0.336, 0.343] 0.340 [0.336, 0.344] 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] 0.337 [0.333, 0.341]
R2 within 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.028 [0.025, 0.030] 0.027 [0.025, 0.030] 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.028 [0.025, 0.030]
Social interaction BP -0.308 [-0.489, -0.129] -0.214 [-0.413, -0.020] -0.264 [-0.452, -0.078] -0.271 [-0.458, -0.082] -0.278 [-0.456, -0.095] -0.280 [-0.469, -0.093]
Personality trait -0.070 [-0.128, -0.012] -0.068 [-0.141, 0.004] -0.062 [-0.126, 0.005] 0.230 [0.179, 0.280] 0.018 [-0.048, 0.084]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.005 [-0.030, 0.021] 0.029 [-0.002, 0.061] 0.018 [-0.011, 0.047] -0.032 [-0.056, -0.009] -0.009 [-0.039, 0.019]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.045 [-0.057, -0.034] -0.043 [-0.055, -0.031] -0.042 [-0.054, -0.031] -0.042 [-0.054, -0.031] -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] -0.043 [-0.055, -0.032]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.494] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] 0.482 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 1.734 [1.639, 1.831] 1.681 [1.579, 1.786] 1.706 [1.607, 1.805] 1.711 [1.608, 1.811] 1.713 [1.617, 1.809] 1.714 [1.612, 1.812]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.350 [0.318, 0.387] 0.340 [0.306, 0.376] 0.342 [0.308, 0.380] 0.341 [0.308, 0.379] 0.309 [0.279, 0.343] 0.343 [0.310, 0.381]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.043 [0.037, 0.050] 0.042 [0.036, 0.050] 0.042 [0.036, 0.049] 0.042 [0.036, 0.049] 0.042 [0.035, 0.049] 0.042 [0.036, 0.049]
R2 between 0.013 [0.002, 0.032] 0.011 [0.003, 0.028] 0.013 [0.003, 0.032] 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] 0.064 [0.040, 0.093] 0.012 [0.002, 0.032]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.004 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.008 [0.001, 0.024] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Angry
Table S4.5
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Social interaction WP 0.008 [-0.004, 0.019] 0.007 [-0.006, 0.019] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.007 [-0.006, 0.019] 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018]
Weekend WP -0.027 [-0.035, -0.018] -0.027 [-0.036, -0.018] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.234 [0.232, 0.237] 0.230 [0.228, 0.233] 0.232 [0.229, 0.234] 0.231 [0.229, 0.234] 0.231 [0.228, 0.234] 0.230 [0.227, 0.233]
R2 within 0.011 [0.008, 0.013] 0.011 [0.009, 0.013] 0.011 [0.009, 0.013] 0.010 [0.008, 0.013] 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012]
Social interaction BP -0.079 [-0.179, 0.022] -0.070 [-0.164, 0.025] -0.058 [-0.151, 0.034] -0.075 [-0.166, 0.019] -0.074 [-0.165, 0.016] -0.079 [-0.172, 0.013]
Personality trait -0.003 [-0.030, 0.025] -0.069 [-0.103, -0.035] -0.027 [-0.057, 0.005] 0.087 [0.064, 0.112] 0.005 [-0.026, 0.037]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.002 [-0.015, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.026, 0.015] 0.004 [-0.015, 0.023] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.001 [-0.018, 0.019]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.008 [-0.012, -0.004] -0.007 [-0.010, -0.003] -0.007 [-0.011, -0.004] -0.007 [-0.010, -0.003] -0.008 [-0.011, -0.004] -0.007 [-0.011, -0.004]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 1.277 [1.225, 1.329] 1.257 [1.207, 1.307] 1.252 [1.204, 1.301] 1.259 [1.210, 1.307] 1.259 [1.212, 1.306] 1.261 [1.213, 1.309]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.097 [0.088, 0.107] 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] 0.073 [0.066, 0.082] 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] 0.070 [0.063, 0.078] 0.075 [0.067, 0.083]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.015] 0.012 [0.010, 0.015] 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] 0.012 [0.009, 0.015] 0.012 [0.009, 0.015]
R2 between 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] 0.004 [0.000, 0.018] 0.014 [0.005, 0.030] 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] 0.039 [0.021, 0.062] 0.005 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Worried
Table S4.6
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Social interaction WP -0.020 [-0.035, -0.004] -0.020 [-0.036, -0.003] -0.021 [-0.038, -0.005] -0.020 [-0.037, -0.003] -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] -0.020 [-0.038, -0.004]
Weekend WP -0.218 [-0.230, -0.205] -0.222 [-0.236, -0.209] -0.223 [-0.237, -0.210] -0.222 [-0.236, -0.209] -0.222 [-0.235, -0.209] -0.221 [-0.234, -0.209]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.500 [0.495, 0.506] 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] 0.506 [0.500, 0.512] 0.504 [0.499, 0.510] 0.503 [0.497, 0.509]
R2 within 0.025 [0.022, 0.027] 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.026 [0.023, 0.029] 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.026 [0.023, 0.028]
Social interaction BP -0.051 [-0.234, 0.133] 0.027 [-0.168, 0.219] -0.044 [-0.236, 0.149] -0.049 [-0.235, 0.141] -0.053 [-0.229, 0.122] -0.067 [-0.258, 0.123]
Personality trait -0.098 [-0.153, -0.041] -0.035 [-0.106, 0.035] -0.052 [-0.116, 0.012] 0.275 [0.227, 0.322] 0.076 [0.012, 0.140]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.014 [-0.010, 0.037] -0.005 [-0.034, 0.023] -0.010 [-0.036, 0.016] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] -0.004 [-0.030, 0.022]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.018 [-0.028, -0.009] -0.017 [-0.027, -0.007] -0.017 [-0.028, -0.008] -0.018 [-0.028, -0.008] -0.017 [-0.026, -0.008] -0.017 [-0.028, -0.008]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] 0.482 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 1.885 [1.787, 1.981] 1.845 [1.744, 1.946] 1.881 [1.777, 1.983] 1.885 [1.784, 1.985] 1.885 [1.790, 1.978] 1.890 [1.788, 1.992]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.339 [0.308, 0.374] 0.317 [0.286, 0.352] 0.324 [0.292, 0.360] 0.322 [0.290, 0.358] 0.276 [0.250, 0.307] 0.320 [0.289, 0.357]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.019 [0.014, 0.024] 0.020 [0.014, 0.026] 0.020 [0.015, 0.025] 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] 0.020 [0.015, 0.026]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.009 [0.002, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] 0.082 [0.057, 0.110] 0.006 [0.001, 0.017]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Sad
Table S4.7
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Social interaction WP -0.025 [-0.039, -0.012] -0.024 [-0.038, -0.010] -0.025 [-0.039, -0.011] -0.025 [-0.039, -0.010] -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010]
Weekend WP -0.039 [-0.049, -0.029] -0.045 [-0.056, -0.034] -0.046 [-0.057, -0.035] -0.046 [-0.056, -0.035] -0.046 [-0.057, -0.035] -0.045 [-0.056, -0.034]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.350 [0.347, 0.354] 0.350 [0.346, 0.354] 0.351 [0.347, 0.355] 0.351 [0.347, 0.356] 0.351 [0.347, 0.356] 0.349 [0.345, 0.354]
R2 within 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.008, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011]
Social interaction BP -0.069 [-0.225, 0.084] -0.027 [-0.191, 0.130] -0.062 [-0.221, 0.097] -0.062 [-0.218, 0.094] -0.073 [-0.222, 0.070] -0.079 [-0.238, 0.078]
Personality trait -0.054 [-0.102, -0.006] -0.059 [-0.117, 0.002] -0.068 [-0.122, -0.015] 0.238 [0.198, 0.278] 0.048 [-0.005, 0.101]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.003 [-0.017, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.016, 0.032] 0.007 [-0.015, 0.029] -0.016 [-0.034, 0.002] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.020 [-0.027, -0.013] -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] -0.019 [-0.026, -0.012] -0.017 [-0.024, -0.010] -0.019 [-0.027, -0.012]
Social interaction BP mean 0.478 [0.463, 0.493] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.466, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499]
Intercept well-being 1.546 [1.466, 1.626] 1.519 [1.434, 1.607] 1.537 [1.451, 1.622] 1.537 [1.455, 1.620] 1.542 [1.464, 1.622] 1.543 [1.459, 1.629]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.242 [0.220, 0.268] 0.228 [0.206, 0.254] 0.230 [0.207, 0.256] 0.228 [0.206, 0.253] 0.194 [0.175, 0.215] 0.229 [0.207, 0.255]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.015 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.005 [0.001, 0.015] 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] 0.006 [0.001, 0.017] 0.088 [0.062, 0.118] 0.004 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.006 [0.000, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,496 58,946 58,699 58,940 58,924 58,840

Note: Effect of social interactions on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.8
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Social interaction WP .311 [.298, .324] .316 [.303, .330] .319 [.305, .332] .316 [.303, .330] .316 [.303, .330] .318 [.305, .332]
Social interaction BP .102 [.064, .140] .071 [.028, .115] .105 [.063, .147] .119 [.077, .161] .132 [.092, .171] .126 [.084, .168]
Personality trait .149 [.120, .177] .125 [.097, .152] .131 [.104, .158] -.334 [-.359, -.309] .011 [-.017, .039]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -.021 [-.067, .026] .034 [-.014, .082] -.027 [-.073, .020] .090 [.043, .137] -.003 [-.050, .044]

Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Content / Happy
Table S4.9
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Social interaction WP .367 [.353, .380] .374 [.361, .387] .373 [.359, .386] .372 [.359, .385] .372 [.359, .385] .372 [.359, .386]
Social interaction BP .232 [.194, .269] .179 [.137, .222] .223 [.182, .264] .237 [.198, .277] .245 [.206, .284] .242 [.202, .281]
Personality trait .183 [.155, .211] .120 [.093, .147] .110 [.083, .138] -.270 [-.296, -.244] .040 [.012, .067]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP .009 [-.040, .058] .030 [-.019, .079] -.050 [-.099, -.001] .070 [.021, .120] .006 [-.044, .055]

Note: Effect of social interactions on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Stressed
Table S4.10
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Social interaction WP -.046 [-.059, -.033] -.046 [-.060, -.033] -.050 [-.063, -.037] -.046 [-.060, -.033] -.046 [-.060, -.033] -.048 [-.061, -.034]
Social interaction BP .079 [.041, .118] .090 [.046, .134] .078 [.035, .121] .068 [.026, .111] .071 [.030, .113] .063 [.020, .106]
Personality trait -.058 [-.087, -.029] -.084 [-.112, -.056] -.080 [-.108, -.052] .268 [.242, .294] -.010 [-.038, .018]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP .019 [-.044, .082] -.054 [-.118, .009] -.028 [-.090, .034] .010 [-.053, .072] -.024 [-.086, .039]

Note: Effect of social interactions on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Lonely
Table S4.11
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Social interaction WP -.207 [-.221, -.194] -.197 [-.211, -.183] -.200 [-.214, -.186] -.199 [-.213, -.185] -.199 [-.213, -.185] -.201 [-.214, -.187]
Social interaction BP -.040 [-.078, -.002] -.030 [-.073, .013] -.046 [-.087, -.004] -.050 [-.091, -.009] -.051 [-.092, -.011] -.056 [-.098, -.015]
Personality trait -.064 [-.093, -.036] -.069 [-.097, -.041] -.094 [-.122, -.066] .224 [.197, .251] .032 [.004, .060]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP .030 [-.011, .071] .024 [-.017, .064] .031 [-.011, .072] -.128 [-.169, -.088] -.006 [-.048, .035]

Note: Effect of social interactions on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 1b

Unstandardized Models

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.12
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
FtF WP 0.209 [0.191, 0.227] 0.208 [0.189, 0.227] 0.212 [0.193, 0.231] 0.210 [0.191, 0.229] 0.210 [0.191, 0.230] 0.211 [0.192, 0.230]
CMC WP 0.015 [-0.004, 0.032] 0.017 [-0.003, 0.036] 0.021 [0.002, 0.039] 0.019 [-0.001, 0.037] 0.019 [0.000, 0.039] 0.020 [0.000, 0.038]
Mixed WP 0.201 [0.181, 0.221] 0.198 [0.176, 0.220] 0.201 [0.180, 0.223] 0.201 [0.179, 0.222] 0.199 [0.178, 0.221] 0.200 [0.179, 0.222]
Weekend WP 0.096 [0.085, 0.107] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109]
FtF WP variance 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195]
CMC WP variance 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166]
Mixed WP variance 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.138 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.240 [0.237, 0.244] 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] 0.238 [0.234, 0.241] 0.238 [0.234, 0.241]
R2 within 0.108 [0.099, 0.117] 0.108 [0.099, 0.118] 0.110 [0.100, 0.119] 0.109 [0.100, 0.119] 0.109 [0.099, 0.118] 0.109 [0.100, 0.119]
FtF BP 0.235 [-0.010, 0.480] 0.054 [-0.225, 0.328] 0.191 [-0.073, 0.452] 0.240 [-0.022, 0.501] 0.158 [-0.089, 0.410] 0.270 [0.004, 0.536]
CMC BP -0.271 [-0.491, -0.058] -0.370 [-0.605, -0.130] -0.256 [-0.483, -0.025] -0.252 [-0.481, -0.019] -0.191 [-0.413, 0.034] -0.234 [-0.467, 0.002]
Mixed BP 0.443 [0.258, 0.627] 0.273 [0.072, 0.471] 0.337 [0.144, 0.525] 0.392 [0.202, 0.580] 0.359 [0.177, 0.537] 0.445 [0.252, 0.636]
Personality trait 0.092 [0.059, 0.125] 0.139 [0.097, 0.180] 0.128 [0.087, 0.170] -0.246 [-0.278, -0.215] 0.020 [-0.023, 0.062]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000] 0.033 [0.002, 0.065] -0.007 [-0.039, 0.023] 0.052 [0.027, 0.077] 0.015 [-0.017, 0.046]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.018 [-0.042, 0.007] 0.034 [0.005, 0.065] 0.013 [-0.018, 0.044] 0.020 [-0.005, 0.044] 0.004 [-0.028, 0.035]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.020 [-0.046, 0.007] 0.033 [-0.002, 0.068] -0.018 [-0.053, 0.015] 0.063 [0.035, 0.091] 0.012 [-0.024, 0.047]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.018] -0.029 [-0.038, -0.021] -0.027 [-0.035, -0.018] -0.020 [-0.028, -0.013] -0.027 [-0.036, -0.019]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.011 [-0.020, -0.003] -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004] -0.015 [-0.023, -0.006] -0.013 [-0.022, -0.005] -0.010 [-0.017, -0.003] -0.013 [-0.022, -0.004]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.029 [-0.039, -0.020] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.019] -0.031 [-0.041, -0.021] -0.028 [-0.038, -0.018] -0.020 [-0.030, -0.011] -0.029 [-0.039, -0.019]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.014 [0.008, 0.021] 0.013 [0.005, 0.019] 0.012 [0.005, 0.019] 0.013 [0.005, 0.019] 0.012 [0.006, 0.019] 0.013 [0.005, 0.020]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.033 [0.026, 0.042] 0.033 [0.025, 0.041] 0.032 [0.025, 0.041] 0.033 [0.025, 0.042] 0.031 [0.024, 0.040] 0.033 [0.025, 0.042]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.024 [0.017, 0.033] 0.022 [0.014, 0.030] 0.021 [0.014, 0.029] 0.022 [0.015, 0.030] 0.021 [0.014, 0.029] 0.022 [0.014, 0.030]
FtF BP mean 0.319 [0.310, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.246, 0.265] 0.252 [0.241, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261]
Mixed BP mean 0.209 [0.199, 0.218] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222]
Intercept well-being 2.852 [2.706, 3.000] 2.982 [2.821, 3.144] 2.895 [2.743, 3.049] 2.867 [2.715, 3.017] 2.887 [2.739, 3.034] 2.842 [2.686, 2.998]
FtF BP variance 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027]
CMC BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026]
Mixed BP variance 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.197 [0.182, 0.214] 0.185 [0.170, 0.202] 0.184 [0.168, 0.201] 0.184 [0.169, 0.201] 0.157 [0.144, 0.171] 0.191 [0.175, 0.208]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.039 [0.031, 0.048] 0.038 [0.030, 0.047] 0.038 [0.030, 0.047] 0.039 [0.031, 0.047] 0.037 [0.029, 0.046] 0.039 [0.031, 0.047]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.023 [0.016, 0.032] 0.021 [0.013, 0.030] 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] 0.021 [0.013, 0.030] 0.020 [0.014, 0.029] 0.021 [0.013, 0.030]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.046 [0.036, 0.058] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] 0.042 [0.031, 0.054] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056]
R2 between 0.047 [0.023, 0.081] 0.048 [0.027, 0.077] 0.053 [0.031, 0.085] 0.058 [0.034, 0.094] 0.131 [0.101, 0.167] 0.049 [0.022, 0.090]
R2 FtF WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.019] 0.006 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.020 [0.005, 0.045] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 CMC WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] 0.011 [0.000, 0.042] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.027 [0.008, 0.058] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,409 40,289 40,289 40,289 40,284 40,289
Study 2
FtF WP 0.212 [0.190, 0.233] 0.215 [0.192, 0.240] 0.214 [0.191, 0.239] 0.215 [0.191, 0.240] 0.213 [0.190, 0.237] 0.215 [0.191, 0.240]
CMC WP 0.009 [-0.010, 0.031] 0.019 [-0.005, 0.045] 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044] 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044] 0.017 [-0.008, 0.043] 0.018 [-0.006, 0.044]
Mixed WP 0.183 [0.156, 0.210] 0.179 [0.148, 0.209] 0.177 [0.147, 0.207] 0.176 [0.146, 0.206] 0.176 [0.146, 0.206] 0.177 [0.147, 0.207]
Weekend WP 0.125 [0.111, 0.138] 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] 0.124 [0.109, 0.139] 0.124 [0.109, 0.139]
FtF WP variance 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.204] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205]
CMC WP variance 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161]
Mixed WP variance 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.246 [0.242, 0.251] 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] 0.245 [0.241, 0.250] 0.245 [0.240, 0.250] 0.245 [0.241, 0.250]
R2 within 0.096 [0.086, 0.108] 0.097 [0.085, 0.108] 0.097 [0.086, 0.108] 0.097 [0.085, 0.108] 0.096 [0.084, 0.107] 0.097 [0.086, 0.108]
FtF BP 0.306 [0.015, 0.610] 0.255 [-0.072, 0.590] 0.297 [-0.018, 0.616] 0.303 [-0.006, 0.621] 0.258 [-0.038, 0.559] 0.318 [0.003, 0.640]
CMC BP -0.180 [-0.423, 0.063] -0.065 [-0.345, 0.216] -0.031 [-0.304, 0.237] 0.005 [-0.266, 0.273] -0.062 [-0.323, 0.193] -0.020 [-0.292, 0.255]
Mixed BP 0.434 [0.190, 0.681] 0.366 [0.089, 0.646] 0.392 [0.127, 0.656] 0.418 [0.155, 0.683] 0.382 [0.135, 0.632] 0.420 [0.153, 0.686]
Personality trait 0.030 [-0.011, 0.072] 0.070 [0.017, 0.124] 0.121 [0.071, 0.173] -0.216 [-0.257, -0.175] 0.022 [-0.031, 0.076]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034] 0.007 [-0.036, 0.049] -0.024 [-0.062, 0.014] 0.068 [0.036, 0.100] -0.003 [-0.042, 0.035]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.003 [-0.033, 0.025] -0.021 [-0.066, 0.024] 0.010 [-0.029, 0.049] 0.017 [-0.015, 0.052] -0.019 [-0.058, 0.020]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.014 [-0.050, 0.023] 0.000 [-0.050, 0.050] 0.007 [-0.042, 0.054] 0.050 [0.011, 0.089] -0.016 [-0.064, 0.030]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.026 [-0.036, -0.017] -0.026 [-0.036, -0.016] -0.026 [-0.037, -0.016] -0.025 [-0.035, -0.015] -0.017 [-0.027, -0.007] -0.026 [-0.037, -0.016]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.006 [-0.015, 0.004] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.012, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.009, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.028 [-0.041, -0.016] -0.024 [-0.038, -0.012] -0.025 [-0.038, -0.013] -0.025 [-0.038, -0.013] -0.018 [-0.031, -0.006] -0.025 [-0.038, -0.012]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance -0.001 [-0.006, 0.006] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010] 0.002 [-0.004, 0.010] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010] 0.002 [-0.004, 0.009] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.010]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.023 [0.016, 0.032] 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] 0.026 [0.016, 0.037] 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] 0.026 [0.016, 0.037]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.011 [0.003, 0.020] 0.015 [0.005, 0.025] 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] 0.013 [0.005, 0.024] 0.015 [0.005, 0.025]
FtF BP mean 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.243, 0.268] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258]
Mixed BP mean 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184]
Intercept well-being 2.787 [2.616, 2.948] 2.805 [2.612, 2.995] 2.778 [2.594, 2.958] 2.763 [2.581, 2.939] 2.802 [2.630, 2.972] 2.764 [2.577, 2.943]
FtF BP variance 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026]
CMC BP variance 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028]
Mixed BP variance 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.178 [0.160, 0.198] 0.162 [0.144, 0.183] 0.160 [0.143, 0.181] 0.157 [0.139, 0.177] 0.136 [0.121, 0.154] 0.162 [0.144, 0.183]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] 0.030 [0.021, 0.041] 0.027 [0.019, 0.038] 0.030 [0.021, 0.041]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.013 [0.007, 0.022] 0.016 [0.008, 0.025] 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] 0.015 [0.008, 0.025] 0.015 [0.008, 0.025]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.038 [0.027, 0.052] 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] 0.038 [0.025, 0.054] 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] 0.037 [0.023, 0.052] 0.037 [0.024, 0.053]
R2 between 0.043 [0.017, 0.088] 0.033 [0.010, 0.086] 0.041 [0.013, 0.096] 0.056 [0.024, 0.115] 0.121 [0.082, 0.173] 0.040 [0.011, 0.098]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] 0.046 [0.013, 0.101] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.006 [0.000, 0.054] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045]
R2 Mixed WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.019 [0.001, 0.061] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
Number of participants 849 633 633 633 633 633
Number of observations 26,918 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349
Study 3
FtF WP 0.442 [0.409, 0.476] 0.444 [0.408, 0.478] 0.442 [0.408, 0.476] 0.444 [0.409, 0.479] 0.443 [0.408, 0.479] 0.443 [0.408, 0.479]
CMC WP 0.169 [0.137, 0.200] 0.172 [0.137, 0.206] 0.177 [0.142, 0.211] 0.172 [0.137, 0.206] 0.173 [0.138, 0.207] 0.173 [0.140, 0.209]
Mixed WP 0.400 [0.361, 0.438] 0.410 [0.368, 0.450] 0.405 [0.364, 0.446] 0.408 [0.367, 0.449] 0.407 [0.365, 0.449] 0.405 [0.363, 0.447]
Weekend WP 0.244 [0.226, 0.261] 0.250 [0.231, 0.268] 0.251 [0.233, 0.270] 0.250 [0.232, 0.269] 0.250 [0.232, 0.268] 0.249 [0.231, 0.267]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.946 [0.936, 0.957] 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] 0.955 [0.943, 0.966] 0.956 [0.945, 0.968] 0.955 [0.944, 0.967] 0.951 [0.941, 0.963]
R2 within 0.084 [0.079, 0.090] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] 0.085 [0.079, 0.091] 0.085 [0.080, 0.090] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] 0.085 [0.080, 0.090]
FtF BP 1.328 [0.880, 1.779] 1.036 [0.598, 1.490] 1.259 [0.812, 1.723] 1.312 [0.859, 1.754] 1.154 [0.747, 1.555] 1.362 [0.895, 1.814]
CMC BP 0.199 [-0.327, 0.732] 0.123 [-0.424, 0.682] 0.109 [-0.448, 0.691] 0.155 [-0.412, 0.733] 0.549 [0.039, 1.047] 0.263 [-0.300, 0.845]
Mixed BP 0.946 [0.604, 1.286] 0.699 [0.364, 1.037] 0.890 [0.545, 1.238] 0.941 [0.605, 1.283] 0.955 [0.658, 1.247] 0.957 [0.606, 1.300]
Personality trait 0.342 [0.263, 0.418] 0.259 [0.162, 0.359] 0.223 [0.135, 0.313] -0.503 [-0.567, -0.439] -0.006 [-0.096, 0.082]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.013 [-0.037, 0.061] 0.032 [-0.030, 0.092] -0.034 [-0.088, 0.020] 0.029 [-0.016, 0.074] -0.001 [-0.056, 0.054]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.025 [-0.073, 0.022] -0.054 [-0.113, 0.006] 0.000 [-0.054, 0.053] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.036] 0.019 [-0.034, 0.071]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.045 [-0.102, 0.012] 0.001 [-0.068, 0.072] -0.061 [-0.128, 0.005] 0.039 [-0.017, 0.091] 0.001 [-0.063, 0.063]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.065 [-0.095, -0.036] -0.058 [-0.087, -0.031] -0.060 [-0.089, -0.032] -0.053 [-0.082, -0.024] -0.050 [-0.076, -0.026] -0.059 [-0.089, -0.029]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.031 [-0.059, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.047, 0.010] -0.017 [-0.045, 0.011] -0.022 [-0.051, 0.005] -0.023 [-0.050, 0.002] -0.024 [-0.053, 0.004]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.077 [-0.113, -0.044] -0.057 [-0.089, -0.024] -0.065 [-0.101, -0.033] -0.057 [-0.092, -0.025] -0.053 [-0.084, -0.024] -0.066 [-0.102, -0.032]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.020 [0.004, 0.037] 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] 0.017 [0.000, 0.035] 0.018 [0.001, 0.036]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.082 [0.063, 0.105] 0.077 [0.057, 0.099] 0.077 [0.056, 0.099] 0.075 [0.055, 0.098] 0.077 [0.056, 0.099] 0.076 [0.057, 0.099]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.046 [0.027, 0.067] 0.040 [0.020, 0.063] 0.041 [0.021, 0.062] 0.041 [0.021, 0.061] 0.041 [0.021, 0.063] 0.041 [0.022, 0.063]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.216] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 0.472 [0.321, 0.623] 0.570 [0.412, 0.723] 0.496 [0.333, 0.653] 0.470 [0.313, 0.621] 0.452 [0.315, 0.594] 0.447 [0.288, 0.604]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.686 [0.622, 0.758] 0.577 [0.521, 0.642] 0.618 [0.558, 0.686] 0.612 [0.552, 0.680] 0.476 [0.430, 0.529] 0.638 [0.576, 0.708]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.121 [0.101, 0.146] 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] 0.120 [0.099, 0.146] 0.120 [0.099, 0.146] 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] 0.121 [0.100, 0.146]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.066 [0.046, 0.089] 0.065 [0.046, 0.088] 0.062 [0.042, 0.085] 0.064 [0.043, 0.087] 0.064 [0.044, 0.088] 0.063 [0.043, 0.086]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.133 [0.105, 0.167] 0.126 [0.096, 0.161] 0.127 [0.097, 0.164] 0.124 [0.094, 0.158] 0.126 [0.098, 0.162] 0.129 [0.097, 0.164]
R2 between 0.082 [0.047, 0.124] 0.106 [0.073, 0.146] 0.099 [0.060, 0.146] 0.105 [0.066, 0.152] 0.226 [0.181, 0.275] 0.093 [0.054, 0.141]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.008 [0.000, 0.036] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.006 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Content / Happy
Table S4.13
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
FtF WP 0.258 [0.233, 0.283] 0.261 [0.234, 0.287] 0.264 [0.237, 0.290] 0.262 [0.235, 0.288] 0.263 [0.236, 0.290] 0.263 [0.236, 0.289]
CMC WP 0.081 [0.058, 0.106] 0.078 [0.053, 0.104] 0.081 [0.057, 0.107] 0.079 [0.054, 0.105] 0.081 [0.055, 0.108] 0.080 [0.054, 0.105]
Mixed WP 0.268 [0.241, 0.296] 0.270 [0.240, 0.300] 0.272 [0.242, 0.301] 0.274 [0.244, 0.303] 0.271 [0.242, 0.299] 0.272 [0.242, 0.301]
Weekend WP 0.135 [0.119, 0.150] 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] 0.136 [0.120, 0.153] 0.136 [0.120, 0.153]
FtF WP variance 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195]
CMC WP variance 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166]
Mixed WP variance 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.496 [0.489, 0.502] 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] 0.493 [0.486, 0.500] 0.493 [0.486, 0.500]
R2 within 0.086 [0.077, 0.096] 0.088 [0.077, 0.097] 0.088 [0.078, 0.098] 0.088 [0.077, 0.098] 0.088 [0.078, 0.098] 0.088 [0.078, 0.098]
FtF BP 0.885 [0.595, 1.165] 0.632 [0.307, 0.960] 0.850 [0.535, 1.167] 0.902 [0.585, 1.217] 0.819 [0.520, 1.113] 0.933 [0.616, 1.251]
CMC BP 0.440 [0.178, 0.697] 0.237 [-0.041, 0.529] 0.401 [0.125, 0.684] 0.403 [0.125, 0.688] 0.459 [0.192, 0.725] 0.419 [0.141, 0.709]
Mixed BP 0.990 [0.770, 1.205] 0.793 [0.548, 1.040] 0.912 [0.679, 1.147] 0.982 [0.747, 1.219] 0.941 [0.721, 1.163] 1.040 [0.804, 1.279]
Personality trait 0.129 [0.090, 0.170] 0.167 [0.117, 0.219] 0.120 [0.070, 0.169] -0.255 [-0.294, -0.216] 0.055 [0.003, 0.108]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.016 [-0.046, 0.017] 0.046 [0.002, 0.089] -0.021 [-0.062, 0.022] 0.061 [0.027, 0.095] 0.031 [-0.012, 0.075]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] 0.034 [-0.005, 0.074] -0.006 [-0.043, 0.034] 0.017 [-0.016, 0.050] -0.005 [-0.045, 0.038]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.017 [-0.053, 0.017] 0.053 [0.008, 0.099] -0.049 [-0.095, -0.002] 0.066 [0.028, 0.103] 0.018 [-0.029, 0.066]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.021 [-0.035, -0.009] -0.021 [-0.035, -0.007] -0.026 [-0.040, -0.012] -0.021 [-0.036, -0.008] -0.014 [-0.027, -0.001] -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.028, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.021 [-0.037, -0.006] -0.020 [-0.036, -0.004] -0.025 [-0.040, -0.009] -0.019 [-0.034, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.027, 0.003] -0.021 [-0.037, -0.005]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.016 [0.005, 0.028] 0.016 [0.005, 0.028] 0.015 [0.005, 0.027] 0.016 [0.006, 0.028] 0.017 [0.008, 0.027] 0.016 [0.006, 0.028]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.046 [0.034, 0.061] 0.048 [0.034, 0.063] 0.047 [0.033, 0.062] 0.048 [0.034, 0.063] 0.046 [0.034, 0.062] 0.048 [0.034, 0.063]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.029 [0.017, 0.043] 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] 0.025 [0.012, 0.040] 0.027 [0.013, 0.041]
FtF BP mean 0.319 [0.310, 0.328] 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] 0.319 [0.308, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.308, 0.329]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.246, 0.265] 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] 0.251 [0.242, 0.261]
Mixed BP mean 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.201, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222]
Intercept well-being 2.023 [1.853, 2.196] 2.201 [2.006, 2.392] 2.064 [1.877, 2.250] 2.033 [1.844, 2.217] 2.055 [1.876, 2.232] 2.008 [1.816, 2.193]
FtF BP variance 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027]
CMC BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026]
Mixed BP variance 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.273 [0.252, 0.297] 0.265 [0.242, 0.291] 0.262 [0.239, 0.288] 0.267 [0.244, 0.293] 0.236 [0.216, 0.259] 0.271 [0.247, 0.298]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.059 [0.046, 0.074] 0.063 [0.048, 0.079] 0.062 [0.048, 0.078] 0.063 [0.048, 0.079] 0.063 [0.049, 0.078] 0.063 [0.049, 0.079]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.025 [0.014, 0.039] 0.020 [0.011, 0.034] 0.020 [0.010, 0.034] 0.020 [0.011, 0.034] 0.020 [0.008, 0.033] 0.020 [0.011, 0.034]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.060 [0.042, 0.080] 0.060 [0.041, 0.081] 0.059 [0.041, 0.080] 0.059 [0.040, 0.080] 0.057 [0.040, 0.077] 0.061 [0.042, 0.082]
R2 between 0.165 [0.100, 0.236] 0.119 [0.069, 0.188] 0.166 [0.102, 0.242] 0.172 [0.106, 0.251] 0.222 [0.156, 0.294] 0.178 [0.108, 0.257]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.006 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.017 [0.003, 0.043] 0.003 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] 0.011 [0.000, 0.059] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
R2 Mixed WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.009 [0.000, 0.032] 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] 0.022 [0.004, 0.056] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,409 40,289 40,289 40,289 40,284 40,289
Study 2
FtF WP 0.273 [0.244, 0.303] 0.278 [0.246, 0.312] 0.275 [0.243, 0.308] 0.276 [0.244, 0.310] 0.274 [0.243, 0.308] 0.275 [0.243, 0.309]
CMC WP 0.105 [0.076, 0.136] 0.109 [0.077, 0.142] 0.107 [0.074, 0.139] 0.106 [0.074, 0.139] 0.105 [0.073, 0.138] 0.106 [0.074, 0.139]
Mixed WP 0.260 [0.223, 0.299] 0.256 [0.212, 0.299] 0.250 [0.207, 0.293] 0.251 [0.207, 0.294] 0.250 [0.207, 0.293] 0.251 [0.207, 0.294]
Weekend WP 0.167 [0.148, 0.187] 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] 0.171 [0.150, 0.193] 0.171 [0.149, 0.193] 0.171 [0.150, 0.193]
FtF WP variance 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205]
CMC WP variance 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161]
Mixed WP variance 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.504 [0.495, 0.513] 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] 0.498 [0.488, 0.508] 0.498 [0.488, 0.508]
R2 within 0.087 [0.077, 0.098] 0.089 [0.078, 0.101] 0.088 [0.077, 0.100] 0.089 [0.077, 0.100] 0.088 [0.077, 0.100] 0.088 [0.077, 0.100]
FtF BP 0.744 [0.375, 1.125] 0.463 [0.043, 0.887] 0.668 [0.263, 1.081] 0.677 [0.276, 1.085] 0.654 [0.266, 1.051] 0.674 [0.271, 1.084]
CMC BP 0.450 [0.141, 0.746] 0.203 [-0.157, 0.576] 0.347 [-0.008, 0.712] 0.393 [0.041, 0.756] 0.337 [-0.001, 0.690] 0.352 [-0.005, 0.716]
Mixed BP 0.659 [0.361, 0.970] 0.434 [0.084, 0.802] 0.597 [0.255, 0.951] 0.622 [0.280, 0.974] 0.582 [0.254, 0.923] 0.610 [0.266, 0.968]
Personality trait 0.103 [0.049, 0.155] 0.077 [0.009, 0.146] 0.126 [0.061, 0.192] -0.227 [-0.282, -0.174] 0.066 [-0.003, 0.134]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.022 [-0.017, 0.061] 0.012 [-0.043, 0.072] -0.006 [-0.058, 0.048] 0.057 [0.013, 0.099] 0.003 [-0.050, 0.056]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.020 [-0.024, 0.062] -0.041 [-0.099, 0.017] 0.007 [-0.048, 0.059] 0.013 [-0.031, 0.057] -0.019 [-0.074, 0.032]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.002 [-0.052, 0.050] 0.000 [-0.068, 0.067] -0.001 [-0.068, 0.066] 0.066 [0.011, 0.123] -0.020 [-0.090, 0.048]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] -0.005 [-0.022, 0.012] -0.004 [-0.022, 0.013] -0.004 [-0.021, 0.013] 0.005 [-0.012, 0.021] -0.004 [-0.021, 0.013]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.002 [-0.015, 0.019] 0.000 [-0.019, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.021] 0.002 [-0.018, 0.020] 0.004 [-0.014, 0.022] 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.028 [-0.049, -0.008] -0.023 [-0.047, -0.001] -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000] -0.024 [-0.047, -0.001] -0.013 [-0.036, 0.009] -0.023 [-0.047, 0.000]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.008, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.016]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.036 [0.020, 0.056] 0.044 [0.025, 0.063] 0.045 [0.025, 0.064] 0.045 [0.025, 0.065] 0.042 [0.023, 0.062] 0.045 [0.025, 0.064]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.012 [-0.004, 0.029] 0.018 [-0.001, 0.034] 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034] 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034] 0.016 [-0.002, 0.033] 0.017 [-0.001, 0.034]
FtF BP mean 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] 0.335 [0.322, 0.348] 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] 0.335 [0.322, 0.349]
CMC BP mean 0.255 [0.243, 0.268] 0.245 [0.230, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258]
Mixed BP mean 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184]
Intercept well-being 2.087 [1.873, 2.302] 2.280 [2.039, 2.516] 2.149 [1.915, 2.376] 2.130 [1.898, 2.352] 2.159 [1.936, 2.377] 2.145 [1.911, 2.372]
FtF BP variance 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026]
CMC BP variance 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028]
Mixed BP variance 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.272 [0.245, 0.302] 0.254 [0.224, 0.288] 0.257 [0.227, 0.291] 0.253 [0.223, 0.286] 0.231 [0.204, 0.262] 0.258 [0.228, 0.292]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.045 [0.030, 0.062] 0.047 [0.031, 0.068] 0.049 [0.031, 0.069] 0.049 [0.031, 0.069] 0.047 [0.029, 0.067] 0.049 [0.031, 0.069]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.015 [0.006, 0.033] 0.019 [0.007, 0.034] 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] 0.018 [0.006, 0.034] 0.018 [0.006, 0.034]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.074 [0.047, 0.102] 0.076 [0.048, 0.107] 0.076 [0.048, 0.108] 0.076 [0.048, 0.108] 0.073 [0.045, 0.104] 0.076 [0.048, 0.108]
R2 between 0.095 [0.035, 0.176] 0.054 [0.021, 0.124] 0.080 [0.027, 0.165] 0.094 [0.037, 0.181] 0.131 [0.074, 0.214] 0.081 [0.027, 0.166]
R2 FtF WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.019 [0.001, 0.061] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 CMC WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.088] 0.017 [0.000, 0.115] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] 0.005 [0.000, 0.062]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.017 [0.001, 0.061] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
Number of participants 849 633 633 633 633 633
Number of observations 26,918 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349
Study 3
FtF WP 0.397 [0.371, 0.424] 0.400 [0.373, 0.428] 0.397 [0.369, 0.425] 0.399 [0.370, 0.428] 0.399 [0.371, 0.427] 0.400 [0.372, 0.428]
CMC WP 0.192 [0.168, 0.216] 0.192 [0.166, 0.218] 0.195 [0.170, 0.220] 0.192 [0.167, 0.217] 0.194 [0.169, 0.219] 0.193 [0.168, 0.217]
Mixed WP 0.401 [0.370, 0.431] 0.411 [0.380, 0.442] 0.406 [0.374, 0.438] 0.408 [0.377, 0.439] 0.407 [0.376, 0.439] 0.407 [0.374, 0.439]
Weekend WP 0.155 [0.142, 0.168] 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] 0.159 [0.145, 0.173] 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] 0.158 [0.144, 0.172] 0.158 [0.144, 0.171]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.524 [0.518, 0.530] 0.527 [0.521, 0.533] 0.527 [0.521, 0.534] 0.528 [0.522, 0.535] 0.528 [0.522, 0.534] 0.527 [0.520, 0.533]
R2 within 0.107 [0.101, 0.113] 0.109 [0.103, 0.115] 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] 0.108 [0.102, 0.114] 0.109 [0.103, 0.115]
FtF BP 0.982 [0.660, 1.312] 0.756 [0.432, 1.082] 0.943 [0.608, 1.286] 0.986 [0.651, 1.332] 0.899 [0.590, 1.213] 1.015 [0.673, 1.360]
CMC BP 0.361 [-0.031, 0.756] 0.265 [-0.140, 0.665] 0.246 [-0.179, 0.668] 0.287 [-0.127, 0.701] 0.534 [0.147, 0.916] 0.348 [-0.076, 0.774]
Mixed BP 0.905 [0.653, 1.157] 0.699 [0.454, 0.939] 0.855 [0.606, 1.104] 0.906 [0.655, 1.157] 0.921 [0.688, 1.152] 0.913 [0.654, 1.172]
Personality trait 0.295 [0.238, 0.351] 0.204 [0.131, 0.276] 0.173 [0.108, 0.240] -0.306 [-0.356, -0.256] 0.038 [-0.029, 0.103]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.012 [-0.027, 0.052] 0.028 [-0.021, 0.076] -0.033 [-0.075, 0.010] 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] -0.004 [-0.049, 0.040]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.013 [-0.047, 0.023] -0.042 [-0.085, 0.000] -0.017 [-0.055, 0.021] -0.008 [-0.039, 0.023] 0.019 [-0.020, 0.058]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.038 [-0.081, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.064, 0.044] -0.056 [-0.103, -0.006] 0.034 [-0.006, 0.076] 0.004 [-0.046, 0.052]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.045 [-0.063, -0.028] -0.041 [-0.058, -0.025] -0.042 [-0.060, -0.025] -0.037 [-0.055, -0.020] -0.037 [-0.053, -0.022] -0.041 [-0.060, -0.023]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.027 [-0.043, -0.013] -0.023 [-0.038, -0.008] -0.022 [-0.037, -0.007] -0.024 [-0.040, -0.009] -0.025 [-0.040, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.060 [-0.080, -0.041] -0.050 [-0.070, -0.032] -0.055 [-0.075, -0.036] -0.051 [-0.071, -0.032] -0.048 [-0.067, -0.030] -0.057 [-0.078, -0.038]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.021 [0.011, 0.031] 0.019 [0.009, 0.029] 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] 0.020 [0.010, 0.030]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.060 [0.048, 0.073] 0.057 [0.044, 0.072] 0.057 [0.044, 0.071] 0.056 [0.043, 0.069] 0.057 [0.044, 0.070] 0.057 [0.044, 0.071]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.032 [0.021, 0.043] 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] 0.029 [0.018, 0.042] 0.030 [0.018, 0.043]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 2.065 [1.954, 2.177] 2.135 [2.022, 2.250] 2.078 [1.960, 2.193] 2.054 [1.934, 2.170] 2.040 [1.934, 2.147] 2.041 [1.922, 2.159]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.382 [0.348, 0.421] 0.316 [0.285, 0.352] 0.349 [0.314, 0.388] 0.346 [0.311, 0.385] 0.300 [0.270, 0.334] 0.360 [0.325, 0.402]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.087 [0.073, 0.102] 0.085 [0.071, 0.102] 0.085 [0.070, 0.102] 0.084 [0.070, 0.100] 0.085 [0.071, 0.102] 0.086 [0.071, 0.102]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.035 [0.025, 0.046] 0.032 [0.022, 0.043] 0.031 [0.021, 0.044] 0.031 [0.020, 0.043] 0.032 [0.022, 0.044] 0.031 [0.021, 0.043]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.081 [0.064, 0.100] 0.080 [0.062, 0.101] 0.080 [0.063, 0.100] 0.079 [0.061, 0.099] 0.079 [0.061, 0.099] 0.081 [0.063, 0.102]
R2 between 0.104 [0.065, 0.149] 0.138 [0.101, 0.181] 0.121 [0.080, 0.168] 0.129 [0.085, 0.180] 0.200 [0.154, 0.251] 0.116 [0.073, 0.168]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.003 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.003 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Mixed WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.008 [0.000, 0.027] 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Stressed
Table S4.14
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
FtF WP -0.111 [-0.134, -0.089] -0.114 [-0.138, -0.089] -0.116 [-0.140, -0.092] -0.114 [-0.137, -0.090] -0.115 [-0.138, -0.092] -0.115 [-0.138, -0.091]
CMC WP 0.007 [-0.017, 0.031] -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025] -0.005 [-0.031, 0.022] -0.002 [-0.028, 0.024] 0.000 [-0.026, 0.025] -0.003 [-0.029, 0.023]
Mixed WP -0.087 [-0.115, -0.060] -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] -0.094 [-0.123, -0.064] -0.093 [-0.122, -0.063] -0.092 [-0.122, -0.064] -0.093 [-0.123, -0.063]
Weekend WP -0.145 [-0.161, -0.129] -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131] -0.148 [-0.165, -0.131]
FtF WP variance 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195]
CMC WP variance 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166]
Mixed WP variance 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.545 [0.537, 0.552] 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] 0.538 [0.530, 0.546] 0.538 [0.530, 0.546]
R2 within 0.038 [0.031, 0.047] 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] 0.037 [0.027, 0.046] 0.038 [0.032, 0.046] 0.037 [0.027, 0.046]
FtF BP 0.387 [0.053, 0.714] 0.582 [0.213, 0.954] 0.504 [0.155, 0.855] 0.447 [0.102, 0.795] 0.531 [0.202, 0.864] 0.418 [0.065, 0.770]
CMC BP 0.750 [0.461, 1.031] 0.810 [0.484, 1.135] 0.738 [0.423, 1.052] 0.724 [0.408, 1.042] 0.620 [0.329, 0.918] 0.714 [0.394, 1.033]
Mixed BP 0.092 [-0.164, 0.342] 0.242 [-0.028, 0.507] 0.229 [-0.026, 0.482] 0.168 [-0.088, 0.421] 0.211 [-0.032, 0.452] 0.107 [-0.151, 0.360]
Personality trait -0.065 [-0.109, -0.020] -0.154 [-0.209, -0.098] -0.137 [-0.193, -0.083] 0.285 [0.242, 0.328] -0.051 [-0.108, 0.006]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.013 [-0.017, 0.041] -0.018 [-0.057, 0.019] -0.019 [-0.056, 0.017] -0.023 [-0.053, 0.008] 0.004 [-0.037, 0.040]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.005 [-0.026, 0.034] -0.044 [-0.081, -0.004] -0.014 [-0.053, 0.025] -0.039 [-0.071, -0.005] -0.003 [-0.048, 0.039]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.006 [-0.041, 0.030] -0.044 [-0.090, 0.003] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.038] -0.031 [-0.069, 0.006] -0.012 [-0.060, 0.035]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.022 [-0.036, -0.009] -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009] -0.024 [-0.038, -0.011] -0.024 [-0.037, -0.010] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.007] -0.023 [-0.037, -0.009]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.024 [-0.039, -0.010] -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013] -0.029 [-0.044, -0.015] -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013] -0.019 [-0.033, -0.005] -0.027 [-0.042, -0.013]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] -0.036 [-0.054, -0.019] -0.037 [-0.054, -0.021] -0.034 [-0.052, -0.018] -0.031 [-0.047, -0.015] -0.034 [-0.052, -0.018]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.011 [0.002, 0.022] 0.007 [-0.003, 0.019] 0.007 [-0.003, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.015] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] 0.018 [0.002, 0.029] 0.017 [0.001, 0.029] 0.018 [0.002, 0.029] 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] 0.018 [0.002, 0.029]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.032 [0.018, 0.047] 0.025 [0.011, 0.040] 0.024 [0.010, 0.039] 0.025 [0.011, 0.040] 0.022 [0.011, 0.037] 0.025 [0.011, 0.040]
FtF BP mean 0.320 [0.310, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.247, 0.265] 0.252 [0.242, 0.262] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] 0.251 [0.242, 0.261] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261]
Mixed BP mean 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.201, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222]
Intercept well-being 1.870 [1.675, 2.067] 1.749 [1.529, 1.972] 1.795 [1.591, 2.004] 1.830 [1.625, 2.039] 1.819 [1.623, 2.014] 1.854 [1.646, 2.065]
FtF BP variance 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027]
CMC BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026]
Mixed BP variance 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.339 [0.311, 0.368] 0.326 [0.297, 0.357] 0.320 [0.293, 0.351] 0.323 [0.295, 0.354] 0.284 [0.259, 0.310] 0.329 [0.301, 0.360]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.027 [0.015, 0.039] 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] 0.025 [0.012, 0.039] 0.025 [0.011, 0.039] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.025 [0.012, 0.039]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.027 [0.013, 0.040] 0.021 [0.011, 0.038] 0.021 [0.010, 0.038] 0.022 [0.011, 0.038] 0.019 [0.006, 0.034] 0.021 [0.011, 0.038]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.043 [0.028, 0.064] 0.046 [0.028, 0.066] 0.045 [0.027, 0.065] 0.046 [0.028, 0.066] 0.043 [0.027, 0.064] 0.046 [0.028, 0.066]
R2 between 0.053 [0.019, 0.105] 0.078 [0.028, 0.151] 0.075 [0.032, 0.138] 0.065 [0.026, 0.126] 0.128 [0.084, 0.187] 0.052 [0.016, 0.110]
R2 FtF WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.006 [0.000, 0.038] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.017 [0.000, 0.065] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.024 [0.001, 0.110] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.008 [0.000, 0.037] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.006 [0.000, 0.035] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,409 40,289 40,289 40,289 40,284 40,289
Study 2
FtF WP -0.107 [-0.137, -0.079] -0.111 [-0.145, -0.080] -0.114 [-0.147, -0.084] -0.114 [-0.147, -0.083] -0.113 [-0.146, -0.083] -0.112 [-0.146, -0.082]
CMC WP 0.030 [-0.001, 0.061] 0.020 [-0.017, 0.054] 0.017 [-0.019, 0.051] 0.019 [-0.018, 0.053] 0.018 [-0.018, 0.052] 0.019 [-0.017, 0.054]
Mixed WP -0.069 [-0.107, -0.031] -0.067 [-0.109, -0.024] -0.069 [-0.111, -0.026] -0.065 [-0.107, -0.022] -0.068 [-0.110, -0.026] -0.067 [-0.108, -0.024]
Weekend WP -0.174 [-0.195, -0.154] -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] -0.173 [-0.197, -0.151] -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152] -0.174 [-0.197, -0.152]
FtF WP variance 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205]
CMC WP variance 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161]
Mixed WP variance 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.562 [0.552, 0.572] 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] 0.558 [0.547, 0.569] 0.558 [0.547, 0.569]
R2 within 0.041 [0.033, 0.051] 0.042 [0.031, 0.054] 0.042 [0.032, 0.054] 0.042 [0.032, 0.053] 0.042 [0.032, 0.054] 0.042 [0.031, 0.054]
FtF BP 0.388 [-0.011, 0.780] 0.309 [-0.136, 0.762] 0.290 [-0.138, 0.726] 0.275 [-0.152, 0.707] 0.310 [-0.099, 0.730] 0.265 [-0.162, 0.699]
CMC BP 0.620 [0.302, 0.933] 0.385 [0.004, 0.775] 0.366 [-0.008, 0.747] 0.323 [-0.047, 0.704] 0.374 [0.013, 0.743] 0.353 [-0.022, 0.734]
Mixed BP 0.105 [-0.212, 0.424] 0.119 [-0.254, 0.493] 0.112 [-0.249, 0.473] 0.078 [-0.281, 0.438] 0.111 [-0.236, 0.459] 0.084 [-0.279, 0.445]
Personality trait -0.026 [-0.083, 0.030] -0.083 [-0.156, -0.011] -0.120 [-0.190, -0.050] 0.223 [0.165, 0.280] -0.038 [-0.110, 0.036]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.017 [-0.021, 0.055] -0.031 [-0.084, 0.023] 0.018 [-0.032, 0.068] -0.030 [-0.073, 0.012] 0.016 [-0.040, 0.068]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.010 [-0.034, 0.051] -0.022 [-0.085, 0.037] -0.023 [-0.079, 0.031] 0.004 [-0.039, 0.053] 0.026 [-0.030, 0.085]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.032 [-0.018, 0.084] -0.011 [-0.076, 0.058] -0.038 [-0.104, 0.028] 0.018 [-0.037, 0.072] 0.029 [-0.037, 0.097]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.024 [-0.040, -0.007] -0.027 [-0.047, -0.010] -0.029 [-0.048, -0.012] -0.027 [-0.046, -0.010] -0.024 [-0.042, -0.007] -0.027 [-0.047, -0.010]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.002 [-0.020, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] 0.000 [-0.020, 0.020] 0.000 [-0.019, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.018, 0.021]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.018 [-0.040, 0.004] -0.017 [-0.041, 0.006] -0.018 [-0.042, 0.005] -0.020 [-0.042, 0.004] -0.020 [-0.043, 0.003] -0.018 [-0.041, 0.005]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.006 [-0.003, 0.018] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.002, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.002, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.002, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.022 [0.008, 0.038] 0.025 [0.008, 0.043] 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] 0.025 [0.008, 0.044]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.027 [0.012, 0.046] 0.028 [0.012, 0.047] 0.028 [0.012, 0.047] 0.027 [0.011, 0.046] 0.027 [0.012, 0.047] 0.027 [0.012, 0.047]
FtF BP mean 0.332 [0.320, 0.344] 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] 0.335 [0.321, 0.349] 0.335 [0.322, 0.349] 0.335 [0.321, 0.349]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.243, 0.269] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258]
Mixed BP mean 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184] 0.171 [0.159, 0.184]
Intercept well-being 1.916 [1.695, 2.135] 1.982 [1.723, 2.229] 1.996 [1.750, 2.229] 2.017 [1.773, 2.249] 1.984 [1.747, 2.209] 2.011 [1.767, 2.243]
FtF BP variance 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026]
CMC BP variance 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028]
Mixed BP variance 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.296 [0.266, 0.330] 0.291 [0.258, 0.330] 0.289 [0.256, 0.327] 0.286 [0.254, 0.324] 0.264 [0.234, 0.299] 0.292 [0.258, 0.330]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.027 [0.016, 0.042] 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] 0.028 [0.015, 0.046] 0.028 [0.015, 0.046]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.026 [0.012, 0.044] 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] 0.026 [0.009, 0.044] 0.026 [0.009, 0.045] 0.026 [0.009, 0.044]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.049 [0.027, 0.077] 0.052 [0.028, 0.082] 0.053 [0.029, 0.083] 0.052 [0.028, 0.081] 0.053 [0.029, 0.082] 0.053 [0.028, 0.082]
R2 between 0.051 [0.012, 0.118] 0.025 [0.003, 0.091] 0.027 [0.005, 0.086] 0.029 [0.008, 0.085] 0.075 [0.039, 0.135] 0.022 [0.003, 0.078]
R2 FtF WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.009 [0.000, 0.053] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033]
R2 CMC WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.006 [0.000, 0.057]
R2 Mixed WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.049] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033]
Number of participants 849 633 633 633 633 633
Number of observations 26,918 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349
Study 3
FtF WP -0.086 [-0.105, -0.066] -0.085 [-0.107, -0.064] -0.087 [-0.109, -0.067] -0.087 [-0.109, -0.065] -0.085 [-0.107, -0.064] -0.084 [-0.105, -0.062]
CMC WP 0.084 [0.060, 0.108] 0.085 [0.059, 0.111] 0.081 [0.056, 0.106] 0.082 [0.057, 0.108] 0.082 [0.057, 0.106] 0.084 [0.058, 0.110]
Mixed WP 0.021 [-0.006, 0.049] 0.019 [-0.010, 0.049] 0.020 [-0.009, 0.049] 0.019 [-0.009, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.012, 0.047] 0.018 [-0.011, 0.046]
Weekend WP -0.237 [-0.250, -0.224] -0.241 [-0.254, -0.227] -0.242 [-0.256, -0.229] -0.241 [-0.255, -0.227] -0.241 [-0.255, -0.227] -0.240 [-0.254, -0.226]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.532 [0.526, 0.538] 0.536 [0.530, 0.543] 0.535 [0.529, 0.542] 0.537 [0.531, 0.543] 0.535 [0.529, 0.542] 0.534 [0.528, 0.541]
R2 within 0.043 [0.039, 0.046] 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] 0.044 [0.040, 0.048] 0.044 [0.040, 0.048]
FtF BP -0.348 [-0.711, 0.017] -0.242 [-0.626, 0.139] -0.304 [-0.691, 0.071] -0.324 [-0.691, 0.045] -0.200 [-0.555, 0.152] -0.348 [-0.719, 0.037]
CMC BP 0.237 [-0.202, 0.676] 0.313 [-0.176, 0.789] 0.260 [-0.228, 0.738] 0.232 [-0.247, 0.704] 0.036 [-0.409, 0.468] 0.193 [-0.274, 0.669]
Mixed BP 0.147 [-0.130, 0.430] 0.186 [-0.102, 0.476] 0.137 [-0.149, 0.422] 0.123 [-0.163, 0.412] 0.136 [-0.122, 0.397] 0.127 [-0.152, 0.413]
Personality trait -0.074 [-0.139, -0.007] -0.066 [-0.147, 0.014] -0.031 [-0.106, 0.042] 0.317 [0.262, 0.371] 0.062 [-0.011, 0.136]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.001 [-0.030, 0.030] 0.002 [-0.034, 0.039] 0.004 [-0.029, 0.038] 0.016 [-0.011, 0.042] -0.013 [-0.046, 0.021]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.005 [-0.029, 0.040] -0.004 [-0.048, 0.040] -0.033 [-0.073, 0.005] 0.020 [-0.010, 0.051] -0.036 [-0.076, 0.002]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.006 [-0.034, 0.047] -0.046 [-0.095, 0.003] -0.002 [-0.048, 0.042] 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] -0.037 [-0.081, 0.008]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.016 [-0.030, -0.003] -0.016 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.016 [-0.031, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.031, -0.003] -0.020 [-0.033, -0.007] -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.005 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.019, 0.016] -0.003 [-0.020, 0.014] -0.003 [-0.020, 0.015] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.018, 0.016]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.025 [-0.043, -0.006] -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] -0.027 [-0.046, -0.007] -0.026 [-0.047, -0.007] -0.028 [-0.047, -0.010] -0.026 [-0.046, -0.006]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.007, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] 0.026 [0.017, 0.035] 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] 0.025 [0.017, 0.034] 0.025 [0.017, 0.035] 0.025 [0.017, 0.035]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.025 [0.015, 0.035] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.025 [0.014, 0.036]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 2.270 [2.147, 2.394] 2.237 [2.103, 2.370] 2.265 [2.136, 2.398] 2.276 [2.146, 2.405] 2.272 [2.151, 2.389] 2.282 [2.154, 2.413]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.437 [0.398, 0.483] 0.422 [0.380, 0.469] 0.427 [0.386, 0.475] 0.426 [0.384, 0.472] 0.366 [0.329, 0.407] 0.426 [0.384, 0.474]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.027 [0.019, 0.035] 0.028 [0.021, 0.038] 0.027 [0.018, 0.036] 0.028 [0.021, 0.037] 0.028 [0.019, 0.037] 0.028 [0.020, 0.038]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.030 [0.020, 0.042] 0.030 [0.021, 0.042] 0.032 [0.021, 0.044] 0.029 [0.020, 0.042] 0.031 [0.022, 0.042] 0.031 [0.021, 0.042]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.054 [0.040, 0.071] 0.056 [0.041, 0.072] 0.054 [0.040, 0.070] 0.056 [0.041, 0.072] 0.055 [0.042, 0.072] 0.055 [0.040, 0.071]
R2 between 0.011 [0.002, 0.028] 0.016 [0.005, 0.035] 0.013 [0.003, 0.032] 0.012 [0.003, 0.029] 0.088 [0.063, 0.118] 0.014 [0.003, 0.032]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] 0.009 [0.000, 0.039]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.007 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.005 [0.000, 0.025]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Lonely
Table S4.15
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
FtF WP -0.268 [-0.292, -0.245] -0.256 [-0.282, -0.231] -0.262 [-0.287, -0.237] -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236] -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236] -0.261 [-0.286, -0.236]
CMC WP 0.021 [0.000, 0.044] 0.027 [0.002, 0.051] 0.021 [-0.004, 0.045] 0.022 [-0.002, 0.046] 0.021 [-0.004, 0.045] 0.021 [-0.003, 0.046]
Mixed WP -0.251 [-0.277, -0.225] -0.238 [-0.265, -0.211] -0.244 [-0.271, -0.217] -0.242 [-0.270, -0.215] -0.241 [-0.268, -0.214] -0.242 [-0.269, -0.214]
Weekend WP -0.009 [-0.021, 0.004] -0.009 [-0.022, 0.004] -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005] -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005] -0.009 [-0.021, 0.004] -0.009 [-0.022, 0.005]
FtF WP variance 0.191 [0.189, 0.194] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195] 0.192 [0.190, 0.195]
CMC WP variance 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166] 0.163 [0.161, 0.166]
Mixed WP variance 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139] 0.138 [0.136, 0.139] 0.137 [0.136, 0.139]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.323 [0.319, 0.328] 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] 0.316 [0.312, 0.321] 0.316 [0.311, 0.321] 0.316 [0.312, 0.321]
R2 within 0.131 [0.122, 0.141] 0.127 [0.118, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.138] 0.128 [0.119, 0.137] 0.128 [0.118, 0.138] 0.128 [0.119, 0.137]
FtF BP -0.185 [-0.468, 0.089] -0.117 [-0.432, 0.189] -0.254 [-0.556, 0.042] -0.278 [-0.582, 0.021] -0.222 [-0.509, 0.075] -0.300 [-0.609, -0.001]
CMC BP 0.522 [0.282, 0.768] 0.529 [0.256, 0.800] 0.421 [0.153, 0.685] 0.424 [0.158, 0.691] 0.375 [0.124, 0.640] 0.407 [0.138, 0.675]
Mixed BP -0.397 [-0.608, -0.186] -0.243 [-0.466, -0.020] -0.318 [-0.536, -0.105] -0.347 [-0.563, -0.137] -0.329 [-0.534, -0.115] -0.379 [-0.597, -0.165]
Personality trait -0.087 [-0.125, -0.048] -0.095 [-0.144, -0.045] -0.125 [-0.173, -0.077] 0.199 [0.161, 0.237] 0.047 [-0.004, 0.097]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.042 [0.011, 0.072] -0.029 [-0.069, 0.011] 0.022 [-0.017, 0.062] -0.074 [-0.107, -0.041] -0.014 [-0.056, 0.028]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.040 [0.009, 0.070] -0.023 [-0.061, 0.016] -0.031 [-0.070, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.042, 0.023] -0.003 [-0.045, 0.037]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.047 [0.013, 0.079] 0.003 [-0.040, 0.045] 0.019 [-0.026, 0.063] -0.089 [-0.126, -0.054] 0.001 [-0.046, 0.046]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.087 [-0.102, -0.074] -0.083 [-0.097, -0.070] -0.086 [-0.100, -0.072] -0.084 [-0.098, -0.070] -0.077 [-0.091, -0.064] -0.085 [-0.099, -0.071]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.011 [-0.023, 0.002] -0.010 [-0.023, 0.003] -0.012 [-0.024, 0.001] -0.012 [-0.025, 0.001] -0.011 [-0.023, 0.002] -0.011 [-0.023, 0.003]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.083 [-0.099, -0.068] -0.076 [-0.092, -0.061] -0.077 [-0.094, -0.062] -0.077 [-0.093, -0.062] -0.067 [-0.082, -0.053] -0.078 [-0.094, -0.063]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.026 [0.017, 0.037] 0.023 [0.013, 0.034] 0.024 [0.013, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] 0.024 [0.013, 0.036] 0.024 [0.014, 0.035]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.088 [0.076, 0.103] 0.082 [0.069, 0.096] 0.082 [0.069, 0.097] 0.083 [0.070, 0.097] 0.078 [0.066, 0.093] 0.083 [0.070, 0.098]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.038 [0.027, 0.051] 0.031 [0.020, 0.044] 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] 0.032 [0.020, 0.044] 0.032 [0.021, 0.045]
FtF BP mean 0.319 [0.310, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329] 0.319 [0.309, 0.329]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.246, 0.266] 0.252 [0.242, 0.262] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261] 0.251 [0.241, 0.261] 0.252 [0.242, 0.261]
Mixed BP mean 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222] 0.211 [0.200, 0.222]
Intercept well-being 1.578 [1.409, 1.745] 1.502 [1.314, 1.690] 1.589 [1.410, 1.768] 1.602 [1.422, 1.782] 1.592 [1.414, 1.762] 1.619 [1.440, 1.802]
FtF BP variance 0.026 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027] 0.024 [0.022, 0.027]
CMC BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.023 [0.021, 0.026]
Mixed BP variance 0.029 [0.027, 0.032] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.277 [0.255, 0.301] 0.253 [0.231, 0.277] 0.256 [0.234, 0.280] 0.253 [0.232, 0.277] 0.235 [0.216, 0.257] 0.258 [0.237, 0.283]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.086 [0.072, 0.100] 0.083 [0.069, 0.098] 0.083 [0.070, 0.099] 0.083 [0.070, 0.099] 0.082 [0.069, 0.097] 0.084 [0.070, 0.099]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.052 [0.040, 0.065] 0.050 [0.038, 0.064] 0.051 [0.039, 0.065] 0.051 [0.038, 0.065] 0.051 [0.037, 0.065] 0.051 [0.039, 0.065]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.099 [0.083, 0.117] 0.086 [0.070, 0.105] 0.087 [0.071, 0.105] 0.087 [0.071, 0.105] 0.081 [0.065, 0.099] 0.087 [0.071, 0.106]
R2 between 0.046 [0.026, 0.072] 0.047 [0.026, 0.076] 0.044 [0.024, 0.072] 0.052 [0.030, 0.082] 0.080 [0.056, 0.110] 0.044 [0.023, 0.075]
R2 FtF WP 0.007 [0.001, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.019 [0.006, 0.039] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.011 [0.001, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.004 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 Mixed WP 0.008 [0.001, 0.024] 0.001 [0.000, 0.005] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.028 [0.010, 0.056] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
Number of participants 1,360 1,136 1,136 1,136 1,135 1,136
Number of observations 46,409 40,289 40,289 40,289 40,284 40,289
Study 2
FtF WP -0.263 [-0.293, -0.234] -0.259 [-0.291, -0.227] -0.258 [-0.290, -0.226] -0.261 [-0.294, -0.229] -0.257 [-0.288, -0.226] -0.259 [-0.292, -0.227]
CMC WP 0.042 [0.014, 0.068] 0.033 [0.002, 0.065] 0.034 [0.003, 0.065] 0.032 [0.001, 0.064] 0.036 [0.005, 0.067] 0.033 [0.002, 0.065]
Mixed WP -0.224 [-0.258, -0.191] -0.217 [-0.253, -0.181] -0.214 [-0.251, -0.179] -0.216 [-0.252, -0.180] -0.213 [-0.249, -0.179] -0.216 [-0.252, -0.181]
Weekend WP -0.035 [-0.051, -0.019] -0.028 [-0.046, -0.011] -0.028 [-0.046, -0.011] -0.028 [-0.045, -0.011] -0.028 [-0.045, -0.011] -0.029 [-0.046, -0.012]
FtF WP variance 0.199 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205] 0.201 [0.197, 0.205]
CMC WP variance 0.159 [0.156, 0.162] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161] 0.158 [0.155, 0.161]
Mixed WP variance 0.122 [0.120, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124] 0.122 [0.119, 0.124]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.322 [0.316, 0.328] 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] 0.317 [0.311, 0.324] 0.317 [0.311, 0.324]
R2 within 0.116 [0.105, 0.128] 0.116 [0.105, 0.129] 0.116 [0.105, 0.129] 0.117 [0.105, 0.130] 0.116 [0.104, 0.129] 0.116 [0.105, 0.129]
FtF BP -0.554 [-0.914, -0.204] -0.587 [-0.968, -0.211] -0.503 [-0.874, -0.135] -0.504 [-0.872, -0.141] -0.456 [-0.816, -0.095] -0.531 [-0.902, -0.165]
CMC BP 0.343 [0.058, 0.625] 0.078 [-0.250, 0.391] 0.133 [-0.186, 0.444] 0.103 [-0.212, 0.414] 0.164 [-0.145, 0.469] 0.113 [-0.205, 0.424]
Mixed BP -0.709 [-0.997, -0.420] -0.713 [-1.043, -0.394] -0.633 [-0.953, -0.326] -0.656 [-0.972, -0.352] -0.622 [-0.932, -0.325] -0.668 [-0.986, -0.363]
Personality trait 0.036 [-0.013, 0.087] -0.051 [-0.117, 0.014] -0.115 [-0.177, -0.051] 0.204 [0.153, 0.255] 0.041 [-0.025, 0.106]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.010 [-0.048, 0.028] 0.041 [-0.012, 0.094] 0.060 [0.010, 0.110] -0.121 [-0.163, -0.079] -0.004 [-0.058, 0.048]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] 0.055 [0.006, 0.106] 0.007 [-0.041, 0.057] -0.047 [-0.086, -0.005] 0.003 [-0.046, 0.053]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.010 [-0.032, 0.054] 0.017 [-0.042, 0.077] 0.026 [-0.028, 0.084] -0.107 [-0.152, -0.060] -0.007 [-0.068, 0.051]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.085 [-0.102, -0.069] -0.082 [-0.100, -0.065] -0.081 [-0.099, -0.064] -0.079 [-0.098, -0.063] -0.067 [-0.084, -0.051] -0.082 [-0.100, -0.065]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.012 [-0.027, 0.003] -0.014 [-0.030, 0.001] -0.013 [-0.028, 0.002] -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.083 [-0.103, -0.064] -0.077 [-0.097, -0.058] -0.076 [-0.097, -0.057] -0.075 [-0.096, -0.057] -0.063 [-0.082, -0.046] -0.076 [-0.097, -0.058]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] 0.017 [0.005, 0.030] 0.016 [0.004, 0.029] 0.017 [0.005, 0.030] 0.014 [0.003, 0.027] 0.017 [0.005, 0.030]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.072 [0.057, 0.088] 0.072 [0.056, 0.091] 0.071 [0.056, 0.090] 0.071 [0.056, 0.090] 0.065 [0.050, 0.083] 0.072 [0.056, 0.091]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.022 [0.009, 0.037] 0.028 [0.014, 0.043] 0.028 [0.013, 0.043] 0.028 [0.014, 0.043] 0.026 [0.012, 0.040] 0.028 [0.014, 0.044]
FtF BP mean 0.331 [0.320, 0.343] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348] 0.335 [0.321, 0.348]
CMC BP mean 0.256 [0.243, 0.268] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258] 0.245 [0.231, 0.258]
Mixed BP mean 0.173 [0.162, 0.184] 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] 0.171 [0.158, 0.183] 0.171 [0.158, 0.183]
Intercept well-being 1.805 [1.610, 2.007] 1.850 [1.636, 2.068] 1.794 [1.587, 2.001] 1.807 [1.601, 2.013] 1.768 [1.567, 1.968] 1.815 [1.608, 2.021]
FtF BP variance 0.023 [0.020, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026] 0.022 [0.019, 0.026]
CMC BP variance 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028] 0.025 [0.022, 0.028]
Mixed BP variance 0.021 [0.019, 0.024] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023] 0.020 [0.018, 0.023]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.268 [0.242, 0.299] 0.245 [0.218, 0.276] 0.245 [0.218, 0.276] 0.240 [0.214, 0.271] 0.222 [0.198, 0.251] 0.245 [0.218, 0.276]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.073 [0.060, 0.090] 0.077 [0.061, 0.095] 0.077 [0.061, 0.095] 0.076 [0.060, 0.094] 0.070 [0.054, 0.087] 0.077 [0.061, 0.095]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.036 [0.023, 0.052] 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] 0.036 [0.021, 0.052] 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] 0.036 [0.021, 0.053] 0.038 [0.022, 0.054]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.077 [0.058, 0.099] 0.074 [0.056, 0.098] 0.074 [0.056, 0.097] 0.074 [0.056, 0.098] 0.068 [0.050, 0.090] 0.074 [0.056, 0.098]
R2 between 0.076 [0.041, 0.127] 0.074 [0.030, 0.143] 0.060 [0.025, 0.118] 0.071 [0.033, 0.130] 0.105 [0.064, 0.161] 0.065 [0.026, 0.126]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] 0.009 [0.000, 0.031] 0.056 [0.024, 0.101] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 CMC WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.057] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.017 [0.000, 0.060] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.045 [0.014, 0.093] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
Number of participants 849 633 633 633 633 633
Number of observations 26,918 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349 21,349
Study 3
FtF WP -0.176 [-0.199, -0.153] -0.172 [-0.196, -0.149] -0.172 [-0.196, -0.149] -0.172 [-0.195, -0.148] -0.173 [-0.196, -0.150] -0.172 [-0.196, -0.148]
CMC WP 0.024 [0.002, 0.046] 0.028 [0.005, 0.050] 0.025 [0.002, 0.048] 0.028 [0.005, 0.051] 0.026 [0.003, 0.048] 0.027 [0.005, 0.051]
Mixed WP -0.119 [-0.145, -0.094] -0.116 [-0.142, -0.089] -0.116 [-0.143, -0.089] -0.114 [-0.141, -0.087] -0.114 [-0.141, -0.086] -0.116 [-0.143, -0.089]
Weekend WP -0.024 [-0.034, -0.013] -0.024 [-0.035, -0.013] -0.026 [-0.037, -0.015] -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] -0.023 [-0.034, -0.013]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.332 [0.328, 0.336] 0.330 [0.326, 0.333] 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] 0.330 [0.326, 0.334] 0.328 [0.324, 0.332]
R2 within 0.064 [0.060, 0.069] 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] 0.064 [0.059, 0.068] 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] 0.064 [0.059, 0.069] 0.064 [0.059, 0.069]
FtF BP -0.792 [-1.095, -0.494] -0.693 [-1.013, -0.381] -0.730 [-1.044, -0.427] -0.741 [-1.048, -0.433] -0.683 [-0.983, -0.382] -0.757 [-1.063, -0.454]
CMC BP -0.061 [-0.429, 0.292] -0.049 [-0.450, 0.329] -0.074 [-0.461, 0.315] -0.077 [-0.466, 0.307] -0.193 [-0.566, 0.184] -0.110 [-0.495, 0.278]
Mixed BP -0.220 [-0.447, 0.013] -0.140 [-0.380, 0.099] -0.160 [-0.394, 0.071] -0.177 [-0.412, 0.055] -0.175 [-0.405, 0.053] -0.180 [-0.421, 0.051]
Personality trait -0.062 [-0.119, -0.004] -0.070 [-0.140, 0.002] -0.063 [-0.129, 0.001] 0.221 [0.172, 0.273] 0.019 [-0.046, 0.084]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.011 [-0.022, 0.043] 0.014 [-0.027, 0.055] 0.017 [-0.019, 0.054] -0.074 [-0.102, -0.045] 0.004 [-0.033, 0.042]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.021 [-0.054, 0.010] 0.047 [0.007, 0.087] 0.006 [-0.030, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035] -0.036 [-0.072, -0.001]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.019 [-0.017, 0.056] 0.021 [-0.025, 0.070] 0.025 [-0.017, 0.068] -0.045 [-0.079, -0.009] -0.005 [-0.047, 0.038]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.080 [-0.095, -0.066] -0.079 [-0.095, -0.064] -0.079 [-0.095, -0.064] -0.079 [-0.096, -0.064] -0.070 [-0.085, -0.056] -0.080 [-0.096, -0.065]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.006] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.005] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.006]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.062 [-0.079, -0.046] -0.055 [-0.072, -0.038] -0.055 [-0.072, -0.038] -0.055 [-0.073, -0.039] -0.050 [-0.066, -0.034] -0.056 [-0.074, -0.040]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] 0.010 [0.002, 0.018] 0.009 [0.002, 0.017] 0.010 [0.002, 0.018] 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] 0.010 [0.002, 0.018]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] 0.057 [0.047, 0.068] 0.057 [0.046, 0.068] 0.057 [0.047, 0.068] 0.055 [0.045, 0.065] 0.057 [0.047, 0.069]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [0.013, 0.031] 0.018 [0.010, 0.028] 0.017 [0.009, 0.026] 0.018 [0.009, 0.028] 0.018 [0.010, 0.027] 0.018 [0.010, 0.027]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.199, 0.220] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.129, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 1.787 [1.688, 1.890] 1.746 [1.637, 1.855] 1.759 [1.653, 1.872] 1.766 [1.658, 1.873] 1.767 [1.663, 1.874] 1.772 [1.665, 1.881]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.343 [0.312, 0.379] 0.334 [0.302, 0.371] 0.336 [0.303, 0.373] 0.335 [0.302, 0.372] 0.306 [0.276, 0.342] 0.338 [0.304, 0.376]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.067 [0.057, 0.078] 0.067 [0.057, 0.080] 0.067 [0.057, 0.079] 0.067 [0.057, 0.079] 0.064 [0.054, 0.076] 0.068 [0.057, 0.080]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.041 [0.032, 0.051] 0.040 [0.031, 0.051] 0.039 [0.030, 0.049] 0.040 [0.031, 0.051] 0.039 [0.030, 0.050] 0.039 [0.030, 0.050]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.073 [0.060, 0.089] 0.070 [0.056, 0.086] 0.070 [0.056, 0.085] 0.070 [0.056, 0.085] 0.069 [0.056, 0.085] 0.070 [0.057, 0.085]
R2 between 0.040 [0.017, 0.072] 0.035 [0.014, 0.065] 0.037 [0.016, 0.069] 0.039 [0.016, 0.071] 0.082 [0.053, 0.118] 0.038 [0.015, 0.072]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.027 [0.010, 0.050] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.010 [0.000, 0.033] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.007 [0.000, 0.027]
R2 Mixed WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.009 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Angry
Table S4.16
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
FtF WP -0.008 [-0.022, 0.005] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.006] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007]
CMC WP 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027]
Mixed WP 0.022 [0.004, 0.040] 0.024 [0.005, 0.043] 0.025 [0.005, 0.043] 0.024 [0.005, 0.044] 0.024 [0.005, 0.043] 0.025 [0.006, 0.044]
Weekend WP -0.026 [-0.034, -0.017] -0.026 [-0.035, -0.017] -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016] -0.025 [-0.034, -0.016]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.232 [0.229, 0.235] 0.228 [0.226, 0.231] 0.230 [0.227, 0.232] 0.229 [0.227, 0.232] 0.229 [0.226, 0.232] 0.228 [0.225, 0.230]
R2 within 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.026 [0.022, 0.030] 0.025 [0.021, 0.029]
FtF BP -0.206 [-0.376, -0.034] -0.180 [-0.340, -0.014] -0.167 [-0.323, -0.011] -0.182 [-0.340, -0.025] -0.149 [-0.303, 0.004] -0.190 [-0.346, -0.032]
CMC BP 0.035 [-0.176, 0.239] -0.030 [-0.228, 0.168] -0.009 [-0.203, 0.194] -0.034 [-0.236, 0.161] -0.102 [-0.294, 0.090] -0.051 [-0.251, 0.148]
Mixed BP -0.063 [-0.192, 0.063] -0.033 [-0.152, 0.087] -0.023 [-0.141, 0.095] -0.032 [-0.154, 0.086] -0.031 [-0.147, 0.083] -0.033 [-0.152, 0.085]
Personality trait -0.002 [-0.030, 0.026] -0.069 [-0.104, -0.035] -0.027 [-0.059, 0.004] 0.087 [0.062, 0.112] 0.006 [-0.025, 0.037]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.004 [-0.024, 0.016] -0.012 [-0.036, 0.014] 0.006 [-0.016, 0.028] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.022]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.006 [-0.019, 0.031] 0.006 [-0.026, 0.036] -0.002 [-0.030, 0.025] 0.013 [-0.009, 0.035] -0.002 [-0.029, 0.025]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.004 [-0.023, 0.030] -0.004 [-0.037, 0.030] 0.008 [-0.022, 0.038] 0.025 [0.000, 0.049] 0.008 [-0.020, 0.037]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.012 [-0.017, -0.007] -0.011 [-0.015, -0.006] -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007] -0.011 [-0.016, -0.006] -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007] -0.011 [-0.016, -0.007]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.005 [-0.011, 0.001] -0.006 [-0.012, -0.001] -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001] -0.006 [-0.011, 0.000] -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001] -0.006 [-0.011, -0.001]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.013 [-0.020, -0.006] -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000] -0.007 [-0.013, -0.002] -0.006 [-0.012, 0.000]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.006 [0.003, 0.010] 0.006 [0.002, 0.010] 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] 0.005 [0.002, 0.009] 0.005 [0.001, 0.009] 0.005 [0.001, 0.009]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.011 [0.007, 0.015] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.010 [0.006, 0.015] 0.010 [0.005, 0.014] 0.009 [0.005, 0.014] 0.009 [0.004, 0.014] 0.009 [0.005, 0.014] 0.009 [0.004, 0.014]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 1.286 [1.228, 1.343] 1.269 [1.210, 1.323] 1.263 [1.208, 1.317] 1.270 [1.214, 1.325] 1.271 [1.218, 1.325] 1.273 [1.218, 1.327]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.029 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.096 [0.087, 0.106] 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] 0.073 [0.066, 0.082] 0.074 [0.067, 0.083] 0.070 [0.063, 0.078] 0.075 [0.067, 0.083]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.014 [0.011, 0.018] 0.014 [0.010, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019] 0.014 [0.011, 0.019]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.022 [0.017, 0.029] 0.020 [0.015, 0.027] 0.020 [0.014, 0.026] 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] 0.020 [0.015, 0.026] 0.019 [0.013, 0.025]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.023 [0.016, 0.031] 0.022 [0.016, 0.030] 0.022 [0.015, 0.029] 0.022 [0.016, 0.029] 0.021 [0.015, 0.029] 0.022 [0.016, 0.029]
R2 between 0.012 [0.002, 0.033] 0.012 [0.002, 0.036] 0.023 [0.009, 0.045] 0.015 [0.003, 0.038] 0.045 [0.024, 0.073] 0.014 [0.002, 0.038]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.009 [0.000, 0.037] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note:Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Worried
Table S4.17
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
FtF WP -0.064 [-0.082, -0.045] -0.062 [-0.082, -0.042] -0.064 [-0.084, -0.045] -0.063 [-0.082, -0.044] -0.062 [-0.082, -0.043] -0.063 [-0.082, -0.044]
CMC WP 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] 0.021 [-0.005, 0.047] 0.019 [-0.006, 0.044] 0.022 [-0.003, 0.047] 0.021 [-0.004, 0.047] 0.021 [-0.003, 0.047]
Mixed WP 0.007 [-0.018, 0.034] 0.007 [-0.021, 0.035] 0.006 [-0.022, 0.033] 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] 0.004 [-0.025, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033]
Weekend WP -0.210 [-0.222, -0.197] -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] -0.215 [-0.228, -0.202] -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] -0.214 [-0.227, -0.201] -0.213 [-0.226, -0.200]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.494 [0.489, 0.500] 0.499 [0.493, 0.504] 0.499 [0.493, 0.504] 0.500 [0.494, 0.506] 0.498 [0.493, 0.504] 0.497 [0.491, 0.503]
R2 within 0.037 [0.034, 0.041] 0.038 [0.034, 0.043] 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] 0.038 [0.034, 0.042] 0.038 [0.034, 0.042]
FtF BP -0.364 [-0.674, -0.055] -0.261 [-0.583, 0.066] -0.332 [-0.664, -0.010] -0.337 [-0.655, -0.010] -0.242 [-0.547, 0.054] -0.378 [-0.702, -0.049]
CMC BP 0.186 [-0.198, 0.566] 0.245 [-0.150, 0.650] 0.224 [-0.196, 0.618] 0.206 [-0.190, 0.620] 0.025 [-0.358, 0.394] 0.139 [-0.270, 0.549]
Mixed BP -0.035 [-0.281, 0.206] 0.036 [-0.214, 0.284] -0.031 [-0.277, 0.212] -0.040 [-0.276, 0.207] -0.032 [-0.256, 0.194] -0.044 [-0.279, 0.202]
Personality trait -0.093 [-0.149, -0.035] -0.039 [-0.111, 0.030] -0.054 [-0.118, 0.010] 0.270 [0.222, 0.317] 0.077 [0.014, 0.140]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.012 [-0.015, 0.040] 0.005 [-0.027, 0.038] -0.002 [-0.033, 0.028] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.017] 0.002 [-0.028, 0.032]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.013 [-0.021, 0.049] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.037] -0.034 [-0.073, 0.004] 0.000 [-0.031, 0.031] -0.024 [-0.064, 0.015]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.001 [-0.038, 0.039] -0.031 [-0.079, 0.017] -0.012 [-0.056, 0.031] -0.006 [-0.043, 0.030] -0.001 [-0.044, 0.041]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.024 [-0.036, -0.013] -0.022 [-0.034, -0.010] -0.022 [-0.034, -0.011] -0.023 [-0.035, -0.012] -0.022 [-0.033, -0.011] -0.022 [-0.034, -0.011]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.006 [-0.020, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.009] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.009]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.027 [-0.044, -0.011] -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] -0.026 [-0.043, -0.011] -0.027 [-0.044, -0.011] -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] -0.028 [-0.044, -0.011]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.004 [-0.003, 0.011] 0.004 [-0.002, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.018 [0.011, 0.026] 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] 0.018 [0.011, 0.027] 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] 0.019 [0.012, 0.028] 0.019 [0.012, 0.027]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] 0.025 [0.015, 0.036] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.035] 0.025 [0.015, 0.035] 0.025 [0.015, 0.035]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.220] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.156] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 1.915 [1.808, 2.020] 1.872 [1.760, 1.986] 1.902 [1.791, 2.017] 1.907 [1.795, 2.018] 1.909 [1.805, 2.012] 1.922 [1.811, 2.039]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.336 [0.306, 0.372] 0.316 [0.284, 0.351] 0.322 [0.289, 0.358] 0.320 [0.289, 0.356] 0.277 [0.250, 0.308] 0.319 [0.288, 0.355]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.019 [0.013, 0.026] 0.018 [0.011, 0.026] 0.017 [0.011, 0.025] 0.019 [0.012, 0.026] 0.018 [0.010, 0.025] 0.018 [0.011, 0.026]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.034 [0.024, 0.046] 0.036 [0.025, 0.049] 0.036 [0.026, 0.048] 0.036 [0.025, 0.049] 0.037 [0.027, 0.049] 0.036 [0.026, 0.049]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] 0.049 [0.036, 0.064] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.049 [0.035, 0.064] 0.050 [0.037, 0.065] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063]
R2 between 0.012 [0.002, 0.030] 0.018 [0.006, 0.037] 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] 0.015 [0.004, 0.034] 0.085 [0.060, 0.115] 0.017 [0.005, 0.039]
R2 FtF WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.007 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.004 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Mixed WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Sad
Table S4.18
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
FtF WP -0.060 [-0.076, -0.044] -0.057 [-0.074, -0.040] -0.058 [-0.076, -0.041] -0.058 [-0.076, -0.040] -0.059 [-0.076, -0.042] -0.056 [-0.074, -0.039]
CMC WP 0.034 [0.014, 0.054] 0.035 [0.013, 0.055] 0.032 [0.011, 0.052] 0.035 [0.014, 0.056] 0.035 [0.014, 0.056] 0.034 [0.014, 0.056]
Mixed WP -0.031 [-0.054, -0.008] -0.031 [-0.054, -0.009] -0.028 [-0.051, -0.006] -0.030 [-0.053, -0.007] -0.029 [-0.051, -0.006] -0.029 [-0.052, -0.006]
Weekend WP -0.033 [-0.044, -0.022] -0.038 [-0.049, -0.027] -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] -0.039 [-0.050, -0.028] -0.038 [-0.050, -0.027]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.142, 0.146] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147] 0.145 [0.143, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.100 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] 0.347 [0.343, 0.351] 0.348 [0.344, 0.352] 0.348 [0.344, 0.352] 0.346 [0.342, 0.350]
R2 within 0.024 [0.021, 0.028] 0.024 [0.020, 0.028] 0.024 [0.021, 0.029] 0.024 [0.021, 0.028] 0.024 [0.020, 0.028] 0.024 [0.020, 0.028]
FtF BP -0.470 [-0.725, -0.210] -0.408 [-0.678, -0.144] -0.440 [-0.708, -0.175] -0.446 [-0.705, -0.178] -0.367 [-0.615, -0.113] -0.468 [-0.735, -0.202]
CMC BP 0.193 [-0.113, 0.504] 0.214 [-0.129, 0.544] 0.192 [-0.140, 0.534] 0.188 [-0.146, 0.511] 0.038 [-0.272, 0.339] 0.164 [-0.172, 0.494]
Mixed BP 0.001 [-0.199, 0.200] 0.019 [-0.185, 0.225] 0.002 [-0.196, 0.198] -0.007 [-0.202, 0.188] -0.011 [-0.197, 0.172] -0.011 [-0.209, 0.192]
Personality trait -0.048 [-0.096, -0.001] -0.061 [-0.121, -0.001] -0.071 [-0.123, -0.017] 0.231 [0.191, 0.272] 0.049 [-0.004, 0.101]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.005 [-0.028, 0.018] -0.001 [-0.030, 0.029] 0.004 [-0.023, 0.030] -0.028 [-0.049, -0.006] -0.012 [-0.037, 0.013]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.009 [-0.020, 0.036] 0.030 [-0.005, 0.066] -0.009 [-0.040, 0.022] -0.007 [-0.033, 0.018] 0.011 [-0.021, 0.044]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.026 [-0.005, 0.059] -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032] 0.029 [-0.008, 0.066] -0.028 [-0.059, 0.002] 0.005 [-0.030, 0.041]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.033 [-0.042, -0.025] -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024] -0.033 [-0.043, -0.025] -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024] -0.030 [-0.038, -0.022] -0.033 [-0.042, -0.024]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.003 [-0.012, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.010, 0.010] 0.001 [-0.009, 0.010] 0.000 [-0.011, 0.010] 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.009]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.029 [-0.040, -0.017] -0.025 [-0.037, -0.014] -0.026 [-0.038, -0.015] -0.025 [-0.037, -0.014] -0.023 [-0.034, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.038, -0.015]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.006 [0.001, 0.011] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.009] 0.004 [0.000, 0.010] 0.004 [0.000, 0.009] 0.004 [-0.001, 0.010] 0.005 [0.000, 0.010]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] 0.016 [0.011, 0.022] 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] 0.016 [0.011, 0.023] 0.017 [0.011, 0.023]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] 0.012 [0.006, 0.020] 0.013 [0.006, 0.020] 0.012 [0.006, 0.020]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.199, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219] 0.208 [0.198, 0.219]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.119, 0.137]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.130, 0.152] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 1.583 [1.493, 1.670] 1.559 [1.466, 1.653] 1.572 [1.478, 1.665] 1.575 [1.483, 1.666] 1.578 [1.490, 1.664] 1.582 [1.489, 1.674]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.021]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.238 [0.216, 0.262] 0.224 [0.203, 0.250] 0.226 [0.204, 0.251] 0.224 [0.202, 0.249] 0.192 [0.173, 0.214] 0.225 [0.204, 0.251]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.017 [0.011, 0.023] 0.016 [0.012, 0.022] 0.017 [0.012, 0.023] 0.017 [0.013, 0.023] 0.017 [0.012, 0.022] 0.017 [0.012, 0.023]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.023 [0.017, 0.032] 0.023 [0.015, 0.032] 0.022 [0.014, 0.030] 0.022 [0.016, 0.030] 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] 0.022 [0.015, 0.030]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.036 [0.027, 0.047] 0.034 [0.025, 0.044] 0.035 [0.026, 0.046] 0.034 [0.025, 0.046] 0.035 [0.025, 0.045] 0.035 [0.026, 0.046]
R2 between 0.022 [0.008, 0.045] 0.023 [0.009, 0.046] 0.025 [0.009, 0.049] 0.027 [0.010, 0.051] 0.097 [0.069, 0.129] 0.026 [0.009, 0.052]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.014 [0.001, 0.044] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Mixed WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.027] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.005 [0.000, 0.026] 0.007 [0.000, 0.032] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
Number of participants 864 764 759 763 763 761
Number of observations 65,213 58,705 58,456 58,697 58,682 58,598

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.19
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
FtF WP .407 [.392, .421] .406 [.388, .423] .407 [.390, .425] .406 [.389, .424] .404 [.388, .421] .408 [.390, .425]
CMC WP .086 [.069, .103] .086 [.066, .107] .106 [.088, .124] .103 [.084, .121] .102 [.084, .120] .089 [.069, .110]
Mixed WP .368 [.348, .388] .369 [.349, .389] .370 [.350, .390] .370 [.350, .390] .366 [.346, .386] .370 [.349, .390]
FtF BP .150 [.103, .198] .113 [.061, .166] .147 [.096, .198] .155 [.104, .205] .140 [.091, .189] .163 [.112, .214]
CMC BP -.039 [-.084, .007] -.045 [-.095, .005] -.029 [-.078, .019] -.023 [-.072, .026] .006 [-.041, .053] -.017 [-.066, .032]
Mixed BP .168 [.127, .208] .130 [.084, .176] .154 [.110, .199] .169 [.125, .212] .172 [.130, .213] .175 [.131, .219]
Personality trait .136 [.108, .164] .119 [.092, .146] .127 [.100, .154] -.325 [-.351, -.300] .013 [-.014, .040]
Personality trait * FtF WP -.016 [-.061, .028] .049 [.004, .095] -.036 [-.080, .008] .120 [.075, .164] .011 [-.033, .055]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.051 [-.113, .010] -.000 [-.063, .062] .023 [-.038, .083] .038 [-.024, .099] .007 [-.054, .067]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.056 [-.105, -.006] .031 [-.017, .080] -.042 [-.091, .008] .123 [.072, .173] .003 [-.045, .052]

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Content / Happy
Table S4.20
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
FtF WP .428 [.413, .443] .420 [.403, .438] .412 [.396, .428] .419 [.402, .437] .420 [.402, .437] .420 [.403, .437]
CMC WP .185 [.167, .203] .169 [.149, .189] .186 [.168, .204] .169 [.150, .189] .170 [.150, .190] .184 [.166, .201]
Mixed WP .429 [.410, .447] .426 [.404, .448] .423 [.401, .445] .426 [.404, .448] .416 [.395, .437] .423 [.401, .445]
FtF BP .222 [.178, .266] .167 [.117, .218] .214 [.166, .262] .223 [.175, .271] .210 [.164, .257] .226 [.179, .273]
CMC BP .104 [.061, .146] .058 [.010, .106] .083 [.036, .129] .087 [.042, .133] .110 [.065, .156] .091 [.044, .137]
Mixed BP .245 [.207, .283] .201 [.157, .245] .237 [.195, .279] .251 [.210, .292] .254 [.214, .294] .257 [.216, .298]
Personality trait .173 [.145, .201] .116 [.089, .142] .106 [.079, .132] -.257 [-.283, -.231] .039 [.013, .066]
Personality trait * FtF WP .006 [-.040, .051] .052 [.006, .098] -.039 [-.084, .005] .092 [.046, .138] .018 [-.027, .064]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.019 [-.092, .054] -.036 [-.109, .037] -.025 [-.097, .046] .013 [-.060, .087] .012 [-.061, .084]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.043 [-.095, .008] .028 [-.023, .078] -.070 [-.121, -.019] .111 [.059, .164] .008 [-.042, .058]

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Stressed
Table S4.21
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
FtF WP -.129 [-.143, -.114] -.133 [-.149, -.116] -.132 [-.147, -.117] -.133 [-.150, -.116] -.131 [-.149, -.114] -.128 [-.144, -.113]
CMC WP .064 [.048, .081] .061 [.043, .078] .054 [.037, .072] .046 [.028, .065] .050 [.030, .070] .046 [.028, .065]
Mixed WP -.054 [-.075, -.034] -.047 [-.069, -.025] -.032 [-.051, -.012] -.045 [-.067, -.023] -.047 [-.069, -.026] -.049 [-.071, -.027]
FtF BP .026 [-.024, .076] .045 [-.010, .099] .033 [-.020, .086] .025 [-.028, .078] .049 [-.003, .100] .020 [-.034, .074]
CMC BP .140 [.094, .186] .128 [.077, .178] .117 [.067, .166] .111 [.061, .161] .091 [.043, .139] .107 [.057, .158]
Mixed BP .030 [-.013, .073] .053 [.006, .100] .046 [.000, .092] .036 [-.010, .082] .045 [.001, .090] .030 [-.016, .075]
Personality trait -.053 [-.082, -.025] -.081 [-.109, -.053] -.077 [-.105, -.049] .263 [.236, .289] -.011 [-.039, .017]
Personality trait * FtF WP .029 [-.034, .091] -.031 [-.093, .031] -.002 [-.063, .059] -.022 [-.084, .041] -.006 [-.068, .057]
Personality trait * CMC WP .021 [-.049, .091] -.060 [-.132, .011] -.068 [-.139, .003] .005 [-.069, .079] -.038 [-.109, .033]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .017 [-.042, .075] -.072 [-.130, -.013] -.022 [-.079, .036] -.019 [-.079, .041] -.029 [-.086, .029]

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Lonely
Table S4.22
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
FtF WP -.356 [-.372, -.339] -.340 [-.358, -.322] -.343 [-.361, -.325] -.343 [-.361, -.325] -.349 [-.366, -.332] -.343 [-.360, -.325]
CMC WP .049 [.032, .066] .052 [.032, .072] .048 [.027, .068] .049 [.029, .069] .048 [.028, .068] .048 [.028, .069]
Mixed WP -.309 [-.327, -.291] -.284 [-.305, -.264] -.287 [-.307, -.267] -.286 [-.306, -.266] -.284 [-.304, -.264] -.288 [-.308, -.268]
FtF BP -.137 [-.183, -.092] -.128 [-.179, -.078] -.138 [-.187, -.088] -.142 [-.191, -.093] -.128 [-.177, -.080] -.146 [-.195, -.097]
CMC BP .077 [.033, .120] .056 [.009, .103] .048 [.001, .095] .047 [.000, .094] .037 [-.010, .083] .041 [-.006, .088]
Mixed BP -.121 [-.160, -.082] -.096 [-.139, -.052] -.100 [-.142, -.058] -.109 [-.151, -.067] -.106 [-.147, -.064] -.113 [-.156, -.071]
Personality trait -.049 [-.078, -.021] -.061 [-.089, -.034] -.087 [-.115, -.060] .215 [.188, .242] .031 [.003, .058]
Personality trait * FtF WP .037 [-.002, .076] .004 [-.035, .043] .047 [.008, .086] -.169 [-.208, -.131] -.007 [-.047, .032]
Personality trait * CMC WP .035 [-.016, .085] .039 [-.011, .089] -.019 [-.068, .030] -.029 [-.080, .023] -.033 [-.083, .016]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .057 [.014, .100] .019 [-.024, .062] .036 [-.007, .079] -.152 [-.196, -.108] -.005 [-.048, .038]

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 1c

Unstandardized Models

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.23
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP 0.174 [0.157, 0.192] 0.175 [0.156, 0.194] 0.179 [0.160, 0.198] 0.177 [0.159, 0.196] 0.177 [0.157, 0.196] 0.177 [0.159, 0.196]
Family WP 0.162 [0.129, 0.194] 0.170 [0.134, 0.205] 0.175 [0.140, 0.209] 0.170 [0.135, 0.205] 0.172 [0.135, 0.207] 0.174 [0.139, 0.208]
Weak ties WP 0.039 [0.016, 0.059] 0.035 [0.012, 0.058] 0.040 [0.017, 0.063] 0.038 [0.015, 0.061] 0.040 [0.016, 0.063] 0.039 [0.016, 0.062]
Weekend WP 0.077 [0.064, 0.089] 0.075 [0.061, 0.089] 0.075 [0.062, 0.089] 0.075 [0.061, 0.089] 0.075 [0.061, 0.088] 0.075 [0.061, 0.089]
Close peers WP variance 0.200 [0.197, 0.203] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204]
Family WP variance 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060]
Weak ties WP variance 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.244 [0.240, 0.248] 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] 0.241 [0.237, 0.245] 0.241 [0.237, 0.245]
R2 within 0.077 [0.069, 0.085] 0.077 [0.070, 0.086] 0.078 [0.071, 0.087] 0.078 [0.070, 0.086] 0.078 [0.068, 0.087] 0.078 [0.070, 0.087]
Close peers BP 0.065 [-0.089, 0.215] -0.016 [-0.188, 0.146] 0.071 [-0.094, 0.228] 0.108 [-0.056, 0.265] 0.104 [-0.043, 0.246] 0.130 [-0.038, 0.291]
Family BP 0.106 [-0.289, 0.500] 0.174 [-0.245, 0.582] 0.141 [-0.278, 0.543] 0.144 [-0.273, 0.553] 0.356 [-0.022, 0.740] 0.251 [-0.179, 0.662]
Weak ties BP -0.128 [-0.529, 0.293] -0.274 [-0.707, 0.170] -0.168 [-0.594, 0.270] -0.124 [-0.550, 0.320] -0.189 [-0.579, 0.198] -0.077 [-0.512, 0.376]
Personality trait 0.107 [0.073, 0.142] 0.150 [0.106, 0.193] 0.134 [0.090, 0.176] -0.263 [-0.295, -0.230] 0.017 [-0.029, 0.061]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.022 [-0.044, 0.002] 0.031 [0.003, 0.060] -0.015 [-0.044, 0.014] 0.033 [0.010, 0.057] 0.001 [-0.029, 0.033]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.022 [-0.066, 0.021] 0.052 [-0.005, 0.107] 0.034 [-0.023, 0.089] 0.061 [0.014, 0.108] 0.019 [-0.037, 0.077]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.031 [-0.057, -0.003] 0.027 [-0.010, 0.062] 0.011 [-0.022, 0.047] 0.030 [0.000, 0.059] 0.002 [-0.033, 0.037]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.021 [-0.031, -0.013] -0.020 [-0.029, -0.012] -0.023 [-0.032, -0.014] -0.020 [-0.029, -0.012] -0.016 [-0.024, -0.008] -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.036, -0.006] -0.023 [-0.039, -0.008] -0.027 [-0.043, -0.012] -0.026 [-0.042, -0.011] -0.016 [-0.030, -0.001] -0.025 [-0.041, -0.009]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.028 [-0.039, -0.018] -0.026 [-0.037, -0.017] -0.029 [-0.039, -0.019] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.019] -0.023 [-0.033, -0.014] -0.027 [-0.038, -0.018]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.024 [0.013, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.036] 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.036]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [0.007, 0.021] 0.012 [0.006, 0.018] 0.012 [0.006, 0.018] 0.012 [0.006, 0.019] 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] 0.012 [0.006, 0.019]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.009, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.008, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.009, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.008, 0.015] 0.003 [-0.008, 0.015] 0.003 [-0.008, 0.016]
Close peers BP mean 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] 0.514 [0.500, 0.529] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528]
Family BP mean 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076]
Weak ties BP mean 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137]
Intercept well-being 2.920 [2.791, 3.052] 2.992 [2.853, 3.131] 2.935 [2.801, 3.069] 2.909 [2.774, 3.043] 2.906 [2.783, 3.027] 2.885 [2.746, 3.021]
Close peers BP variance 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Weak ties BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.210 [0.193, 0.228] 0.196 [0.179, 0.214] 0.194 [0.178, 0.213] 0.196 [0.180, 0.215] 0.163 [0.149, 0.179] 0.203 [0.186, 0.222]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.032 [0.025, 0.040] 0.030 [0.023, 0.039] 0.030 [0.023, 0.038] 0.030 [0.023, 0.039] 0.030 [0.023, 0.038] 0.030 [0.023, 0.039]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.080 [0.059, 0.104] 0.080 [0.058, 0.105] 0.078 [0.057, 0.104] 0.079 [0.057, 0.105] 0.080 [0.058, 0.106] 0.080 [0.058, 0.106]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.018 [0.010, 0.030] 0.017 [0.009, 0.028] 0.018 [0.010, 0.029] 0.017 [0.010, 0.028] 0.017 [0.008, 0.029] 0.017 [0.010, 0.029]
R2 between 0.005 [0.001, 0.019] 0.028 [0.014, 0.051] 0.029 [0.016, 0.048] 0.026 [0.013, 0.045] 0.121 [0.094, 0.153] 0.010 [0.002, 0.033]
R2 Close peers WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.022] 0.006 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.011 [0.001, 0.032] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] 0.014 [0.001, 0.041] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.019 [0.000, 0.071] 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.015 [0.000, 0.068] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
Number of participants 1,351 1,132 1,132 1,132 1,131 1,132
Number of observations 34,323 29,712 29,712 29,712 29,706 29,712
Study 2
Close peers WP 0.168 [0.148, 0.190] 0.173 [0.149, 0.197] 0.173 [0.149, 0.197] 0.173 [0.148, 0.197] 0.172 [0.148, 0.196] 0.174 [0.149, 0.198]
Family WP 0.190 [0.152, 0.226] 0.179 [0.138, 0.221] 0.178 [0.137, 0.220] 0.178 [0.137, 0.221] 0.177 [0.136, 0.219] 0.172 [0.133, 0.214]
Weak ties WP 0.047 [0.022, 0.074] 0.054 [0.025, 0.087] 0.055 [0.026, 0.087] 0.055 [0.026, 0.087] 0.054 [0.026, 0.086] 0.055 [0.026, 0.087]
Weekend WP 0.111 [0.095, 0.127] 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] 0.114 [0.096, 0.131] 0.114 [0.096, 0.131]
Close peers WP variance 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] 0.196 [0.191, 0.200] 0.196 [0.191, 0.200]
Family WP variance 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073]
Weak ties WP variance 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.250 [0.245, 0.255] 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] 0.251 [0.245, 0.257] 0.251 [0.245, 0.257]
R2 within 0.068 [0.058, 0.079] 0.073 [0.063, 0.085] 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] 0.073 [0.062, 0.085]
Close peers BP 0.110 [-0.073, 0.290] 0.130 [-0.077, 0.331] 0.162 [-0.036, 0.353] 0.197 [0.004, 0.386] 0.154 [-0.032, 0.334] 0.183 [-0.015, 0.375]
Family BP -0.025 [-0.411, 0.364] 0.197 [-0.208, 0.602] 0.214 [-0.191, 0.617] 0.147 [-0.247, 0.544] 0.244 [-0.128, 0.614] 0.231 [-0.176, 0.636]
Weak ties BP -0.076 [-0.511, 0.364] -0.162 [-0.647, 0.325] -0.137 [-0.610, 0.342] -0.155 [-0.624, 0.314] -0.212 [-0.651, 0.234] -0.085 [-0.559, 0.392]
Personality trait 0.038 [-0.006, 0.081] 0.079 [0.022, 0.135] 0.136 [0.082, 0.190] -0.225 [-0.267, -0.182] 0.020 [-0.035, 0.077]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.005 [-0.033, 0.025] -0.009 [-0.047, 0.034] 0.001 [-0.035, 0.040] 0.047 [0.015, 0.078] -0.002 [-0.040, 0.037]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.006 [-0.045, 0.056] -0.011 [-0.082, 0.062] -0.007 [-0.076, 0.063] 0.039 [-0.018, 0.095] -0.109 [-0.178, -0.042]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.009 [-0.043, 0.028] -0.007 [-0.058, 0.046] -0.020 [-0.064, 0.028] 0.041 [0.001, 0.081] 0.005 [-0.044, 0.053]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.015 [-0.025, -0.005] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] -0.013 [-0.023, -0.003] -0.006 [-0.015, 0.004] -0.013 [-0.023, -0.002]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.014 [-0.031, 0.004] -0.020 [-0.038, -0.002] -0.019 [-0.038, -0.001] -0.019 [-0.037, -0.002] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.002] -0.018 [-0.037, -0.001]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.033 [-0.046, -0.021] -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] -0.032 [-0.046, -0.019] -0.032 [-0.045, -0.019] -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015] -0.033 [-0.046, -0.020]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.002, 0.021] 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] 0.011 [0.000, 0.025] 0.013 [0.001, 0.026]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.011] 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.008, 0.019] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.025] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.024] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.023] 0.010 [-0.003, 0.025]
Close peers BP mean 0.467 [0.450, 0.485] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.441, 0.481] 0.462 [0.441, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481]
Family BP mean 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100]
Weak ties BP mean 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.135 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145]
Intercept well-being 2.873 [2.723, 3.019] 2.870 [2.715, 3.034] 2.850 [2.702, 3.010] 2.842 [2.695, 2.997] 2.862 [2.723, 3.011] 2.832 [2.684, 2.992]
Close peers BP variance 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013]
Weak ties BP variance 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.191 [0.172, 0.214] 0.172 [0.152, 0.195] 0.170 [0.151, 0.193] 0.166 [0.147, 0.188] 0.145 [0.128, 0.164] 0.173 [0.153, 0.196]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] 0.019 [0.012, 0.029] 0.018 [0.011, 0.028] 0.019 [0.012, 0.029]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.056 [0.035, 0.081] 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] 0.056 [0.035, 0.085] 0.055 [0.034, 0.084] 0.052 [0.032, 0.079]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.014 [0.007, 0.029] 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] 0.018 [0.009, 0.031] 0.019 [0.010, 0.033]
R2 between 0.009 [0.001, 0.032] 0.020 [0.005, 0.054] 0.025 [0.007, 0.062] 0.043 [0.018, 0.082] 0.109 [0.073, 0.154] 0.020 [0.004, 0.060]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.033 [0.004, 0.095] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] 0.040 [0.005, 0.114]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.026 [0.000, 0.107] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031]
Number of participants 841 627 627 627 627 627
Number of observations 20,851 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487
Study 3
Close peers WP 0.440 [0.406, 0.475] 0.450 [0.413, 0.485] 0.450 [0.415, 0.486] 0.449 [0.413, 0.487] 0.448 [0.412, 0.485] 0.447 [0.411, 0.484]
Family WP 0.257 [0.210, 0.304] 0.260 [0.209, 0.310] 0.260 [0.211, 0.310] 0.258 [0.207, 0.307] 0.259 [0.209, 0.309] 0.258 [0.208, 0.309]
Weak ties WP 0.131 [0.086, 0.176] 0.132 [0.086, 0.181] 0.137 [0.089, 0.184] 0.135 [0.085, 0.183] 0.131 [0.080, 0.181] 0.138 [0.090, 0.185]
Weekend WP 0.238 [0.220, 0.256] 0.242 [0.223, 0.262] 0.244 [0.224, 0.264] 0.243 [0.224, 0.263] 0.243 [0.223, 0.262] 0.242 [0.222, 0.261]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.925 [0.914, 0.937] 0.933 [0.921, 0.945] 0.934 [0.922, 0.946] 0.936 [0.924, 0.948] 0.934 [0.923, 0.946] 0.931 [0.919, 0.943]
R2 within 0.071 [0.066, 0.076] 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] 0.073 [0.068, 0.078] 0.073 [0.068, 0.079] 0.073 [0.068, 0.078]
Close peers BP 0.962 [0.666, 1.267] 0.712 [0.407, 1.013] 0.904 [0.593, 1.210] 0.973 [0.671, 1.274] 0.956 [0.687, 1.223] 1.007 [0.702, 1.311]
Family BP 0.893 [0.311, 1.456] 0.896 [0.332, 1.454] 0.837 [0.261, 1.421] 0.920 [0.350, 1.486] 0.955 [0.445, 1.460] 0.908 [0.322, 1.491]
Weak ties BP 0.012 [-1.061, 1.060] 0.002 [-1.035, 1.080] 0.212 [-0.932, 1.352] 0.303 [-0.781, 1.407] 0.715 [-0.277, 1.708] 0.339 [-0.775, 1.459]
Personality trait 0.359 [0.282, 0.438] 0.257 [0.156, 0.357] 0.212 [0.122, 0.302] -0.509 [-0.572, -0.444] -0.008 [-0.099, 0.085]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.021 [-0.071, 0.029] -0.035 [-0.097, 0.027] -0.055 [-0.112, 0.001] 0.038 [-0.008, 0.084] -0.007 [-0.062, 0.047]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.018 [-0.055, 0.089] 0.018 [-0.065, 0.105] -0.042 [-0.119, 0.035] -0.001 [-0.063, 0.061] 0.026 [-0.055, 0.105]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.016 [-0.086, 0.049] 0.037 [-0.047, 0.122] 0.015 [-0.059, 0.090] 0.013 [-0.046, 0.072] 0.034 [-0.043, 0.110]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.061 [-0.091, -0.031] -0.054 [-0.083, -0.026] -0.054 [-0.085, -0.024] -0.052 [-0.082, -0.022] -0.046 [-0.073, -0.020] -0.058 [-0.088, -0.027]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.037 [-0.079, 0.003] -0.032 [-0.072, 0.006] -0.031 [-0.073, 0.009] -0.025 [-0.067, 0.017] -0.029 [-0.063, 0.007] -0.031 [-0.075, 0.010]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.055 [-0.095, -0.015] -0.044 [-0.081, -0.008] -0.047 [-0.089, -0.009] -0.045 [-0.085, -0.003] -0.039 [-0.075, -0.006] -0.043 [-0.083, -0.004]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.029 [0.005, 0.053] 0.029 [0.004, 0.055] 0.028 [0.004, 0.053] 0.028 [0.004, 0.054] 0.029 [0.005, 0.054] 0.028 [0.005, 0.053]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.003, 0.044] 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] 0.026 [0.001, 0.051] 0.025 [0.000, 0.049] 0.026 [0.002, 0.050] 0.026 [0.004, 0.050]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.008, 0.051] 0.014 [-0.016, 0.047] 0.015 [-0.015, 0.050] 0.014 [-0.017, 0.048] 0.012 [-0.016, 0.044] 0.015 [-0.018, 0.044]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.273]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 0.554 [0.414, 0.695] 0.610 [0.468, 0.749] 0.554 [0.410, 0.700] 0.520 [0.379, 0.663] 0.500 [0.375, 0.624] 0.516 [0.368, 0.661]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.709 [0.643, 0.785] 0.590 [0.532, 0.657] 0.638 [0.574, 0.708] 0.632 [0.570, 0.703] 0.489 [0.440, 0.545] 0.656 [0.592, 0.731]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.115 [0.093, 0.141] 0.116 [0.093, 0.143] 0.115 [0.092, 0.141] 0.115 [0.091, 0.142] 0.115 [0.092, 0.142] 0.115 [0.092, 0.141]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.160 [0.124, 0.205] 0.168 [0.129, 0.214] 0.168 [0.127, 0.214] 0.168 [0.130, 0.214] 0.168 [0.129, 0.216] 0.169 [0.128, 0.217]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.067 [0.037, 0.106] 0.071 [0.039, 0.112] 0.068 [0.038, 0.111] 0.066 [0.033, 0.108] 0.070 [0.038, 0.112] 0.069 [0.036, 0.108]
R2 between 0.069 [0.034, 0.115] 0.106 [0.069, 0.152] 0.086 [0.047, 0.135] 0.094 [0.053, 0.145] 0.225 [0.176, 0.277] 0.083 [0.041, 0.135]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Content / Happy
Table S4.24
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP 0.251 [0.226, 0.276] 0.254 [0.228, 0.280] 0.257 [0.231, 0.282] 0.256 [0.231, 0.282] 0.256 [0.230, 0.282] 0.256 [0.230, 0.281]
Family WP 0.285 [0.241, 0.328] 0.299 [0.250, 0.347] 0.302 [0.253, 0.348] 0.297 [0.248, 0.343] 0.301 [0.252, 0.348] 0.301 [0.253, 0.348]
Weak ties WP 0.010 [-0.019, 0.042] 0.004 [-0.025, 0.032] 0.007 [-0.022, 0.035] 0.004 [-0.025, 0.032] 0.009 [-0.022, 0.042] 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034]
Weekend WP 0.096 [0.079, 0.114] 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] 0.097 [0.078, 0.116] 0.097 [0.077, 0.116] 0.097 [0.078, 0.116]
Close peers WP variance 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204]
Family WP variance 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060]
Weak ties WP variance 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.495 [0.487, 0.503] 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] 0.492 [0.484, 0.501] 0.492 [0.484, 0.501]
R2 within 0.068 [0.061, 0.076] 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] 0.071 [0.063, 0.080] 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] 0.071 [0.064, 0.080] 0.071 [0.063, 0.080]
Close peers BP 0.614 [0.437, 0.791] 0.460 [0.261, 0.655] 0.604 [0.412, 0.792] 0.643 [0.449, 0.832] 0.631 [0.445, 0.811] 0.674 [0.478, 0.867]
Family BP 0.814 [0.346, 1.279] 0.779 [0.273, 1.270] 0.761 [0.256, 1.251] 0.780 [0.266, 1.275] 0.985 [0.518, 1.459] 0.883 [0.367, 1.378]
Weak ties BP 0.547 [0.071, 1.011] 0.231 [-0.276, 0.750] 0.420 [-0.087, 0.931] 0.464 [-0.040, 0.982] 0.370 [-0.116, 0.846] 0.503 [-0.002, 1.028]
Personality trait 0.149 [0.107, 0.189] 0.174 [0.123, 0.226] 0.128 [0.076, 0.179] -0.268 [-0.309, -0.228] 0.052 [-0.002, 0.106]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.015 [-0.047, 0.017] 0.034 [-0.008, 0.076] -0.040 [-0.081, 0.002] 0.045 [0.013, 0.078] 0.017 [-0.027, 0.059]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.010 [-0.068, 0.049] 0.055 [-0.024, 0.134] 0.016 [-0.062, 0.096] 0.081 [0.018, 0.144] 0.032 [-0.045, 0.109]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.018 [-0.058, 0.024] 0.029 [-0.023, 0.084] 0.032 [-0.022, 0.083] 0.014 [-0.024, 0.054] 0.010 [-0.044, 0.060]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.022 [-0.036, -0.009] -0.020 [-0.033, -0.006] -0.024 [-0.037, -0.010] -0.019 [-0.033, -0.005] -0.014 [-0.027, -0.001] -0.021 [-0.035, -0.007]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.031 [-0.055, -0.009] -0.039 [-0.065, -0.016] -0.044 [-0.070, -0.020] -0.042 [-0.068, -0.018] -0.030 [-0.052, -0.007] -0.041 [-0.068, -0.017]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.025 [-0.041, -0.008] -0.024 [-0.039, -0.008] -0.027 [-0.042, -0.011] -0.027 [-0.041, -0.011] -0.024 [-0.039, -0.009] -0.025 [-0.041, -0.009]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.045 [0.027, 0.066] 0.042 [0.023, 0.063] 0.041 [0.022, 0.062] 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] 0.043 [0.021, 0.066] 0.042 [0.023, 0.064]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023] 0.008 [-0.002, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.023]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.022, 0.015] -0.008 [-0.026, 0.018] -0.008 [-0.026, 0.017] -0.008 [-0.026, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.026, 0.017] -0.008 [-0.026, 0.018]
Close peers BP mean 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528] 0.514 [0.500, 0.528]
Family BP mean 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076]
Weak ties BP mean 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137]
Intercept well-being 2.171 [2.025, 2.324] 2.305 [2.142, 2.472] 2.205 [2.047, 2.369] 2.178 [2.019, 2.341] 2.184 [2.035, 2.337] 2.150 [1.991, 2.316]
Close peers BP variance 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Weak ties BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.284 [0.263, 0.310] 0.271 [0.247, 0.297] 0.272 [0.247, 0.297] 0.277 [0.252, 0.303] 0.242 [0.221, 0.266] 0.282 [0.257, 0.308]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.049 [0.037, 0.064] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.047 [0.034, 0.062] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.049 [0.035, 0.064]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.128 [0.094, 0.167] 0.134 [0.098, 0.181] 0.131 [0.095, 0.178] 0.133 [0.097, 0.180] 0.134 [0.095, 0.183] 0.134 [0.098, 0.181]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.020 [0.007, 0.038] 0.018 [0.008, 0.039] 0.019 [0.008, 0.039] 0.018 [0.008, 0.038] 0.021 [0.008, 0.036] 0.019 [0.008, 0.039]
R2 between 0.085 [0.043, 0.139] 0.079 [0.045, 0.125] 0.099 [0.056, 0.153] 0.098 [0.053, 0.154] 0.168 [0.120, 0.224] 0.099 [0.050, 0.158]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.024] 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] 0.012 [0.001, 0.037] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.014 [0.001, 0.046] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.059] 0.009 [0.000, 0.078] 0.010 [0.000, 0.092] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044]
Number of participants 1,351 1,132 1,132 1,132 1,131 1,132
Number of observations 34,323 29,712 29,712 29,712 29,706 29,712
Study 2
Close peers WP 0.274 [0.245, 0.303] 0.273 [0.241, 0.306] 0.272 [0.239, 0.305] 0.271 [0.238, 0.304] 0.271 [0.238, 0.304] 0.272 [0.239, 0.305]
Family WP 0.302 [0.253, 0.353] 0.297 [0.244, 0.352] 0.292 [0.239, 0.348] 0.292 [0.237, 0.349] 0.291 [0.238, 0.347] 0.289 [0.236, 0.345]
Weak ties WP 0.024 [-0.013, 0.061] 0.032 [-0.013, 0.075] 0.030 [-0.013, 0.074] 0.034 [-0.011, 0.077] 0.030 [-0.013, 0.073] 0.032 [-0.011, 0.075]
Weekend WP 0.137 [0.115, 0.160] 0.148 [0.123, 0.173] 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] 0.147 [0.122, 0.172] 0.148 [0.123, 0.172]
Close peers WP variance 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200]
Family WP variance 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073]
Weak ties WP variance 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.500 [0.490, 0.511] 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] 0.496 [0.485, 0.507] 0.496 [0.485, 0.507]
R2 within 0.071 [0.060, 0.084] 0.073 [0.062, 0.085] 0.072 [0.061, 0.085] 0.072 [0.061, 0.085] 0.072 [0.061, 0.084] 0.072 [0.061, 0.084]
Close peers BP 0.508 [0.290, 0.732] 0.290 [0.034, 0.556] 0.433 [0.185, 0.692] 0.466 [0.223, 0.720] 0.422 [0.182, 0.667] 0.448 [0.202, 0.705]
Family BP 0.622 [0.169, 1.086] 0.558 [0.057, 1.066] 0.642 [0.135, 1.150] 0.575 [0.071, 1.077] 0.661 [0.178, 1.154] 0.656 [0.154, 1.166]
Weak ties BP 0.786 [0.259, 1.320] 0.485 [-0.127, 1.087] 0.683 [0.074, 1.276] 0.652 [0.056, 1.243] 0.610 [0.030, 1.182] 0.704 [0.101, 1.293]
Personality trait 0.106 [0.053, 0.160] 0.079 [0.008, 0.150] 0.137 [0.069, 0.204] -0.229 [-0.283, -0.172] 0.067 [-0.003, 0.138]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.009 [-0.033, 0.047] -0.005 [-0.063, 0.050] 0.024 [-0.031, 0.077] 0.025 [-0.019, 0.070] -0.007 [-0.060, 0.045]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.033 [-0.035, 0.098] -0.022 [-0.116, 0.074] -0.003 [-0.097, 0.088] 0.046 [-0.029, 0.121] -0.064 [-0.157, 0.029]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.005 [-0.056, 0.044] -0.038 [-0.111, 0.033] -0.032 [-0.099, 0.033] 0.073 [0.017, 0.127] 0.036 [-0.031, 0.102]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance 0.000 [-0.015, 0.015] 0.004 [-0.013, 0.021] 0.005 [-0.012, 0.022] 0.004 [-0.014, 0.020] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.026] 0.005 [-0.013, 0.022]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.012 [-0.040, 0.015] -0.027 [-0.057, 0.005] -0.024 [-0.054, 0.008] -0.025 [-0.055, 0.007] -0.018 [-0.047, 0.013] -0.024 [-0.055, 0.007]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] -0.029 [-0.052, -0.007] -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] -0.020 [-0.042, 0.001] -0.032 [-0.055, -0.010]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.013, 0.025] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.034] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.034] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.019] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.018, 0.031] 0.013 [-0.008, 0.043] 0.014 [-0.007, 0.045] 0.014 [-0.007, 0.044] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.041] 0.015 [-0.005, 0.045]
Close peers BP mean 0.467 [0.449, 0.484] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.101] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100]
Weak ties BP mean 0.140 [0.132, 0.149] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145]
Intercept well-being 2.153 [1.971, 2.328] 2.296 [2.088, 2.496] 2.195 [1.993, 2.391] 2.188 [1.988, 2.381] 2.209 [2.015, 2.396] 2.184 [1.983, 2.380]
Close peers BP variance 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013]
Weak ties BP variance 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.012]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.279 [0.250, 0.312] 0.261 [0.230, 0.296] 0.264 [0.232, 0.300] 0.259 [0.228, 0.295] 0.238 [0.209, 0.271] 0.265 [0.234, 0.301]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.024 [0.007, 0.043] 0.031 [0.015, 0.049] 0.031 [0.016, 0.050] 0.030 [0.015, 0.049] 0.031 [0.016, 0.050] 0.031 [0.016, 0.049]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.079 [0.046, 0.120] 0.079 [0.046, 0.127] 0.080 [0.047, 0.129] 0.080 [0.048, 0.129] 0.079 [0.047, 0.127] 0.079 [0.047, 0.127]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.038 [0.016, 0.065] 0.033 [0.014, 0.062] 0.033 [0.014, 0.061] 0.033 [0.014, 0.062] 0.030 [0.011, 0.058] 0.033 [0.014, 0.061]
R2 between 0.084 [0.031, 0.159] 0.057 [0.021, 0.126] 0.075 [0.022, 0.158] 0.086 [0.032, 0.169] 0.125 [0.069, 0.204] 0.078 [0.023, 0.161]
R2 Close peers WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
R2 Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] 0.009 [0.000, 0.059]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.040] 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] 0.007 [0.000, 0.063] 0.047 [0.002, 0.171] 0.008 [0.000, 0.064]
Number of participants 841 627 627 627 627 627
Number of observations 20,851 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487
Study 3
Close peers WP 0.416 [0.389, 0.444] 0.423 [0.394, 0.452] 0.423 [0.394, 0.452] 0.422 [0.393, 0.452] 0.422 [0.394, 0.451] 0.422 [0.392, 0.451]
Family WP 0.262 [0.227, 0.297] 0.267 [0.230, 0.306] 0.267 [0.229, 0.303] 0.265 [0.229, 0.302] 0.266 [0.228, 0.304] 0.266 [0.229, 0.304]
Weak ties WP 0.100 [0.067, 0.136] 0.106 [0.070, 0.141] 0.105 [0.070, 0.140] 0.106 [0.070, 0.143] 0.106 [0.070, 0.141] 0.107 [0.074, 0.145]
Weekend WP 0.151 [0.137, 0.165] 0.153 [0.139, 0.168] 0.154 [0.140, 0.169] 0.154 [0.139, 0.169] 0.153 [0.138, 0.168] 0.153 [0.138, 0.168]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.516 [0.510, 0.522] 0.519 [0.512, 0.525] 0.519 [0.512, 0.526] 0.520 [0.513, 0.527] 0.519 [0.513, 0.526] 0.518 [0.512, 0.525]
R2 within 0.089 [0.084, 0.095] 0.092 [0.086, 0.098] 0.091 [0.086, 0.098] 0.091 [0.085, 0.097] 0.091 [0.085, 0.097] 0.091 [0.085, 0.097]
Close peers BP 0.853 [0.632, 1.074] 0.635 [0.414, 0.853] 0.789 [0.556, 1.018] 0.847 [0.625, 1.074] 0.852 [0.642, 1.064] 0.872 [0.643, 1.101]
Family BP 0.462 [0.038, 0.887] 0.501 [0.098, 0.904] 0.434 [0.014, 0.860] 0.499 [0.083, 0.931] 0.525 [0.125, 0.930] 0.470 [0.039, 0.905]
Weak ties BP 0.063 [-0.724, 0.862] -0.001 [-0.792, 0.771] 0.214 [-0.629, 1.048] 0.226 [-0.596, 1.046] 0.474 [-0.298, 1.243] 0.251 [-0.579, 1.093]
Personality trait 0.304 [0.246, 0.363] 0.199 [0.125, 0.276] 0.163 [0.094, 0.230] -0.305 [-0.356, -0.254] 0.038 [-0.029, 0.106]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.019 [-0.059, 0.021] -0.029 [-0.079, 0.022] -0.051 [-0.097, -0.006] 0.035 [-0.001, 0.072] -0.002 [-0.046, 0.043]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.019 [-0.036, 0.071] -0.001 [-0.064, 0.064] -0.037 [-0.095, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.049, 0.046] 0.005 [-0.054, 0.064]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.008 [-0.042, 0.059] 0.031 [-0.034, 0.093] 0.003 [-0.053, 0.055] 0.003 [-0.041, 0.047] 0.038 [-0.017, 0.096]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.051 [-0.070, -0.034] -0.046 [-0.064, -0.028] -0.046 [-0.064, -0.028] -0.043 [-0.062, -0.025] -0.041 [-0.059, -0.024] -0.048 [-0.067, -0.029]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.038 [-0.061, -0.016] -0.037 [-0.060, -0.016] -0.035 [-0.058, -0.013] -0.032 [-0.055, -0.010] -0.035 [-0.056, -0.015] -0.037 [-0.060, -0.014]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.029 [-0.051, -0.007] -0.024 [-0.045, -0.005] -0.026 [-0.048, -0.004] -0.022 [-0.046, -0.002] -0.022 [-0.042, -0.002] -0.022 [-0.044, -0.001]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.021 [0.007, 0.036] 0.021 [0.006, 0.036] 0.021 [0.006, 0.036] 0.020 [0.005, 0.035] 0.021 [0.007, 0.036] 0.021 [0.006, 0.037]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [-0.002, 0.026] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.028] 0.014 [0.000, 0.028] 0.013 [0.000, 0.027] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.029] 0.014 [0.001, 0.029]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.000, 0.035] 0.015 [-0.003, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] 0.014 [-0.003, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.002, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.002, 0.033]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.273]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 2.151 [2.048, 2.255] 2.191 [2.090, 2.294] 2.147 [2.038, 2.255] 2.121 [2.017, 2.227] 2.105 [2.004, 2.203] 2.120 [2.011, 2.230]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.392 [0.356, 0.434] 0.324 [0.292, 0.361] 0.359 [0.324, 0.400] 0.356 [0.321, 0.396] 0.309 [0.278, 0.345] 0.370 [0.334, 0.412]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.084 [0.070, 0.100] 0.083 [0.068, 0.101] 0.083 [0.068, 0.100] 0.082 [0.068, 0.100] 0.083 [0.068, 0.100] 0.083 [0.068, 0.102]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.092 [0.073, 0.115] 0.095 [0.072, 0.120] 0.095 [0.074, 0.121] 0.094 [0.073, 0.119] 0.094 [0.073, 0.118] 0.094 [0.073, 0.120]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.038 [0.019, 0.061] 0.038 [0.021, 0.060] 0.038 [0.019, 0.061] 0.037 [0.017, 0.059] 0.038 [0.022, 0.059] 0.037 [0.020, 0.060]
R2 between 0.084 [0.046, 0.131] 0.128 [0.090, 0.173] 0.097 [0.058, 0.147] 0.106 [0.065, 0.158] 0.182 [0.134, 0.235] 0.095 [0.053, 0.147]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.006 [0.000, 0.023] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.008 [0.000, 0.052]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Stressed
Table S4.25
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP -0.107 [-0.131, -0.084] -0.111 [-0.134, -0.086] -0.115 [-0.138, -0.090] -0.113 [-0.136, -0.088] -0.113 [-0.137, -0.088] -0.113 [-0.136, -0.088]
Family WP -0.097 [-0.140, -0.052] -0.107 [-0.155, -0.060] -0.111 [-0.158, -0.064] -0.106 [-0.153, -0.059] -0.108 [-0.156, -0.064] -0.109 [-0.156, -0.063]
Weak ties WP 0.041 [0.010, 0.072] 0.034 [0.003, 0.066] 0.030 [-0.002, 0.061] 0.030 [-0.002, 0.062] 0.033 [0.001, 0.065] 0.031 [-0.001, 0.062]
Weekend WP -0.115 [-0.134, -0.097] -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095] -0.115 [-0.136, -0.095] -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095] -0.114 [-0.135, -0.094] -0.115 [-0.135, -0.095]
Close peers WP variance 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204]
Family WP variance 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060]
Weak ties WP variance 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.535 [0.526, 0.543] 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] 0.528 [0.519, 0.537] 0.528 [0.520, 0.537] 0.528 [0.519, 0.537]
R2 within 0.034 [0.029, 0.040] 0.032 [0.026, 0.038] 0.032 [0.026, 0.038] 0.032 [0.026, 0.039] 0.032 [0.026, 0.040] 0.032 [0.026, 0.038]
Close peers BP 0.293 [0.095, 0.493] 0.331 [0.102, 0.560] 0.295 [0.076, 0.516] 0.257 [0.038, 0.476] 0.259 [0.064, 0.460] 0.229 [0.008, 0.452]
Family BP 0.327 [-0.189, 0.860] 0.184 [-0.403, 0.746] 0.244 [-0.338, 0.799] 0.244 [-0.342, 0.801] -0.013 [-0.518, 0.521] 0.131 [-0.457, 0.696]
Weak ties BP 0.430 [-0.109, 0.984] 0.455 [-0.138, 1.040] 0.410 [-0.173, 0.981] 0.371 [-0.210, 0.948] 0.459 [-0.090, 0.998] 0.335 [-0.248, 0.918]
Personality trait -0.064 [-0.110, -0.019] -0.156 [-0.214, -0.098] -0.132 [-0.189, -0.075] 0.300 [0.256, 0.344] -0.044 [-0.103, 0.015]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.010 [-0.019, 0.041] -0.038 [-0.076, -0.001] -0.008 [-0.047, 0.031] -0.018 [-0.050, 0.013] 0.011 [-0.027, 0.051]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.008 [-0.046, 0.064] -0.031 [-0.101, 0.043] -0.054 [-0.130, 0.019] -0.053 [-0.111, 0.009] 0.013 [-0.065, 0.088]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.035 [-0.002, 0.070] -0.018 [-0.067, 0.028] -0.001 [-0.052, 0.046] -0.006 [-0.046, 0.032] 0.005 [-0.043, 0.054]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] -0.021 [-0.035, -0.006] -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] -0.016 [-0.030, -0.003] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.041 [-0.068, -0.016] -0.041 [-0.068, -0.014] -0.042 [-0.069, -0.016] -0.043 [-0.070, -0.017] -0.034 [-0.060, -0.009] -0.041 [-0.068, -0.014]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.032, 0.004] -0.013 [-0.032, 0.006] -0.014 [-0.033, 0.005] -0.014 [-0.032, 0.006] -0.013 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.013 [-0.032, 0.006]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.018 [0.003, 0.036] 0.016 [0.000, 0.036] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.035] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.035] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.033] 0.016 [0.000, 0.036]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.004, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.006, 0.016] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.015] 0.003 [-0.007, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.006, 0.015] 0.003 [-0.006, 0.016]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.022, 0.017] 0.007 [-0.017, 0.029] 0.006 [-0.018, 0.029] 0.006 [-0.019, 0.028] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.028] 0.007 [-0.018, 0.029]
Close peers BP mean 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529]
Family BP mean 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076]
Weak ties BP mean 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] 0.131 [0.125, 0.137] 0.131 [0.124, 0.137] 0.131 [0.125, 0.137]
Intercept well-being 1.962 [1.795, 2.135] 1.941 [1.745, 2.133] 1.962 [1.774, 2.146] 1.987 [1.798, 2.171] 1.989 [1.818, 2.154] 2.013 [1.824, 2.198]
Close peers BP variance 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Weak ties BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.355 [0.326, 0.386] 0.345 [0.316, 0.378] 0.339 [0.310, 0.371] 0.342 [0.313, 0.375] 0.297 [0.271, 0.326] 0.348 [0.319, 0.381]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] 0.028 [0.016, 0.043] 0.026 [0.015, 0.042] 0.027 [0.015, 0.043] 0.027 [0.016, 0.040] 0.027 [0.015, 0.042]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.093 [0.057, 0.132] 0.088 [0.056, 0.132] 0.087 [0.055, 0.131] 0.086 [0.053, 0.129] 0.086 [0.052, 0.132] 0.088 [0.056, 0.131]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.020 [0.007, 0.042] 0.015 [0.005, 0.033] 0.016 [0.006, 0.034] 0.015 [0.006, 0.034] 0.017 [0.005, 0.034] 0.015 [0.006, 0.034]
R2 between 0.020 [0.003, 0.055] 0.027 [0.006, 0.069] 0.033 [0.013, 0.072] 0.026 [0.009, 0.062] 0.098 [0.070, 0.134] 0.014 [0.002, 0.045]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.011 [0.000, 0.044] 0.001 [0.000, 0.017] 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] 0.009 [0.000, 0.044] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.028 [0.000, 0.153] 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.045]
Number of participants 1,351 1,132 1,132 1,132 1,131 1,132
Number of observations 34,323 29,712 29,712 29,712 29,706 29,712
Study 2
Close peers WP -0.089 [-0.119, -0.060] -0.096 [-0.129, -0.061] -0.099 [-0.132, -0.065] -0.096 [-0.129, -0.062] -0.098 [-0.131, -0.064] -0.098 [-0.131, -0.064]
Family WP -0.134 [-0.181, -0.089] -0.128 [-0.183, -0.072] -0.133 [-0.187, -0.077] -0.129 [-0.185, -0.072] -0.133 [-0.188, -0.078] -0.121 [-0.172, -0.065]
Weak ties WP 0.047 [0.007, 0.088] 0.047 [-0.001, 0.095] 0.043 [-0.006, 0.090] 0.042 [-0.008, 0.089] 0.043 [-0.006, 0.090] 0.044 [-0.005, 0.091]
Weekend WP -0.152 [-0.175, -0.128] -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] -0.153 [-0.179, -0.127] -0.153 [-0.180, -0.127]
Close peers WP variance 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200]
Family WP variance 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073]
Weak ties WP variance 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.555 [0.544, 0.567] 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] 0.556 [0.543, 0.568] 0.555 [0.543, 0.568]
R2 within 0.031 [0.025, 0.041] 0.036 [0.028, 0.046] 0.036 [0.029, 0.047] 0.036 [0.029, 0.046] 0.036 [0.029, 0.047] 0.035 [0.027, 0.043]
Close peers BP 0.264 [0.036, 0.494] 0.143 [-0.130, 0.417] 0.139 [-0.120, 0.400] 0.096 [-0.164, 0.353] 0.143 [-0.108, 0.392] 0.114 [-0.148, 0.376]
Family BP 0.479 [0.002, 0.950] 0.134 [-0.407, 0.686] 0.133 [-0.402, 0.681] 0.197 [-0.336, 0.738] 0.104 [-0.408, 0.633] 0.113 [-0.424, 0.654]
Weak ties BP 0.842 [0.299, 1.393] 0.763 [0.119, 1.408] 0.789 [0.159, 1.422] 0.794 [0.170, 1.417] 0.875 [0.264, 1.476] 0.723 [0.086, 1.357]
Personality trait -0.027 [-0.084, 0.031] -0.094 [-0.168, -0.018] -0.137 [-0.210, -0.065] 0.231 [0.172, 0.290] -0.029 [-0.103, 0.045]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.028 [-0.014, 0.068] -0.022 [-0.080, 0.038] -0.023 [-0.077, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.058, 0.032] 0.009 [-0.048, 0.065]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.014 [-0.051, 0.080] -0.040 [-0.134, 0.051] -0.017 [-0.106, 0.071] 0.023 [-0.050, 0.097] 0.174 [0.085, 0.268]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.028 [-0.023, 0.080] -0.041 [-0.116, 0.034] 0.025 [-0.044, 0.095] 0.001 [-0.061, 0.064] 0.001 [-0.073, 0.075]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.018 [-0.036, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.036, 0.002] -0.018 [-0.038, 0.001] -0.019 [-0.038, 0.000] -0.016 [-0.035, 0.002] -0.018 [-0.037, 0.002]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.039, 0.020] -0.018 [-0.049, 0.015] -0.019 [-0.051, 0.013] -0.018 [-0.050, 0.013] -0.022 [-0.052, 0.009] -0.016 [-0.047, 0.016]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.031 [-0.054, -0.008] -0.036 [-0.063, -0.008] -0.037 [-0.065, -0.009] -0.035 [-0.062, -0.007] -0.037 [-0.063, -0.010] -0.037 [-0.064, -0.008]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.019, 0.016] 0.000 [-0.017, 0.021] 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.016, 0.022] -0.001 [-0.017, 0.020]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.010, 0.017] 0.006 [-0.010, 0.026] 0.007 [-0.009, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.009, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.009, 0.028] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.007 [-0.027, 0.018] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.025] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.025] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.026] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.025] -0.004 [-0.027, 0.024]
Close peers BP mean 0.467 [0.450, 0.485] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482] 0.462 [0.442, 0.482]
Family BP mean 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100]
Weak ties BP mean 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145]
Intercept well-being 1.926 [1.738, 2.112] 2.010 [1.796, 2.220] 2.008 [1.804, 2.213] 2.023 [1.821, 2.224] 1.996 [1.797, 2.190] 2.030 [1.822, 2.238]
Close peers BP variance 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013]
Weak ties BP variance 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.302 [0.272, 0.337] 0.294 [0.260, 0.334] 0.290 [0.257, 0.330] 0.287 [0.254, 0.327] 0.264 [0.233, 0.300] 0.294 [0.261, 0.334]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.026 [0.012, 0.042] 0.027 [0.010, 0.047] 0.028 [0.010, 0.047] 0.027 [0.010, 0.047] 0.028 [0.011, 0.048] 0.028 [0.009, 0.048]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.036 [0.013, 0.081] 0.044 [0.019, 0.088] 0.045 [0.020, 0.089] 0.046 [0.020, 0.089] 0.044 [0.020, 0.087] 0.035 [0.013, 0.074]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.035 [0.017, 0.060] 0.047 [0.021, 0.079] 0.047 [0.022, 0.080] 0.047 [0.022, 0.080] 0.048 [0.023, 0.081] 0.048 [0.023, 0.080]
R2 between 0.045 [0.009, 0.108] 0.029 [0.004, 0.090] 0.034 [0.007, 0.093] 0.041 [0.013, 0.098] 0.088 [0.047, 0.150] 0.025 [0.004, 0.079]
R2 Close peers WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.078] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.005 [0.000, 0.048] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] 0.008 [0.000, 0.073] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] 0.137 [0.031, 0.362]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.053] 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030]
Number of participants 841 627 627 627 627 627
Number of observations 20,851 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487
Study 3
Close peers WP -0.046 [-0.065, -0.026] -0.049 [-0.071, -0.027] -0.052 [-0.073, -0.031] -0.051 [-0.073, -0.029] -0.049 [-0.071, -0.027] -0.050 [-0.071, -0.028]
Family WP -0.019 [-0.050, 0.011] -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018] -0.021 [-0.054, 0.012] -0.019 [-0.051, 0.014] -0.021 [-0.053, 0.011] -0.017 [-0.048, 0.015]
Weak ties WP 0.042 [0.006, 0.078] 0.054 [0.017, 0.092] 0.051 [0.012, 0.089] 0.051 [0.013, 0.088] 0.050 [0.014, 0.087] 0.049 [0.011, 0.088]
Weekend WP -0.234 [-0.248, -0.219] -0.238 [-0.253, -0.223] -0.239 [-0.254, -0.224] -0.238 [-0.253, -0.223] -0.237 [-0.252, -0.223] -0.237 [-0.252, -0.222]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.528 [0.522, 0.534] 0.532 [0.526, 0.539] 0.532 [0.525, 0.538] 0.533 [0.527, 0.540] 0.531 [0.525, 0.538] 0.530 [0.524, 0.537]
R2 within 0.035 [0.031, 0.039] 0.036 [0.033, 0.040] 0.037 [0.032, 0.040] 0.036 [0.032, 0.040] 0.036 [0.033, 0.040] 0.037 [0.033, 0.041]
Close peers BP -0.071 [-0.311, 0.167] -0.025 [-0.284, 0.229] -0.093 [-0.344, 0.164] -0.104 [-0.359, 0.146] -0.062 [-0.295, 0.170] -0.115 [-0.367, 0.139]
Family BP -0.251 [-0.713, 0.221] -0.219 [-0.703, 0.246] -0.247 [-0.711, 0.230] -0.249 [-0.713, 0.240] -0.281 [-0.733, 0.158] -0.282 [-0.749, 0.204]
Weak ties BP 0.521 [-0.349, 1.365] 0.540 [-0.408, 1.456] 0.501 [-0.417, 1.428] 0.438 [-0.483, 1.351] 0.170 [-0.683, 1.008] 0.436 [-0.488, 1.360]
Personality trait -0.076 [-0.142, -0.010] -0.060 [-0.143, 0.022] -0.026 [-0.101, 0.048] 0.322 [0.266, 0.377] 0.073 [0.000, 0.147]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] 0.018 [-0.020, 0.055] 0.013 [-0.020, 0.047] 0.015 [-0.012, 0.042] -0.019 [-0.051, 0.013]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.033 [-0.011, 0.078] -0.023 [-0.077, 0.031] 0.011 [-0.038, 0.061] 0.017 [-0.023, 0.057] 0.006 [-0.046, 0.059]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.011 [-0.041, 0.063] -0.026 [-0.092, 0.040] -0.060 [-0.117, 0.000] 0.010 [-0.038, 0.056] -0.041 [-0.100, 0.019]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.012 [-0.026, 0.002] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.013 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.018 [-0.032, -0.004] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.000]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.023, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] -0.002 [-0.025, 0.020] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.014] 0.000 [-0.022, 0.021]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.033, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.029, 0.024] -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021] -0.005 [-0.032, 0.022] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.020] -0.004 [-0.030, 0.024]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.002, 0.017] 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.002, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.019] 0.008 [-0.001, 0.018] 0.009 [-0.002, 0.020]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.007, 0.014] 0.005 [-0.005, 0.018] 0.005 [-0.006, 0.017] 0.006 [-0.005, 0.017] 0.005 [-0.006, 0.017] 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.005, 0.028] 0.008 [-0.009, 0.026] 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] 0.010 [-0.005, 0.028] 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] 0.009 [-0.009, 0.027]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.273]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 2.254 [2.144, 2.366] 2.241 [2.121, 2.363] 2.266 [2.146, 2.382] 2.273 [2.150, 2.392] 2.279 [2.171, 2.388] 2.275 [2.156, 2.395]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.446 [0.405, 0.493] 0.430 [0.389, 0.477] 0.436 [0.392, 0.485] 0.434 [0.392, 0.482] 0.371 [0.334, 0.413] 0.434 [0.391, 0.481]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] 0.020 [0.013, 0.030] 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] 0.022 [0.014, 0.032]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.045 [0.032, 0.062] 0.045 [0.031, 0.065] 0.046 [0.032, 0.063] 0.046 [0.032, 0.064] 0.045 [0.032, 0.063] 0.046 [0.031, 0.063]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.059 [0.040, 0.082] 0.056 [0.037, 0.080] 0.057 [0.038, 0.080] 0.056 [0.038, 0.079] 0.058 [0.038, 0.082] 0.057 [0.039, 0.082]
R2 between 0.007 [0.001, 0.025] 0.012 [0.003, 0.032] 0.010 [0.002, 0.030] 0.009 [0.001, 0.029] 0.091 [0.064, 0.123] 0.012 [0.002, 0.033]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.004 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.013 [0.000, 0.050] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.006 [0.000, 0.036]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Lonely
Table S4.26
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP -0.172 [-0.195, -0.149] -0.163 [-0.187, -0.139] -0.168 [-0.192, -0.145] -0.167 [-0.191, -0.144] -0.166 [-0.190, -0.142] -0.167 [-0.191, -0.143]
Family WP -0.114 [-0.155, -0.077] -0.110 [-0.153, -0.067] -0.118 [-0.160, -0.076] -0.113 [-0.155, -0.071] -0.116 [-0.158, -0.072] -0.117 [-0.160, -0.075]
Weak ties WP -0.150 [-0.178, -0.122] -0.137 [-0.167, -0.107] -0.143 [-0.173, -0.112] -0.141 [-0.171, -0.111] -0.141 [-0.171, -0.111] -0.141 [-0.172, -0.111]
Weekend WP -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.002] -0.014 [-0.031, 0.002] -0.015 [-0.031, 0.001]
Close peers WP variance 0.200 [0.196, 0.203] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204] 0.201 [0.198, 0.204]
Family WP variance 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.059 [0.058, 0.060]
Weak ties WP variance 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106] 0.104 [0.102, 0.106]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.348 [0.342, 0.354] 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] 0.340 [0.334, 0.346] 0.340 [0.334, 0.346]
R2 within 0.081 [0.073, 0.091] 0.080 [0.072, 0.089] 0.082 [0.073, 0.091] 0.081 [0.073, 0.090] 0.081 [0.072, 0.091] 0.081 [0.073, 0.090]
Close peers BP 0.109 [-0.070, 0.288] 0.187 [-0.015, 0.382] 0.090 [-0.107, 0.278] 0.066 [-0.132, 0.255] 0.051 [-0.134, 0.235] 0.060 [-0.138, 0.251]
Family BP 0.238 [-0.237, 0.687] 0.165 [-0.324, 0.666] 0.166 [-0.324, 0.667] 0.190 [-0.297, 0.693] -0.035 [-0.518, 0.454] 0.094 [-0.399, 0.601]
Weak ties BP 0.498 [0.018, 0.966] 0.638 [0.133, 1.148] 0.522 [0.015, 1.021] 0.489 [-0.016, 0.983] 0.511 [0.029, 1.000] 0.440 [-0.072, 0.944]
Personality trait -0.112 [-0.151, -0.071] -0.121 [-0.172, -0.070] -0.138 [-0.188, -0.087] 0.222 [0.182, 0.262] 0.045 [-0.008, 0.098]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.040 [0.011, 0.069] -0.014 [-0.053, 0.024] 0.017 [-0.022, 0.054] -0.041 [-0.072, -0.008] 0.008 [-0.031, 0.047]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.049 [-0.003, 0.100] -0.071 [-0.137, -0.004] -0.037 [-0.106, 0.028] -0.053 [-0.108, 0.001] -0.039 [-0.110, 0.028]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.041 [0.005, 0.076] -0.023 [-0.072, 0.023] 0.001 [-0.045, 0.046] -0.072 [-0.111, -0.031] 0.000 [-0.047, 0.047]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.064 [-0.079, -0.051] -0.057 [-0.072, -0.044] -0.060 [-0.074, -0.046] -0.058 [-0.073, -0.044] -0.054 [-0.067, -0.041] -0.060 [-0.075, -0.045]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.054 [-0.077, -0.032] -0.051 [-0.075, -0.029] -0.057 [-0.081, -0.035] -0.055 [-0.078, -0.032] -0.047 [-0.070, -0.024] -0.054 [-0.078, -0.031]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.075 [-0.094, -0.059] -0.065 [-0.082, -0.049] -0.068 [-0.085, -0.051] -0.067 [-0.084, -0.050] -0.058 [-0.075, -0.043] -0.067 [-0.085, -0.050]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.048 [0.031, 0.065] 0.048 [0.032, 0.067] 0.050 [0.033, 0.068] 0.050 [0.033, 0.069] 0.048 [0.032, 0.066] 0.049 [0.033, 0.068]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.043 [0.031, 0.056] 0.040 [0.028, 0.053] 0.041 [0.028, 0.054] 0.041 [0.028, 0.054] 0.039 [0.027, 0.053] 0.041 [0.028, 0.054]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.026 [0.007, 0.047] 0.022 [0.003, 0.044] 0.022 [0.004, 0.045] 0.023 [0.005, 0.046] 0.023 [0.004, 0.043] 0.023 [0.005, 0.046]
Close peers BP mean 0.517 [0.504, 0.530] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.500, 0.529] 0.515 [0.500, 0.529] 0.515 [0.501, 0.529] 0.515 [0.500, 0.529]
Family BP mean 0.071 [0.066, 0.077] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.070 [0.064, 0.076]
Weak ties BP mean 0.130 [0.124, 0.136] 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] 0.131 [0.125, 0.138] 0.131 [0.125, 0.138]
Intercept well-being 1.450 [1.299, 1.605] 1.374 [1.212, 1.545] 1.440 [1.283, 1.607] 1.456 [1.299, 1.624] 1.474 [1.316, 1.632] 1.472 [1.313, 1.640]
Close peers BP variance 0.050 [0.046, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054] 0.049 [0.044, 0.054]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Weak ties BP variance 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009] 0.008 [0.007, 0.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.303 [0.279, 0.328] 0.275 [0.251, 0.301] 0.278 [0.254, 0.305] 0.276 [0.252, 0.303] 0.253 [0.231, 0.277] 0.283 [0.259, 0.310]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.062 [0.051, 0.075] 0.060 [0.048, 0.074] 0.060 [0.049, 0.074] 0.060 [0.049, 0.074] 0.059 [0.047, 0.073] 0.060 [0.049, 0.074]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.115 [0.084, 0.150] 0.114 [0.084, 0.150] 0.116 [0.085, 0.153] 0.116 [0.085, 0.153] 0.113 [0.084, 0.150] 0.116 [0.086, 0.153]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] 0.061 [0.043, 0.084] 0.062 [0.044, 0.085] 0.062 [0.043, 0.085] 0.061 [0.042, 0.084] 0.062 [0.044, 0.085]
R2 between 0.012 [0.001, 0.038] 0.036 [0.013, 0.075] 0.023 [0.008, 0.052] 0.025 [0.010, 0.053] 0.065 [0.043, 0.095] 0.011 [0.002, 0.035]
R2 Close peers WP 0.009 [0.001, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.008 [0.000, 0.025] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] 0.008 [0.000, 0.030] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.007 [0.000, 0.030] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.024 [0.005, 0.059] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
Number of participants 1,351 1,132 1,132 1,132 1,131 1,132
Number of observations 34,323 29,712 29,712 29,712 29,706 29,712
Study 2
Close peers WP -0.152 [-0.180, -0.123] -0.155 [-0.188, -0.122] -0.154 [-0.187, -0.121] -0.156 [-0.189, -0.123] -0.152 [-0.184, -0.120] -0.155 [-0.188, -0.123]
Family WP -0.146 [-0.194, -0.098] -0.129 [-0.181, -0.077] -0.129 [-0.180, -0.077] -0.135 [-0.186, -0.083] -0.127 [-0.178, -0.075] -0.125 [-0.176, -0.074]
Weak ties WP -0.170 [-0.204, -0.136] -0.176 [-0.214, -0.137] -0.175 [-0.213, -0.136] -0.173 [-0.211, -0.134] -0.175 [-0.212, -0.136] -0.175 [-0.213, -0.136]
Weekend WP -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018] -0.039 [-0.059, -0.018]
Close peers WP variance 0.193 [0.189, 0.197] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200] 0.196 [0.192, 0.200]
Family WP variance 0.073 [0.072, 0.075] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073] 0.072 [0.070, 0.073]
Weak ties WP variance 0.108 [0.106, 0.110] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107] 0.105 [0.102, 0.107]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.339 [0.332, 0.346] 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] 0.333 [0.325, 0.340] 0.333 [0.325, 0.340]
R2 within 0.085 [0.074, 0.098] 0.086 [0.074, 0.097] 0.085 [0.074, 0.097] 0.086 [0.075, 0.098] 0.085 [0.074, 0.097] 0.085 [0.074, 0.097]
Close peers BP -0.088 [-0.317, 0.139] -0.240 [-0.502, 0.021] -0.193 [-0.440, 0.059] -0.222 [-0.469, 0.025] -0.172 [-0.411, 0.067] -0.213 [-0.462, 0.037]
Family BP 0.165 [-0.317, 0.625] -0.150 [-0.643, 0.350] -0.122 [-0.611, 0.373] -0.056 [-0.544, 0.430] -0.134 [-0.611, 0.341] -0.137 [-0.627, 0.359]
Weak ties BP 0.096 [-0.467, 0.635] 0.179 [-0.438, 0.775] 0.262 [-0.349, 0.854] 0.285 [-0.311, 0.875] 0.353 [-0.229, 0.926] 0.211 [-0.397, 0.800]
Personality trait 0.021 [-0.034, 0.075] -0.064 [-0.136, 0.007] -0.133 [-0.200, -0.065] 0.221 [0.166, 0.277] 0.039 [-0.030, 0.111]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.002 [-0.037, 0.041] 0.047 [-0.009, 0.101] 0.049 [-0.003, 0.102] -0.106 [-0.149, -0.062] -0.015 [-0.069, 0.037]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.008 [-0.051, 0.068] 0.072 [-0.016, 0.154] 0.064 [-0.021, 0.143] -0.098 [-0.168, -0.029] 0.080 [-0.004, 0.164]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.001 [-0.047, 0.042] 0.025 [-0.038, 0.087] -0.002 [-0.060, 0.058] -0.055 [-0.105, -0.005] 0.027 [-0.034, 0.088]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.054 [-0.072, -0.037] -0.055 [-0.074, -0.037] -0.054 [-0.072, -0.036] -0.052 [-0.071, -0.035] -0.040 [-0.058, -0.023] -0.054 [-0.073, -0.036]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.044 [-0.072, -0.017] -0.048 [-0.076, -0.022] -0.046 [-0.073, -0.020] -0.045 [-0.072, -0.019] -0.036 [-0.062, -0.012] -0.047 [-0.075, -0.021]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.062 [-0.084, -0.042] -0.059 [-0.081, -0.039] -0.059 [-0.080, -0.039] -0.059 [-0.080, -0.039] -0.052 [-0.073, -0.033] -0.060 [-0.081, -0.039]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.058 [0.038, 0.081] 0.058 [0.036, 0.083] 0.056 [0.034, 0.081] 0.058 [0.036, 0.082] 0.052 [0.031, 0.077] 0.060 [0.038, 0.084]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [0.012, 0.038] 0.029 [0.015, 0.045] 0.028 [0.015, 0.044] 0.029 [0.015, 0.045] 0.025 [0.012, 0.040] 0.029 [0.015, 0.045]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.047 [0.024, 0.070] 0.058 [0.036, 0.085] 0.057 [0.036, 0.084] 0.059 [0.038, 0.086] 0.054 [0.033, 0.081] 0.057 [0.035, 0.083]
Close peers BP mean 0.467 [0.450, 0.484] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481] 0.462 [0.442, 0.481]
Family BP mean 0.093 [0.084, 0.101] 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] 0.091 [0.081, 0.100] 0.090 [0.081, 0.100] 0.090 [0.081, 0.100]
Weak ties BP mean 0.141 [0.132, 0.149] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145] 0.136 [0.126, 0.145]
Intercept well-being 1.622 [1.439, 1.812] 1.674 [1.471, 1.875] 1.639 [1.442, 1.833] 1.644 [1.453, 1.837] 1.617 [1.430, 1.803] 1.657 [1.463, 1.850]
Close peers BP variance 0.054 [0.048, 0.061] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.046, 0.059]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013] 0.011 [0.010, 0.013]
Weak ties BP variance 0.010 [0.009, 0.012] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011] 0.010 [0.008, 0.011]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.309 [0.278, 0.343] 0.273 [0.241, 0.308] 0.271 [0.240, 0.306] 0.266 [0.235, 0.300] 0.246 [0.217, 0.278] 0.272 [0.241, 0.308]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.061 [0.045, 0.079] 0.065 [0.048, 0.085] 0.064 [0.047, 0.083] 0.064 [0.048, 0.084] 0.058 [0.042, 0.077] 0.065 [0.048, 0.085]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.126 [0.091, 0.167] 0.117 [0.081, 0.161] 0.113 [0.079, 0.157] 0.115 [0.081, 0.161] 0.112 [0.078, 0.156] 0.114 [0.079, 0.157]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] 0.052 [0.033, 0.076] 0.052 [0.033, 0.076] 0.052 [0.034, 0.076] 0.050 [0.031, 0.073] 0.052 [0.033, 0.076]
R2 between 0.008 [0.001, 0.028] 0.020 [0.004, 0.060] 0.020 [0.005, 0.052] 0.033 [0.012, 0.067] 0.071 [0.042, 0.109] 0.019 [0.004, 0.053]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] 0.007 [0.000, 0.031] 0.051 [0.018, 0.103] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] 0.007 [0.000, 0.034] 0.024 [0.002, 0.069] 0.010 [0.000, 0.043]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.017 [0.000, 0.061] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027]
Number of participants 841 627 627 627 627 627
Number of observations 20,851 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487 16,487
Study 3
Close peers WP -0.120 [-0.143, -0.098] -0.118 [-0.142, -0.094] -0.119 [-0.143, -0.095] -0.119 [-0.143, -0.095] -0.118 [-0.142, -0.094] -0.117 [-0.141, -0.093]
Family WP -0.091 [-0.119, -0.063] -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] -0.091 [-0.120, -0.061] -0.091 [-0.120, -0.061] -0.091 [-0.121, -0.061] -0.089 [-0.119, -0.059]
Weak ties WP -0.042 [-0.071, -0.013] -0.036 [-0.066, -0.005] -0.039 [-0.068, -0.009] -0.038 [-0.067, -0.009] -0.038 [-0.069, -0.008] -0.038 [-0.066, -0.008]
Weekend WP -0.028 [-0.040, -0.017] -0.027 [-0.040, -0.016] -0.029 [-0.041, -0.017] -0.029 [-0.040, -0.017] -0.029 [-0.041, -0.017] -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.339 [0.335, 0.343] 0.336 [0.332, 0.340] 0.337 [0.333, 0.341] 0.337 [0.333, 0.341] 0.337 [0.332, 0.341] 0.335 [0.331, 0.339]
R2 within 0.043 [0.039, 0.047] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.049] 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.044 [0.040, 0.049]
Close peers BP -0.348 [-0.551, -0.142] -0.286 [-0.511, -0.067] -0.335 [-0.556, -0.113] -0.343 [-0.566, -0.131] -0.329 [-0.532, -0.121] -0.355 [-0.577, -0.142]
Family BP -0.616 [-1.009, -0.218] -0.563 [-0.984, -0.151] -0.572 [-0.986, -0.161] -0.582 [-0.986, -0.167] -0.598 [-0.979, -0.209] -0.586 [-0.992, -0.180]
Weak ties BP -0.126 [-0.878, 0.593] -0.099 [-0.882, 0.673] -0.158 [-0.954, 0.606] -0.153 [-0.905, 0.632] -0.342 [-1.104, 0.396] -0.171 [-0.953, 0.593]
Personality trait -0.072 [-0.131, -0.014] -0.072 [-0.145, 0.001] -0.061 [-0.125, 0.004] 0.230 [0.179, 0.281] 0.025 [-0.042, 0.090]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.003 [-0.037, 0.030] 0.035 [-0.007, 0.076] 0.038 [0.002, 0.074] -0.034 [-0.064, -0.004] -0.013 [-0.050, 0.024]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.002 [-0.045, 0.040] 0.007 [-0.044, 0.056] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.036] -0.041 [-0.078, -0.003] -0.002 [-0.047, 0.044]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.011 [-0.055, 0.030] 0.025 [-0.027, 0.079] 0.025 [-0.019, 0.070] -0.014 [-0.050, 0.022] -0.029 [-0.076, 0.017]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.059 [-0.074, -0.045] -0.058 [-0.074, -0.043] -0.058 [-0.074, -0.043] -0.057 [-0.073, -0.043] -0.054 [-0.069, -0.040] -0.058 [-0.075, -0.043]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.044 [-0.061, -0.028] -0.044 [-0.061, -0.026] -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026] -0.043 [-0.062, -0.025] -0.038 [-0.055, -0.022] -0.044 [-0.062, -0.026]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.037, -0.004] -0.018 [-0.035, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.035, 0.000] -0.017 [-0.036, 0.000] -0.016 [-0.032, 0.000] -0.019 [-0.037, -0.001]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.025 [0.014, 0.035] 0.025 [0.015, 0.036] 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] 0.024 [0.014, 0.035]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.021 [0.012, 0.031] 0.023 [0.013, 0.033] 0.024 [0.014, 0.033] 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] 0.023 [0.013, 0.033] 0.023 [0.014, 0.033]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [0.008, 0.031] 0.019 [0.007, 0.032] 0.018 [0.006, 0.031] 0.018 [0.005, 0.031] 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] 0.018 [0.006, 0.030]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 1.744 [1.648, 1.841] 1.714 [1.610, 1.820] 1.730 [1.626, 1.832] 1.734 [1.632, 1.836] 1.742 [1.645, 1.839] 1.738 [1.639, 1.838]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.355 [0.323, 0.392] 0.342 [0.310, 0.381] 0.344 [0.310, 0.384] 0.344 [0.310, 0.383] 0.312 [0.282, 0.346] 0.346 [0.312, 0.385]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.057 [0.048, 0.068] 0.060 [0.050, 0.072] 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] 0.059 [0.049, 0.071] 0.060 [0.049, 0.071]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.055 [0.042, 0.072] 0.060 [0.046, 0.078] 0.060 [0.046, 0.078] 0.059 [0.046, 0.077] 0.058 [0.043, 0.075] 0.060 [0.045, 0.077]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.035 [0.023, 0.049] 0.035 [0.022, 0.050] 0.034 [0.020, 0.049] 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] 0.033 [0.020, 0.048]
R2 between 0.030 [0.009, 0.063] 0.030 [0.009, 0.065] 0.032 [0.010, 0.068] 0.033 [0.010, 0.070] 0.083 [0.052, 0.123] 0.032 [0.009, 0.070]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] 0.005 [0.000, 0.019] 0.006 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.006 [0.000, 0.037]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Angry
Table S4.27
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Close peers WP -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.006] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.020, 0.006]
Family WP 0.027 [0.005, 0.049] 0.035 [0.012, 0.059] 0.033 [0.009, 0.057] 0.033 [0.009, 0.058] 0.033 [0.009, 0.056] 0.035 [0.011, 0.058]
Weak ties WP -0.010 [-0.031, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.032, 0.014] -0.009 [-0.032, 0.015] -0.008 [-0.032, 0.013] -0.010 [-0.032, 0.014] -0.012 [-0.033, 0.010]
Weekend WP -0.025 [-0.034, -0.015] -0.024 [-0.034, -0.015] -0.023 [-0.033, -0.014] -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014] -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014] -0.024 [-0.033, -0.014]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.227 [0.225, 0.230] 0.223 [0.220, 0.226] 0.224 [0.222, 0.227] 0.224 [0.221, 0.227] 0.224 [0.221, 0.227] 0.223 [0.220, 0.226]
R2 within 0.020 [0.017, 0.023] 0.021 [0.018, 0.025] 0.021 [0.017, 0.025] 0.021 [0.017, 0.025] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.024]
Close peers BP -0.085 [-0.200, 0.029] -0.086 [-0.194, 0.022] -0.073 [-0.179, 0.033] -0.092 [-0.200, 0.015] -0.084 [-0.185, 0.019] -0.095 [-0.204, 0.009]
Family BP -0.274 [-0.491, -0.057] -0.221 [-0.421, -0.023] -0.225 [-0.427, -0.027] -0.233 [-0.430, -0.035] -0.242 [-0.436, -0.052] -0.240 [-0.438, -0.037]
Weak ties BP -0.185 [-0.594, 0.210] -0.306 [-0.690, 0.079] -0.265 [-0.652, 0.113] -0.313 [-0.695, 0.075] -0.390 [-0.768, -0.017] -0.305 [-0.689, 0.070]
Personality trait -0.005 [-0.033, 0.024] -0.071 [-0.105, -0.036] -0.025 [-0.057, 0.007] 0.088 [0.064, 0.113] 0.005 [-0.026, 0.036]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.001 [-0.020, 0.017] -0.009 [-0.033, 0.015] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032] 0.014 [-0.004, 0.032] 0.001 [-0.020, 0.022]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.020 [-0.015, 0.053] -0.002 [-0.042, 0.038] 0.018 [-0.017, 0.054] 0.015 [-0.015, 0.046] -0.002 [-0.039, 0.036]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.006 [-0.023, 0.040] -0.007 [-0.043, 0.033] -0.003 [-0.037, 0.032] 0.012 [-0.015, 0.042] 0.017 [-0.018, 0.054]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.008 [-0.013, -0.004] -0.009 [-0.013, -0.005] -0.010 [-0.014, -0.006] -0.009 [-0.013, -0.005] -0.010 [-0.015, -0.006] -0.010 [-0.014, -0.005]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.017, -0.001] -0.004 [-0.011, 0.004] -0.004 [-0.011, 0.004] -0.003 [-0.010, 0.004] -0.004 [-0.011, 0.003] -0.003 [-0.011, 0.004]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.014, 0.001] -0.005 [-0.012, 0.002] -0.005 [-0.013, 0.002] -0.005 [-0.013, 0.002] -0.006 [-0.013, 0.001] -0.006 [-0.013, 0.002]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.012 [0.008, 0.017] 0.013 [0.008, 0.018] 0.013 [0.008, 0.018] 0.013 [0.008, 0.017] 0.013 [0.008, 0.017] 0.012 [0.008, 0.017]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.001, 0.008] 0.003 [-0.001, 0.007] 0.003 [-0.002, 0.007] 0.003 [-0.002, 0.007] 0.003 [-0.001, 0.007] 0.002 [-0.002, 0.007]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [0.000, 0.014] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.014] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.014] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 1.291 [1.238, 1.345] 1.279 [1.228, 1.329] 1.274 [1.224, 1.324] 1.282 [1.231, 1.331] 1.285 [1.237, 1.333] 1.282 [1.233, 1.332]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.098 [0.088, 0.108] 0.075 [0.068, 0.084] 0.074 [0.067, 0.082] 0.075 [0.068, 0.084] 0.071 [0.063, 0.079] 0.076 [0.068, 0.084]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.010 [0.007, 0.014] 0.010 [0.006, 0.014] 0.009 [0.006, 0.013] 0.009 [0.005, 0.013] 0.009 [0.006, 0.013] 0.009 [0.006, 0.013]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.037 [0.028, 0.048] 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] 0.038 [0.029, 0.048] 0.038 [0.030, 0.050]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.011 [0.002, 0.020] 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] 0.013 [0.004, 0.023] 0.013 [0.005, 0.023] 0.013 [0.007, 0.024] 0.011 [0.005, 0.019]
R2 between 0.016 [0.003, 0.045] 0.020 [0.004, 0.053] 0.030 [0.012, 0.061] 0.024 [0.006, 0.057] 0.059 [0.032, 0.097] 0.023 [0.005, 0.057]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026] 0.007 [0.000, 0.036] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.020] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.007 [0.000, 0.061]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Worried
Table S4.28
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Close peers WP -0.038 [-0.058, -0.020] -0.041 [-0.062, -0.019] -0.042 [-0.063, -0.021] -0.041 [-0.062, -0.020] -0.040 [-0.060, -0.019] -0.041 [-0.061, -0.021]
Family WP -0.011 [-0.037, 0.016] -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.020] -0.008 [-0.037, 0.021] -0.009 [-0.038, 0.021] -0.004 [-0.033, 0.024]
Weak ties WP -0.044 [-0.078, -0.012] -0.040 [-0.076, -0.004] -0.040 [-0.075, -0.005] -0.040 [-0.076, -0.006] -0.040 [-0.073, -0.007] -0.041 [-0.077, -0.006]
Weekend WP -0.205 [-0.219, -0.191] -0.208 [-0.222, -0.195] -0.210 [-0.224, -0.195] -0.209 [-0.223, -0.195] -0.208 [-0.223, -0.194] -0.208 [-0.222, -0.193]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.489 [0.483, 0.495] 0.494 [0.488, 0.501] 0.494 [0.488, 0.500] 0.496 [0.489, 0.502] 0.494 [0.488, 0.500] 0.492 [0.486, 0.499]
R2 within 0.029 [0.026, 0.033] 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] 0.031 [0.027, 0.035] 0.030 [0.026, 0.034] 0.030 [0.027, 0.035] 0.030 [0.026, 0.034]
Close peers BP -0.151 [-0.364, 0.055] -0.086 [-0.307, 0.138] -0.170 [-0.387, 0.056] -0.174 [-0.397, 0.047] -0.139 [-0.343, 0.065] -0.190 [-0.411, 0.029]
Family BP -0.416 [-0.825, -0.010] -0.398 [-0.804, 0.027] -0.422 [-0.840, -0.008] -0.422 [-0.840, -0.010] -0.446 [-0.832, -0.063] -0.453 [-0.863, -0.042]
Weak ties BP 0.223 [-0.531, 0.966] 0.187 [-0.613, 0.976] 0.172 [-0.656, 0.958] 0.096 [-0.705, 0.894] -0.153 [-0.888, 0.590] 0.080 [-0.692, 0.884]
Personality trait -0.099 [-0.157, -0.041] -0.038 [-0.109, 0.033] -0.050 [-0.115, 0.015] 0.276 [0.228, 0.325] 0.082 [0.017, 0.146]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.011 [-0.017, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.030, 0.044] -0.002 [-0.034, 0.031] 0.000 [-0.025, 0.027] 0.001 [-0.030, 0.033]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.003 [-0.040, 0.045] -0.041 [-0.091, 0.009] -0.003 [-0.048, 0.041] -0.005 [-0.043, 0.033] -0.017 [-0.065, 0.028]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.037 [-0.012, 0.087] 0.001 [-0.057, 0.063] -0.041 [-0.095, 0.010] -0.014 [-0.056, 0.028] -0.016 [-0.070, 0.037]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.015 [-0.026, -0.003] -0.015 [-0.028, -0.002] -0.016 [-0.028, -0.004] -0.016 [-0.029, -0.003] -0.016 [-0.028, -0.005] -0.016 [-0.029, -0.004]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.014 [-0.031, 0.003] -0.012 [-0.029, 0.005] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.011 [-0.027, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.008]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007] -0.011 [-0.033, 0.009] -0.012 [-0.033, 0.008] -0.015 [-0.036, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] 0.012 [0.004, 0.020] 0.012 [0.003, 0.020] 0.011 [0.003, 0.019] 0.012 [0.005, 0.021] 0.011 [0.004, 0.021]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.001, 0.018] 0.010 [0.000, 0.019] 0.011 [0.003, 0.020] 0.012 [0.002, 0.022] 0.012 [0.001, 0.022] 0.010 [0.001, 0.019]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.011, 0.011] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.015, 0.011] -0.003 [-0.015, 0.012] -0.004 [-0.017, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.014, 0.014]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.272] 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.241, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 1.916 [1.818, 2.012] 1.897 [1.795, 2.000] 1.925 [1.820, 2.029] 1.930 [1.828, 2.034] 1.936 [1.840, 2.031] 1.937 [1.835, 2.038]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.345 [0.314, 0.381] 0.324 [0.291, 0.360] 0.331 [0.298, 0.368] 0.329 [0.297, 0.366] 0.283 [0.256, 0.316] 0.328 [0.295, 0.364]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.019 [0.012, 0.027] 0.021 [0.014, 0.030] 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] 0.021 [0.013, 0.029] 0.020 [0.013, 0.029] 0.021 [0.014, 0.029]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.033 [0.021, 0.048] 0.033 [0.020, 0.048] 0.034 [0.023, 0.049] 0.034 [0.021, 0.049] 0.034 [0.021, 0.049] 0.032 [0.020, 0.048]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.034 [0.019, 0.050] 0.035 [0.019, 0.055] 0.037 [0.020, 0.058] 0.036 [0.015, 0.055] 0.035 [0.018, 0.056] 0.038 [0.021, 0.058]
R2 between 0.012 [0.001, 0.036] 0.020 [0.006, 0.045] 0.015 [0.003, 0.043] 0.016 [0.003, 0.045] 0.096 [0.066, 0.132] 0.021 [0.005, 0.050]
R2 Close peers WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.008 [0.000, 0.042] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.011 [0.000, 0.065] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.010 [0.000, 0.052] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Sad
Table S4.29
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
Close peers WP -0.030 [-0.047, -0.012] -0.029 [-0.047, -0.011] -0.030 [-0.049, -0.011] -0.029 [-0.047, -0.010] -0.029 [-0.048, -0.012] -0.028 [-0.046, -0.010]
Family WP -0.002 [-0.026, 0.023] -0.004 [-0.031, 0.023] -0.003 [-0.030, 0.023] -0.001 [-0.027, 0.024] -0.002 [-0.028, 0.024] 0.001 [-0.025, 0.029]
Weak ties WP -0.037 [-0.066, -0.009] -0.037 [-0.066, -0.009] -0.041 [-0.070, -0.013] -0.039 [-0.068, -0.010] -0.038 [-0.066, -0.008] -0.040 [-0.069, -0.010]
Weekend WP -0.035 [-0.047, -0.024] -0.039 [-0.051, -0.027] -0.040 [-0.052, -0.028] -0.040 [-0.051, -0.027] -0.040 [-0.052, -0.028] -0.039 [-0.051, -0.027]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.346 [0.342, 0.350] 0.346 [0.342, 0.351] 0.347 [0.343, 0.352] 0.348 [0.343, 0.352] 0.348 [0.343, 0.352] 0.346 [0.342, 0.350]
R2 within 0.018 [0.015, 0.022] 0.019 [0.015, 0.022] 0.018 [0.014, 0.022] 0.019 [0.016, 0.023] 0.019 [0.016, 0.023] 0.019 [0.015, 0.022]
Close peers BP -0.086 [-0.265, 0.092] -0.060 [-0.246, 0.125] -0.095 [-0.277, 0.091] -0.097 [-0.282, 0.087] -0.080 [-0.249, 0.092] -0.117 [-0.301, 0.068]
Family BP -0.542 [-0.888, -0.191] -0.528 [-0.870, -0.186] -0.526 [-0.867, -0.184] -0.539 [-0.884, -0.202] -0.555 [-0.873, -0.242] -0.551 [-0.894, -0.197]
Weak ties BP -0.025 [-0.664, 0.607] 0.003 [-0.663, 0.662] -0.040 [-0.705, 0.653] -0.064 [-0.714, 0.605] -0.279 [-0.897, 0.335] -0.071 [-0.746, 0.594]
Personality trait -0.062 [-0.112, -0.014] -0.063 [-0.122, -0.002] -0.074 [-0.128, -0.020] 0.242 [0.202, 0.283] 0.053 [-0.002, 0.107]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.004 [-0.022, 0.029] 0.022 [-0.010, 0.055] 0.007 [-0.021, 0.036] -0.017 [-0.039, 0.007] 0.008 [-0.020, 0.037]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.023 [-0.060, 0.014] -0.003 [-0.049, 0.042] -0.005 [-0.045, 0.036] -0.012 [-0.045, 0.022] -0.044 [-0.084, -0.002]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.018 [-0.022, 0.057] -0.015 [-0.065, 0.033] 0.011 [-0.031, 0.053] -0.029 [-0.065, 0.009] 0.013 [-0.032, 0.059]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] -0.021 [-0.031, -0.012] -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] -0.022 [-0.031, -0.012] -0.019 [-0.028, -0.011] -0.022 [-0.032, -0.013]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.023, 0.003] -0.012 [-0.025, 0.002] -0.011 [-0.025, 0.003] -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] -0.009 [-0.021, 0.003] -0.009 [-0.023, 0.004]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.033, -0.006] -0.016 [-0.031, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.031, -0.003] -0.017 [-0.032, -0.002] -0.013 [-0.026, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.005]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.000 [-0.006, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] 0.001 [-0.006, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.005, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.005, 0.007] 0.001 [-0.006, 0.007]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [0.000, 0.014] 0.004 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.005, 0.013] 0.002 [-0.007, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.008, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.007, 0.012] 0.003 [-0.006, 0.012] 0.004 [-0.005, 0.014]
Close peers BP mean 0.257 [0.243, 0.272] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273] 0.258 [0.242, 0.273] 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] 0.257 [0.241, 0.273] 0.257 [0.242, 0.273]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.104] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.104] 0.096 [0.087, 0.104]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 1.586 [1.503, 1.670] 1.570 [1.483, 1.660] 1.584 [1.498, 1.673] 1.587 [1.499, 1.673] 1.596 [1.513, 1.675] 1.592 [1.504, 1.680]
Close peers BP variance 0.044 [0.040, 0.049] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.246 [0.223, 0.272] 0.231 [0.208, 0.257] 0.233 [0.210, 0.259] 0.231 [0.208, 0.257] 0.195 [0.176, 0.218] 0.232 [0.210, 0.258]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.021 [0.015, 0.027] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] 0.019 [0.014, 0.026] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] 0.020 [0.014, 0.027] 0.019 [0.013, 0.026]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.030 [0.020, 0.042] 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] 0.032 [0.021, 0.045] 0.033 [0.023, 0.046] 0.033 [0.023, 0.045] 0.032 [0.022, 0.045]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.023 [0.013, 0.037] 0.020 [0.010, 0.034] 0.021 [0.008, 0.034] 0.021 [0.011, 0.035] 0.022 [0.012, 0.036] 0.021 [0.011, 0.035]
R2 between 0.018 [0.004, 0.046] 0.024 [0.007, 0.054] 0.023 [0.006, 0.054] 0.026 [0.008, 0.058] 0.113 [0.080, 0.152] 0.025 [0.007, 0.058]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.005 [0.000, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.013 [0.000, 0.047]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.012 [0.000, 0.062] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038]
Number of participants 862 762 757 761 761 759
Number of observations 55,948 50,134 49,920 50,106 50,103 50,026

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.30
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP .372 [.354, .389] .379 [.362, .397] .384 [.366, .401] .382 [.364, .399] .380 [.363, .398] .381 [.364, .399]
Family WP .284 [.256, .312] .290 [.260, .320] .294 [.263, .324] .283 [.256, .311] .289 [.257, .320] .290 [.260, .320]
Weak ties WP .087 [.064, .111] .097 [.070, .124] .102 [.076, .129] .098 [.071, .126] .101 [.074, .128] .101 [.074, .128]
Close peers BP .122 [.077, .167] .089 [.038, .139] .125 [.076, .173] .145 [.097, .193] .147 [.102, .192] .151 [.103, .200]
Family BP .050 [.005, .095] .072 [.024, .120] .066 [.017, .114] .069 [.022, .116] .096 [.051, .141] .078 [.031, .126]
Weak ties BP -.012 [-.059, .035] -.027 [-.078, .023] -.013 [-.063, .038] -.007 [-.058, .043] -.002 [-.049, .046] .001 [-.049, .051]
Personality trait .152 [.123, .181] .124 [.097, .152] .130 [.102, .157] -.335 [-.361, -.309] .011 [-.017, .039]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -.047 [-.097, .003] .014 [-.035, .062] -.047 [-.095, .002] .099 [.050, .148] -.004 [-.053, .045]
Personality trait * Family WP -.007 [-.063, .049] .035 [-.021, .091] -.003 [-.058, .053] .062 [.007, .118] -.013 [-.069, .042]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.075 [-.154, .005] .052 [-.028, .131] .009 [-.068, .086] .097 [.017, .177] .027 [-.050, .104]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Content / Happy
Table S4.31
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP .423 [.407, .440] .442 [.424, .460] .442 [.424, .460] .441 [.423, .459] .441 [.423, .459] .441 [.423, .459]
Family WP .363 [.335, .391] .367 [.339, .396] .374 [.344, .405] .363 [.335, .391] .372 [.342, .403] .372 [.342, .403]
Weak ties WP .049 [.024, .073] .063 [.036, .090] .062 [.035, .088] .064 [.037, .092] .056 [.031, .081] .063 [.036, .090]
Close peers BP .250 [.208, .291] .190 [.141, .239] .240 [.193, .286] .256 [.210, .302] .259 [.215, .303] .261 [.216, .306]
Family BP .106 [.064, .149] .108 [.061, .154] .104 [.057, .151] .106 [.060, .153] .127 [.083, .172] .114 [.067, .160]
Weak ties BP .068 [.023, .114] .031 [-.018, .081] .060 [.011, .109] .062 [.013, .110] .065 [.017, .112] .066 [.018, .115]
Personality trait .184 [.155, .212] .118 [.090, .145] .110 [.082, .137] -.265 [-.291, -.239] .039 [.011, .067]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -.027 [-.078, .025] .002 [-.049, .053] -.061 [-.112, -.010] .087 [.037, .137] .008 [-.042, .058]
Personality trait * Family WP .018 [-.040, .077] .019 [-.039, .077] -.019 [-.079, .040] .061 [.001, .120] .003 [-.054, .061]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.015 [-.104, .075] .031 [-.061, .124] .003 [-.087, .093] .069 [-.018, .155] .072 [-.015, .160]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Stressed
Table S4.32
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP -.098 [-.112, -.083] -.106 [-.124, -.088] -.111 [-.129, -.094] -.110 [-.128, -.092] -.108 [-.126, -.090] -.109 [-.127, -.091]
Family WP -.087 [-.114, -.061] -.083 [-.114, -.052] -.081 [-.109, -.053] -.076 [-.104, -.048] -.074 [-.103, -.045] -.078 [-.106, -.050]
Weak ties WP .054 [.030, .079] .056 [.029, .084] .051 [.023, .078] .050 [.023, .078] .056 [.027, .084] .047 [.020, .074]
Close peers BP .060 [.014, .105] .056 [.004, .108] .044 [-.006, .094] .033 [-.017, .083] .044 [-.004, .092] .028 [-.023, .079]
Family BP .027 [-.018, .073] .002 [-.048, .052] .003 [-.046, .052] .005 [-.045, .055] -.015 [-.062, .033] -.006 [-.056, .045]
Weak ties BP .078 [.030, .125] .074 [.022, .127] .071 [.020, .123] .068 [.016, .119] .067 [.017, .118] .063 [.010, .115]
Personality trait -.054 [-.083, -.025] -.080 [-.108, -.051] -.077 [-.105, -.048] .272 [.245, .298] -.004 [-.033, .024]
Personality trait * Close peers WP .018 [-.050, .086] -.036 [-.104, .033] -.005 [-.071, .062] -.009 [-.075, .058] -.010 [-.075, .055]
Personality trait * Family WP .047 [-.024, .118] -.049 [-.119, .020] -.026 [-.097, .045] -.011 [-.082, .061] .060 [-.014, .134]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .065 [-.016, .147] -.059 [-.141, .022] -.044 [-.125, .037] .007 [-.075, .088] -.036 [-.116, .045]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Lonely
Table S4.33
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP -.227 [-.244, -.209] -.221 [-.239, -.203] -.229 [-.246, -.212] -.228 [-.245, -.212] -.224 [-.242, -.206] -.227 [-.244, -.211]
Family WP -.166 [-.193, -.140] -.163 [-.194, -.131] -.162 [-.191, -.134] -.168 [-.200, -.137] -.163 [-.191, -.136] -.165 [-.196, -.133]
Weak ties WP -.187 [-.213, -.161] -.177 [-.203, -.151] -.181 [-.207, -.155] -.177 [-.203, -.151] -.174 [-.201, -.147] -.173 [-.200, -.146]
Close peers BP -.040 [-.084, .005] -.032 [-.082, .018] -.051 [-.100, -.003] -.059 [-.108, -.011] -.059 [-.106, -.011] -.064 [-.112, -.015]
Family BP -.022 [-.066, .022] -.037 [-.085, .011] -.036 [-.084, .012] -.034 [-.082, .013] -.055 [-.102, -.008] -.045 [-.093, .003]
Weak ties BP .028 [-.018, .075] .041 [-.009, .091] .035 [-.015, .085] .033 [-.016, .082] .030 [-.020, .079] .026 [-.024, .077]
Personality trait -.069 [-.098, -.040] -.073 [-.101, -.045] -.093 [-.120, -.065] .228 [.201, .256] .030 [.002, .059]
Personality trait * Close peers WP .037 [-.006, .080] .029 [-.014, .073] .058 [.015, .101] -.116 [-.160, -.072] -.010 [-.053, .033]
Personality trait * Family WP .034 [-.019, .088] -.009 [-.060, .043] -.003 [-.055, .049] -.107 [-.162, -.053] .005 [-.048, .058]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .038 [-.021, .097] .005 [-.054, .063] .017 [-.041, .074] -.118 [-.178, -.058] -.004 [-.062, .054]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: no social interaction). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2a

Unstandardized Models

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.34
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.243 [-0.264, -0.222] -0.238 [-0.261, -0.215] -0.237 [-0.260, -0.215] -0.237 [-0.260, -0.215] -0.237 [-0.259, -0.214] -0.239 [-0.261, -0.216]
Mixed WP -0.018 [-0.039, 0.004] -0.016 [-0.040, 0.007] -0.016 [-0.039, 0.007] -0.016 [-0.039, 0.008] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.006] -0.015 [-0.039, 0.008]
Family WP -0.003 [-0.034, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.025, 0.044] 0.009 [-0.025, 0.043] 0.006 [-0.028, 0.041] 0.007 [-0.027, 0.040] 0.008 [-0.026, 0.043]
Weak ties WP -0.204 [-0.228, -0.181] -0.205 [-0.230, -0.179] -0.205 [-0.230, -0.178] -0.205 [-0.231, -0.180] -0.206 [-0.231, -0.181] -0.205 [-0.231, -0.179]
Weekend WP 0.064 [0.049, 0.079] 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] 0.065 [0.048, 0.081] 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] 0.064 [0.047, 0.080] 0.064 [0.047, 0.080]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.236 [0.231, 0.241] 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] 0.232 [0.227, 0.237] 0.232 [0.227, 0.237]
R2 within 0.094 [0.084, 0.102] 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] 0.098 [0.091, 0.107]
Personality trait 0.090 [0.059, 0.123] 0.155 [0.113, 0.197] 0.130 [0.088, 0.172] -0.249 [-0.280, -0.216] 0.011 [-0.033, 0.055]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.002 [-0.026, 0.029] 0.017 [-0.019, 0.053] 0.031 [-0.004, 0.068] -0.036 [-0.067, -0.005] -0.029 [-0.065, 0.009]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.014 [-0.016, 0.044] 0.034 [-0.005, 0.073] 0.010 [-0.028, 0.051] 0.008 [-0.025, 0.039] 0.005 [-0.036, 0.043]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.014 [-0.026, 0.056] 0.026 [-0.026, 0.080] 0.032 [-0.025, 0.087] 0.021 [-0.024, 0.065] 0.008 [-0.047, 0.064]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.011 [-0.019, 0.041] 0.010 [-0.030, 0.048] 0.030 [-0.009, 0.069] -0.022 [-0.055, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.047, 0.033]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.019 [0.008, 0.029] 0.018 [0.008, 0.028] 0.017 [0.007, 0.028] 0.014 [0.004, 0.023] 0.019 [0.009, 0.030]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.004 [-0.007, 0.017] 0.003 [-0.009, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.009, 0.014] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.015] 0.006 [-0.005, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.013, 0.015] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] -0.002 [-0.015, 0.012] -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.012, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.014, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.014, 0.006] -0.001 [-0.013, 0.010]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] 0.023 [0.014, 0.032] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] 0.023 [0.014, 0.032] 0.022 [0.014, 0.033] 0.023 [0.014, 0.032]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.014, 0.009] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009] -0.004 [-0.017, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.017, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.008] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [0.015, 0.034] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.025 [0.016, 0.034] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.015, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.013, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.013, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.014, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.013, 0.011]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [0.007, 0.024] 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] 0.019 [0.009, 0.030] 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] 0.020 [0.010, 0.030] 0.019 [0.010, 0.030]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] 0.004 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.011, 0.017] 0.004 [-0.009, 0.016]
Intercept well-being 2.987 [2.962, 3.012] 3.003 [2.976, 3.029] 3.002 [2.976, 3.029] 3.002 [2.975, 3.028] 3.003 [2.979, 3.028] 3.002 [2.975, 3.029]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.198 [0.183, 0.216] 0.185 [0.169, 0.203] 0.181 [0.165, 0.198] 0.184 [0.168, 0.201] 0.154 [0.140, 0.170] 0.190 [0.174, 0.209]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056] 0.043 [0.034, 0.055] 0.043 [0.033, 0.055] 0.044 [0.034, 0.056]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.017 [0.009, 0.030] 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] 0.020 [0.011, 0.033] 0.021 [0.012, 0.032]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] 0.053 [0.036, 0.075] 0.054 [0.037, 0.075] 0.052 [0.035, 0.076] 0.054 [0.037, 0.076]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.038 [0.025, 0.051] 0.041 [0.028, 0.055] 0.040 [0.028, 0.055] 0.040 [0.027, 0.055] 0.040 [0.029, 0.054] 0.041 [0.028, 0.056]
R2 between 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.025 [0.013, 0.039] 0.018 [0.008, 0.030] 0.103 [0.079, 0.129] 0.000 [0.000, 0.003]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.002 [0.000, 0.013] 0.004 [0.000, 0.020] 0.009 [0.000, 0.029] 0.003 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.010 [0.000, 0.057] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.004 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,774 20,512 20,512 20,512 20,507 20,512
Study 2
CMC WP -0.239 [-0.266, -0.210] -0.231 [-0.262, -0.200] -0.231 [-0.263, -0.200] -0.232 [-0.263, -0.200] -0.230 [-0.261, -0.200] -0.231 [-0.263, -0.200]
Mixed WP -0.033 [-0.064, -0.004] -0.039 [-0.074, -0.005] -0.043 [-0.077, -0.009] -0.045 [-0.079, -0.011] -0.043 [-0.077, -0.009] -0.044 [-0.078, -0.010]
Family WP 0.024 [-0.015, 0.060] 0.017 [-0.027, 0.059] 0.016 [-0.027, 0.059] 0.017 [-0.027, 0.061] 0.016 [-0.027, 0.058] 0.011 [-0.033, 0.052]
Weak ties WP -0.169 [-0.200, -0.139] -0.162 [-0.196, -0.128] -0.163 [-0.197, -0.129] -0.162 [-0.196, -0.127] -0.162 [-0.196, -0.128] -0.161 [-0.195, -0.127]
Weekend WP 0.104 [0.085, 0.124] 0.109 [0.087, 0.130] 0.109 [0.087, 0.131] 0.108 [0.087, 0.130] 0.109 [0.088, 0.131] 0.109 [0.087, 0.130]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.239 [0.233, 0.246] 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] 0.242 [0.235, 0.249] 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] 0.241 [0.234, 0.249] 0.242 [0.235, 0.249]
R2 within 0.098 [0.089, 0.109] 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] 0.097 [0.086, 0.110] 0.097 [0.086, 0.109]
Personality trait 0.033 [-0.008, 0.073] 0.078 [0.021, 0.134] 0.122 [0.068, 0.175] -0.203 [-0.245, -0.160] 0.013 [-0.043, 0.068]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.002 [-0.038, 0.038] 0.000 [-0.052, 0.053] 0.026 [-0.023, 0.077] -0.068 [-0.109, -0.024] -0.012 [-0.062, 0.040]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.045 [-0.092, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.077, 0.038] 0.030 [-0.029, 0.086] -0.006 [-0.053, 0.040] -0.001 [-0.064, 0.060]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.002 [-0.048, 0.053] 0.005 [-0.064, 0.078] -0.007 [-0.078, 0.060] -0.014 [-0.070, 0.043] -0.097 [-0.170, -0.031]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.011 [-0.051, 0.031] 0.028 [-0.034, 0.086] -0.007 [-0.066, 0.046] -0.037 [-0.082, 0.009] 0.016 [-0.042, 0.073]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.017 [0.004, 0.031] 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] 0.017 [0.003, 0.031] 0.016 [0.002, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.021] 0.018 [0.004, 0.031]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.006 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.003 [-0.018, 0.012] -0.003 [-0.018, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.012]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.012, 0.023] -0.006 [-0.025, 0.012] -0.006 [-0.025, 0.011] -0.006 [-0.024, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.023, 0.013]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.016 [-0.029, -0.003] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.034, -0.004] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.004] -0.023 [-0.038, -0.009] -0.018 [-0.033, -0.004]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.019 [0.008, 0.032] 0.018 [0.007, 0.031] 0.018 [0.006, 0.031] 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] 0.018 [0.006, 0.030] 0.017 [0.006, 0.030]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.033, -0.002] -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.001] -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001] -0.014 [-0.029, 0.000] -0.014 [-0.028, 0.001]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] 0.014 [0.001, 0.027] 0.014 [0.001, 0.028] 0.013 [0.000, 0.026] 0.014 [0.001, 0.027]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.023, 0.006] -0.004 [-0.021, 0.014] -0.004 [-0.021, 0.014] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.014] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.015] -0.002 [-0.019, 0.015]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] 0.013 [-0.002, 0.027] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.028] 0.013 [-0.002, 0.027] 0.013 [-0.002, 0.028]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.025] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.025] 0.009 [-0.007, 0.025] 0.008 [-0.009, 0.024] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.026]
Intercept well-being 2.956 [2.925, 2.987] 2.971 [2.937, 3.006] 2.971 [2.938, 3.006] 2.970 [2.937, 3.004] 2.973 [2.940, 3.005] 2.971 [2.937, 3.006]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.182 [0.164, 0.204] 0.163 [0.144, 0.186] 0.162 [0.142, 0.184] 0.158 [0.139, 0.180] 0.141 [0.124, 0.161] 0.164 [0.144, 0.186]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.051 [0.038, 0.069] 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] 0.046 [0.031, 0.063] 0.043 [0.029, 0.060] 0.045 [0.031, 0.063]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.022 [0.009, 0.039] 0.021 [0.008, 0.040] 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] 0.020 [0.008, 0.039] 0.020 [0.008, 0.039]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.051 [0.032, 0.074] 0.047 [0.027, 0.073] 0.047 [0.027, 0.073] 0.048 [0.028, 0.073] 0.048 [0.027, 0.073] 0.044 [0.026, 0.068]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.034 [0.020, 0.050] 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] 0.038 [0.021, 0.058]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.007 [0.000, 0.019] 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] 0.075 [0.047, 0.109] 0.000 [0.000, 0.005]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.029 [0.004, 0.076] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.032 [0.000, 0.160] 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.010 [0.000, 0.078] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.004 [0.000, 0.060]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.038 [0.004, 0.126]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.010 [0.000, 0.052] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 14,006 10,871 10,871 10,871 10,871 10,871
Study 3
CMC WP -0.337 [-0.387, -0.286] -0.337 [-0.390, -0.283] -0.328 [-0.384, -0.270] -0.338 [-0.393, -0.280] -0.332 [-0.388, -0.276] -0.334 [-0.391, -0.278]
Mixed WP -0.014 [-0.070, 0.045] -0.007 [-0.069, 0.059] -0.013 [-0.080, 0.055] -0.014 [-0.073, 0.049] -0.016 [-0.074, 0.047] -0.013 [-0.075, 0.047]
Family WP -0.285 [-0.350, -0.218] -0.298 [-0.367, -0.229] -0.293 [-0.365, -0.223] -0.297 [-0.368, -0.229] -0.292 [-0.362, -0.224] -0.296 [-0.367, -0.227]
Weak ties WP -0.234 [-0.293, -0.169] -0.239 [-0.302, -0.173] -0.243 [-0.310, -0.176] -0.237 [-0.301, -0.171] -0.236 [-0.300, -0.169] -0.231 [-0.297, -0.166]
Weekend WP 0.245 [0.214, 0.276] 0.254 [0.221, 0.286] 0.255 [0.222, 0.287] 0.254 [0.221, 0.287] 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] 0.252 [0.220, 0.285]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.950 [0.930, 0.969] 0.960 [0.940, 0.980] 0.960 [0.940, 0.981] 0.961 [0.941, 0.982] 0.961 [0.941, 0.981] 0.956 [0.936, 0.977]
R2 within 0.085 [0.077, 0.093] 0.088 [0.079, 0.096] 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] 0.088 [0.080, 0.097]
Personality trait 0.378 [0.301, 0.454] 0.282 [0.182, 0.383] 0.209 [0.118, 0.300] -0.495 [-0.561, -0.430] 0.021 [-0.072, 0.112]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.061 [-0.015, 0.138] -0.024 [-0.116, 0.071] 0.102 [0.020, 0.186] -0.087 [-0.155, -0.019] -0.009 [-0.091, 0.074]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.068 [-0.154, 0.016] -0.068 [-0.178, 0.043] -0.039 [-0.135, 0.055] 0.037 [-0.039, 0.116] 0.014 [-0.079, 0.106]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.104 [0.006, 0.201] 0.054 [-0.064, 0.180] 0.047 [-0.059, 0.156] -0.096 [-0.185, -0.006] 0.004 [-0.102, 0.112]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.032 [-0.057, 0.122] 0.075 [-0.039, 0.190] 0.027 [-0.068, 0.129] -0.018 [-0.094, 0.059] 0.069 [-0.030, 0.166]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.088 [0.042, 0.133] 0.077 [0.034, 0.122] 0.093 [0.047, 0.139] 0.080 [0.035, 0.126] 0.062 [0.023, 0.102] 0.090 [0.046, 0.138]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.008 [-0.057, 0.040] 0.003 [-0.046, 0.052] -0.006 [-0.059, 0.045] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.040] -0.001 [-0.047, 0.044] -0.011 [-0.065, 0.043]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.095 [0.039, 0.152] 0.081 [0.025, 0.137] 0.095 [0.037, 0.155] 0.095 [0.039, 0.156] 0.069 [0.020, 0.122] 0.102 [0.044, 0.163]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.031 [-0.084, 0.023] -0.028 [-0.077, 0.022] -0.029 [-0.084, 0.023] -0.026 [-0.079, 0.027] -0.029 [-0.077, 0.020] -0.023 [-0.077, 0.032]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.058 [0.020, 0.102] 0.071 [0.028, 0.117] 0.065 [0.025, 0.115] 0.066 [0.024, 0.111] 0.065 [0.025, 0.110] 0.069 [0.029, 0.116]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.073 [0.027, 0.122] 0.080 [0.029, 0.137] 0.084 [0.034, 0.138] 0.080 [0.030, 0.134] 0.075 [0.027, 0.130] 0.083 [0.031, 0.136]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.068, 0.023] -0.026 [-0.075, 0.022] -0.022 [-0.071, 0.022] -0.027 [-0.074, 0.013] -0.028 [-0.078, 0.015] -0.024 [-0.076, 0.023]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.042, 0.059] 0.019 [-0.037, 0.078] 0.018 [-0.046, 0.076] 0.017 [-0.042, 0.079] 0.014 [-0.043, 0.078] 0.010 [-0.049, 0.072]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.026 [-0.079, 0.032] -0.036 [-0.091, 0.015] -0.035 [-0.086, 0.021] -0.038 [-0.090, 0.020] -0.039 [-0.094, 0.022] -0.039 [-0.101, 0.021]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.094 [0.039, 0.152] 0.088 [0.032, 0.150] 0.087 [0.033, 0.149] 0.089 [0.034, 0.149] 0.088 [0.030, 0.150] 0.092 [0.036, 0.156]
Intercept well-being 1.083 [1.024, 1.141] 1.078 [1.020, 1.135] 1.077 [1.016, 1.135] 1.075 [1.016, 1.134] 1.079 [1.026, 1.132] 1.078 [1.018, 1.139]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.685 [0.618, 0.761] 0.562 [0.503, 0.631] 0.615 [0.551, 0.688] 0.618 [0.553, 0.692] 0.482 [0.430, 0.542] 0.639 [0.572, 0.715]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.137 [0.094, 0.192] 0.144 [0.095, 0.205] 0.142 [0.094, 0.202] 0.141 [0.093, 0.198] 0.141 [0.092, 0.196] 0.148 [0.100, 0.207]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.097 [0.053, 0.152] 0.108 [0.062, 0.163] 0.113 [0.068, 0.180] 0.109 [0.057, 0.170] 0.109 [0.056, 0.171] 0.117 [0.067, 0.181]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.299 [0.228, 0.377] 0.318 [0.243, 0.409] 0.321 [0.245, 0.413] 0.323 [0.247, 0.413] 0.316 [0.242, 0.406] 0.326 [0.248, 0.412]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.168 [0.111, 0.238] 0.159 [0.106, 0.229] 0.153 [0.098, 0.221] 0.160 [0.101, 0.228] 0.159 [0.102, 0.228] 0.155 [0.098, 0.230]
R2 between 0.061 [0.039, 0.087] 0.021 [0.009, 0.038] 0.014 [0.005, 0.029] 0.140 [0.107, 0.176] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.015 [0.001, 0.049] 0.017 [0.001, 0.056] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.011 [0.000, 0.058] 0.007 [0.000, 0.047] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.005 [0.000, 0.041] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Family WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.009 [0.000, 0.034] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.006 [0.000, 0.041] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.007 [0.000, 0.039]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,330 19,317 19,254 19,313 19,305 19,263

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Content / Happy
Table S4.35
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.249 [-0.278, -0.220] -0.253 [-0.284, -0.221] -0.252 [-0.283, -0.220] -0.252 [-0.283, -0.221] -0.252 [-0.282, -0.220] -0.254 [-0.285, -0.223]
Mixed WP -0.005 [-0.031, 0.029] 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034] 0.001 [-0.033, 0.035] 0.002 [-0.032, 0.036] -0.003 [-0.040, 0.031] 0.000 [-0.034, 0.034]
Family WP 0.046 [0.005, 0.089] 0.067 [0.022, 0.114] 0.066 [0.021, 0.112] 0.064 [0.018, 0.110] 0.064 [0.017, 0.108] 0.065 [0.020, 0.111]
Weak ties WP -0.315 [-0.347, -0.282] -0.320 [-0.356, -0.285] -0.320 [-0.355, -0.284] -0.322 [-0.358, -0.287] -0.322 [-0.358, -0.287] -0.321 [-0.357, -0.285]
Weekend WP 0.080 [0.058, 0.101] 0.080 [0.056, 0.103] 0.080 [0.056, 0.103] 0.079 [0.055, 0.103] 0.079 [0.055, 0.103] 0.080 [0.056, 0.103]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.492 [0.482, 0.501] 0.485 [0.475, 0.495] 0.485 [0.475, 0.496] 0.485 [0.475, 0.496] 0.486 [0.475, 0.496] 0.485 [0.475, 0.496]
R2 within 0.076 [0.068, 0.085] 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] 0.084 [0.076, 0.092] 0.084 [0.075, 0.093] 0.084 [0.076, 0.092]
Personality trait 0.155 [0.117, 0.195] 0.193 [0.142, 0.245] 0.124 [0.073, 0.177] -0.253 [-0.294, -0.212] 0.040 [-0.013, 0.095]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.007 [-0.031, 0.046] 0.011 [-0.038, 0.061] 0.033 [-0.017, 0.082] -0.041 [-0.083, 0.001] -0.072 [-0.123, -0.021]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.020 [-0.017, 0.064] 0.043 [-0.012, 0.098] -0.006 [-0.058, 0.048] 0.016 [-0.031, 0.056] -0.029 [-0.087, 0.026]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.023 [-0.032, 0.081] 0.027 [-0.044, 0.098] 0.023 [-0.051, 0.096] 0.029 [-0.033, 0.086] 0.014 [-0.063, 0.092]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.022 [-0.021, 0.064] 0.016 [-0.039, 0.073] 0.067 [0.011, 0.119] -0.053 [-0.099, -0.008] -0.020 [-0.078, 0.036]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.010 [-0.006, 0.027] 0.005 [-0.012, 0.021] 0.004 [-0.012, 0.021] 0.004 [-0.013, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.017, 0.015] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.025]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.002 [-0.017, 0.020] -0.002 [-0.020, 0.017] -0.002 [-0.020, 0.016] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.020] 0.006 [-0.012, 0.023] 0.002 [-0.016, 0.021]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.030, 0.016] -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] -0.020 [-0.046, 0.004] -0.015 [-0.037, 0.008] -0.020 [-0.045, 0.005]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.023, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.006 [-0.026, 0.012] -0.009 [-0.028, 0.010] -0.012 [-0.031, 0.006] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.014]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.027 [0.013, 0.043] 0.033 [0.014, 0.052] 0.032 [0.014, 0.052] 0.033 [0.014, 0.052] 0.033 [0.018, 0.054] 0.032 [0.014, 0.051]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.020, 0.022] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.020] -0.004 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.021] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.042 [0.024, 0.059] 0.044 [0.027, 0.062] 0.044 [0.027, 0.062] 0.043 [0.026, 0.061] 0.043 [0.026, 0.062] 0.045 [0.028, 0.062]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.030, 0.016] -0.012 [-0.032, 0.011] -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012] -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012] -0.015 [-0.038, 0.014] -0.011 [-0.032, 0.012]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.005, 0.029] 0.015 [-0.004, 0.037] 0.014 [-0.004, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.004, 0.038] 0.018 [0.002, 0.036] 0.015 [-0.004, 0.038]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.010 [-0.031, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.031, 0.013] -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013] -0.010 [-0.032, 0.012] -0.012 [-0.035, 0.014] -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013]
Intercept well-being 2.678 [2.647, 2.709] 2.688 [2.655, 2.721] 2.687 [2.655, 2.721] 2.686 [2.654, 2.720] 2.687 [2.655, 2.719] 2.688 [2.655, 2.722]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.284 [0.261, 0.311] 0.267 [0.243, 0.294] 0.268 [0.244, 0.295] 0.277 [0.252, 0.305] 0.246 [0.224, 0.271] 0.283 [0.257, 0.311]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.066 [0.047, 0.087] 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] 0.071 [0.052, 0.092] 0.070 [0.051, 0.093] 0.069 [0.050, 0.090]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.020 [0.009, 0.044] 0.033 [0.016, 0.055] 0.032 [0.015, 0.054] 0.032 [0.016, 0.054] 0.032 [0.015, 0.055] 0.032 [0.015, 0.054]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.073 [0.046, 0.106] 0.088 [0.059, 0.126] 0.086 [0.057, 0.124] 0.087 [0.058, 0.125] 0.081 [0.049, 0.122] 0.089 [0.060, 0.127]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.077 [0.054, 0.102] 0.077 [0.055, 0.105] 0.077 [0.055, 0.105] 0.074 [0.053, 0.103] 0.076 [0.052, 0.104] 0.077 [0.056, 0.106]
R2 between 0.029 [0.016, 0.045] 0.026 [0.014, 0.042] 0.011 [0.004, 0.022] 0.069 [0.049, 0.092] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.007 [0.000, 0.028] 0.014 [0.001, 0.041]
R2 Mixed WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.011 [0.000, 0.067] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.005 [0.000, 0.050]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.012 [0.000, 0.038] 0.011 [0.000, 0.038] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,744 20,488 20,488 20,488 20,483 20,488
Study 2
CMC WP -0.233 [-0.271, -0.193] -0.226 [-0.269, -0.184] -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184] -0.226 [-0.268, -0.183] -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184] -0.226 [-0.268, -0.184]
Mixed WP -0.032 [-0.078, 0.011] -0.029 [-0.079, 0.019] -0.034 [-0.084, 0.013] -0.036 [-0.086, 0.010] -0.033 [-0.082, 0.013] -0.036 [-0.085, 0.012]
Family WP 0.041 [-0.012, 0.092] 0.040 [-0.023, 0.098] 0.038 [-0.024, 0.097] 0.038 [-0.025, 0.099] 0.037 [-0.025, 0.095] 0.035 [-0.027, 0.095]
Weak ties WP -0.299 [-0.342, -0.254] -0.285 [-0.332, -0.237] -0.284 [-0.332, -0.236] -0.281 [-0.328, -0.233] -0.285 [-0.332, -0.237] -0.283 [-0.330, -0.235]
Weekend WP 0.120 [0.094, 0.148] 0.133 [0.103, 0.164] 0.133 [0.102, 0.163] 0.132 [0.102, 0.163] 0.133 [0.103, 0.163] 0.133 [0.103, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.484 [0.472, 0.497] 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] 0.480 [0.466, 0.494] 0.481 [0.467, 0.494]
R2 within 0.086 [0.077, 0.097] 0.086 [0.074, 0.098] 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] 0.086 [0.073, 0.097] 0.085 [0.073, 0.097]
Personality trait 0.110 [0.059, 0.162] 0.084 [0.010, 0.156] 0.138 [0.068, 0.208] -0.212 [-0.269, -0.154] 0.053 [-0.019, 0.125]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.015 [-0.036, 0.068] -0.035 [-0.105, 0.038] -0.005 [-0.072, 0.064] -0.048 [-0.105, 0.011] 0.010 [-0.058, 0.080]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.063 [-0.127, 0.002] -0.002 [-0.080, 0.088] 0.025 [-0.057, 0.109] 0.057 [-0.007, 0.118] -0.020 [-0.107, 0.067]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.018 [-0.052, 0.088] -0.001 [-0.097, 0.099] -0.023 [-0.120, 0.070] 0.009 [-0.069, 0.086] -0.036 [-0.132, 0.059]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.028 [-0.083, 0.032] -0.008 [-0.095, 0.075] -0.043 [-0.123, 0.032] 0.012 [-0.052, 0.077] 0.051 [-0.029, 0.129]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.009 [-0.013, 0.032] -0.004 [-0.028, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.026, 0.021] -0.004 [-0.027, 0.020] -0.010 [-0.033, 0.013] -0.004 [-0.027, 0.020]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.023 [-0.049, 0.002] -0.025 [-0.055, 0.002] -0.029 [-0.058, -0.001] -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003] -0.022 [-0.051, 0.004] -0.029 [-0.058, -0.001]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.011 [-0.042, 0.021] -0.030 [-0.063, 0.000] -0.029 [-0.061, 0.002] -0.028 [-0.060, 0.003] -0.029 [-0.060, 0.001] -0.028 [-0.061, 0.002]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.046, 0.001] -0.032 [-0.060, -0.006] -0.034 [-0.062, -0.009] -0.033 [-0.061, -0.007] -0.034 [-0.061, -0.009] -0.037 [-0.065, -0.011]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.029 [0.003, 0.056] 0.026 [0.004, 0.053] 0.024 [0.003, 0.051] 0.024 [0.002, 0.051] 0.026 [0.005, 0.053] 0.025 [0.003, 0.052]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.025 [-0.053, 0.005] -0.013 [-0.042, 0.014] -0.013 [-0.041, 0.015] -0.013 [-0.042, 0.015] -0.012 [-0.042, 0.015] -0.013 [-0.041, 0.016]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.036 [0.015, 0.060] 0.033 [0.007, 0.057] 0.033 [0.007, 0.058] 0.033 [0.007, 0.058] 0.033 [0.008, 0.058] 0.033 [0.007, 0.057]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.025 [-0.055, 0.008] -0.019 [-0.049, 0.015] -0.018 [-0.047, 0.015] -0.018 [-0.047, 0.015] -0.018 [-0.049, 0.016] -0.017 [-0.046, 0.016]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.009, 0.042] 0.018 [-0.011, 0.048] 0.021 [-0.008, 0.051] 0.020 [-0.008, 0.050] 0.020 [-0.009, 0.049] 0.021 [-0.009, 0.051]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.013, 0.047] 0.024 [-0.009, 0.056] 0.025 [-0.008, 0.059] 0.025 [-0.007, 0.058] 0.026 [-0.007, 0.058] 0.027 [-0.006, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 2.625 [2.586, 2.664] 2.614 [2.570, 2.659] 2.613 [2.570, 2.659] 2.611 [2.568, 2.656] 2.614 [2.572, 2.658] 2.614 [2.570, 2.659]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.286 [0.257, 0.320] 0.262 [0.230, 0.298] 0.267 [0.235, 0.305] 0.263 [0.231, 0.300] 0.246 [0.216, 0.280] 0.269 [0.237, 0.307]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.081 [0.055, 0.113] 0.069 [0.043, 0.100] 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] 0.070 [0.043, 0.101] 0.070 [0.043, 0.101]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.055 [0.024, 0.093] 0.051 [0.021, 0.093] 0.051 [0.021, 0.093] 0.050 [0.021, 0.093] 0.047 [0.020, 0.089] 0.050 [0.021, 0.093]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.098 [0.063, 0.140] 0.088 [0.054, 0.134] 0.090 [0.055, 0.136] 0.090 [0.056, 0.136] 0.090 [0.055, 0.137] 0.089 [0.055, 0.136]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.069 [0.042, 0.103] 0.073 [0.041, 0.113] 0.074 [0.042, 0.115] 0.074 [0.041, 0.115] 0.075 [0.044, 0.116] 0.073 [0.041, 0.113]
R2 between 0.016 [0.004, 0.033] 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] 0.013 [0.003, 0.030] 0.049 [0.026, 0.077] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.009 [0.000, 0.047] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Mixed WP 0.026 [0.000, 0.120] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.019 [0.000, 0.092] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.007 [0.000, 0.044]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,979 10,850 10,850 10,850 10,850 10,850
Study 3
CMC WP -0.240 [-0.278, -0.201] -0.242 [-0.283, -0.201] -0.234 [-0.277, -0.190] -0.242 [-0.284, -0.199] -0.237 [-0.279, -0.194] -0.241 [-0.283, -0.198]
Mixed WP 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052] 0.015 [-0.031, 0.066] 0.014 [-0.037, 0.062] 0.012 [-0.031, 0.059] 0.011 [-0.033, 0.057] 0.013 [-0.032, 0.058]
Family WP -0.222 [-0.273, -0.172] -0.233 [-0.285, -0.180] -0.230 [-0.285, -0.177] -0.233 [-0.288, -0.181] -0.229 [-0.283, -0.176] -0.230 [-0.284, -0.177]
Weak ties WP -0.261 [-0.306, -0.213] -0.262 [-0.309, -0.211] -0.265 [-0.315, -0.214] -0.260 [-0.308, -0.212] -0.261 [-0.308, -0.212] -0.256 [-0.305, -0.208]
Weekend WP 0.156 [0.133, 0.179] 0.161 [0.137, 0.185] 0.162 [0.138, 0.186] 0.161 [0.137, 0.186] 0.160 [0.136, 0.185] 0.160 [0.136, 0.185]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.521 [0.511, 0.532] 0.525 [0.514, 0.537] 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] 0.526 [0.515, 0.537] 0.524 [0.513, 0.535]
R2 within 0.090 [0.082, 0.097] 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] 0.093 [0.085, 0.102] 0.093 [0.085, 0.101] 0.093 [0.085, 0.102]
Personality trait 0.325 [0.268, 0.381] 0.221 [0.146, 0.297] 0.160 [0.091, 0.229] -0.304 [-0.356, -0.253] 0.053 [-0.016, 0.122]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.044 [-0.013, 0.103] -0.055 [-0.125, 0.018] 0.074 [0.011, 0.136] -0.062 [-0.113, -0.011] 0.004 [-0.059, 0.065]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.058 [-0.122, 0.005] -0.063 [-0.144, 0.018] -0.037 [-0.108, 0.033] 0.033 [-0.024, 0.091] 0.022 [-0.048, 0.090]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.080 [0.005, 0.154] 0.013 [-0.078, 0.108] 0.038 [-0.043, 0.119] -0.071 [-0.139, -0.002] -0.013 [-0.094, 0.069]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.041 [-0.027, 0.109] 0.077 [-0.008, 0.164] 0.025 [-0.046, 0.100] -0.026 [-0.084, 0.032] 0.055 [-0.019, 0.127]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.028 [0.002, 0.053] 0.021 [-0.002, 0.045] 0.034 [0.009, 0.061] 0.024 [-0.002, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.041] 0.031 [0.005, 0.058]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.019 [-0.049, 0.008] -0.014 [-0.042, 0.014] -0.022 [-0.052, 0.009] -0.025 [-0.054, 0.004] -0.019 [-0.046, 0.009] -0.026 [-0.056, 0.006]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.050 [0.018, 0.082] 0.037 [0.006, 0.068] 0.048 [0.015, 0.083] 0.047 [0.014, 0.082] 0.036 [0.006, 0.067] 0.050 [0.018, 0.085]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.023, 0.035] 0.005 [-0.022, 0.034] 0.004 [-0.025, 0.034] 0.009 [-0.021, 0.040] 0.005 [-0.025, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.019, 0.041]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.038 [0.016, 0.064] 0.045 [0.021, 0.071] 0.041 [0.018, 0.069] 0.043 [0.019, 0.068] 0.041 [0.017, 0.066] 0.043 [0.019, 0.069]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.057 [0.031, 0.086] 0.061 [0.032, 0.094] 0.063 [0.034, 0.095] 0.061 [0.033, 0.093] 0.059 [0.031, 0.091] 0.063 [0.033, 0.095]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.019, 0.032] 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] 0.008 [-0.020, 0.033] 0.004 [-0.022, 0.028] 0.004 [-0.023, 0.028] 0.006 [-0.023, 0.034]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.024 [-0.006, 0.055] 0.032 [0.001, 0.068] 0.031 [-0.005, 0.066] 0.029 [-0.004, 0.065] 0.028 [-0.006, 0.065] 0.028 [-0.007, 0.064]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.046, 0.011] -0.022 [-0.052, 0.008] -0.020 [-0.047, 0.008] -0.023 [-0.051, 0.010] -0.023 [-0.052, 0.010] -0.024 [-0.052, 0.008]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.071 [0.040, 0.104] 0.073 [0.040, 0.108] 0.073 [0.041, 0.107] 0.073 [0.041, 0.108] 0.072 [0.040, 0.109] 0.073 [0.041, 0.111]
Intercept well-being 2.603 [2.559, 2.646] 2.589 [2.546, 2.631] 2.589 [2.543, 2.633] 2.587 [2.544, 2.632] 2.590 [2.549, 2.631] 2.590 [2.545, 2.635]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.376 [0.340, 0.418] 0.302 [0.270, 0.339] 0.344 [0.308, 0.384] 0.347 [0.311, 0.389] 0.300 [0.268, 0.336] 0.358 [0.320, 0.401]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.084 [0.059, 0.115] 0.088 [0.061, 0.124] 0.088 [0.060, 0.124] 0.087 [0.058, 0.118] 0.086 [0.057, 0.117] 0.090 [0.061, 0.123]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.057 [0.032, 0.087] 0.064 [0.040, 0.093] 0.065 [0.037, 0.102] 0.064 [0.037, 0.099] 0.062 [0.035, 0.099] 0.067 [0.040, 0.102]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.184 [0.142, 0.230] 0.196 [0.152, 0.250] 0.198 [0.153, 0.253] 0.200 [0.154, 0.253] 0.196 [0.152, 0.249] 0.200 [0.155, 0.252]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.100 [0.070, 0.138] 0.097 [0.068, 0.134] 0.093 [0.062, 0.132] 0.097 [0.062, 0.135] 0.097 [0.064, 0.136] 0.096 [0.063, 0.135]
R2 between 0.083 [0.057, 0.112] 0.023 [0.010, 0.041] 0.015 [0.005, 0.030] 0.090 [0.062, 0.121] 0.002 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 CMC WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.032] 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] 0.013 [0.000, 0.044] 0.014 [0.001, 0.048] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Mixed WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.061] 0.010 [0.000, 0.051] 0.005 [0.000, 0.037] 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027]
R2 Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.011 [0.000, 0.048] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.007 [0.000, 0.037]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,331 19,318 19,255 19,314 19,306 19,264

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Stressed
Table S4.36
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP 0.170 [0.142, 0.198] 0.158 [0.128, 0.188] 0.157 [0.127, 0.187] 0.158 [0.128, 0.188] 0.161 [0.130, 0.193] 0.158 [0.128, 0.188]
Mixed WP 0.031 [-0.003, 0.067] 0.034 [-0.003, 0.070] 0.033 [-0.002, 0.069] 0.033 [-0.003, 0.069] 0.028 [-0.012, 0.066] 0.031 [-0.005, 0.067]
Family WP 0.007 [-0.035, 0.050] -0.003 [-0.049, 0.045] -0.001 [-0.048, 0.046] 0.002 [-0.044, 0.049] -0.002 [-0.047, 0.045] 0.000 [-0.047, 0.047]
Weak ties WP 0.197 [0.164, 0.230] 0.195 [0.159, 0.232] 0.195 [0.158, 0.232] 0.195 [0.158, 0.231] 0.194 [0.158, 0.230] 0.195 [0.158, 0.232]
Weekend WP -0.105 [-0.128, -0.083] -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] -0.108 [-0.133, -0.084] -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083] -0.107 [-0.132, -0.083]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.536 [0.526, 0.547] 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] 0.530 [0.519, 0.541] 0.530 [0.519, 0.542] 0.530 [0.519, 0.541]
R2 within 0.052 [0.044, 0.060] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059] 0.052 [0.045, 0.060] 0.052 [0.045, 0.059]
Personality trait -0.037 [-0.080, 0.008] -0.153 [-0.210, -0.096] -0.132 [-0.189, -0.076] 0.286 [0.242, 0.330] -0.043 [-0.101, 0.016]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.005 [-0.033, 0.043] -0.029 [-0.079, 0.020] 0.004 [-0.045, 0.052] 0.001 [-0.041, 0.044] 0.004 [-0.048, 0.057]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.018 [-0.062, 0.027] -0.075 [-0.131, -0.015] -0.010 [-0.066, 0.049] 0.014 [-0.036, 0.060] -0.021 [-0.082, 0.037]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.013 [-0.071, 0.045] 0.007 [-0.066, 0.079] -0.024 [-0.096, 0.053] -0.025 [-0.089, 0.039] 0.010 [-0.067, 0.088]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.010 [-0.033, 0.051] 0.007 [-0.048, 0.062] 0.010 [-0.046, 0.065] 0.013 [-0.033, 0.059] -0.007 [-0.066, 0.047]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.012 [-0.007, 0.030] 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.009, 0.029] 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.008, 0.028] 0.012 [-0.008, 0.031]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.005 [-0.018, 0.028] 0.009 [-0.014, 0.032] 0.007 [-0.016, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033] 0.011 [-0.011, 0.033] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.029 [-0.056, -0.003] -0.031 [-0.060, -0.004] -0.030 [-0.058, -0.003] -0.032 [-0.061, -0.005] -0.026 [-0.052, 0.000] -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.018, 0.022] 0.006 [-0.016, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.016, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] 0.003 [-0.017, 0.024] 0.005 [-0.016, 0.027]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.049 [0.029, 0.069] 0.048 [0.031, 0.068] 0.047 [0.030, 0.067] 0.049 [0.031, 0.068] 0.047 [0.031, 0.068] 0.048 [0.031, 0.068]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.020, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019] 0.000 [-0.021, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.019]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.030 [0.014, 0.046] 0.035 [0.018, 0.053] 0.035 [0.019, 0.053] 0.035 [0.018, 0.053] 0.035 [0.020, 0.052] 0.035 [0.018, 0.053]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.021, 0.029] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026] 0.003 [-0.017, 0.025] 0.002 [-0.020, 0.027] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.026]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [0.008, 0.048] 0.033 [0.015, 0.055] 0.033 [0.015, 0.055] 0.034 [0.015, 0.055] 0.036 [0.015, 0.056] 0.034 [0.016, 0.055]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.022 [0.000, 0.045] 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] 0.030 [0.007, 0.055] 0.029 [0.005, 0.055] 0.030 [0.007, 0.055]
Intercept well-being 2.173 [2.139, 2.206] 2.159 [2.123, 2.195] 2.159 [2.124, 2.195] 2.160 [2.125, 2.196] 2.158 [2.123, 2.192] 2.159 [2.123, 2.195]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.347 [0.320, 0.380] 0.336 [0.307, 0.369] 0.328 [0.299, 0.360] 0.331 [0.301, 0.363] 0.290 [0.263, 0.320] 0.336 [0.306, 0.369]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.051 [0.033, 0.070] 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] 0.054 [0.036, 0.076] 0.053 [0.034, 0.075] 0.054 [0.036, 0.076]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.062 [0.036, 0.091] 0.054 [0.029, 0.082] 0.052 [0.027, 0.080] 0.054 [0.029, 0.082] 0.054 [0.031, 0.084] 0.054 [0.029, 0.082]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.078 [0.048, 0.113] 0.079 [0.048, 0.119] 0.080 [0.048, 0.120] 0.080 [0.048, 0.120] 0.078 [0.047, 0.120] 0.080 [0.048, 0.120]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.062 [0.037, 0.086] 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] 0.062 [0.042, 0.089] 0.063 [0.042, 0.089] 0.062 [0.042, 0.089]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.014 [0.005, 0.025] 0.010 [0.003, 0.020] 0.075 [0.054, 0.098] 0.001 [0.000, 0.005]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.021 [0.001, 0.064] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,751 20,495 20,495 20,495 20,490 20,495
Study 2
CMC WP 0.176 [0.140, 0.215] 0.171 [0.128, 0.213] 0.172 [0.128, 0.214] 0.172 [0.128, 0.214] 0.171 [0.127, 0.213] 0.172 [0.130, 0.214]
Mixed WP 0.043 [0.003, 0.090] 0.059 [0.008, 0.113] 0.062 [0.013, 0.113] 0.064 [0.015, 0.115] 0.062 [0.012, 0.113] 0.062 [0.011, 0.115]
Family WP -0.050 [-0.104, 0.003] -0.040 [-0.103, 0.021] -0.039 [-0.104, 0.023] -0.034 [-0.100, 0.030] -0.040 [-0.104, 0.022] -0.030 [-0.091, 0.029]
Weak ties WP 0.171 [0.128, 0.215] 0.170 [0.121, 0.222] 0.172 [0.122, 0.223] 0.166 [0.115, 0.218] 0.170 [0.120, 0.222] 0.170 [0.120, 0.221]
Weekend WP -0.147 [-0.175, -0.117] -0.155 [-0.186, -0.122] -0.155 [-0.187, -0.122] -0.155 [-0.186, -0.122] -0.156 [-0.187, -0.123] -0.155 [-0.187, -0.122]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.550 [0.536, 0.564] 0.547 [0.532, 0.564] 0.548 [0.532, 0.564] 0.547 [0.532, 0.564] 0.547 [0.532, 0.563] 0.547 [0.532, 0.563]
R2 within 0.052 [0.044, 0.061] 0.060 [0.049, 0.071] 0.060 [0.049, 0.070] 0.060 [0.049, 0.070] 0.060 [0.050, 0.071] 0.060 [0.049, 0.071]
Personality trait -0.004 [-0.060, 0.049] -0.094 [-0.170, -0.020] -0.119 [-0.192, -0.048] 0.213 [0.154, 0.272] -0.022 [-0.097, 0.051]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.008 [-0.057, 0.042] -0.019 [-0.087, 0.048] -0.012 [-0.079, 0.053] 0.052 [-0.003, 0.109] 0.022 [-0.046, 0.091]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.036 [-0.034, 0.101] 0.060 [-0.021, 0.143] -0.043 [-0.133, 0.044] 0.061 [-0.004, 0.128] -0.014 [-0.103, 0.080]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.013 [-0.084, 0.060] -0.021 [-0.122, 0.087] -0.029 [-0.130, 0.066] 0.043 [-0.036, 0.125] 0.154 [0.051, 0.252]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.002 [-0.057, 0.063] -0.045 [-0.133, 0.041] 0.046 [-0.039, 0.124] 0.053 [-0.013, 0.121] -0.015 [-0.100, 0.067]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.026 [0.005, 0.047] 0.025 [0.003, 0.050] 0.025 [0.003, 0.050] 0.025 [0.003, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.003, 0.042] 0.027 [0.005, 0.051]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.001 [-0.025, 0.027] 0.009 [-0.018, 0.037] 0.012 [-0.014, 0.040] 0.006 [-0.020, 0.035] 0.001 [-0.025, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.017, 0.038]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.026, 0.038] -0.008 [-0.044, 0.027] -0.008 [-0.043, 0.026] -0.009 [-0.044, 0.026] -0.014 [-0.048, 0.019] -0.006 [-0.041, 0.029]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] -0.019 [-0.048, 0.009] -0.021 [-0.048, 0.008] -0.017 [-0.046, 0.011] -0.027 [-0.055, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.047, 0.010]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.019 [0.003, 0.046] 0.017 [-0.003, 0.044] 0.016 [-0.003, 0.042] 0.015 [-0.004, 0.041] 0.015 [-0.005, 0.041] 0.016 [-0.004, 0.043]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.045, 0.002] -0.020 [-0.048, 0.006] -0.021 [-0.048, 0.006] -0.020 [-0.047, 0.006] -0.022 [-0.048, 0.004] -0.022 [-0.047, 0.004]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.004, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.014, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.013, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.014, 0.035] 0.010 [-0.014, 0.034] 0.011 [-0.013, 0.035]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.031, 0.023] 0.005 [-0.024, 0.037] 0.003 [-0.026, 0.034] 0.003 [-0.026, 0.035] 0.002 [-0.028, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.022, 0.038]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.018 [-0.003, 0.043] 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051] 0.021 [-0.015, 0.052] 0.022 [-0.014, 0.053] 0.018 [-0.017, 0.050] 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.015, 0.045] 0.016 [-0.019, 0.054] 0.014 [-0.020, 0.051] 0.016 [-0.018, 0.053] 0.015 [-0.020, 0.051] 0.018 [-0.017, 0.055]
Intercept well-being 2.192 [2.151, 2.233] 2.173 [2.126, 2.220] 2.172 [2.126, 2.220] 2.174 [2.128, 2.221] 2.171 [2.126, 2.217] 2.172 [2.126, 2.219]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.299 [0.268, 0.335] 0.287 [0.252, 0.326] 0.284 [0.249, 0.323] 0.282 [0.247, 0.320] 0.261 [0.229, 0.297] 0.287 [0.252, 0.326]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.043 [0.024, 0.072] 0.038 [0.017, 0.067] 0.038 [0.017, 0.066] 0.037 [0.017, 0.066] 0.037 [0.016, 0.065] 0.038 [0.018, 0.066]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.028 [0.007, 0.059] 0.040 [0.010, 0.080] 0.040 [0.008, 0.080] 0.041 [0.009, 0.080] 0.039 [0.007, 0.080] 0.040 [0.010, 0.080]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.076 [0.043, 0.122] 0.088 [0.049, 0.141] 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] 0.087 [0.049, 0.141] 0.081 [0.044, 0.133]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.062 [0.032, 0.096] 0.073 [0.039, 0.116] 0.071 [0.038, 0.114] 0.072 [0.038, 0.116] 0.072 [0.040, 0.115] 0.073 [0.039, 0.116]
R2 between 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] 0.005 [0.000, 0.017] 0.009 [0.001, 0.024] 0.046 [0.024, 0.074] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.020 [0.000, 0.105] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041]
R2 Mixed WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.131] 0.017 [0.000, 0.159] 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] 0.027 [0.000, 0.185] 0.005 [0.000, 0.068]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.006 [0.000, 0.048] 0.051 [0.006, 0.146]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] 0.006 [0.000, 0.043] 0.011 [0.000, 0.058] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,993 10,863 10,863 10,863 10,863 10,863
Study 3
CMC WP 0.165 [0.130, 0.199] 0.164 [0.128, 0.200] 0.166 [0.128, 0.204] 0.167 [0.128, 0.206] 0.164 [0.125, 0.202] 0.164 [0.126, 0.203]
Mixed WP 0.082 [0.043, 0.123] 0.082 [0.037, 0.128] 0.085 [0.041, 0.131] 0.083 [0.043, 0.127] 0.079 [0.040, 0.124] 0.084 [0.040, 0.124]
Family WP 0.082 [0.041, 0.123] 0.093 [0.050, 0.136] 0.086 [0.042, 0.127] 0.091 [0.048, 0.134] 0.087 [0.043, 0.129] 0.092 [0.048, 0.133]
Weak ties WP 0.058 [0.014, 0.103] 0.074 [0.029, 0.121] 0.076 [0.027, 0.123] 0.074 [0.027, 0.119] 0.072 [0.026, 0.117] 0.072 [0.024, 0.120]
Weekend WP -0.231 [-0.253, -0.208] -0.234 [-0.258, -0.211] -0.234 [-0.258, -0.211] -0.236 [-0.259, -0.212] -0.234 [-0.257, -0.211] -0.233 [-0.256, -0.209]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.501 [0.491, 0.512] 0.506 [0.495, 0.517] 0.505 [0.494, 0.516] 0.506 [0.496, 0.517] 0.506 [0.495, 0.517] 0.504 [0.493, 0.515]
R2 within 0.069 [0.062, 0.076] 0.070 [0.063, 0.080] 0.071 [0.063, 0.080] 0.071 [0.064, 0.079] 0.071 [0.064, 0.078] 0.070 [0.063, 0.079]
Personality trait -0.075 [-0.141, -0.009] -0.067 [-0.150, 0.016] -0.029 [-0.103, 0.045] 0.323 [0.268, 0.378] 0.054 [-0.020, 0.128]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.025 [-0.077, 0.028] -0.029 [-0.093, 0.037] -0.053 [-0.111, 0.004] 0.025 [-0.022, 0.071] -0.011 [-0.068, 0.044]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.041 [-0.021, 0.100] -0.052 [-0.127, 0.022] -0.002 [-0.066, 0.062] -0.059 [-0.113, -0.003] -0.033 [-0.100, 0.030]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.018 [-0.046, 0.077] -0.048 [-0.122, 0.026] -0.056 [-0.119, 0.011] 0.029 [-0.025, 0.085] 0.049 [-0.017, 0.115]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.007 [-0.057, 0.071] -0.030 [-0.115, 0.055] -0.071 [-0.142, 0.002] 0.002 [-0.055, 0.059] -0.028 [-0.099, 0.043]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.032 [0.009, 0.057] 0.033 [0.008, 0.058] 0.034 [0.009, 0.060] 0.034 [0.008, 0.060] 0.029 [0.006, 0.054] 0.036 [0.011, 0.063]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] -0.008 [-0.035, 0.021] -0.012 [-0.041, 0.018] -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.024, 0.033] -0.010 [-0.041, 0.021]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.026 [-0.002, 0.055] 0.025 [-0.005, 0.054] 0.023 [-0.006, 0.052] 0.022 [-0.008, 0.052] 0.018 [-0.009, 0.045] 0.026 [-0.003, 0.055]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.029, 0.032] 0.000 [-0.032, 0.033] 0.000 [-0.031, 0.030] -0.001 [-0.033, 0.031] 0.001 [-0.029, 0.030] 0.001 [-0.030, 0.032]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [0.002, 0.042] 0.028 [0.009, 0.052] 0.024 [0.003, 0.046] 0.027 [0.008, 0.050] 0.029 [0.009, 0.052] 0.028 [0.007, 0.051]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.005, 0.036] 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] 0.022 [0.002, 0.045] 0.023 [0.003, 0.045] 0.022 [0.003, 0.044] 0.024 [0.004, 0.047]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.025, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.028, 0.016] -0.006 [-0.030, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.014] -0.006 [-0.030, 0.016] -0.005 [-0.028, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.015, 0.028] 0.004 [-0.023, 0.029] 0.007 [-0.024, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.019, 0.034] 0.008 [-0.016, 0.030]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.021, 0.029] 0.001 [-0.024, 0.025] 0.002 [-0.025, 0.030] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.026] -0.002 [-0.027, 0.025] 0.002 [-0.024, 0.028]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.037 [0.013, 0.061] 0.035 [0.010, 0.063] 0.034 [0.010, 0.060] 0.031 [0.008, 0.060] 0.033 [0.010, 0.062] 0.035 [0.010, 0.063]
Intercept well-being 2.228 [2.183, 2.275] 2.229 [2.180, 2.277] 2.229 [2.180, 2.277] 2.233 [2.184, 2.281] 2.230 [2.185, 2.275] 2.228 [2.179, 2.277]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.434 [0.392, 0.482] 0.417 [0.373, 0.466] 0.420 [0.377, 0.471] 0.420 [0.377, 0.469] 0.355 [0.319, 0.398] 0.421 [0.378, 0.470]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.054 [0.033, 0.079] 0.060 [0.037, 0.088] 0.059 [0.035, 0.087] 0.060 [0.038, 0.086] 0.061 [0.038, 0.087] 0.062 [0.042, 0.089]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.046 [0.023, 0.074] 0.044 [0.024, 0.075] 0.046 [0.022, 0.074] 0.046 [0.020, 0.078] 0.045 [0.017, 0.076] 0.049 [0.024, 0.080]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.071 [0.046, 0.100] 0.075 [0.047, 0.111] 0.075 [0.049, 0.107] 0.075 [0.048, 0.108] 0.075 [0.049, 0.108] 0.073 [0.047, 0.103]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.089 [0.060, 0.123] 0.085 [0.057, 0.124] 0.083 [0.054, 0.120] 0.082 [0.053, 0.120] 0.086 [0.055, 0.122] 0.085 [0.054, 0.122]
R2 between 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] 0.001 [0.000, 0.005] 0.086 [0.060, 0.115] 0.002 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.010 [0.000, 0.042] 0.004 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.064] 0.010 [0.000, 0.064] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.025 [0.000, 0.105] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.005 [0.000, 0.033] 0.008 [0.000, 0.038] 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.007 [0.000, 0.038]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.012 [0.000, 0.050] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,368 19,358 19,295 19,354 19,345 19,304

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Lonely
Table S4.37
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP 0.318 [0.291, 0.345] 0.309 [0.280, 0.338] 0.308 [0.279, 0.337] 0.308 [0.279, 0.337] 0.307 [0.279, 0.336] 0.308 [0.279, 0.337]
Mixed WP 0.022 [0.001, 0.045] 0.022 [-0.004, 0.048] 0.022 [-0.005, 0.047] 0.022 [-0.004, 0.048] 0.018 [-0.010, 0.047] 0.021 [-0.005, 0.047]
Family WP 0.050 [0.014, 0.085] 0.042 [0.001, 0.082] 0.041 [0.000, 0.080] 0.044 [0.004, 0.083] 0.041 [0.001, 0.080] 0.041 [0.000, 0.080]
Weak ties WP 0.101 [0.074, 0.129] 0.102 [0.073, 0.133] 0.103 [0.073, 0.133] 0.103 [0.074, 0.134] 0.102 [0.072, 0.132] 0.103 [0.073, 0.133]
Weekend WP -0.010 [-0.028, 0.008] -0.010 [-0.030, 0.009] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] -0.010 [-0.030, 0.009] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009] -0.010 [-0.029, 0.009]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.319 [0.313, 0.325] 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] 0.310 [0.304, 0.317] 0.310 [0.304, 0.317]
R2 within 0.102 [0.094, 0.110] 0.105 [0.098, 0.113] 0.106 [0.098, 0.113] 0.106 [0.098, 0.114] 0.105 [0.097, 0.114] 0.105 [0.098, 0.113]
Personality trait -0.080 [-0.117, -0.042] -0.119 [-0.169, -0.070] -0.131 [-0.179, -0.081] 0.206 [0.168, 0.245] 0.050 [-0.002, 0.101]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.005 [-0.041, 0.030] -0.019 [-0.067, 0.027] -0.067 [-0.112, -0.020] 0.064 [0.025, 0.102] 0.005 [-0.043, 0.053]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.004 [-0.039, 0.029] 0.012 [-0.032, 0.060] -0.025 [-0.066, 0.022] -0.015 [-0.051, 0.019] -0.008 [-0.057, 0.036]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.004 [-0.052, 0.044] -0.060 [-0.120, 0.002] -0.046 [-0.110, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.058, 0.044] -0.020 [-0.085, 0.047]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.020 [-0.056, 0.016] -0.014 [-0.061, 0.033] -0.032 [-0.077, 0.015] -0.006 [-0.046, 0.033] 0.000 [-0.049, 0.046]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.089 [0.072, 0.106] 0.081 [0.065, 0.099] 0.081 [0.065, 0.098] 0.079 [0.062, 0.096] 0.073 [0.058, 0.090] 0.082 [0.065, 0.100]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.007 [-0.008, 0.022] 0.003 [-0.013, 0.017] 0.004 [-0.012, 0.018] 0.002 [-0.014, 0.016] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.022] 0.003 [-0.012, 0.018]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.011 [-0.010, 0.031] 0.003 [-0.018, 0.026] 0.000 [-0.021, 0.023] 0.001 [-0.020, 0.024] 0.005 [-0.016, 0.026] 0.003 [-0.019, 0.026]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.002, 0.029] 0.013 [-0.004, 0.030] 0.013 [-0.003, 0.030] 0.012 [-0.004, 0.029] 0.014 [-0.002, 0.029] 0.014 [-0.003, 0.031]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.010 [0.000, 0.021] 0.013 [0.001, 0.025] 0.013 [0.001, 0.025] 0.012 [0.000, 0.024] 0.013 [-0.001, 0.025] 0.013 [0.001, 0.025]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.014 [-0.031, 0.004] -0.016 [-0.034, 0.002] -0.018 [-0.037, 0.000] -0.017 [-0.036, 0.000] -0.016 [-0.035, 0.001] -0.016 [-0.035, 0.001]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [0.014, 0.041] 0.031 [0.017, 0.046] 0.031 [0.016, 0.046] 0.030 [0.016, 0.045] 0.031 [0.017, 0.046] 0.031 [0.017, 0.046]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.012 [-0.027, 0.002] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.008] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.008] -0.008 [-0.022, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.005] -0.008 [-0.021, 0.008]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.001, 0.023] 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] 0.017 [0.004, 0.032] 0.019 [0.006, 0.032] 0.017 [0.004, 0.032]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.014, 0.021] 0.005 [-0.014, 0.023] 0.004 [-0.015, 0.022] 0.004 [-0.015, 0.022] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.023] 0.005 [-0.014, 0.022]
Intercept well-being 1.543 [1.513, 1.572] 1.522 [1.490, 1.553] 1.522 [1.491, 1.553] 1.522 [1.492, 1.554] 1.520 [1.490, 1.549] 1.522 [1.491, 1.554]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.281 [0.259, 0.306] 0.254 [0.232, 0.279] 0.253 [0.231, 0.278] 0.251 [0.230, 0.276] 0.231 [0.211, 0.254] 0.257 [0.235, 0.283]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.098 [0.080, 0.117] 0.099 [0.081, 0.120] 0.099 [0.081, 0.119] 0.097 [0.080, 0.118] 0.097 [0.077, 0.117] 0.099 [0.081, 0.120]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.010 [0.004, 0.022] 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] 0.014 [0.006, 0.025] 0.013 [0.003, 0.025] 0.014 [0.006, 0.025]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.074 [0.051, 0.104] 0.072 [0.047, 0.102] 0.071 [0.047, 0.101] 0.071 [0.047, 0.102] 0.070 [0.047, 0.102] 0.072 [0.047, 0.102]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.056 [0.039, 0.074] 0.063 [0.046, 0.084] 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] 0.063 [0.046, 0.084] 0.063 [0.045, 0.083] 0.063 [0.046, 0.085]
R2 between 0.008 [0.002, 0.018] 0.011 [0.004, 0.021] 0.013 [0.005, 0.024] 0.050 [0.034, 0.070] 0.002 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.009 [0.001, 0.025] 0.012 [0.002, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.045] 0.004 [0.000, 0.050] 0.009 [0.000, 0.068] 0.006 [0.000, 0.084] 0.004 [0.000, 0.055]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.010 [0.000, 0.039] 0.006 [0.000, 0.034] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,755 20,496 20,496 20,496 20,491 20,496
Study 2
CMC WP 0.308 [0.273, 0.344] 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] 0.297 [0.258, 0.335] 0.299 [0.260, 0.337] 0.296 [0.257, 0.334] 0.296 [0.257, 0.335]
Mixed WP 0.023 [-0.009, 0.055] 0.037 [0.001, 0.074] 0.040 [0.005, 0.077] 0.042 [0.006, 0.079] 0.040 [0.005, 0.079] 0.040 [0.005, 0.078]
Family WP 0.017 [-0.024, 0.057] 0.028 [-0.019, 0.078] 0.028 [-0.019, 0.077] 0.024 [-0.024, 0.072] 0.029 [-0.019, 0.077] 0.033 [-0.014, 0.081]
Weak ties WP 0.039 [0.003, 0.075] 0.028 [-0.014, 0.071] 0.029 [-0.013, 0.072] 0.034 [-0.008, 0.077] 0.028 [-0.014, 0.070] 0.029 [-0.013, 0.072]
Weekend WP -0.048 [-0.070, -0.027] -0.041 [-0.066, -0.017] -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017] -0.041 [-0.066, -0.017] -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017] -0.042 [-0.066, -0.017]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.312 [0.304, 0.320] 0.304 [0.296, 0.313] 0.305 [0.296, 0.314] 0.305 [0.296, 0.314] 0.304 [0.296, 0.313] 0.305 [0.296, 0.314]
R2 within 0.103 [0.094, 0.112] 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] 0.100 [0.089, 0.111] 0.100 [0.089, 0.110] 0.100 [0.089, 0.110]
Personality trait 0.019 [-0.031, 0.068] -0.058 [-0.126, 0.011] -0.109 [-0.174, -0.043] 0.187 [0.134, 0.241] 0.039 [-0.028, 0.108]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.024 [-0.023, 0.072] -0.024 [-0.090, 0.041] -0.073 [-0.134, -0.009] 0.101 [0.049, 0.154] 0.012 [-0.050, 0.078]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.041 [-0.008, 0.090] 0.000 [-0.059, 0.057] -0.024 [-0.087, 0.033] 0.012 [-0.032, 0.061] -0.002 [-0.065, 0.059]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.012 [-0.042, 0.068] 0.002 [-0.075, 0.081] 0.019 [-0.058, 0.092] 0.008 [-0.054, 0.070] 0.090 [0.011, 0.164]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.000 [-0.048, 0.051] -0.048 [-0.122, 0.021] -0.065 [-0.133, 0.000] 0.065 [0.010, 0.120] 0.017 [-0.052, 0.085]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.070 [0.049, 0.091] 0.061 [0.040, 0.084] 0.061 [0.040, 0.083] 0.058 [0.037, 0.080] 0.051 [0.031, 0.072] 0.061 [0.040, 0.084]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.006 [-0.024, 0.014] 0.007 [-0.014, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.014, 0.028] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.014, 0.028]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.016 [-0.006, 0.039] 0.008 [-0.016, 0.033] 0.009 [-0.016, 0.034] 0.009 [-0.016, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.016, 0.030] 0.010 [-0.015, 0.034]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.022, 0.018] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] -0.007 [-0.028, 0.014] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.014 [-0.001, 0.031] 0.020 [0.002, 0.040] 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] 0.019 [0.001, 0.040] 0.020 [0.002, 0.041] 0.020 [0.001, 0.040]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.016, 0.023] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.020] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019] -0.002 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.019]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [0.008, 0.043] 0.026 [0.005, 0.046] 0.025 [0.005, 0.045] 0.024 [0.004, 0.044] 0.022 [0.002, 0.041] 0.025 [0.005, 0.045]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.000 [-0.015, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.011, 0.024] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.026] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.025] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.024] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.026]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.005, 0.033] 0.014 [-0.009, 0.035] 0.014 [-0.008, 0.035] 0.013 [-0.008, 0.034] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.033] 0.013 [-0.008, 0.034]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [0.009, 0.049] 0.036 [0.015, 0.060] 0.037 [0.016, 0.062] 0.038 [0.017, 0.062] 0.036 [0.014, 0.060] 0.036 [0.015, 0.059]
Intercept well-being 1.564 [1.525, 1.602] 1.527 [1.485, 1.569] 1.527 [1.485, 1.569] 1.528 [1.487, 1.569] 1.526 [1.486, 1.567] 1.527 [1.486, 1.569]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.282 [0.253, 0.315] 0.245 [0.216, 0.278] 0.244 [0.215, 0.277] 0.240 [0.212, 0.273] 0.226 [0.199, 0.257] 0.245 [0.216, 0.278]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.103 [0.081, 0.129] 0.094 [0.071, 0.121] 0.094 [0.071, 0.121] 0.092 [0.069, 0.119] 0.089 [0.066, 0.115] 0.094 [0.071, 0.122]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.013 [0.003, 0.033] 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] 0.018 [0.003, 0.037] 0.018 [0.003, 0.038] 0.018 [0.003, 0.037]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.056 [0.033, 0.088] 0.059 [0.034, 0.092] 0.060 [0.035, 0.094] 0.058 [0.034, 0.091] 0.060 [0.034, 0.094] 0.055 [0.031, 0.088]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.070 [0.048, 0.096] 0.073 [0.050, 0.102] 0.072 [0.049, 0.102] 0.072 [0.049, 0.101] 0.070 [0.048, 0.100] 0.072 [0.049, 0.103]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.009 [0.001, 0.023] 0.042 [0.022, 0.067] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.011 [0.000, 0.036] 0.031 [0.007, 0.072] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Mixed WP 0.033 [0.000, 0.256] 0.005 [0.000, 0.078] 0.009 [0.000, 0.112] 0.006 [0.000, 0.089] 0.005 [0.000, 0.095]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.027 [0.001, 0.092]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] 0.011 [0.000, 0.046] 0.017 [0.001, 0.057] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,982 10,857 10,857 10,857 10,857 10,857
Study 3
CMC WP 0.241 [0.207, 0.275] 0.240 [0.204, 0.277] 0.239 [0.202, 0.277] 0.242 [0.204, 0.279] 0.237 [0.200, 0.274] 0.240 [0.202, 0.277]
Mixed WP 0.030 [-0.002, 0.063] 0.025 [-0.012, 0.063] 0.031 [-0.005, 0.069] 0.029 [-0.004, 0.065] 0.030 [-0.003, 0.066] 0.031 [-0.003, 0.065]
Family WP 0.089 [0.050, 0.128] 0.090 [0.049, 0.132] 0.089 [0.046, 0.129] 0.089 [0.047, 0.130] 0.088 [0.047, 0.129] 0.090 [0.047, 0.130]
Weak ties WP 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] 0.023 [-0.014, 0.061] 0.022 [-0.017, 0.060] 0.022 [-0.014, 0.059] 0.021 [-0.015, 0.058] 0.022 [-0.017, 0.059]
Weekend WP -0.034 [-0.051, -0.016] -0.036 [-0.054, -0.018] -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] -0.037 [-0.055, -0.019] -0.035 [-0.053, -0.017]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.299 [0.293, 0.306] 0.298 [0.291, 0.304] 0.298 [0.292, 0.304] 0.298 [0.292, 0.305] 0.298 [0.292, 0.305] 0.297 [0.290, 0.303]
R2 within 0.091 [0.084, 0.099] 0.095 [0.086, 0.104] 0.094 [0.086, 0.102] 0.094 [0.087, 0.102] 0.093 [0.085, 0.101] 0.094 [0.086, 0.103]
Personality trait -0.083 [-0.138, -0.028] -0.064 [-0.135, 0.004] -0.047 [-0.109, 0.017] 0.200 [0.152, 0.250] 0.000 [-0.063, 0.061]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.034 [-0.086, 0.018] -0.004 [-0.067, 0.060] -0.058 [-0.115, -0.002] 0.094 [0.047, 0.138] -0.045 [-0.100, 0.011]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.045 [-0.004, 0.094] 0.012 [-0.051, 0.074] 0.017 [-0.036, 0.071] 0.009 [-0.035, 0.055] -0.002 [-0.054, 0.051]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.031 [-0.091, 0.027] -0.057 [-0.128, 0.017] -0.089 [-0.151, -0.027] 0.056 [0.004, 0.109] 0.013 [-0.050, 0.076]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.026 [-0.080, 0.026] -0.003 [-0.072, 0.064] -0.011 [-0.067, 0.048] 0.016 [-0.031, 0.061] -0.020 [-0.078, 0.037]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.084 [0.064, 0.105] 0.085 [0.064, 0.108] 0.086 [0.065, 0.110] 0.084 [0.062, 0.107] 0.074 [0.053, 0.096] 0.085 [0.063, 0.109]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.017 [-0.002, 0.037] 0.026 [0.006, 0.047] 0.027 [0.006, 0.047] 0.024 [0.003, 0.046] 0.023 [0.003, 0.044] 0.024 [0.003, 0.046]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.051 [0.028, 0.075] 0.051 [0.027, 0.077] 0.050 [0.025, 0.076] 0.049 [0.025, 0.074] 0.044 [0.021, 0.068] 0.051 [0.027, 0.077]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030] 0.011 [-0.011, 0.032] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.033] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.031] 0.012 [-0.009, 0.032]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.018 [0.003, 0.035] 0.025 [0.009, 0.044] 0.024 [0.007, 0.041] 0.024 [0.008, 0.042] 0.024 [0.007, 0.042] 0.025 [0.009, 0.043]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.045 [0.025, 0.066] 0.047 [0.025, 0.071] 0.047 [0.026, 0.070] 0.045 [0.024, 0.066] 0.044 [0.024, 0.066] 0.047 [0.026, 0.069]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.017, 0.018] -0.003 [-0.024, 0.016] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.016] -0.004 [-0.025, 0.014] -0.003 [-0.022, 0.016]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.004 [-0.013, 0.022] 0.006 [-0.014, 0.026] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.025] 0.007 [-0.013, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.015, 0.026] 0.005 [-0.014, 0.024]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.009, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.014, 0.025] 0.006 [-0.014, 0.026] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.013, 0.027] 0.005 [-0.015, 0.024]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.043 [0.023, 0.064] 0.044 [0.023, 0.067] 0.040 [0.020, 0.062] 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] 0.040 [0.020, 0.062] 0.043 [0.022, 0.066]
Intercept well-being 1.533 [1.494, 1.572] 1.526 [1.485, 1.566] 1.525 [1.484, 1.566] 1.527 [1.486, 1.567] 1.526 [1.487, 1.565] 1.525 [1.484, 1.566]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.307 [0.277, 0.341] 0.295 [0.264, 0.330] 0.298 [0.267, 0.333] 0.297 [0.267, 0.332] 0.273 [0.245, 0.306] 0.299 [0.269, 0.334]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.104 [0.082, 0.128] 0.111 [0.089, 0.139] 0.111 [0.087, 0.139] 0.111 [0.089, 0.138] 0.105 [0.083, 0.132] 0.112 [0.090, 0.138]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.040 [0.025, 0.058] 0.037 [0.023, 0.055] 0.039 [0.024, 0.056] 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] 0.039 [0.022, 0.058] 0.039 [0.026, 0.057]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.117 [0.091, 0.148] 0.125 [0.096, 0.159] 0.121 [0.094, 0.154] 0.119 [0.091, 0.152] 0.119 [0.092, 0.152] 0.122 [0.094, 0.154]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.060 [0.039, 0.087] 0.062 [0.041, 0.090] 0.058 [0.038, 0.086] 0.059 [0.037, 0.086] 0.060 [0.038, 0.087] 0.058 [0.036, 0.085]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.010] 0.002 [0.000, 0.008] 0.045 [0.026, 0.069] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.006 [0.000, 0.024] 0.026 [0.007, 0.057] 0.004 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Mixed WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.063] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.014 [0.001, 0.038] 0.008 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,336 19,326 19,263 19,322 19,314 19,272

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Angry
Table S4.38
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.046 [0.024, 0.069] 0.041 [0.017, 0.064] 0.043 [0.018, 0.067] 0.042 [0.018, 0.068] 0.041 [0.017, 0.067] 0.043 [0.018, 0.067]
Mixed WP 0.025 [-0.001, 0.048] 0.027 [0.000, 0.053] 0.030 [0.003, 0.058] 0.027 [0.001, 0.055] 0.026 [0.000, 0.054] 0.033 [0.004, 0.057]
Family WP 0.061 [0.034, 0.087] 0.069 [0.041, 0.095] 0.069 [0.041, 0.097] 0.068 [0.041, 0.095] 0.068 [0.041, 0.095] 0.071 [0.043, 0.098]
Weak ties WP -0.015 [-0.043, 0.014] -0.007 [-0.036, 0.022] -0.008 [-0.040, 0.022] -0.009 [-0.039, 0.021] -0.009 [-0.038, 0.021] -0.009 [-0.040, 0.019]
Weekend WP -0.027 [-0.042, -0.012] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.227 [0.222, 0.232] 0.224 [0.219, 0.228] 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] 0.223 [0.218, 0.228]
R2 within 0.034 [0.029, 0.041] 0.037 [0.030, 0.044] 0.038 [0.031, 0.046] 0.036 [0.030, 0.043] 0.036 [0.031, 0.043] 0.036 [0.030, 0.042]
Personality trait -0.007 [-0.034, 0.021] -0.074 [-0.109, -0.041] -0.015 [-0.046, 0.016] 0.090 [0.066, 0.115] -0.001 [-0.031, 0.030]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.003 [-0.031, 0.036] -0.014 [-0.054, 0.028] -0.009 [-0.045, 0.026] 0.016 [-0.016, 0.046] 0.007 [-0.029, 0.042]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.031 [-0.009, 0.064] 0.023 [-0.019, 0.072] 0.006 [-0.032, 0.049] 0.008 [-0.026, 0.045] 0.026 [-0.014, 0.066]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.010 [-0.029, 0.050] -0.004 [-0.052, 0.043] -0.006 [-0.046, 0.038] 0.010 [-0.025, 0.044] 0.002 [-0.040, 0.043]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.011 [-0.031, 0.054] 0.021 [-0.030, 0.076] -0.011 [-0.054, 0.036] -0.010 [-0.045, 0.026] 0.008 [-0.034, 0.053]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.019 [0.012, 0.028] 0.014 [0.007, 0.022] 0.014 [0.007, 0.022] 0.015 [0.008, 0.023] 0.015 [0.007, 0.022] 0.015 [0.008, 0.022]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.001 [-0.007, 0.010] 0.005 [-0.002, 0.013] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.013] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.013] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012] 0.005 [-0.003, 0.012]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.019 [0.011, 0.028] 0.022 [0.014, 0.031] 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] 0.023 [0.014, 0.031] 0.022 [0.015, 0.031] 0.024 [0.016, 0.032]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.013, 0.006] 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] 0.002 [-0.007, 0.011] 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010] 0.002 [-0.007, 0.010] 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance -0.002 [-0.008, 0.003] -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.005, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.006, 0.006] -0.001 [-0.007, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.006, 0.008]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.004 [-0.004, 0.012] 0.006 [-0.003, 0.015] 0.006 [-0.003, 0.015] 0.006 [-0.003, 0.014] 0.006 [-0.002, 0.014] 0.006 [-0.001, 0.015]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.020, -0.004] -0.011 [-0.021, -0.003] -0.011 [-0.020, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.004] -0.012 [-0.021, -0.004]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.011, 0.003] -0.002 [-0.011, 0.006] -0.001 [-0.009, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.009, 0.006] -0.001 [-0.008, 0.006] -0.002 [-0.011, 0.005]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.009, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.011, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.012, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.008] 0.000 [-0.011, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.010, 0.009]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.003, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.007, 0.014] 0.003 [-0.007, 0.015] 0.003 [-0.007, 0.014] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.014] 0.004 [-0.006, 0.015]
Intercept well-being 1.230 [1.209, 1.251] 1.216 [1.196, 1.236] 1.218 [1.198, 1.238] 1.217 [1.197, 1.238] 1.217 [1.197, 1.237] 1.216 [1.196, 1.237]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.085 [0.076, 0.095] 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] 0.063 [0.056, 0.071] 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] 0.060 [0.053, 0.068] 0.065 [0.057, 0.073]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.020 [0.013, 0.028] 0.020 [0.011, 0.030] 0.020 [0.012, 0.031] 0.020 [0.012, 0.031] 0.020 [0.011, 0.031] 0.021 [0.013, 0.032]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.007 [0.002, 0.014] 0.007 [0.003, 0.016] 0.008 [0.002, 0.019] 0.009 [0.003, 0.019] 0.009 [0.003, 0.018] 0.009 [0.004, 0.019]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.030 [0.020, 0.043] 0.028 [0.017, 0.042] 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] 0.029 [0.018, 0.043] 0.028 [0.018, 0.042]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.026 [0.014, 0.042] 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] 0.030 [0.016, 0.046] 0.030 [0.018, 0.047] 0.027 [0.015, 0.043]
R2 between 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] 0.014 [0.004, 0.030] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.042 [0.022, 0.066] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Mixed WP 0.031 [0.000, 0.176] 0.011 [0.000, 0.105] 0.005 [0.000, 0.063] 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] 0.016 [0.000, 0.100]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,369 19,356 19,293 19,352 19,344 19,302

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Worried
Table S4.39
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.112 [0.079, 0.144] 0.107 [0.075, 0.140] 0.110 [0.075, 0.145] 0.107 [0.072, 0.142] 0.107 [0.071, 0.141] 0.107 [0.072, 0.141]
Mixed WP 0.012 [-0.025, 0.048] 0.022 [-0.018, 0.064] 0.018 [-0.022, 0.060] 0.016 [-0.020, 0.054] 0.014 [-0.023, 0.053] 0.019 [-0.019, 0.057]
Family WP 0.054 [0.016, 0.092] 0.056 [0.018, 0.095] 0.054 [0.014, 0.093] 0.057 [0.018, 0.095] 0.054 [0.015, 0.092] 0.060 [0.020, 0.099]
Weak ties WP -0.028 [-0.069, 0.013] -0.019 [-0.060, 0.023] -0.018 [-0.061, 0.026] -0.018 [-0.062, 0.023] -0.021 [-0.065, 0.022] -0.017 [-0.061, 0.027]
Weekend WP -0.196 [-0.217, -0.175] -0.199 [-0.221, -0.177] -0.198 [-0.220, -0.177] -0.200 [-0.222, -0.177] -0.198 [-0.221, -0.176] -0.197 [-0.219, -0.174]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.456 [0.447, 0.466] 0.463 [0.454, 0.473] 0.463 [0.454, 0.473] 0.464 [0.455, 0.474] 0.464 [0.454, 0.474] 0.461 [0.451, 0.471]
R2 within 0.052 [0.043, 0.059] 0.053 [0.046, 0.062] 0.053 [0.047, 0.061] 0.054 [0.047, 0.061] 0.053 [0.047, 0.061] 0.053 [0.046, 0.061]
Personality trait -0.095 [-0.152, -0.039] -0.049 [-0.122, 0.024] -0.065 [-0.129, 0.000] 0.261 [0.212, 0.310] 0.063 [-0.002, 0.126]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.051 [-0.099, -0.004] -0.096 [-0.152, -0.034] -0.043 [-0.094, 0.009] 0.022 [-0.021, 0.064] -0.018 [-0.070, 0.032]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.003 [-0.060, 0.051] -0.036 [-0.104, 0.030] -0.026 [-0.080, 0.035] -0.026 [-0.073, 0.023] -0.007 [-0.067, 0.051]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.042 [-0.099, 0.013] -0.083 [-0.151, -0.012] -0.019 [-0.078, 0.045] 0.018 [-0.031, 0.068] -0.014 [-0.076, 0.048]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.016 [-0.045, 0.075] 0.024 [-0.053, 0.101] -0.033 [-0.098, 0.034] -0.007 [-0.059, 0.046] -0.031 [-0.098, 0.033]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.045 [0.026, 0.066] 0.042 [0.022, 0.063] 0.043 [0.023, 0.063] 0.045 [0.025, 0.067] 0.042 [0.023, 0.063] 0.045 [0.026, 0.067]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.001 [-0.022, 0.023] 0.004 [-0.019, 0.026] 0.003 [-0.020, 0.026] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.025] 0.005 [-0.015, 0.031] 0.002 [-0.022, 0.025]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.009, 0.038] 0.009 [-0.014, 0.033] 0.011 [-0.012, 0.035] 0.012 [-0.012, 0.036] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.033] 0.016 [-0.007, 0.041]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.041, 0.008] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.009] -0.015 [-0.040, 0.009] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.009] -0.015 [-0.039, 0.009] -0.016 [-0.041, 0.009]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.007 [-0.009, 0.023] 0.015 [0.001, 0.034] 0.013 [-0.002, 0.030] 0.014 [-0.003, 0.031] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033] 0.017 [0.000, 0.033]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.006, 0.027] 0.011 [-0.008, 0.030] 0.011 [-0.004, 0.028] 0.013 [-0.003, 0.030] 0.012 [-0.004, 0.030] 0.016 [-0.001, 0.034]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.029, 0.004] -0.011 [-0.029, 0.006] -0.009 [-0.028, 0.009] -0.011 [-0.033, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.032, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.031, 0.007]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.020, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.012] -0.004 [-0.022, 0.014] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.015] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.015] -0.004 [-0.023, 0.014]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.014, 0.026] -0.003 [-0.024, 0.017] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.027, 0.016] 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.010, 0.030] 0.011 [-0.008, 0.035] 0.012 [-0.007, 0.034] 0.010 [-0.009, 0.032] 0.011 [-0.008, 0.034] 0.012 [-0.010, 0.035]
Intercept well-being 1.826 [1.785, 1.867] 1.824 [1.781, 1.865] 1.824 [1.781, 1.866] 1.827 [1.784, 1.869] 1.825 [1.785, 1.865] 1.824 [1.781, 1.866]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.330 [0.298, 0.367] 0.310 [0.277, 0.347] 0.316 [0.283, 0.354] 0.315 [0.282, 0.353] 0.274 [0.245, 0.307] 0.315 [0.282, 0.352]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.039 [0.019, 0.059] 0.040 [0.023, 0.063] 0.036 [0.020, 0.057] 0.041 [0.025, 0.064] 0.042 [0.024, 0.065] 0.043 [0.026, 0.065]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.023 [0.010, 0.044] 0.025 [0.009, 0.047] 0.025 [0.010, 0.046] 0.023 [0.006, 0.044] 0.024 [0.005, 0.046] 0.028 [0.012, 0.052]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.052 [0.032, 0.077] 0.055 [0.030, 0.084] 0.054 [0.034, 0.080] 0.054 [0.034, 0.083] 0.054 [0.033, 0.082] 0.054 [0.032, 0.080]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.061 [0.039, 0.091] 0.061 [0.039, 0.095] 0.063 [0.039, 0.093] 0.064 [0.037, 0.095] 0.065 [0.037, 0.097] 0.064 [0.038, 0.097]
R2 between 0.007 [0.001, 0.019] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] 0.074 [0.049, 0.102] 0.003 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 CMC WP 0.016 [0.000, 0.068] 0.041 [0.004, 0.113] 0.009 [0.000, 0.046] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] 0.010 [0.000, 0.083] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041]
R2 Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.050] 0.021 [0.001, 0.069] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,373 19,360 19,297 19,356 19,348 19,306

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Sad
Table S4.40
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.122 [0.095, 0.149] 0.121 [0.093, 0.149] 0.121 [0.093, 0.151] 0.123 [0.093, 0.155] 0.122 [0.092, 0.153] 0.123 [0.092, 0.153]
Mixed WP 0.017 [-0.015, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.021, 0.054] 0.020 [-0.018, 0.058] 0.017 [-0.019, 0.053] 0.018 [-0.017, 0.054] 0.021 [-0.017, 0.057]
Family WP 0.066 [0.033, 0.100] 0.064 [0.028, 0.101] 0.065 [0.028, 0.100] 0.067 [0.031, 0.102] 0.064 [0.029, 0.100] 0.068 [0.031, 0.105]
Weak ties WP -0.046 [-0.080, -0.012] -0.046 [-0.081, -0.012] -0.047 [-0.084, -0.010] -0.049 [-0.083, -0.014] -0.050 [-0.084, -0.014] -0.047 [-0.085, -0.013]
Weekend WP -0.047 [-0.065, -0.028] -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] -0.053 [-0.071, -0.034] -0.053 [-0.072, -0.034] -0.053 [-0.072, -0.034] -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.328 [0.322, 0.335] 0.331 [0.324, 0.337] 0.330 [0.323, 0.337] 0.331 [0.324, 0.338] 0.331 [0.324, 0.338] 0.329 [0.322, 0.336]
R2 within 0.047 [0.040, 0.054] 0.050 [0.042, 0.057] 0.049 [0.042, 0.057] 0.049 [0.042, 0.056] 0.049 [0.043, 0.056] 0.048 [0.042, 0.056]
Personality trait -0.060 [-0.106, -0.012] -0.058 [-0.119, 0.001] -0.070 [-0.123, -0.017] 0.219 [0.180, 0.259] 0.034 [-0.019, 0.086]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.004 [-0.046, 0.036] 0.007 [-0.043, 0.062] -0.043 [-0.088, 0.001] 0.041 [0.003, 0.076] 0.032 [-0.011, 0.078]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.019 [-0.033, 0.070] -0.006 [-0.071, 0.061] 0.021 [-0.036, 0.076] 0.001 [-0.044, 0.048] 0.018 [-0.034, 0.072]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.040 [-0.092, 0.012] -0.030 [-0.092, 0.035] -0.014 [-0.067, 0.043] 0.039 [-0.006, 0.085] -0.033 [-0.087, 0.021]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.002 [-0.050, 0.049] -0.032 [-0.093, 0.030] 0.030 [-0.022, 0.085] 0.000 [-0.041, 0.043] -0.009 [-0.059, 0.045]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.052 [0.038, 0.068] 0.052 [0.037, 0.068] 0.054 [0.040, 0.069] 0.052 [0.038, 0.068] 0.048 [0.035, 0.062] 0.053 [0.039, 0.068]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.010 [-0.006, 0.026] 0.011 [-0.006, 0.029] 0.012 [-0.005, 0.029] 0.011 [-0.006, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.027] 0.011 [-0.007, 0.028]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.032 [0.015, 0.050] 0.029 [0.011, 0.048] 0.031 [0.013, 0.050] 0.031 [0.013, 0.049] 0.026 [0.010, 0.043] 0.033 [0.016, 0.052]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.007 [-0.025, 0.009] -0.009 [-0.027, 0.008] -0.009 [-0.025, 0.008] -0.007 [-0.024, 0.009] -0.008 [-0.024, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.025, 0.008]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.005 [-0.005, 0.018] 0.009 [-0.002, 0.024] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] 0.011 [-0.002, 0.024] 0.010 [-0.002, 0.024] 0.011 [0.000, 0.025]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.015, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.013] 0.000 [-0.011, 0.013] 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] -0.001 [-0.013, 0.012] 0.001 [-0.010, 0.014]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.021 [-0.033, -0.011] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.008] -0.019 [-0.032, -0.006] -0.018 [-0.031, -0.007] -0.020 [-0.033, -0.008] -0.020 [-0.032, -0.008]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.033, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.037, -0.002] -0.017 [-0.034, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.033, 0.000] -0.018 [-0.035, -0.001] -0.018 [-0.036, -0.002]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.022, 0.011] -0.009 [-0.026, 0.007] -0.009 [-0.026, 0.009] -0.011 [-0.026, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.026, 0.006] -0.009 [-0.027, 0.009]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.000, 0.031] 0.016 [0.002, 0.033] 0.014 [-0.002, 0.030] 0.015 [0.001, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.030]
Intercept well-being 1.501 [1.468, 1.534] 1.494 [1.460, 1.528] 1.495 [1.460, 1.530] 1.496 [1.461, 1.531] 1.495 [1.463, 1.528] 1.495 [1.459, 1.530]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.224 [0.201, 0.249] 0.207 [0.184, 0.232] 0.208 [0.186, 0.234] 0.206 [0.185, 0.231] 0.177 [0.158, 0.199] 0.209 [0.186, 0.234]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.032 [0.021, 0.047] 0.031 [0.017, 0.047] 0.031 [0.018, 0.046] 0.031 [0.019, 0.047] 0.031 [0.019, 0.048] 0.033 [0.022, 0.048]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.031 [0.016, 0.051] 0.038 [0.021, 0.059] 0.040 [0.022, 0.061] 0.039 [0.020, 0.063] 0.040 [0.020, 0.064] 0.041 [0.024, 0.064]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.061 [0.045, 0.082] 0.064 [0.044, 0.087] 0.064 [0.046, 0.085] 0.064 [0.046, 0.087] 0.063 [0.045, 0.086] 0.063 [0.043, 0.085]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.037 [0.021, 0.059] 0.036 [0.020, 0.057] 0.034 [0.018, 0.053] 0.034 [0.019, 0.054] 0.036 [0.022, 0.057] 0.034 [0.017, 0.055]
R2 between 0.004 [0.000, 0.014] 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] 0.005 [0.000, 0.015] 0.080 [0.054, 0.110] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.012 [0.000, 0.051] 0.017 [0.000, 0.062] 0.007 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.033] 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,353 19,341 19,278 19,337 19,329 19,287

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.41
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.421 [-.444, -.398] -.413 [-.437, -.389] -.415 [-.439, -.390] -.415 [-.439, -.390] -.414 [-.438, -.390] -.413 [-.437, -.388]
Mixed WP -.031 [-.056, -.007] -.034 [-.065, -.002] -.037 [-.069, -.006] -.035 [-.065, -.006] -.034 [-.063, -.005] -.036 [-.067, -.004]
Family WP -.106 [-.139, -.073] -.110 [-.146, -.074] -.106 [-.142, -.070] -.116 [-.151, -.081] -.110 [-.145, -.076] -.111 [-.146, -.075]
Weak ties WP -.324 [-.350, -.298] -.324 [-.353, -.296] -.329 [-.358, -.300] -.328 [-.356, -.299] -.330 [-.358, -.301] -.327 [-.356, -.298]
Personality trait .146 [.118, .174] .134 [.106, .163] .129 [.100, .157] -.328 [-.355, -.302] .012 [-.017, .041]
Personality trait * CMC WP .022 [-.031, .075] .011 [-.041, .062] .078 [.025, .130] -.122 [-.176, -.068] -.037 [-.089, .016]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.046 [-.127, .035] .001 [-.080, .083] .010 [-.070, .090] .031 [-.050, .113] .013 [-.066, .093]
Personality trait * Family WP .056 [-.004, .116] .037 [-.022, .096] .036 [-.023, .095] -.034 [-.096, .027] -.026 [-.086, .035]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .019 [-.041, .079] .045 [-.017, .106] .036 [-.024, .097] -.058 [-.118, .002] .024 [-.036, .084]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Content / Happy
Table S4.42
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.320 [-.344, -.296] -.323 [-.348, -.297] -.320 [-.346, -.295] -.322 [-.347, -.296] -.320 [-.344, -.296] -.322 [-.347, -.297]
Mixed WP -.004 [-.031, .023] -.003 [-.034, .028] -.004 [-.034, .026] -.003 [-.033, .026] -.005 [-.034, .025] -.005 [-.037, .026]
Family WP -.071 [-.104, -.039] -.079 [-.114, -.043] -.079 [-.114, -.043] -.081 [-.116, -.045] -.079 [-.114, -.045] -.074 [-.110, -.038]
Weak ties WP -.391 [-.418, -.365] -.390 [-.419, -.361] -.391 [-.421, -.362] -.392 [-.421, -.364] -.398 [-.426, -.370] -.389 [-.418, -.360]
Personality trait .199 [.171, .228] .135 [.107, .164] .113 [.084, .141] -.266 [-.293, -.238] .038 [.009, .067]
Personality trait * CMC WP .039 [-.017, .095] -.028 [-.084, .027] .058 [.003, .113] -.098 [-.154, -.041] -.045 [-.100, .011]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.056 [-.137, .024] -.009 [-.091, .074] -.020 [-.099, .060] .081 [.001, .161] -.016 [-.098, .066]
Personality trait * Family WP .066 [.005, .127] .019 [-.041, .078] .024 [-.036, .083] -.025 [-.087, .037] -.010 [-.071, .050]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .028 [-.032, .089] .039 [-.022, .101] .046 [-.014, .105] -.056 [-.116, .004] .029 [-.032, .089]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Stressed
Table S4.43
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP .223 [.200, .246] .213 [.188, .238] .212 [.186, .238] .215 [.190, .241] .215 [.191, .239] .215 [.190, .240]
Mixed WP .068 [.039, .097] .069 [.038, .101] .071 [.040, .102] .073 [.044, .103] .068 [.040, .097] .072 [.042, .103]
Family WP .033 [.002, .065] .042 [.006, .077] .043 [.009, .077] .047 [.013, .082] .034 [.001, .067] .045 [.009, .080]
Weak ties WP .202 [.176, .228] .202 [.173, .231] .206 [.176, .235] .201 [.171, .230] .204 [.176, .232] .207 [.177, .237]
Personality trait -.036 [-.065, -.008] -.082 [-.111, -.054] -.075 [-.103, -.046] .266 [.239, .294] -.007 [-.036, .022]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.016 [-.082, .050] -.051 [-.116, .014] -.036 [-.099, .027] .047 [-.020, .114] .004 [-.060, .068]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .020 [-.063, .103] -.087 [-.171, -.004] -.026 [-.105, .053] -.003 [-.086, .080] -.048 [-.129, .033]
Personality trait * Family WP -.003 [-.075, .069] -.030 [-.101, .040] -.062 [-.132, .009] .027 [-.044, .099] .091 [.019, .162]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .015 [-.049, .080] -.023 [-.090, .044] -.014 [-.079, .052] .038 [-.027, .102] -.025 [-.090, .039]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Lonely
Table S4.44
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP .479 [.456, .502] .468 [.442, .493] .469 [.443, .495] .471 [.445, .497] .471 [.447, .495] .467 [.441, .492]
Mixed WP .041 [.015, .067] .041 [.011, .071] .044 [.014, .074] .046 [.016, .075] .045 [.017, .072] .043 [.014, .073]
Family WP .094 [.062, .127] .095 [.059, .132] .096 [.060, .131] .096 [.061, .132] .095 [.060, .131] .098 [.061, .134]
Weak ties WP .100 [.073, .127] .100 [.071, .130] .104 [.074, .134] .105 [.075, .135] .102 [.073, .131] .104 [.074, .134]
Personality trait -.058 [-.087, -.030] -.072 [-.101, -.044] -.086 [-.115, -.058] .216 [.188, .243] .027 [-.002, .056]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.010 [-.054, .034] -.021 [-.065, .022] -.091 [-.134, -.048] .142 [.097, .186] -.012 [-.055, .031]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .081 [-.015, .177] .026 [-.067, .119] -.020 [-.112, .071] .007 [-.088, .103] -.012 [-.107, .082]
Personality trait * Family WP -.018 [-.077, .040] -.063 [-.121, -.006] -.077 [-.134, -.019] .043 [-.017, .103] .028 [-.031, .088]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.036 [-.091, .020] -.032 [-.089, .024] -.059 [-.114, -.004] .038 [-.018, .094] -.003 [-.059, .053]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2b

Unstandardized Models

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.45
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.239 [-0.261, -0.218] -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210] -0.231 [-0.254, -0.209] -0.231 [-0.254, -0.209] -0.231 [-0.254, -0.208] -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210]
Mixed WP -0.019 [-0.041, 0.004] -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008] -0.017 [-0.043, 0.009] -0.017 [-0.042, 0.009] -0.019 [-0.046, 0.007] -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008]
Family WP 0.010 [-0.024, 0.044] 0.023 [-0.013, 0.059] 0.022 [-0.013, 0.059] 0.020 [-0.014, 0.057] 0.018 [-0.019, 0.055] 0.022 [-0.013, 0.058]
Weak ties WP -0.178 [-0.202, -0.154] -0.181 [-0.208, -0.156] -0.180 [-0.205, -0.155] -0.181 [-0.206, -0.156] -0.180 [-0.207, -0.153] -0.181 [-0.208, -0.155]
CMC * Family WP -0.065 [-0.139, 0.011] -0.069 [-0.149, 0.009] -0.074 [-0.154, 0.003] -0.074 [-0.154, 0.003] -0.076 [-0.149, 0.001] -0.066 [-0.143, 0.011]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.164 [0.099, 0.227] 0.156 [0.086, 0.223] 0.162 [0.098, 0.224] 0.163 [0.099, 0.226] 0.161 [0.092, 0.232] 0.159 [0.087, 0.227]
Mixed * Family WP 0.031 [-0.103, 0.165] 0.026 [-0.112, 0.161] 0.020 [-0.127, 0.160] 0.032 [-0.120, 0.170] 0.007 [-0.140, 0.154] 0.021 [-0.118, 0.154]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.075 [0.008, 0.152] 0.079 [-0.002, 0.151] 0.051 [-0.017, 0.139] 0.052 [-0.018, 0.140] 0.055 [-0.045, 0.131] 0.075 [-0.010, 0.142]
Weekend WP 0.060 [0.045, 0.075] 0.061 [0.044, 0.077] 0.061 [0.045, 0.077] 0.061 [0.044, 0.077] 0.061 [0.045, 0.077] 0.061 [0.044, 0.077]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.231 [0.227, 0.236] 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] 0.228 [0.223, 0.233] 0.228 [0.223, 0.233]
R2 within 0.111 [0.102, 0.120] 0.115 [0.107, 0.124] 0.114 [0.105, 0.124] 0.114 [0.106, 0.124] 0.116 [0.106, 0.125] 0.114 [0.105, 0.123]
Personality trait 0.090 [0.058, 0.123] 0.155 [0.114, 0.197] 0.130 [0.089, 0.172] -0.248 [-0.280, -0.216] 0.012 [-0.032, 0.057]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.003 [-0.024, 0.032] 0.019 [-0.017, 0.055] 0.029 [-0.006, 0.063] -0.040 [-0.070, -0.009] -0.025 [-0.062, 0.012]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.016 [-0.014, 0.048] 0.037 [-0.004, 0.077] 0.006 [-0.034, 0.047] 0.007 [-0.027, 0.039] 0.000 [-0.042, 0.044]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.018 [-0.025, 0.061] 0.029 [-0.027, 0.085] 0.022 [-0.036, 0.078] 0.024 [-0.023, 0.071] 0.003 [-0.054, 0.063]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.015 [-0.017, 0.046] 0.019 [-0.022, 0.062] 0.040 [-0.001, 0.080] -0.018 [-0.051, 0.015] 0.001 [-0.042, 0.043]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.028 [-0.072, 0.128] -0.076 [-0.201, 0.053] -0.035 [-0.158, 0.105] -0.054 [-0.153, 0.045] 0.131 [-0.007, 0.275]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.041 [-0.041, 0.126] 0.022 [-0.084, 0.124] 0.034 [-0.074, 0.136] -0.009 [-0.096, 0.084] 0.061 [-0.052, 0.172]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.112 [-0.053, 0.274] -0.017 [-0.228, 0.200] -0.154 [-0.384, 0.068] -0.028 [-0.188, 0.151] 0.113 [-0.134, 0.357]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.035 [-0.126, 0.053] 0.102 [-0.021, 0.221] 0.059 [-0.073, 0.174] -0.017 [-0.117, 0.081] -0.035 [-0.167, 0.090]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] 0.018 [0.007, 0.029] 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] 0.016 [0.006, 0.028] 0.013 [0.003, 0.023] 0.018 [0.008, 0.030]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.007 [-0.005, 0.019] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.015] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.016] 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.020] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.017]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.013, 0.017] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.010] -0.006 [-0.023, 0.010] -0.006 [-0.023, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.016, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.011]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.015, 0.008] -0.005 [-0.016, 0.007] -0.005 [-0.017, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.019, 0.006] -0.007 [-0.019, 0.004] -0.004 [-0.016, 0.009]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.008 [-0.042, 0.025] 0.001 [-0.034, 0.036] 0.007 [-0.026, 0.043] 0.005 [-0.029, 0.041] -0.005 [-0.036, 0.027] 0.000 [-0.037, 0.036]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.033, 0.030] -0.006 [-0.035, 0.025] -0.008 [-0.040, 0.023] -0.007 [-0.039, 0.023] -0.006 [-0.033, 0.024] -0.003 [-0.034, 0.029]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.029 [-0.029, 0.088] 0.023 [-0.047, 0.092] 0.027 [-0.044, 0.096] 0.038 [-0.035, 0.108] 0.024 [-0.043, 0.094] 0.028 [-0.042, 0.099]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.040, 0.028] 0.002 [-0.032, 0.038] 0.001 [-0.034, 0.042] 0.000 [-0.036, 0.042] 0.001 [-0.032, 0.035] -0.003 [-0.037, 0.033]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [0.013, 0.031] 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] 0.021 [0.013, 0.032] 0.022 [0.013, 0.032] 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] 0.022 [0.013, 0.033]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.016, 0.009] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.015, 0.010] -0.002 [-0.014, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.017, 0.010]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.007, 0.025] 0.019 [0.010, 0.029] 0.018 [0.008, 0.029] 0.018 [0.008, 0.029] 0.018 [0.009, 0.029] 0.019 [0.009, 0.029]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.011 [-0.013, 0.036] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.033] 0.009 [-0.020, 0.036] 0.008 [-0.021, 0.036] 0.007 [-0.017, 0.032] 0.008 [-0.019, 0.036]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.027 [-0.047, -0.006] -0.017 [-0.039, 0.004] -0.022 [-0.046, -0.001] -0.022 [-0.045, -0.001] -0.018 [-0.039, 0.003] -0.017 [-0.038, 0.005]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.042, 0.039] 0.018 [-0.031, 0.069] 0.020 [-0.029, 0.080] 0.022 [-0.026, 0.082] 0.016 [-0.029, 0.059] 0.018 [-0.031, 0.069]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.035, 0.011] -0.003 [-0.031, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.029, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.026, 0.024] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.025] -0.002 [-0.037, 0.020]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.012, 0.011] -0.002 [-0.014, 0.012] 0.000 [-0.014, 0.013] 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] 0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.014, 0.012]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [0.002, 0.020] 0.015 [0.006, 0.025] 0.015 [0.005, 0.025] 0.015 [0.005, 0.026] 0.016 [0.007, 0.026] 0.015 [0.005, 0.026]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.012, 0.038] 0.019 [-0.008, 0.044] 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] 0.018 [-0.007, 0.045] 0.019 [-0.008, 0.045]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.009 [-0.031, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.018] -0.008 [-0.031, 0.017] -0.009 [-0.031, 0.017] -0.008 [-0.030, 0.018] -0.004 [-0.030, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.018, 0.057] 0.034 [-0.003, 0.078] 0.032 [-0.002, 0.081] 0.032 [-0.001, 0.082] 0.037 [0.001, 0.082] 0.035 [-0.004, 0.078]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.014 [-0.033, 0.007] -0.008 [-0.028, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.010] -0.007 [-0.028, 0.012] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.012] -0.006 [-0.029, 0.016]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.009, 0.015] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.009, 0.020] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.020] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.018] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.038, 0.017] -0.013 [-0.046, 0.016] -0.014 [-0.048, 0.017] -0.014 [-0.047, 0.016] -0.007 [-0.042, 0.024] -0.012 [-0.045, 0.017]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.012, 0.057] 0.017 [-0.017, 0.049] 0.022 [-0.016, 0.053] 0.024 [-0.013, 0.055] 0.020 [-0.012, 0.055] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.033 [-0.008, 0.076] 0.038 [-0.011, 0.090] 0.032 [-0.014, 0.086] 0.034 [-0.011, 0.088] 0.049 [0.007, 0.099] 0.042 [-0.005, 0.095]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.017, 0.038] 0.007 [-0.020, 0.041] 0.008 [-0.027, 0.037] 0.007 [-0.027, 0.037] 0.010 [-0.016, 0.036] 0.008 [-0.018, 0.038]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.013, 0.039] 0.021 [-0.006, 0.047] 0.019 [-0.013, 0.045] 0.019 [-0.013, 0.046] 0.023 [-0.006, 0.048] 0.021 [-0.006, 0.049]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.031, 0.010] -0.009 [-0.029, 0.014] -0.011 [-0.029, 0.012] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.013] -0.007 [-0.028, 0.016] -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.012 [-0.052, 0.029] 0.002 [-0.040, 0.047] 0.005 [-0.036, 0.053] 0.004 [-0.037, 0.053] 0.006 [-0.038, 0.056] 0.004 [-0.041, 0.051]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.015, 0.027] 0.004 [-0.023, 0.027] 0.002 [-0.017, 0.026] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.026] 0.009 [-0.013, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.022, 0.027]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.071 [0.006, 0.139] 0.065 [-0.002, 0.137] 0.061 [0.000, 0.138] 0.059 [-0.004, 0.137] 0.066 [-0.014, 0.138] 0.066 [-0.004, 0.137]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.080 [-0.020, 0.180] 0.098 [-0.007, 0.224] 0.087 [-0.072, 0.212] 0.087 [-0.071, 0.205] 0.100 [-0.018, 0.218] 0.096 [-0.010, 0.217]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.053, 0.067] -0.002 [-0.053, 0.056] 0.007 [-0.057, 0.080] 0.004 [-0.059, 0.079] 0.011 [-0.059, 0.078] -0.001 [-0.064, 0.056]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.099 [0.004, 0.187] 0.095 [-0.010, 0.204] 0.090 [-0.013, 0.190] 0.096 [-0.006, 0.196] 0.101 [-0.016, 0.227] 0.100 [-0.008, 0.208]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.044 [-0.020, 0.108] 0.042 [-0.011, 0.104] 0.039 [-0.010, 0.098] 0.036 [-0.012, 0.094] 0.054 [0.006, 0.118] 0.042 [-0.016, 0.106]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.033 [-0.049, 0.128] 0.029 [-0.055, 0.107] 0.037 [-0.099, 0.130] 0.035 [-0.102, 0.132] 0.034 [-0.041, 0.130] 0.034 [-0.051, 0.112]
Intercept well-being 2.993 [2.968, 3.019] 3.008 [2.982, 3.035] 3.008 [2.981, 3.035] 3.008 [2.981, 3.034] 3.009 [2.985, 3.033] 3.008 [2.981, 3.035]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.199 [0.183, 0.217] 0.185 [0.169, 0.203] 0.181 [0.165, 0.199] 0.184 [0.168, 0.202] 0.154 [0.141, 0.170] 0.191 [0.174, 0.209]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.041 [0.031, 0.053] 0.042 [0.031, 0.055] 0.041 [0.029, 0.053] 0.041 [0.029, 0.053] 0.041 [0.031, 0.053] 0.042 [0.030, 0.054]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] 0.024 [0.014, 0.038] 0.024 [0.012, 0.036] 0.024 [0.012, 0.037] 0.026 [0.016, 0.040] 0.024 [0.013, 0.038]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] 0.042 [0.024, 0.064] 0.043 [0.025, 0.068] 0.044 [0.026, 0.067] 0.043 [0.026, 0.068] 0.042 [0.024, 0.065]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.031 [0.021, 0.043] 0.032 [0.022, 0.046] 0.034 [0.023, 0.047] 0.033 [0.022, 0.047] 0.033 [0.023, 0.048] 0.033 [0.022, 0.047]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.163 [0.076, 0.256] 0.186 [0.097, 0.301] 0.190 [0.067, 0.307] 0.188 [0.071, 0.307] 0.179 [0.087, 0.292] 0.185 [0.099, 0.293]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.157 [0.097, 0.239] 0.164 [0.102, 0.248] 0.150 [0.093, 0.240] 0.152 [0.096, 0.243] 0.166 [0.108, 0.245] 0.165 [0.102, 0.247]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.330 [0.158, 0.560] 0.391 [0.223, 0.652] 0.371 [0.157, 0.636] 0.377 [0.174, 0.634] 0.372 [0.206, 0.639] 0.391 [0.224, 0.658]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.028, 0.136] 0.059 [0.024, 0.129] 0.064 [0.031, 0.119] 0.064 [0.030, 0.117] 0.072 [0.034, 0.146] 0.057 [0.023, 0.132]
R2 between 0.014 [0.006, 0.026] 0.025 [0.013, 0.040] 0.018 [0.008, 0.030] 0.102 [0.078, 0.129] 0.000 [0.000, 0.003]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.004 [0.000, 0.019] 0.011 [0.001, 0.035] 0.003 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.011 [0.000, 0.052] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.009 [0.000, 0.038] 0.003 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.006 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.005 [0.000, 0.042] 0.017 [0.000, 0.076]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.011 [0.000, 0.062] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.013 [0.000, 0.089] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.007 [0.000, 0.061]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.102] 0.030 [0.000, 0.161] 0.012 [0.000, 0.100] 0.005 [0.000, 0.067] 0.007 [0.000, 0.131]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,774 20,512 20,512 20,512 20,507 20,512
Study 2
CMC WP -0.235 [-0.264, -0.206] -0.230 [-0.262, -0.198] -0.231 [-0.264, -0.199] -0.231 [-0.263, -0.199] -0.229 [-0.260, -0.197] -0.231 [-0.263, -0.199]
Mixed WP -0.037 [-0.070, -0.004] -0.043 [-0.080, -0.007] -0.048 [-0.084, -0.011] -0.047 [-0.083, -0.012] -0.050 [-0.085, -0.014] -0.049 [-0.086, -0.014]
Family WP 0.027 [-0.011, 0.066] 0.017 [-0.028, 0.062] 0.016 [-0.029, 0.059] 0.017 [-0.029, 0.063] 0.016 [-0.030, 0.062] 0.010 [-0.034, 0.053]
Weak ties WP -0.153 [-0.184, -0.121] -0.146 [-0.182, -0.110] -0.147 [-0.181, -0.110] -0.145 [-0.180, -0.108] -0.146 [-0.182, -0.111] -0.145 [-0.181, -0.109]
CMC * Family WP 0.018 [-0.076, 0.102] 0.013 [-0.089, 0.109] 0.012 [-0.092, 0.110] 0.021 [-0.086, 0.121] 0.004 [-0.097, 0.106] 0.021 [-0.088, 0.118]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.135 [0.062, 0.206] 0.105 [0.021, 0.183] 0.102 [0.015, 0.181] 0.110 [0.024, 0.189] 0.103 [0.024, 0.183] 0.102 [0.014, 0.180]
Mixed * Family WP 0.051 [-0.100, 0.181] 0.013 [-0.171, 0.191] -0.002 [-0.189, 0.178] 0.042 [-0.172, 0.224] 0.003 [-0.165, 0.172] 0.001 [-0.187, 0.183]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.029 [-0.066, 0.132] 0.078 [-0.048, 0.228] 0.080 [-0.038, 0.221] 0.085 [-0.043, 0.229] 0.065 [-0.054, 0.181] 0.078 [-0.043, 0.222]
Weekend WP 0.102 [0.082, 0.121] 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] 0.107 [0.085, 0.129] 0.108 [0.085, 0.130] 0.107 [0.085, 0.129]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.236 [0.230, 0.242] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.237 [0.230, 0.245] 0.238 [0.231, 0.245] 0.237 [0.231, 0.245] 0.237 [0.231, 0.245]
R2 within 0.116 [0.106, 0.126] 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] 0.116 [0.104, 0.129] 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] 0.114 [0.102, 0.126] 0.117 [0.104, 0.129]
Personality trait 0.033 [-0.008, 0.074] 0.082 [0.026, 0.139] 0.122 [0.069, 0.176] -0.203 [-0.246, -0.159] 0.012 [-0.044, 0.069]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.001 [-0.040, 0.038] 0.004 [-0.050, 0.056] 0.025 [-0.027, 0.077] -0.065 [-0.109, -0.022] -0.013 [-0.064, 0.039]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.040 [-0.081, 0.006] -0.018 [-0.078, 0.040] 0.020 [-0.039, 0.084] -0.014 [-0.063, 0.037] -0.004 [-0.061, 0.055]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.006 [-0.048, 0.060] 0.010 [-0.062, 0.087] -0.009 [-0.078, 0.066] -0.020 [-0.081, 0.041] -0.107 [-0.179, -0.036]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.011 [-0.052, 0.033] 0.045 [-0.019, 0.106] -0.008 [-0.068, 0.049] -0.040 [-0.088, 0.009] 0.014 [-0.042, 0.073]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.019 [-0.133, 0.098] -0.108 [-0.283, 0.054] -0.069 [-0.230, 0.103] 0.078 [-0.061, 0.217] 0.069 [-0.099, 0.243]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.025 [-0.125, 0.078] 0.138 [0.003, 0.275] -0.018 [-0.161, 0.115] 0.032 [-0.091, 0.149] -0.001 [-0.140, 0.156]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.009 [-0.205, 0.231] -0.133 [-0.401, 0.164] -0.228 [-0.497, 0.095] 0.052 [-0.169, 0.267] -0.007 [-0.318, 0.271]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.020 [-0.136, 0.161] 0.129 [-0.066, 0.333] 0.024 [-0.181, 0.212] -0.060 [-0.229, 0.118] 0.070 [-0.137, 0.250]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.015 [0.002, 0.029] 0.016 [0.002, 0.030] 0.016 [0.003, 0.031] 0.015 [0.001, 0.029] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.017 [0.003, 0.031]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.022, 0.009] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.008 [-0.023, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.009]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.012, 0.024] -0.006 [-0.025, 0.014] -0.006 [-0.024, 0.014] -0.005 [-0.024, 0.014] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.023, 0.016]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.032, -0.003] -0.019 [-0.036, -0.004] -0.020 [-0.036, -0.005] -0.020 [-0.035, -0.005] -0.025 [-0.040, -0.010] -0.020 [-0.036, -0.005]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.023 [-0.063, 0.018] -0.022 [-0.063, 0.020] -0.020 [-0.060, 0.022] -0.019 [-0.060, 0.022] -0.014 [-0.054, 0.026] -0.021 [-0.063, 0.021]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.043, 0.020] -0.006 [-0.044, 0.029] -0.010 [-0.046, 0.024] -0.008 [-0.045, 0.026] -0.006 [-0.041, 0.027] -0.006 [-0.044, 0.028]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.029 [-0.096, 0.034] -0.027 [-0.105, 0.046] -0.017 [-0.096, 0.054] -0.020 [-0.095, 0.050] -0.016 [-0.084, 0.050] -0.024 [-0.101, 0.052]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.058, 0.040] -0.011 [-0.058, 0.043] -0.012 [-0.056, 0.038] -0.015 [-0.060, 0.035] -0.015 [-0.064, 0.033] -0.008 [-0.057, 0.041]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.020 [0.009, 0.032] 0.019 [0.007, 0.032] 0.018 [0.005, 0.031] 0.017 [0.005, 0.031] 0.018 [0.006, 0.032] 0.018 [0.004, 0.031]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.034, -0.004] -0.017 [-0.033, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.033, 0.000] -0.017 [-0.034, -0.001] -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001] -0.017 [-0.033, -0.002]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.002, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.023] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.009 [-0.005, 0.022]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.022, 0.038] 0.007 [-0.025, 0.039] 0.005 [-0.027, 0.038] 0.005 [-0.026, 0.039] 0.006 [-0.027, 0.038] 0.007 [-0.026, 0.040]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.023 [-0.050, 0.000] -0.022 [-0.049, 0.002] -0.021 [-0.046, 0.002] -0.021 [-0.048, 0.003] -0.022 [-0.047, 0.002] -0.022 [-0.048, 0.001]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.024 [-0.073, 0.023] -0.041 [-0.104, 0.008] -0.035 [-0.101, 0.011] -0.042 [-0.106, 0.008] -0.036 [-0.096, 0.018] -0.041 [-0.102, 0.008]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.025 [-0.060, 0.011] -0.020 [-0.059, 0.020] -0.020 [-0.060, 0.019] -0.019 [-0.055, 0.016] -0.025 [-0.064, 0.014] -0.021 [-0.061, 0.017]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.011 [-0.025, 0.004] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.011] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.011] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.013]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.003, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.004, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.004, 0.022] 0.008 [-0.005, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.022]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.013, 0.044] 0.011 [-0.019, 0.048] 0.012 [-0.021, 0.048] 0.013 [-0.019, 0.048] 0.013 [-0.021, 0.045] 0.010 [-0.018, 0.046]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.023, 0.019] -0.008 [-0.033, 0.011] -0.008 [-0.031, 0.011] -0.006 [-0.030, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.016] -0.009 [-0.034, 0.010]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.044, 0.026] -0.030 [-0.079, 0.015] -0.028 [-0.077, 0.018] -0.030 [-0.077, 0.017] -0.028 [-0.076, 0.023] -0.028 [-0.077, 0.015]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.046, 0.011] -0.022 [-0.057, 0.009] -0.025 [-0.058, 0.006] -0.022 [-0.055, 0.005] -0.023 [-0.053, 0.004] -0.024 [-0.058, 0.009]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] 0.010 [-0.007, 0.027] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.028] 0.009 [-0.007, 0.027] 0.008 [-0.008, 0.027] 0.011 [-0.006, 0.028]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.034 [-0.068, -0.002] -0.022 [-0.067, 0.015] -0.022 [-0.072, 0.014] -0.025 [-0.070, 0.011] -0.026 [-0.066, 0.010] -0.021 [-0.065, 0.014]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.027, 0.032] 0.007 [-0.027, 0.038] 0.004 [-0.029, 0.037] 0.006 [-0.028, 0.039] 0.004 [-0.027, 0.033] 0.008 [-0.025, 0.040]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.020 [-0.028, 0.065] 0.034 [-0.019, 0.091] 0.035 [-0.023, 0.093] 0.034 [-0.020, 0.093] 0.034 [-0.024, 0.097] 0.035 [-0.018, 0.093]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [-0.034, 0.061] 0.008 [-0.032, 0.050] 0.007 [-0.031, 0.050] 0.012 [-0.028, 0.053] 0.007 [-0.041, 0.052] 0.004 [-0.039, 0.046]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.033, 0.027] -0.003 [-0.041, 0.031] -0.002 [-0.037, 0.031] -0.003 [-0.038, 0.032] -0.003 [-0.038, 0.034] -0.002 [-0.039, 0.030]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.014, 0.031] 0.009 [-0.013, 0.034] 0.007 [-0.014, 0.033] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.009, 0.035] 0.007 [-0.015, 0.035]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.019 [-0.055, 0.024] -0.021 [-0.069, 0.026] -0.017 [-0.062, 0.028] -0.024 [-0.069, 0.023] -0.019 [-0.071, 0.033] -0.019 [-0.065, 0.026]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.028, 0.032] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.048] 0.010 [-0.026, 0.046] 0.008 [-0.028, 0.047] 0.005 [-0.029, 0.045] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.048]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.031 [-0.022, 0.090] 0.021 [-0.032, 0.109] 0.027 [-0.028, 0.108] 0.024 [-0.031, 0.110] 0.028 [-0.036, 0.101] 0.022 [-0.033, 0.107]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.097, 0.092] -0.008 [-0.125, 0.103] -0.011 [-0.121, 0.103] -0.014 [-0.131, 0.105] -0.032 [-0.151, 0.099] -0.018 [-0.124, 0.099]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.072, 0.068] -0.029 [-0.124, 0.074] -0.027 [-0.114, 0.068] -0.036 [-0.125, 0.061] -0.023 [-0.110, 0.061] -0.024 [-0.121, 0.076]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.069, 0.074] 0.018 [-0.078, 0.101] 0.015 [-0.075, 0.103] 0.017 [-0.077, 0.104] 0.014 [-0.079, 0.094] 0.019 [-0.078, 0.105]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.027, 0.054] 0.012 [-0.044, 0.071] 0.013 [-0.046, 0.068] 0.010 [-0.051, 0.069] 0.005 [-0.057, 0.067] 0.011 [-0.047, 0.070]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.095, 0.085] 0.048 [-0.077, 0.160] 0.043 [-0.069, 0.183] 0.057 [-0.052, 0.201] 0.028 [-0.096, 0.158] 0.033 [-0.080, 0.152]
Intercept well-being 2.960 [2.928, 2.992] 2.975 [2.940, 3.009] 2.975 [2.940, 3.009] 2.973 [2.939, 3.007] 2.975 [2.943, 3.008] 2.974 [2.939, 3.009]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.183 [0.164, 0.205] 0.165 [0.145, 0.188] 0.163 [0.143, 0.186] 0.159 [0.140, 0.182] 0.143 [0.125, 0.163] 0.166 [0.146, 0.188]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.053 [0.039, 0.070] 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] 0.048 [0.033, 0.065] 0.046 [0.032, 0.063] 0.047 [0.032, 0.064]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.027 [0.016, 0.045] 0.025 [0.011, 0.045] 0.025 [0.012, 0.047] 0.024 [0.011, 0.045] 0.024 [0.011, 0.042] 0.025 [0.012, 0.046]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.051 [0.032, 0.076] 0.051 [0.030, 0.078] 0.051 [0.032, 0.078] 0.051 [0.030, 0.078] 0.051 [0.031, 0.077] 0.048 [0.029, 0.074]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.033 [0.020, 0.050] 0.038 [0.022, 0.058] 0.039 [0.022, 0.059] 0.038 [0.021, 0.058] 0.036 [0.021, 0.058] 0.039 [0.022, 0.059]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.146 [0.057, 0.261] 0.157 [0.062, 0.294] 0.157 [0.064, 0.295] 0.162 [0.066, 0.306] 0.162 [0.070, 0.295] 0.159 [0.062, 0.304]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.062 [0.022, 0.121] 0.073 [0.029, 0.154] 0.070 [0.028, 0.149] 0.073 [0.032, 0.155] 0.070 [0.029, 0.136] 0.072 [0.028, 0.149]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.198 [0.076, 0.419] 0.316 [0.139, 0.604] 0.299 [0.120, 0.590] 0.319 [0.137, 0.620] 0.312 [0.145, 0.607] 0.308 [0.145, 0.602]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.102 [0.045, 0.224] 0.127 [0.053, 0.277] 0.128 [0.055, 0.274] 0.125 [0.054, 0.262] 0.142 [0.056, 0.278] 0.138 [0.057, 0.297]
R2 between 0.002 [0.000, 0.011] 0.007 [0.001, 0.020] 0.017 [0.005, 0.035] 0.075 [0.046, 0.108] 0.000 [0.000, 0.005]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.025 [0.003, 0.071] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017]
R2 Mixed WP 0.021 [0.000, 0.101] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.005 [0.000, 0.061] 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.004 [0.000, 0.036] 0.043 [0.005, 0.122]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.009 [0.000, 0.052] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.012 [0.000, 0.062] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.013 [0.000, 0.089] 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] 0.011 [0.000, 0.078] 0.007 [0.000, 0.082]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] 0.046 [0.001, 0.184] 0.007 [0.000, 0.070] 0.009 [0.000, 0.097] 0.006 [0.000, 0.075]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] 0.012 [0.000, 0.100] 0.030 [0.000, 0.130] 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] 0.006 [0.000, 0.068]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] 0.022 [0.000, 0.168] 0.007 [0.000, 0.079] 0.011 [0.000, 0.104] 0.010 [0.000, 0.092]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 14,006 10,871 10,871 10,871 10,871 10,871
Study 3
CMC WP -0.326 [-0.378, -0.271] -0.324 [-0.379, -0.267] -0.317 [-0.372, -0.261] -0.323 [-0.379, -0.269] -0.319 [-0.374, -0.265] -0.321 [-0.380, -0.264]
Mixed WP -0.022 [-0.084, 0.041] -0.020 [-0.088, 0.041] -0.033 [-0.100, 0.034] -0.032 [-0.094, 0.033] -0.033 [-0.097, 0.033] -0.039 [-0.109, 0.028]
Family WP -0.281 [-0.349, -0.213] -0.295 [-0.369, -0.220] -0.292 [-0.365, -0.220] -0.300 [-0.372, -0.228] -0.294 [-0.366, -0.221] -0.299 [-0.371, -0.225]
Weak ties WP -0.289 [-0.366, -0.217] -0.307 [-0.386, -0.220] -0.312 [-0.389, -0.232] -0.304 [-0.381, -0.225] -0.303 [-0.381, -0.223] -0.294 [-0.375, -0.216]
CMC * Family WP 0.232 [0.090, 0.375] 0.225 [0.069, 0.378] 0.243 [0.079, 0.404] 0.231 [0.077, 0.385] 0.237 [0.085, 0.390] 0.256 [0.099, 0.415]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.261 [0.125, 0.411] 0.268 [0.109, 0.411] 0.282 [0.128, 0.429] 0.273 [0.127, 0.428] 0.275 [0.124, 0.429] 0.265 [0.100, 0.417]
Mixed * Family WP 0.157 [-0.072, 0.403] 0.115 [-0.171, 0.348] 0.091 [-0.195, 0.349] 0.070 [-0.228, 0.311] 0.049 [-0.240, 0.284] 0.082 [-0.145, 0.309]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.152 [-0.421, 0.137] -0.135 [-0.423, 0.157] -0.203 [-0.520, 0.111] -0.198 [-0.470, 0.075] -0.198 [-0.468, 0.079] -0.199 [-0.506, 0.110]
Weekend WP 0.243 [0.212, 0.273] 0.251 [0.219, 0.283] 0.252 [0.219, 0.284] 0.252 [0.220, 0.284] 0.250 [0.219, 0.282] 0.250 [0.218, 0.282]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.935 [0.917, 0.955] 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] 0.945 [0.925, 0.966] 0.946 [0.926, 0.966] 0.945 [0.925, 0.966] 0.941 [0.921, 0.961]
R2 within 0.098 [0.089, 0.107] 0.103 [0.095, 0.111] 0.103 [0.093, 0.111] 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] 0.102 [0.094, 0.112] 0.103 [0.093, 0.112]
Personality trait 0.365 [0.286, 0.442] 0.283 [0.180, 0.384] 0.203 [0.109, 0.299] -0.485 [-0.552, -0.417] 0.018 [-0.073, 0.109]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.045 [-0.032, 0.122] -0.026 [-0.123, 0.072] 0.088 [0.003, 0.172] -0.074 [-0.143, -0.005] 0.004 [-0.078, 0.086]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.074 [-0.160, 0.014] -0.070 [-0.184, 0.042] -0.040 [-0.140, 0.058] 0.047 [-0.039, 0.137] 0.015 [-0.088, 0.108]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.089 [-0.016, 0.200] 0.056 [-0.072, 0.183] 0.041 [-0.066, 0.151] -0.074 [-0.163, 0.017] 0.003 [-0.108, 0.114]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.005 [-0.121, 0.108] 0.112 [-0.027, 0.246] 0.029 [-0.090, 0.149] -0.003 [-0.098, 0.092] 0.052 [-0.069, 0.169]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.044 [-0.261, 0.169] -0.030 [-0.298, 0.241] -0.028 [-0.263, 0.203] 0.107 [-0.089, 0.302] -0.022 [-0.260, 0.222]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.065 [-0.173, 0.265] -0.130 [-0.398, 0.137] -0.002 [-0.222, 0.219] -0.010 [-0.201, 0.173] 0.024 [-0.210, 0.232]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.053 [-0.407, 0.316] -0.013 [-0.522, 0.457] 0.045 [-0.368, 0.418] 0.074 [-0.274, 0.404] -0.051 [-0.498, 0.367]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.182 [-0.612, 0.250] 0.009 [-0.481, 0.544] -0.025 [-0.421, 0.386] 0.033 [-0.328, 0.389] -0.148 [-0.604, 0.318]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.083 [0.036, 0.131] 0.078 [0.033, 0.124] 0.090 [0.043, 0.138] 0.081 [0.036, 0.129] 0.064 [0.023, 0.107] 0.087 [0.038, 0.135]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.000 [-0.057, 0.055] 0.014 [-0.039, 0.067] 0.007 [-0.048, 0.061] 0.007 [-0.046, 0.059] 0.018 [-0.031, 0.067] 0.004 [-0.053, 0.059]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.076 [0.015, 0.137] 0.070 [0.011, 0.132] 0.085 [0.023, 0.150] 0.088 [0.026, 0.150] 0.065 [0.012, 0.119] 0.089 [0.026, 0.154]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.080, 0.048] -0.002 [-0.064, 0.058] -0.009 [-0.075, 0.056] 0.002 [-0.062, 0.066] -0.001 [-0.057, 0.058] -0.001 [-0.066, 0.067]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.155, 0.103] -0.033 [-0.168, 0.097] -0.035 [-0.164, 0.097] -0.009 [-0.140, 0.127] 0.009 [-0.105, 0.123] -0.034 [-0.166, 0.100]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.074 [-0.206, 0.057] -0.093 [-0.222, 0.026] -0.079 [-0.207, 0.046] -0.080 [-0.207, 0.049] -0.077 [-0.189, 0.030] -0.078 [-0.199, 0.048]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.076 [-0.146, 0.285] 0.128 [-0.071, 0.329] 0.141 [-0.065, 0.336] 0.131 [-0.104, 0.365] 0.136 [-0.061, 0.326] 0.141 [-0.075, 0.384]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.253, 0.279] 0.032 [-0.209, 0.284] -0.010 [-0.252, 0.257] 0.030 [-0.179, 0.251] 0.052 [-0.153, 0.268] 0.006 [-0.261, 0.248]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.063 [0.027, 0.106] 0.078 [0.034, 0.126] 0.067 [0.025, 0.118] 0.071 [0.035, 0.118] 0.071 [0.032, 0.117] 0.068 [0.029, 0.116]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.056 [0.007, 0.110] 0.063 [0.017, 0.122] 0.063 [0.010, 0.121] 0.061 [0.008, 0.117] 0.059 [0.007, 0.114] 0.061 [0.004, 0.120]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.052, 0.046] -0.005 [-0.063, 0.049] -0.005 [-0.062, 0.048] -0.007 [-0.060, 0.043] -0.007 [-0.061, 0.045] -0.013 [-0.072, 0.042]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.095 [-0.185, 0.000] -0.079 [-0.185, 0.017] -0.096 [-0.196, 0.008] -0.078 [-0.179, 0.025] -0.077 [-0.176, 0.022] -0.087 [-0.191, 0.013]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.127 [-0.219, -0.038] -0.139 [-0.252, -0.043] -0.137 [-0.242, -0.033] -0.135 [-0.232, -0.039] -0.139 [-0.241, -0.047] -0.113 [-0.217, -0.015]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.029 [-0.158, 0.133] -0.037 [-0.182, 0.100] -0.039 [-0.193, 0.104] -0.034 [-0.172, 0.110] -0.043 [-0.190, 0.093] -0.034 [-0.173, 0.121]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.033 [-0.188, 0.124] -0.070 [-0.242, 0.111] -0.078 [-0.250, 0.090] -0.080 [-0.249, 0.078] -0.083 [-0.271, 0.070] -0.116 [-0.307, 0.077]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.037, 0.073] 0.028 [-0.029, 0.090] 0.016 [-0.045, 0.082] 0.011 [-0.044, 0.070] 0.011 [-0.042, 0.069] 0.016 [-0.046, 0.080]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.072, 0.045] -0.016 [-0.078, 0.040] -0.024 [-0.085, 0.038] -0.030 [-0.094, 0.033] -0.030 [-0.095, 0.035] -0.023 [-0.093, 0.036]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.062 [-0.169, 0.059] -0.086 [-0.195, 0.036] -0.073 [-0.197, 0.048] -0.069 [-0.210, 0.042] -0.072 [-0.205, 0.045] -0.070 [-0.186, 0.051]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.042 [-0.142, 0.053] -0.061 [-0.166, 0.040] -0.038 [-0.152, 0.068] -0.055 [-0.173, 0.051] -0.055 [-0.177, 0.047] -0.041 [-0.137, 0.072]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.013 [-0.126, 0.132] -0.026 [-0.148, 0.104] -0.018 [-0.157, 0.123] -0.028 [-0.172, 0.120] -0.024 [-0.167, 0.103] -0.015 [-0.159, 0.127]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.070 [-0.220, 0.057] -0.093 [-0.259, 0.076] -0.092 [-0.267, 0.070] -0.108 [-0.268, 0.030] -0.117 [-0.281, 0.031] -0.104 [-0.258, 0.065]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.116 [0.053, 0.185] 0.125 [0.054, 0.206] 0.119 [0.049, 0.198] 0.119 [0.048, 0.195] 0.120 [0.048, 0.194] 0.129 [0.053, 0.214]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.350 [-0.473, -0.232] -0.352 [-0.489, -0.235] -0.360 [-0.504, -0.233] -0.365 [-0.495, -0.241] -0.358 [-0.494, -0.231] -0.376 [-0.512, -0.252]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.150 [-0.277, -0.046] -0.198 [-0.329, -0.067] -0.184 [-0.319, -0.066] -0.189 [-0.318, -0.060] -0.199 [-0.325, -0.073] -0.191 [-0.330, -0.052]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.050 [-0.222, 0.121] -0.076 [-0.279, 0.107] -0.086 [-0.260, 0.108] -0.096 [-0.273, 0.059] -0.094 [-0.259, 0.058] -0.101 [-0.264, 0.120]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.165 [-0.040, 0.387] 0.206 [-0.048, 0.414] 0.189 [-0.066, 0.431] 0.167 [-0.079, 0.412] 0.166 [-0.083, 0.390] 0.191 [-0.049, 0.437]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.112 [-0.240, 0.012] -0.117 [-0.267, 0.022] -0.132 [-0.281, 0.001] -0.127 [-0.271, 0.011] -0.111 [-0.256, 0.029] -0.152 [-0.308, -0.033]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.169 [-0.301, -0.060] -0.202 [-0.340, -0.086] -0.196 [-0.334, -0.083] -0.213 [-0.347, -0.102] -0.216 [-0.360, -0.106] -0.220 [-0.367, -0.102]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.150, 0.135] -0.023 [-0.171, 0.150] -0.021 [-0.209, 0.155] -0.003 [-0.185, 0.163] 0.011 [-0.167, 0.189] -0.038 [-0.208, 0.122]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.073 [-0.125, 0.315] 0.103 [-0.108, 0.313] 0.075 [-0.128, 0.304] 0.120 [-0.070, 0.340] 0.124 [-0.080, 0.351] 0.085 [-0.137, 0.297]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.248 [0.043, 0.530] 0.247 [0.021, 0.523] 0.315 [0.078, 0.595] 0.263 [0.050, 0.535] 0.257 [0.048, 0.525] 0.309 [0.089, 0.595]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.198 [-0.104, 0.584] 0.242 [-0.056, 0.686] 0.327 [-0.002, 0.721] 0.288 [-0.022, 0.691] 0.265 [-0.023, 0.671] 0.287 [-0.064, 0.671]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.199 [-0.592, 0.168] -0.280 [-0.671, 0.156] -0.216 [-0.656, 0.204] -0.220 [-0.682, 0.230] -0.238 [-0.658, 0.210] -0.197 [-0.595, 0.253]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.079 [-0.166, 0.376] 0.144 [-0.138, 0.436] 0.140 [-0.154, 0.448] 0.096 [-0.155, 0.413] 0.086 [-0.181, 0.365] 0.141 [-0.137, 0.470]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.077 [-0.241, 0.493] 0.103 [-0.201, 0.526] 0.164 [-0.181, 0.573] 0.083 [-0.240, 0.529] 0.086 [-0.283, 0.525] 0.210 [-0.125, 0.705]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.031 [-0.302, 0.424] 0.052 [-0.350, 0.567] 0.012 [-0.401, 0.510] -0.030 [-0.512, 0.500] 0.014 [-0.489, 0.464] -0.004 [-0.518, 0.481]
Intercept well-being 1.090 [1.032, 1.149] 1.083 [1.026, 1.141] 1.083 [1.023, 1.144] 1.080 [1.020, 1.141] 1.084 [1.030, 1.140] 1.086 [1.025, 1.147]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.686 [0.617, 0.765] 0.568 [0.507, 0.638] 0.618 [0.553, 0.695] 0.622 [0.555, 0.697] 0.489 [0.435, 0.550] 0.641 [0.573, 0.719]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.144 [0.101, 0.197] 0.154 [0.107, 0.215] 0.144 [0.098, 0.202] 0.148 [0.102, 0.207] 0.148 [0.102, 0.207] 0.152 [0.102, 0.209]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.110 [0.068, 0.165] 0.120 [0.072, 0.183] 0.123 [0.074, 0.189] 0.118 [0.069, 0.177] 0.117 [0.069, 0.174] 0.124 [0.079, 0.196]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.270 [0.203, 0.356] 0.296 [0.218, 0.394] 0.288 [0.211, 0.382] 0.290 [0.220, 0.378] 0.288 [0.218, 0.375] 0.290 [0.217, 0.386]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.196 [0.123, 0.281] 0.207 [0.133, 0.305] 0.190 [0.118, 0.284] 0.196 [0.121, 0.293] 0.201 [0.125, 0.301] 0.207 [0.130, 0.315]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.831 [0.554, 1.190] 0.840 [0.529, 1.267] 0.918 [0.563, 1.348] 0.889 [0.580, 1.313] 0.855 [0.568, 1.277] 0.891 [0.575, 1.326]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.466 [0.236, 0.788] 0.523 [0.257, 0.824] 0.546 [0.296, 0.894] 0.530 [0.276, 0.880] 0.543 [0.292, 0.902] 0.507 [0.293, 0.849]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.539 [0.191, 1.157] 0.618 [0.237, 1.379] 0.662 [0.291, 1.351] 0.636 [0.304, 1.301] 0.606 [0.293, 1.341] 0.680 [0.248, 1.317]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.884 [0.457, 1.769] 1.049 [0.543, 1.965] 0.983 [0.440, 1.900] 0.940 [0.415, 1.982] 0.971 [0.469, 1.987] 1.179 [0.457, 2.095]
R2 between 0.057 [0.035, 0.083] 0.021 [0.008, 0.038] 0.013 [0.004, 0.029] 0.134 [0.100, 0.170] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] 0.012 [0.000, 0.045] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.056] 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] 0.007 [0.000, 0.050] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
R2 Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.034] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.006 [0.000, 0.030] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.011 [0.000, 0.053] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.005 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.082] 0.006 [0.000, 0.078] 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] 0.009 [0.000, 0.085] 0.007 [0.000, 0.090]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.086] 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] 0.007 [0.000, 0.090]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,330 19,317 19,254 19,313 19,305 19,263

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Content / Happy
Table S4.46
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.241 [-0.270, -0.212] -0.245 [-0.278, -0.214] -0.244 [-0.277, -0.213] -0.245 [-0.277, -0.213] -0.244 [-0.275, -0.212] -0.247 [-0.279, -0.216]
Mixed WP -0.001 [-0.033, 0.030] -0.002 [-0.039, 0.032] -0.003 [-0.039, 0.033] -0.001 [-0.037, 0.034] -0.007 [-0.044, 0.029] -0.003 [-0.039, 0.032]
Family WP 0.060 [0.015, 0.106] 0.078 [0.026, 0.129] 0.077 [0.024, 0.127] 0.075 [0.023, 0.127] 0.073 [0.022, 0.126] 0.077 [0.025, 0.128]
Weak ties WP -0.278 [-0.314, -0.244] -0.287 [-0.326, -0.249] -0.286 [-0.325, -0.248] -0.288 [-0.327, -0.250] -0.290 [-0.327, -0.253] -0.287 [-0.326, -0.249]
CMC * Family WP -0.066 [-0.168, 0.037] -0.081 [-0.181, 0.026] -0.084 [-0.183, 0.023] -0.089 [-0.187, 0.020] -0.088 [-0.193, 0.018] -0.082 [-0.181, 0.025]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.237 [0.154, 0.321] 0.223 [0.124, 0.322] 0.227 [0.128, 0.325] 0.229 [0.130, 0.327] 0.221 [0.129, 0.311] 0.227 [0.128, 0.326]
Mixed * Family WP 0.008 [-0.157, 0.185] -0.033 [-0.209, 0.152] -0.030 [-0.211, 0.147] -0.034 [-0.214, 0.147] -0.039 [-0.224, 0.162] -0.039 [-0.216, 0.138]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.100 [-0.007, 0.201] 0.101 [-0.027, 0.211] 0.092 [-0.036, 0.199] 0.094 [-0.035, 0.202] 0.060 [-0.052, 0.174] 0.092 [-0.035, 0.197]
Weekend WP 0.074 [0.052, 0.096] 0.075 [0.051, 0.098] 0.075 [0.051, 0.099] 0.074 [0.051, 0.098] 0.074 [0.051, 0.098] 0.074 [0.051, 0.098]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.485 [0.476, 0.495] 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] 0.479 [0.469, 0.490] 0.479 [0.469, 0.489] 0.479 [0.469, 0.490]
R2 within 0.090 [0.082, 0.099] 0.098 [0.091, 0.107] 0.098 [0.090, 0.107] 0.097 [0.090, 0.106] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.098 [0.090, 0.106]
Personality trait 0.157 [0.118, 0.196] 0.194 [0.142, 0.246] 0.126 [0.074, 0.178] -0.251 [-0.293, -0.210] 0.040 [-0.015, 0.095]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.011 [-0.028, 0.049] 0.013 [-0.037, 0.063] 0.029 [-0.020, 0.080] -0.045 [-0.087, -0.004] -0.070 [-0.121, -0.018]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.022 [-0.021, 0.065] 0.041 [-0.020, 0.099] -0.007 [-0.065, 0.050] 0.009 [-0.037, 0.056] -0.039 [-0.099, 0.021]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.023 [-0.037, 0.084] 0.036 [-0.045, 0.116] 0.022 [-0.058, 0.104] 0.031 [-0.036, 0.101] -0.002 [-0.084, 0.082]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.031 [-0.013, 0.076] 0.027 [-0.032, 0.089] 0.080 [0.023, 0.139] -0.047 [-0.095, 0.000] -0.019 [-0.081, 0.042]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.054 [-0.073, 0.188] -0.048 [-0.222, 0.128] 0.020 [-0.157, 0.201] -0.080 [-0.221, 0.062] 0.191 [0.006, 0.377]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.099 [-0.015, 0.216] 0.038 [-0.114, 0.185] 0.049 [-0.099, 0.193] 0.023 [-0.098, 0.150] 0.055 [-0.094, 0.211]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.127 [-0.099, 0.339] -0.040 [-0.352, 0.236] 0.011 [-0.340, 0.415] -0.075 [-0.308, 0.165] 0.045 [-0.286, 0.393]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.013 [-0.165, 0.124] 0.124 [-0.074, 0.314] 0.092 [-0.117, 0.289] 0.009 [-0.162, 0.160] -0.049 [-0.241, 0.135]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.009 [-0.007, 0.027] 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] 0.004 [-0.014, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.018, 0.016] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.025]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.001 [-0.017, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.020] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.020] 0.003 [-0.018, 0.023] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.023] 0.002 [-0.019, 0.024]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] -0.019 [-0.045, 0.009] -0.020 [-0.047, 0.008] -0.018 [-0.045, 0.011] -0.014 [-0.040, 0.012] -0.016 [-0.044, 0.012]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.022, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.027, 0.014] -0.005 [-0.025, 0.016] -0.008 [-0.028, 0.014] -0.010 [-0.031, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.020 [-0.072, 0.035] -0.020 [-0.075, 0.033] -0.011 [-0.067, 0.043] -0.015 [-0.071, 0.041] -0.027 [-0.079, 0.030] -0.018 [-0.074, 0.038]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.032 [-0.019, 0.082] 0.025 [-0.026, 0.079] 0.031 [-0.019, 0.086] 0.034 [-0.018, 0.090] 0.044 [-0.004, 0.092] 0.035 [-0.018, 0.092]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.078, 0.106] 0.014 [-0.086, 0.134] 0.033 [-0.067, 0.151] 0.030 [-0.077, 0.155] 0.032 [-0.077, 0.129] 0.027 [-0.075, 0.150]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.048, 0.074] 0.006 [-0.058, 0.069] -0.001 [-0.063, 0.059] -0.002 [-0.066, 0.062] 0.010 [-0.056, 0.070] 0.003 [-0.062, 0.068]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.030 [0.015, 0.048] 0.033 [0.014, 0.054] 0.033 [0.013, 0.055] 0.033 [0.014, 0.055] 0.035 [0.017, 0.054] 0.032 [0.013, 0.053]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.017, 0.026] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.024] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.025] -0.002 [-0.024, 0.025] 0.005 [-0.019, 0.027] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.026]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.033 [0.015, 0.051] 0.032 [0.012, 0.053] 0.033 [0.013, 0.053] 0.032 [0.013, 0.052] 0.033 [0.015, 0.053] 0.033 [0.014, 0.054]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.039, 0.050] -0.004 [-0.059, 0.050] -0.004 [-0.061, 0.051] -0.005 [-0.062, 0.048] -0.008 [-0.056, 0.039] 0.002 [-0.054, 0.055]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.031 [-0.066, 0.007] -0.034 [-0.077, 0.007] -0.033 [-0.077, 0.008] -0.033 [-0.076, 0.008] -0.032 [-0.069, 0.005] -0.030 [-0.074, 0.010]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.066, 0.070] 0.006 [-0.092, 0.089] 0.006 [-0.090, 0.093] 0.006 [-0.082, 0.089] 0.012 [-0.058, 0.086] 0.009 [-0.081, 0.090]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.039, 0.051] 0.008 [-0.055, 0.056] 0.008 [-0.055, 0.057] 0.009 [-0.056, 0.057] 0.008 [-0.037, 0.058] 0.006 [-0.056, 0.052]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.020, 0.026] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.020] -0.004 [-0.027, 0.022] -0.005 [-0.028, 0.022] 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] -0.004 [-0.028, 0.021]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.011, 0.030] 0.009 [-0.010, 0.032] 0.010 [-0.009, 0.032] 0.011 [-0.007, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.032]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.008 [-0.053, 0.030] -0.009 [-0.061, 0.037] -0.010 [-0.063, 0.036] -0.009 [-0.063, 0.038] -0.019 [-0.066, 0.028] -0.005 [-0.059, 0.040]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.052, 0.017] -0.026 [-0.068, 0.013] -0.024 [-0.065, 0.015] -0.024 [-0.065, 0.014] -0.023 [-0.062, 0.019] -0.023 [-0.064, 0.016]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.043, 0.072] 0.016 [-0.051, 0.093] 0.017 [-0.049, 0.095] 0.018 [-0.048, 0.093] 0.023 [-0.033, 0.096] 0.020 [-0.049, 0.094]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.045, 0.029] -0.008 [-0.055, 0.035] -0.006 [-0.053, 0.036] -0.004 [-0.051, 0.038] -0.010 [-0.049, 0.033] -0.008 [-0.055, 0.034]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.023, 0.027] -0.001 [-0.026, 0.027] -0.002 [-0.028, 0.027] -0.002 [-0.028, 0.026] 0.004 [-0.024, 0.032] 0.000 [-0.027, 0.029]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.032 [-0.080, 0.014] -0.035 [-0.094, 0.017] -0.038 [-0.097, 0.014] -0.037 [-0.097, 0.016] -0.043 [-0.104, 0.016] -0.036 [-0.094, 0.017]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.052 [-0.005, 0.110] 0.042 [-0.024, 0.101] 0.041 [-0.025, 0.101] 0.042 [-0.023, 0.102] 0.049 [-0.011, 0.112] 0.043 [-0.021, 0.102]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.058 [-0.014, 0.130] 0.074 [-0.012, 0.158] 0.075 [-0.012, 0.161] 0.078 [-0.018, 0.165] 0.079 [0.004, 0.177] 0.076 [-0.014, 0.165]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [-0.030, 0.086] 0.027 [-0.039, 0.097] 0.026 [-0.035, 0.096] 0.028 [-0.034, 0.098] 0.021 [-0.042, 0.082] 0.028 [-0.036, 0.099]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.047, 0.051] 0.001 [-0.054, 0.053] 0.001 [-0.055, 0.054] 0.000 [-0.057, 0.052] -0.001 [-0.056, 0.051] 0.001 [-0.054, 0.054]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.055, 0.021] -0.014 [-0.050, 0.029] -0.012 [-0.049, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.048, 0.030] -0.012 [-0.051, 0.026] -0.011 [-0.049, 0.031]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.083, 0.060] -0.026 [-0.095, 0.057] -0.022 [-0.097, 0.059] -0.025 [-0.100, 0.058] -0.023 [-0.105, 0.063] -0.020 [-0.097, 0.063]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [-0.013, 0.075] 0.025 [-0.024, 0.075] 0.023 [-0.025, 0.073] 0.021 [-0.028, 0.069] 0.031 [-0.017, 0.085] 0.023 [-0.025, 0.073]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [-0.070, 0.128] 0.018 [-0.086, 0.151] 0.015 [-0.094, 0.146] 0.018 [-0.085, 0.141] 0.016 [-0.077, 0.137] 0.015 [-0.091, 0.134]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.069 [-0.059, 0.226] 0.076 [-0.062, 0.261] 0.073 [-0.069, 0.263] 0.076 [-0.065, 0.258] 0.070 [-0.073, 0.271] 0.075 [-0.065, 0.253]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.123, 0.092] -0.039 [-0.145, 0.072] -0.041 [-0.148, 0.073] -0.040 [-0.148, 0.072] -0.011 [-0.109, 0.078] -0.036 [-0.143, 0.078]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.084 [-0.060, 0.218] 0.041 [-0.119, 0.202] 0.045 [-0.111, 0.205] 0.047 [-0.109, 0.201] 0.045 [-0.103, 0.248] 0.048 [-0.109, 0.205]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.051 [-0.053, 0.155] 0.050 [-0.063, 0.168] 0.050 [-0.064, 0.165] 0.045 [-0.066, 0.158] 0.060 [-0.036, 0.176] 0.051 [-0.064, 0.168]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.125, 0.162] -0.018 [-0.152, 0.115] -0.008 [-0.137, 0.131] -0.008 [-0.138, 0.132] 0.010 [-0.159, 0.183] -0.012 [-0.139, 0.135]
Intercept well-being 2.686 [2.655, 2.718] 2.695 [2.663, 2.728] 2.695 [2.662, 2.728] 2.694 [2.661, 2.728] 2.695 [2.663, 2.726] 2.695 [2.662, 2.729]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.287 [0.263, 0.313] 0.269 [0.245, 0.297] 0.271 [0.246, 0.298] 0.280 [0.255, 0.308] 0.249 [0.227, 0.275] 0.286 [0.261, 0.315]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.063 [0.045, 0.085] 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] 0.067 [0.047, 0.091] 0.068 [0.047, 0.091] 0.065 [0.045, 0.089]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.033 [0.018, 0.054] 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] 0.037 [0.020, 0.064] 0.040 [0.022, 0.066] 0.037 [0.019, 0.063]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.080 [0.050, 0.117] 0.091 [0.057, 0.134] 0.090 [0.055, 0.133] 0.092 [0.057, 0.135] 0.092 [0.058, 0.135] 0.091 [0.056, 0.134]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.046, 0.093] 0.065 [0.042, 0.092] 0.066 [0.042, 0.093] 0.063 [0.040, 0.090] 0.065 [0.042, 0.093] 0.067 [0.043, 0.094]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.189 [0.072, 0.361] 0.229 [0.116, 0.407] 0.235 [0.119, 0.416] 0.231 [0.115, 0.404] 0.265 [0.106, 0.470] 0.223 [0.108, 0.398]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.200 [0.098, 0.337] 0.228 [0.128, 0.361] 0.228 [0.127, 0.360] 0.229 [0.127, 0.360] 0.224 [0.124, 0.380] 0.231 [0.128, 0.365]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.377 [0.167, 0.692] 0.398 [0.176, 0.759] 0.401 [0.178, 0.761] 0.408 [0.197, 0.778] 0.386 [0.185, 0.786] 0.411 [0.192, 0.767]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.145 [0.057, 0.313] 0.150 [0.054, 0.315] 0.144 [0.053, 0.309] 0.144 [0.046, 0.307] 0.156 [0.070, 0.310] 0.147 [0.049, 0.324]
R2 between 0.029 [0.017, 0.045] 0.026 [0.014, 0.041] 0.011 [0.004, 0.022] 0.067 [0.047, 0.090] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.003 [0.000, 0.019] 0.009 [0.000, 0.033] 0.014 [0.001, 0.043]
R2 Mixed WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.038] 0.009 [0.000, 0.055] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.008 [0.000, 0.054]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] 0.020 [0.002, 0.061] 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] 0.004 [0.000, 0.042] 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] 0.007 [0.000, 0.056] 0.029 [0.000, 0.137]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.072] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.101] 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] 0.008 [0.000, 0.104] 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] 0.008 [0.000, 0.085]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.084] 0.021 [0.000, 0.138] 0.014 [0.000, 0.113] 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] 0.006 [0.000, 0.092]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,744 20,488 20,488 20,488 20,483 20,488
Study 2
CMC WP -0.228 [-0.268, -0.187] -0.224 [-0.266, -0.180] -0.224 [-0.267, -0.179] -0.223 [-0.266, -0.179] -0.224 [-0.266, -0.180] -0.223 [-0.267, -0.180]
Mixed WP -0.037 [-0.087, 0.013] -0.039 [-0.091, 0.013] -0.041 [-0.094, 0.009] -0.045 [-0.097, 0.007] -0.044 [-0.095, 0.008] -0.045 [-0.097, 0.006]
Family WP 0.039 [-0.016, 0.095] 0.028 [-0.037, 0.095] 0.028 [-0.035, 0.093] 0.025 [-0.040, 0.092] 0.024 [-0.041, 0.090] 0.023 [-0.042, 0.089]
Weak ties WP -0.281 [-0.325, -0.235] -0.265 [-0.315, -0.214] -0.266 [-0.317, -0.214] -0.261 [-0.313, -0.211] -0.266 [-0.316, -0.215] -0.263 [-0.314, -0.213]
CMC * Family WP 0.054 [-0.080, 0.175] 0.055 [-0.080, 0.194] 0.056 [-0.077, 0.188] 0.082 [-0.055, 0.224] 0.049 [-0.088, 0.187] 0.070 [-0.070, 0.205]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.171 [0.070, 0.275] 0.148 [0.036, 0.261] 0.142 [0.028, 0.256] 0.147 [0.033, 0.263] 0.145 [0.032, 0.257] 0.147 [0.033, 0.261]
Mixed * Family WP 0.013 [-0.214, 0.208] -0.041 [-0.266, 0.217] -0.044 [-0.289, 0.203] -0.003 [-0.235, 0.256] -0.049 [-0.278, 0.207] -0.023 [-0.253, 0.247]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.053 [-0.096, 0.206] 0.045 [-0.129, 0.220] 0.060 [-0.117, 0.249] 0.049 [-0.120, 0.221] 0.043 [-0.127, 0.216] 0.045 [-0.123, 0.218]
Weekend WP 0.119 [0.090, 0.146] 0.133 [0.101, 0.164] 0.133 [0.100, 0.163] 0.132 [0.100, 0.163] 0.132 [0.101, 0.163] 0.132 [0.101, 0.163]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.477 [0.465, 0.490] 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] 0.471 [0.458, 0.485] 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] 0.472 [0.458, 0.486] 0.472 [0.458, 0.486]
R2 within 0.105 [0.095, 0.115] 0.106 [0.093, 0.118] 0.106 [0.094, 0.118] 0.106 [0.094, 0.119] 0.106 [0.095, 0.117] 0.106 [0.095, 0.117]
Personality trait 0.111 [0.059, 0.164] 0.086 [0.013, 0.158] 0.141 [0.071, 0.210] -0.210 [-0.267, -0.152] 0.052 [-0.020, 0.123]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.016 [-0.036, 0.067] -0.038 [-0.111, 0.036] -0.004 [-0.075, 0.066] -0.043 [-0.102, 0.017] 0.007 [-0.063, 0.078]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.058 [-0.125, 0.009] -0.002 [-0.089, 0.085] 0.022 [-0.063, 0.112] 0.046 [-0.024, 0.112] -0.017 [-0.109, 0.072]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.022 [-0.055, 0.096] 0.008 [-0.099, 0.111] -0.010 [-0.113, 0.092] 0.004 [-0.081, 0.089] -0.038 [-0.145, 0.070]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.025 [-0.084, 0.035] 0.015 [-0.072, 0.105] -0.041 [-0.124, 0.041] 0.013 [-0.054, 0.082] 0.043 [-0.040, 0.124]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.018 [-0.154, 0.175] -0.162 [-0.399, 0.069] -0.149 [-0.387, 0.080] 0.054 [-0.131, 0.237] 0.180 [-0.068, 0.450]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.025 [-0.115, 0.172] 0.119 [-0.087, 0.324] 0.000 [-0.188, 0.191] 0.065 [-0.099, 0.234] -0.013 [-0.215, 0.188]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.044 [-0.283, 0.339] -0.253 [-0.669, 0.147] -0.235 [-0.635, 0.160] -0.040 [-0.382, 0.261] 0.278 [-0.182, 0.688]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.009 [-0.194, 0.224] 0.224 [-0.086, 0.531] 0.094 [-0.183, 0.397] -0.021 [-0.273, 0.220] 0.029 [-0.252, 0.323]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.018] -0.012 [-0.036, 0.011] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.018]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.024 [-0.052, 0.003] -0.028 [-0.058, 0.000] -0.033 [-0.064, -0.003] -0.033 [-0.063, -0.005] -0.025 [-0.053, 0.002] -0.032 [-0.062, -0.003]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.047, 0.019] -0.034 [-0.069, 0.001] -0.032 [-0.068, 0.005] -0.032 [-0.067, 0.004] -0.033 [-0.067, 0.002] -0.032 [-0.068, 0.004]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.031 [-0.057, -0.005] -0.043 [-0.072, -0.014] -0.047 [-0.076, -0.018] -0.044 [-0.073, -0.015] -0.044 [-0.073, -0.017] -0.047 [-0.076, -0.019]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.022 [-0.047, 0.091] 0.012 [-0.062, 0.087] 0.025 [-0.055, 0.101] 0.019 [-0.053, 0.093] 0.016 [-0.056, 0.089] 0.013 [-0.062, 0.087]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.029 [-0.082, 0.026] -0.041 [-0.109, 0.025] -0.044 [-0.112, 0.019] -0.040 [-0.107, 0.026] -0.032 [-0.096, 0.031] -0.037 [-0.103, 0.029]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.056 [-0.060, 0.178] 0.030 [-0.107, 0.171] 0.025 [-0.102, 0.170] 0.036 [-0.101, 0.173] 0.022 [-0.111, 0.156] 0.026 [-0.114, 0.168]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.040 [-0.130, 0.049] -0.069 [-0.170, 0.027] -0.066 [-0.174, 0.032] -0.075 [-0.175, 0.021] -0.073 [-0.170, 0.023] -0.071 [-0.171, 0.027]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.033 [0.011, 0.058] 0.029 [0.002, 0.056] 0.027 [0.002, 0.054] 0.028 [0.002, 0.055] 0.029 [0.004, 0.057] 0.028 [0.003, 0.056]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.026 [-0.056, 0.003] -0.016 [-0.048, 0.016] -0.017 [-0.049, 0.016] -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018] -0.015 [-0.047, 0.017] -0.014 [-0.046, 0.018]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [0.005, 0.054] 0.027 [0.002, 0.055] 0.027 [0.003, 0.055] 0.028 [0.003, 0.056] 0.028 [0.004, 0.056] 0.027 [0.003, 0.055]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.034 [-0.027, 0.092] 0.018 [-0.047, 0.082] 0.019 [-0.044, 0.079] 0.013 [-0.051, 0.076] 0.020 [-0.044, 0.082] 0.015 [-0.048, 0.078]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.042, 0.045] 0.014 [-0.031, 0.064] 0.019 [-0.028, 0.071] 0.016 [-0.030, 0.067] 0.015 [-0.030, 0.066] 0.014 [-0.032, 0.066]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.060 [-0.141, 0.022] -0.080 [-0.184, 0.028] -0.084 [-0.192, 0.021] -0.080 [-0.187, 0.026] -0.081 [-0.184, 0.028] -0.081 [-0.187, 0.029]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.091, 0.054] -0.014 [-0.101, 0.067] -0.015 [-0.103, 0.071] -0.020 [-0.109, 0.063] -0.017 [-0.106, 0.064] -0.019 [-0.110, 0.062]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.027 [-0.055, 0.004] -0.017 [-0.049, 0.017] -0.021 [-0.052, 0.011] -0.016 [-0.048, 0.017] -0.017 [-0.047, 0.017] -0.016 [-0.046, 0.017]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.010, 0.041] 0.015 [-0.013, 0.045] 0.014 [-0.014, 0.045] 0.017 [-0.012, 0.046] 0.016 [-0.011, 0.044] 0.016 [-0.012, 0.044]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.046 [-0.013, 0.101] 0.032 [-0.036, 0.095] 0.038 [-0.022, 0.101] 0.031 [-0.035, 0.095] 0.031 [-0.034, 0.092] 0.029 [-0.038, 0.092]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.026, 0.070] 0.014 [-0.033, 0.064] 0.027 [-0.023, 0.068] 0.017 [-0.031, 0.066] 0.012 [-0.035, 0.060] 0.015 [-0.034, 0.061]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.043 [-0.126, 0.037] -0.067 [-0.158, 0.023] -0.072 [-0.158, 0.010] -0.064 [-0.160, 0.026] -0.062 [-0.153, 0.027] -0.070 [-0.161, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.057, 0.060] -0.011 [-0.085, 0.058] -0.008 [-0.081, 0.067] -0.008 [-0.082, 0.061] -0.015 [-0.089, 0.055] -0.014 [-0.089, 0.055]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.016, 0.046] 0.024 [-0.010, 0.062] 0.026 [-0.006, 0.064] 0.025 [-0.008, 0.064] 0.025 [-0.009, 0.064] 0.027 [-0.006, 0.065]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.108 [-0.179, -0.043] -0.073 [-0.156, -0.003] -0.071 [-0.150, -0.003] -0.077 [-0.158, -0.008] -0.073 [-0.153, -0.003] -0.071 [-0.151, -0.003]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.073, 0.038] -0.011 [-0.071, 0.046] -0.015 [-0.077, 0.040] -0.015 [-0.075, 0.041] -0.014 [-0.072, 0.043] -0.010 [-0.068, 0.045]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.026 [-0.068, 0.117] 0.057 [-0.059, 0.173] 0.052 [-0.050, 0.163] 0.059 [-0.055, 0.173] 0.059 [-0.058, 0.176] 0.059 [-0.060, 0.178]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.107, 0.085] -0.004 [-0.108, 0.113] -0.013 [-0.119, 0.091] -0.006 [-0.113, 0.108] -0.010 [-0.116, 0.105] -0.004 [-0.108, 0.111]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.018 [-0.042, 0.073] 0.020 [-0.053, 0.090] 0.028 [-0.043, 0.092] 0.019 [-0.051, 0.088] 0.020 [-0.050, 0.090] 0.020 [-0.049, 0.089]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.024, 0.059] 0.024 [-0.019, 0.080] 0.029 [-0.016, 0.083] 0.025 [-0.017, 0.081] 0.022 [-0.021, 0.079] 0.024 [-0.018, 0.080]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.012 [-0.089, 0.076] -0.009 [-0.120, 0.094] -0.009 [-0.102, 0.093] -0.009 [-0.121, 0.097] -0.010 [-0.120, 0.099] -0.007 [-0.119, 0.098]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.045, 0.082] 0.020 [-0.055, 0.102] 0.020 [-0.053, 0.110] 0.018 [-0.060, 0.100] 0.017 [-0.057, 0.102] 0.017 [-0.061, 0.099]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.063 [-0.048, 0.174] 0.066 [-0.048, 0.204] 0.076 [-0.012, 0.195] 0.071 [-0.038, 0.208] 0.061 [-0.052, 0.197] 0.064 [-0.048, 0.198]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.038 [-0.131, 0.239] 0.035 [-0.174, 0.305] 0.043 [-0.145, 0.299] 0.031 [-0.175, 0.318] 0.030 [-0.178, 0.305] 0.041 [-0.171, 0.310]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.129, 0.173] -0.029 [-0.214, 0.186] 0.000 [-0.201, 0.213] -0.022 [-0.218, 0.199] -0.023 [-0.215, 0.184] -0.032 [-0.215, 0.182]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.017 [-0.161, 0.109] -0.016 [-0.184, 0.159] -0.031 [-0.198, 0.164] -0.017 [-0.189, 0.164] -0.017 [-0.191, 0.168] -0.015 [-0.189, 0.169]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [-0.085, 0.106] -0.005 [-0.159, 0.137] 0.014 [-0.130, 0.160] -0.004 [-0.159, 0.137] -0.004 [-0.162, 0.145] -0.009 [-0.165, 0.133]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [-0.147, 0.250] 0.018 [-0.249, 0.315] 0.067 [-0.233, 0.372] 0.026 [-0.242, 0.336] 0.027 [-0.251, 0.308] 0.026 [-0.255, 0.332]
Intercept well-being 2.630 [2.590, 2.670] 2.617 [2.573, 2.662] 2.618 [2.573, 2.663] 2.615 [2.571, 2.660] 2.618 [2.575, 2.661] 2.617 [2.572, 2.662]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.287 [0.256, 0.322] 0.263 [0.230, 0.300] 0.268 [0.235, 0.306] 0.263 [0.230, 0.300] 0.247 [0.217, 0.282] 0.270 [0.237, 0.308]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.090 [0.062, 0.122] 0.078 [0.050, 0.111] 0.079 [0.051, 0.112] 0.080 [0.052, 0.114] 0.078 [0.051, 0.112] 0.078 [0.050, 0.111]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.061 [0.036, 0.097] 0.058 [0.030, 0.097] 0.056 [0.030, 0.095] 0.057 [0.030, 0.095] 0.054 [0.027, 0.092] 0.057 [0.030, 0.095]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.110 [0.071, 0.158] 0.108 [0.068, 0.160] 0.109 [0.070, 0.161] 0.111 [0.070, 0.162] 0.110 [0.069, 0.162] 0.110 [0.068, 0.161]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.069 [0.040, 0.103] 0.075 [0.044, 0.116] 0.077 [0.046, 0.118] 0.075 [0.045, 0.117] 0.075 [0.045, 0.116] 0.074 [0.044, 0.116]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.299 [0.140, 0.495] 0.301 [0.139, 0.552] 0.285 [0.130, 0.524] 0.299 [0.136, 0.549] 0.294 [0.134, 0.544] 0.292 [0.134, 0.542]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.100 [0.032, 0.216] 0.127 [0.051, 0.278] 0.133 [0.053, 0.273] 0.129 [0.051, 0.281] 0.123 [0.049, 0.269] 0.125 [0.052, 0.272]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.411 [0.185, 0.817] 0.558 [0.245, 1.064] 0.544 [0.228, 1.030] 0.575 [0.250, 1.088] 0.562 [0.240, 1.089] 0.585 [0.255, 1.115]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.264 [0.096, 0.529] 0.360 [0.137, 0.765] 0.424 [0.171, 0.783] 0.376 [0.148, 0.786] 0.391 [0.157, 0.796] 0.376 [0.150, 0.788]
R2 between 0.016 [0.004, 0.034] 0.005 [0.000, 0.016] 0.014 [0.004, 0.031] 0.047 [0.025, 0.076] 0.002 [0.000, 0.010]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.007 [0.000, 0.038] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Mixed WP 0.019 [0.000, 0.088] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.011 [0.000, 0.069] 0.004 [0.000, 0.042]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.016 [0.000, 0.109] 0.014 [0.000, 0.103] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.020 [0.000, 0.127]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.086] 0.019 [0.000, 0.145] 0.006 [0.000, 0.077] 0.012 [0.000, 0.150] 0.006 [0.000, 0.093]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.078] 0.021 [0.000, 0.139] 0.018 [0.000, 0.122] 0.006 [0.000, 0.070] 0.025 [0.000, 0.141]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] 0.021 [0.000, 0.111] 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] 0.005 [0.000, 0.070] 0.005 [0.000, 0.058]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,979 10,850 10,850 10,850 10,850 10,850
Study 3
CMC WP -0.230 [-0.269, -0.189] -0.230 [-0.271, -0.188] -0.222 [-0.263, -0.179] -0.230 [-0.271, -0.189] -0.226 [-0.267, -0.185] -0.227 [-0.272, -0.185]
Mixed WP 0.002 [-0.043, 0.050] 0.006 [-0.043, 0.055] -0.003 [-0.051, 0.047] 0.001 [-0.045, 0.049] -0.001 [-0.050, 0.049] -0.004 [-0.054, 0.045]
Family WP -0.217 [-0.269, -0.167] -0.227 [-0.283, -0.171] -0.225 [-0.280, -0.171] -0.230 [-0.285, -0.174] -0.224 [-0.279, -0.169] -0.227 [-0.283, -0.173]
Weak ties WP -0.296 [-0.353, -0.238] -0.301 [-0.362, -0.236] -0.308 [-0.365, -0.249] -0.301 [-0.360, -0.238] -0.301 [-0.359, -0.237] -0.294 [-0.357, -0.233]
CMC * Family WP 0.170 [0.064, 0.277] 0.151 [0.038, 0.265] 0.173 [0.054, 0.290] 0.164 [0.052, 0.277] 0.168 [0.058, 0.278] 0.180 [0.063, 0.296]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.166 [0.061, 0.279] 0.155 [0.046, 0.265] 0.167 [0.056, 0.277] 0.168 [0.054, 0.282] 0.166 [0.054, 0.284] 0.156 [0.031, 0.270]
Mixed * Family WP 0.077 [-0.080, 0.257] 0.064 [-0.134, 0.231] 0.065 [-0.146, 0.250] 0.033 [-0.181, 0.205] 0.034 [-0.183, 0.211] 0.050 [-0.126, 0.211]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.099 [-0.301, 0.111] -0.099 [-0.301, 0.120] -0.149 [-0.360, 0.059] -0.137 [-0.349, 0.072] -0.147 [-0.350, 0.075] -0.129 [-0.362, 0.104]
Weekend WP 0.155 [0.132, 0.177] 0.160 [0.136, 0.184] 0.160 [0.136, 0.185] 0.160 [0.136, 0.184] 0.159 [0.135, 0.183] 0.159 [0.136, 0.183]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.514 [0.504, 0.525] 0.518 [0.507, 0.529] 0.518 [0.507, 0.530] 0.519 [0.508, 0.530] 0.518 [0.507, 0.530] 0.516 [0.506, 0.527]
R2 within 0.103 [0.095, 0.111] 0.108 [0.099, 0.116] 0.106 [0.098, 0.115] 0.107 [0.098, 0.115] 0.106 [0.098, 0.115] 0.107 [0.097, 0.116]
Personality trait 0.314 [0.257, 0.370] 0.219 [0.142, 0.293] 0.156 [0.086, 0.226] -0.295 [-0.347, -0.242] 0.049 [-0.019, 0.118]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.028 [-0.030, 0.086] -0.062 [-0.134, 0.012] 0.062 [-0.002, 0.125] -0.050 [-0.102, 0.002] 0.011 [-0.052, 0.072]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.062 [-0.130, 0.006] -0.068 [-0.151, 0.017] -0.039 [-0.114, 0.035] 0.038 [-0.034, 0.102] 0.020 [-0.055, 0.092]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.075 [-0.004, 0.159] 0.010 [-0.087, 0.107] 0.038 [-0.045, 0.121] -0.061 [-0.127, 0.008] -0.012 [-0.095, 0.070]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.017 [-0.070, 0.101] 0.076 [-0.031, 0.179] 0.024 [-0.065, 0.113] -0.010 [-0.080, 0.061] 0.046 [-0.048, 0.133]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.081 [-0.248, 0.074] -0.040 [-0.248, 0.157] -0.028 [-0.205, 0.142] 0.136 [-0.009, 0.288] -0.056 [-0.232, 0.127]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.040 [-0.131, 0.187] -0.041 [-0.241, 0.161] 0.000 [-0.162, 0.163] -0.007 [-0.155, 0.128] 0.023 [-0.145, 0.179]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.032 [-0.236, 0.295] -0.064 [-0.407, 0.312] 0.067 [-0.215, 0.334] -0.023 [-0.266, 0.204] -0.040 [-0.371, 0.266]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.210 [-0.522, 0.091] -0.139 [-0.511, 0.263] -0.053 [-0.370, 0.268] 0.079 [-0.217, 0.364] -0.145 [-0.481, 0.223]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.023 [-0.004, 0.049] 0.020 [-0.004, 0.045] 0.030 [0.005, 0.057] 0.022 [-0.004, 0.047] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.042] 0.027 [0.000, 0.054]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.016 [-0.048, 0.014] -0.012 [-0.042, 0.018] -0.016 [-0.047, 0.017] -0.018 [-0.049, 0.011] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.017] -0.020 [-0.052, 0.012]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.039 [0.005, 0.072] 0.029 [-0.004, 0.062] 0.040 [0.005, 0.077] 0.039 [0.004, 0.075] 0.031 [-0.001, 0.063] 0.039 [0.003, 0.077]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.025, 0.046] 0.013 [-0.021, 0.047] 0.014 [-0.023, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.020, 0.054] 0.016 [-0.017, 0.051] 0.016 [-0.021, 0.054]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.033 [-0.104, 0.037] -0.029 [-0.099, 0.039] -0.031 [-0.103, 0.040] -0.028 [-0.099, 0.046] -0.012 [-0.079, 0.054] -0.032 [-0.102, 0.040]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.028 [-0.102, 0.038] -0.041 [-0.108, 0.024] -0.037 [-0.106, 0.035] -0.035 [-0.108, 0.040] -0.036 [-0.104, 0.026] -0.036 [-0.103, 0.030]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.053 [-0.069, 0.168] 0.062 [-0.049, 0.170] 0.066 [-0.053, 0.183] 0.083 [-0.040, 0.198] 0.075 [-0.025, 0.191] 0.080 [-0.040, 0.219]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.148, 0.147] 0.010 [-0.129, 0.143] -0.014 [-0.146, 0.131] -0.008 [-0.142, 0.128] 0.022 [-0.115, 0.145] -0.016 [-0.159, 0.141]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.037 [0.017, 0.062] 0.044 [0.020, 0.071] 0.038 [0.014, 0.066] 0.041 [0.018, 0.070] 0.040 [0.016, 0.067] 0.040 [0.019, 0.065]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.045 [0.017, 0.076] 0.049 [0.021, 0.082] 0.049 [0.019, 0.081] 0.047 [0.017, 0.078] 0.045 [0.016, 0.077] 0.048 [0.019, 0.081]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [-0.013, 0.042] 0.016 [-0.016, 0.047] 0.012 [-0.019, 0.042] 0.011 [-0.018, 0.039] 0.011 [-0.018, 0.040] 0.009 [-0.023, 0.038]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.085 [-0.135, -0.033] -0.077 [-0.135, -0.020] -0.084 [-0.140, -0.026] -0.078 [-0.132, -0.021] -0.074 [-0.126, -0.019] -0.080 [-0.138, -0.024]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.071 [-0.125, -0.025] -0.079 [-0.136, -0.031] -0.071 [-0.129, -0.018] -0.078 [-0.132, -0.023] -0.080 [-0.139, -0.028] -0.069 [-0.126, -0.020]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.038 [-0.106, 0.034] -0.045 [-0.129, 0.033] -0.042 [-0.130, 0.043] -0.044 [-0.130, 0.031] -0.051 [-0.129, 0.023] -0.042 [-0.119, 0.044]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.049 [-0.149, 0.046] -0.052 [-0.156, 0.051] -0.066 [-0.164, 0.038] -0.062 [-0.162, 0.029] -0.069 [-0.174, 0.033] -0.086 [-0.196, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.021 [-0.011, 0.057] 0.029 [-0.004, 0.066] 0.027 [-0.010, 0.066] 0.020 [-0.013, 0.054] 0.020 [-0.013, 0.056] 0.024 [-0.009, 0.064]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.042, 0.020] -0.012 [-0.042, 0.020] -0.012 [-0.046, 0.020] -0.018 [-0.052, 0.017] -0.018 [-0.053, 0.016] -0.013 [-0.049, 0.021]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.049 [-0.108, 0.020] -0.061 [-0.121, 0.001] -0.050 [-0.117, 0.019] -0.054 [-0.124, 0.008] -0.054 [-0.125, 0.007] -0.054 [-0.119, 0.007]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.061, 0.041] -0.018 [-0.076, 0.035] -0.007 [-0.068, 0.061] -0.020 [-0.081, 0.039] -0.021 [-0.081, 0.036] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.052]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.071, 0.053] -0.026 [-0.093, 0.040] -0.021 [-0.089, 0.053] -0.031 [-0.103, 0.041] -0.037 [-0.112, 0.029] -0.021 [-0.101, 0.058]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.023 [-0.109, 0.059] -0.032 [-0.125, 0.060] -0.021 [-0.113, 0.073] -0.041 [-0.128, 0.049] -0.046 [-0.137, 0.046] -0.030 [-0.113, 0.067]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.073 [0.039, 0.110] 0.084 [0.044, 0.129] 0.081 [0.042, 0.127] 0.078 [0.039, 0.124] 0.079 [0.039, 0.125] 0.080 [0.036, 0.128]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.195 [-0.266, -0.132] -0.203 [-0.277, -0.133] -0.202 [-0.284, -0.132] -0.212 [-0.287, -0.141] -0.203 [-0.279, -0.134] -0.218 [-0.294, -0.150]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.067 [-0.134, -0.009] -0.101 [-0.173, -0.029] -0.094 [-0.166, -0.024] -0.097 [-0.165, -0.027] -0.103 [-0.173, -0.031] -0.092 [-0.169, -0.021]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.102, 0.077] -0.040 [-0.152, 0.080] -0.041 [-0.144, 0.077] -0.037 [-0.139, 0.046] -0.049 [-0.136, 0.031] -0.045 [-0.154, 0.074]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.048 [-0.077, 0.205] 0.064 [-0.080, 0.189] 0.075 [-0.076, 0.197] 0.043 [-0.098, 0.203] 0.047 [-0.099, 0.197] 0.067 [-0.083, 0.202]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.065 [-0.134, 0.001] -0.066 [-0.142, 0.005] -0.074 [-0.161, 0.001] -0.077 [-0.155, 0.001] -0.075 [-0.152, 0.002] -0.089 [-0.175, -0.015]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.091 [-0.156, -0.039] -0.115 [-0.185, -0.053] -0.116 [-0.186, -0.059] -0.120 [-0.186, -0.061] -0.124 [-0.198, -0.064] -0.123 [-0.199, -0.058]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.072, 0.079] -0.011 [-0.095, 0.076] -0.003 [-0.096, 0.108] 0.007 [-0.091, 0.090] 0.007 [-0.092, 0.091] -0.012 [-0.113, 0.086]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.052 [-0.049, 0.175] 0.061 [-0.057, 0.186] 0.056 [-0.055, 0.180] 0.073 [-0.027, 0.191] 0.081 [-0.023, 0.198] 0.055 [-0.063, 0.181]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.120 [0.012, 0.250] 0.120 [0.004, 0.284] 0.156 [0.031, 0.303] 0.126 [0.018, 0.274] 0.129 [0.019, 0.269] 0.145 [0.028, 0.292]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.092 [-0.054, 0.291] 0.117 [-0.028, 0.332] 0.156 [-0.037, 0.347] 0.109 [-0.036, 0.332] 0.099 [-0.031, 0.323] 0.127 [-0.051, 0.319]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.047 [-0.263, 0.179] -0.084 [-0.308, 0.171] -0.050 [-0.274, 0.191] -0.055 [-0.299, 0.210] -0.070 [-0.324, 0.188] -0.051 [-0.283, 0.196]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.071 [-0.037, 0.205] 0.079 [-0.057, 0.249] 0.064 [-0.078, 0.239] 0.039 [-0.103, 0.202] 0.051 [-0.070, 0.182] 0.070 [-0.057, 0.240]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.078 [-0.076, 0.312] 0.062 [-0.107, 0.306] 0.082 [-0.092, 0.306] 0.061 [-0.102, 0.304] 0.055 [-0.113, 0.303] 0.132 [-0.059, 0.388]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.075 [-0.120, 0.313] 0.085 [-0.123, 0.377] 0.081 [-0.191, 0.433] 0.061 [-0.178, 0.362] 0.082 [-0.175, 0.370] 0.062 [-0.198, 0.375]
Intercept well-being 2.610 [2.567, 2.653] 2.596 [2.554, 2.638] 2.596 [2.552, 2.641] 2.594 [2.549, 2.639] 2.596 [2.554, 2.639] 2.599 [2.553, 2.644]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.373 [0.336, 0.415] 0.302 [0.269, 0.339] 0.343 [0.306, 0.385] 0.345 [0.307, 0.387] 0.300 [0.267, 0.337] 0.356 [0.317, 0.399]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.085 [0.060, 0.115] 0.091 [0.064, 0.125] 0.088 [0.061, 0.119] 0.087 [0.059, 0.119] 0.087 [0.061, 0.120] 0.090 [0.064, 0.123]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.062 [0.038, 0.093] 0.068 [0.040, 0.100] 0.065 [0.041, 0.101] 0.065 [0.039, 0.097] 0.063 [0.038, 0.095] 0.069 [0.042, 0.106]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.165 [0.126, 0.216] 0.178 [0.133, 0.234] 0.179 [0.134, 0.231] 0.177 [0.133, 0.229] 0.174 [0.132, 0.226] 0.176 [0.133, 0.231]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.118 [0.079, 0.164] 0.125 [0.084, 0.178] 0.116 [0.075, 0.169] 0.120 [0.081, 0.171] 0.125 [0.084, 0.179] 0.123 [0.079, 0.182]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.456 [0.293, 0.646] 0.459 [0.291, 0.692] 0.497 [0.325, 0.713] 0.488 [0.332, 0.727] 0.456 [0.308, 0.665] 0.492 [0.320, 0.724]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.214 [0.097, 0.376] 0.247 [0.131, 0.402] 0.265 [0.146, 0.430] 0.253 [0.126, 0.415] 0.260 [0.130, 0.427] 0.246 [0.127, 0.404]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.278 [0.101, 0.597] 0.318 [0.124, 0.679] 0.326 [0.133, 0.687] 0.295 [0.137, 0.657] 0.290 [0.110, 0.678] 0.331 [0.123, 0.669]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.552 [0.236, 1.142] 0.548 [0.241, 1.094] 0.548 [0.226, 1.065] 0.546 [0.241, 1.038] 0.575 [0.282, 1.069] 0.672 [0.262, 1.188]
R2 between 0.077 [0.052, 0.106] 0.022 [0.010, 0.040] 0.014 [0.004, 0.030] 0.085 [0.058, 0.116] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.007 [0.000, 0.033] 0.009 [0.000, 0.037] 0.009 [0.000, 0.039] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.015 [0.000, 0.072] 0.012 [0.000, 0.057] 0.005 [0.000, 0.043] 0.008 [0.000, 0.053] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.035] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.007 [0.000, 0.030] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.008 [0.000, 0.047] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.013 [0.000, 0.059] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.041] 0.002 [0.000, 0.029] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.082] 0.008 [0.000, 0.096] 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] 0.008 [0.000, 0.076] 0.009 [0.000, 0.099]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.021 [0.000, 0.117] 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] 0.007 [0.000, 0.085] 0.008 [0.000, 0.097]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,331 19,318 19,255 19,314 19,306 19,264

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment in S1 and S2 and happiness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Stressed
Table S4.47
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP 0.166 [0.136, 0.195] 0.153 [0.121, 0.184] 0.153 [0.121, 0.183] 0.154 [0.122, 0.184] 0.156 [0.123, 0.189] 0.153 [0.122, 0.184]
Mixed WP 0.030 [-0.006, 0.066] 0.029 [-0.007, 0.065] 0.026 [-0.011, 0.063] 0.027 [-0.010, 0.064] 0.024 [-0.015, 0.060] 0.025 [-0.011, 0.062]
Family WP -0.007 [-0.054, 0.040] -0.022 [-0.073, 0.029] -0.019 [-0.069, 0.031] -0.016 [-0.066, 0.035] -0.022 [-0.072, 0.028] -0.018 [-0.067, 0.032]
Weak ties WP 0.183 [0.148, 0.219] 0.177 [0.138, 0.216] 0.178 [0.138, 0.215] 0.177 [0.138, 0.215] 0.181 [0.140, 0.220] 0.177 [0.138, 0.215]
CMC * Family WP 0.120 [0.019, 0.218] 0.146 [0.031, 0.254] 0.135 [0.023, 0.240] 0.133 [0.021, 0.240] 0.129 [0.019, 0.241] 0.135 [0.025, 0.241]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.095 [-0.185, -0.006] -0.117 [-0.216, -0.018] -0.110 [-0.208, -0.014] -0.112 [-0.209, -0.014] -0.102 [-0.201, -0.004] -0.113 [-0.211, -0.015]
Mixed * Family WP -0.078 [-0.273, 0.118] -0.083 [-0.296, 0.098] -0.094 [-0.314, 0.086] -0.099 [-0.313, 0.083] -0.104 [-0.276, 0.093] -0.088 [-0.304, 0.091]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.028 [-0.129, 0.070] -0.004 [-0.115, 0.128] -0.006 [-0.113, 0.120] -0.007 [-0.114, 0.121] -0.010 [-0.133, 0.106] -0.010 [-0.112, 0.120]
Weekend WP -0.102 [-0.125, -0.079] -0.104 [-0.128, -0.080] -0.104 [-0.128, -0.080] -0.104 [-0.128, -0.079] -0.103 [-0.127, -0.079] -0.103 [-0.128, -0.079]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.529 [0.518, 0.539] 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] 0.523 [0.512, 0.534] 0.522 [0.511, 0.533] 0.523 [0.512, 0.534]
R2 within 0.066 [0.059, 0.073] 0.068 [0.061, 0.076] 0.068 [0.060, 0.076] 0.067 [0.058, 0.074] 0.069 [0.061, 0.077] 0.067 [0.059, 0.075]
Personality trait -0.038 [-0.081, 0.006] -0.154 [-0.211, -0.096] -0.133 [-0.189, -0.076] 0.286 [0.241, 0.330] -0.048 [-0.105, 0.013]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.006 [-0.032, 0.044] -0.030 [-0.079, 0.019] 0.006 [-0.043, 0.054] 0.002 [-0.041, 0.044] 0.001 [-0.049, 0.053]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.022 [-0.067, 0.025] -0.079 [-0.137, -0.019] -0.007 [-0.067, 0.051] 0.011 [-0.038, 0.059] -0.030 [-0.090, 0.030]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.030 [-0.087, 0.028] -0.013 [-0.089, 0.067] -0.010 [-0.087, 0.066] -0.015 [-0.079, 0.050] -0.008 [-0.098, 0.081]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.009 [-0.037, 0.054] -0.002 [-0.064, 0.063] 0.003 [-0.058, 0.063] 0.013 [-0.035, 0.061] -0.013 [-0.075, 0.050]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.039 [-0.106, 0.184] 0.143 [-0.035, 0.331] 0.047 [-0.136, 0.233] 0.022 [-0.128, 0.170] -0.007 [-0.213, 0.185]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.035 [-0.150, 0.081] -0.001 [-0.158, 0.150] -0.004 [-0.151, 0.143] -0.011 [-0.143, 0.116] -0.053 [-0.215, 0.104]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.206 [-0.418, 0.010] 0.034 [-0.253, 0.328] 0.138 [-0.157, 0.470] 0.085 [-0.167, 0.305] -0.191 [-0.525, 0.162]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.029 [-0.113, 0.168] -0.032 [-0.219, 0.133] -0.033 [-0.229, 0.144] 0.046 [-0.109, 0.194] 0.033 [-0.163, 0.216]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.011 [-0.008, 0.030] 0.009 [-0.009, 0.029] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026] 0.009 [-0.009, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.010, 0.027] 0.008 [-0.010, 0.028]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.005 [-0.018, 0.028] 0.008 [-0.016, 0.032] 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.014, 0.034] 0.007 [-0.016, 0.030] 0.009 [-0.015, 0.033]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.034 [-0.061, -0.006] -0.040 [-0.070, -0.011] -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013] -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013] -0.040 [-0.068, -0.012] -0.042 [-0.072, -0.013]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.023, 0.020] 0.000 [-0.023, 0.023] 0.000 [-0.023, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.023, 0.022] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.022]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.019 [-0.044, 0.084] 0.038 [-0.032, 0.107] 0.041 [-0.026, 0.109] 0.035 [-0.034, 0.102] 0.031 [-0.033, 0.094] 0.033 [-0.037, 0.102]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.059, 0.048] -0.020 [-0.083, 0.038] -0.021 [-0.079, 0.035] -0.021 [-0.079, 0.036] -0.017 [-0.072, 0.036] -0.023 [-0.084, 0.035]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.103, 0.111] -0.056 [-0.182, 0.076] -0.051 [-0.175, 0.079] -0.046 [-0.167, 0.088] -0.073 [-0.197, 0.060] -0.058 [-0.182, 0.074]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.060, 0.067] 0.007 [-0.073, 0.071] 0.011 [-0.057, 0.069] 0.006 [-0.063, 0.069] 0.007 [-0.063, 0.071] 0.003 [-0.074, 0.067]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.046 [0.030, 0.066] 0.041 [0.023, 0.062] 0.041 [0.022, 0.063] 0.042 [0.023, 0.064] 0.046 [0.030, 0.066] 0.042 [0.022, 0.065]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.021, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.016] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017] -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.017]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [0.008, 0.043] 0.028 [0.012, 0.045] 0.028 [0.011, 0.047] 0.028 [0.011, 0.046] 0.030 [0.012, 0.048] 0.029 [0.012, 0.046]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.046 [0.004, 0.091] 0.046 [-0.001, 0.094] 0.047 [0.001, 0.096] 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094] 0.047 [0.003, 0.092] 0.045 [-0.003, 0.094]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.061, 0.015] -0.014 [-0.055, 0.026] -0.015 [-0.056, 0.023] -0.014 [-0.055, 0.027] -0.010 [-0.047, 0.029] -0.013 [-0.053, 0.028]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.030 [-0.041, 0.099] 0.027 [-0.055, 0.103] 0.033 [-0.049, 0.106] 0.030 [-0.050, 0.102] 0.026 [-0.044, 0.087] 0.026 [-0.054, 0.102]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.042, 0.032] -0.013 [-0.056, 0.031] -0.012 [-0.053, 0.032] -0.010 [-0.051, 0.036] 0.006 [-0.037, 0.054] -0.011 [-0.051, 0.036]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.019, 0.027] -0.004 [-0.026, 0.020] -0.004 [-0.026, 0.021] -0.003 [-0.026, 0.022] 0.001 [-0.019, 0.024] -0.004 [-0.027, 0.021]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [0.007, 0.044] 0.028 [0.010, 0.050] 0.029 [0.011, 0.050] 0.030 [0.012, 0.051] 0.032 [0.012, 0.052] 0.030 [0.012, 0.051]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.043 [-0.011, 0.103] 0.050 [-0.006, 0.097] 0.049 [-0.004, 0.096] 0.047 [-0.007, 0.094] 0.047 [-0.002, 0.097] 0.049 [-0.007, 0.095]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.065, 0.031] -0.011 [-0.062, 0.036] -0.011 [-0.062, 0.033] -0.010 [-0.061, 0.038] -0.006 [-0.052, 0.041] -0.010 [-0.059, 0.039]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.047 [-0.049, 0.135] 0.040 [-0.039, 0.126] 0.046 [-0.026, 0.123] 0.042 [-0.037, 0.116] 0.035 [-0.029, 0.107] 0.040 [-0.036, 0.115]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.042, 0.047] -0.007 [-0.052, 0.042] -0.006 [-0.048, 0.037] -0.003 [-0.046, 0.047] 0.004 [-0.034, 0.049] -0.004 [-0.046, 0.046]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.003, 0.040] 0.017 [-0.006, 0.041] 0.018 [-0.005, 0.042] 0.019 [-0.005, 0.044] 0.023 [-0.003, 0.048] 0.018 [-0.005, 0.043]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.041 [-0.094, 0.011] -0.047 [-0.107, 0.003] -0.049 [-0.111, 0.003] -0.049 [-0.110, 0.001] -0.039 [-0.104, 0.014] -0.047 [-0.109, 0.003]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.066, 0.054] -0.001 [-0.058, 0.054] -0.001 [-0.059, 0.054] 0.000 [-0.057, 0.058] 0.010 [-0.042, 0.066] 0.001 [-0.054, 0.056]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.013 [-0.081, 0.060] -0.030 [-0.110, 0.058] -0.039 [-0.115, 0.054] -0.032 [-0.107, 0.055] -0.032 [-0.108, 0.051] -0.031 [-0.108, 0.057]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.046, 0.059] 0.006 [-0.046, 0.058] 0.006 [-0.056, 0.057] 0.007 [-0.054, 0.063] 0.012 [-0.038, 0.065] 0.007 [-0.052, 0.063]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.023 [-0.021, 0.068] 0.039 [-0.012, 0.092] 0.040 [-0.016, 0.090] 0.039 [-0.017, 0.090] 0.032 [-0.018, 0.085] 0.041 [-0.016, 0.093]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.054, 0.021] -0.008 [-0.045, 0.039] -0.010 [-0.048, 0.039] -0.009 [-0.047, 0.039] -0.007 [-0.046, 0.039] -0.008 [-0.047, 0.040]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.030 [-0.114, 0.049] -0.018 [-0.105, 0.070] -0.017 [-0.100, 0.071] -0.013 [-0.098, 0.074] -0.023 [-0.100, 0.044] -0.015 [-0.102, 0.075]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.018 [-0.027, 0.061] 0.011 [-0.028, 0.066] 0.012 [-0.028, 0.066] 0.013 [-0.027, 0.065] 0.025 [-0.024, 0.078] 0.012 [-0.026, 0.066]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.143 [0.025, 0.278] 0.124 [0.004, 0.273] 0.121 [-0.001, 0.258] 0.118 [-0.005, 0.263] 0.120 [-0.014, 0.271] 0.120 [-0.006, 0.269]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.209 [0.064, 0.401] 0.200 [0.040, 0.421] 0.187 [-0.002, 0.407] 0.182 [0.009, 0.394] 0.182 [-0.010, 0.381] 0.181 [-0.001, 0.401]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.086, 0.141] 0.026 [-0.111, 0.153] 0.022 [-0.112, 0.134] 0.025 [-0.109, 0.147] 0.041 [-0.071, 0.177] 0.027 [-0.115, 0.146]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.125 [-0.039, 0.314] 0.096 [-0.108, 0.276] 0.091 [-0.110, 0.275] 0.091 [-0.108, 0.284] 0.094 [-0.100, 0.329] 0.094 [-0.117, 0.291]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.022 [-0.085, 0.162] 0.041 [-0.079, 0.179] 0.036 [-0.078, 0.176] 0.033 [-0.077, 0.172] 0.072 [-0.033, 0.211] 0.039 [-0.079, 0.179]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.026 [-0.112, 0.190] 0.048 [-0.146, 0.236] 0.031 [-0.166, 0.218] 0.037 [-0.151, 0.219] 0.073 [-0.063, 0.232] 0.041 [-0.161, 0.234]
Intercept well-being 2.168 [2.134, 2.203] 2.154 [2.117, 2.190] 2.154 [2.118, 2.190] 2.155 [2.119, 2.191] 2.152 [2.118, 2.187] 2.154 [2.117, 2.190]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.349 [0.320, 0.381] 0.336 [0.306, 0.370] 0.327 [0.298, 0.360] 0.330 [0.301, 0.363] 0.290 [0.264, 0.319] 0.335 [0.305, 0.369]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.052 [0.035, 0.072] 0.052 [0.034, 0.074] 0.051 [0.033, 0.072] 0.051 [0.034, 0.074] 0.055 [0.037, 0.075] 0.052 [0.034, 0.074]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.062 [0.040, 0.090] 0.051 [0.026, 0.082] 0.052 [0.027, 0.083] 0.053 [0.027, 0.084] 0.058 [0.035, 0.088] 0.052 [0.025, 0.084]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.064 [0.035, 0.100] 0.058 [0.032, 0.096] 0.062 [0.034, 0.101] 0.062 [0.034, 0.101] 0.068 [0.039, 0.107] 0.061 [0.034, 0.100]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.056 [0.037, 0.082] 0.060 [0.039, 0.088] 0.060 [0.038, 0.087] 0.060 [0.038, 0.088] 0.061 [0.040, 0.087] 0.060 [0.038, 0.087]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.326 [0.199, 0.508] 0.345 [0.185, 0.543] 0.328 [0.167, 0.532] 0.331 [0.172, 0.528] 0.316 [0.134, 0.523] 0.332 [0.170, 0.523]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.251 [0.120, 0.410] 0.255 [0.132, 0.431] 0.249 [0.122, 0.427] 0.254 [0.130, 0.426] 0.268 [0.145, 0.434] 0.257 [0.139, 0.434]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.513 [0.272, 0.897] 0.545 [0.250, 1.007] 0.517 [0.214, 0.985] 0.487 [0.193, 0.955] 0.471 [0.234, 0.901] 0.513 [0.218, 1.002]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.142 [0.044, 0.322] 0.152 [0.050, 0.313] 0.142 [0.044, 0.311] 0.149 [0.040, 0.313] 0.167 [0.070, 0.335] 0.146 [0.043, 0.317]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.014 [0.005, 0.026] 0.010 [0.003, 0.021] 0.074 [0.053, 0.098] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.003 [0.000, 0.024] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.023 [0.001, 0.079] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.004 [0.000, 0.031]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.046] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.012 [0.000, 0.068] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.026 [0.000, 0.107] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.009 [0.000, 0.102] 0.007 [0.000, 0.059] 0.014 [0.000, 0.099]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] 0.005 [0.000, 0.068] 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] 0.006 [0.000, 0.071]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,751 20,495 20,495 20,495 20,490 20,495
Study 2
CMC WP 0.175 [0.137, 0.213] 0.171 [0.130, 0.215] 0.172 [0.129, 0.216] 0.171 [0.129, 0.215] 0.174 [0.131, 0.216] 0.172 [0.130, 0.215]
Mixed WP 0.049 [0.002, 0.097] 0.055 [0.002, 0.108] 0.057 [0.003, 0.110] 0.058 [0.005, 0.112] 0.058 [0.003, 0.111] 0.060 [0.006, 0.112]
Family WP -0.053 [-0.107, 0.002] -0.044 [-0.108, 0.022] -0.044 [-0.109, 0.023] -0.041 [-0.106, 0.027] -0.044 [-0.108, 0.022] -0.033 [-0.098, 0.032]
Weak ties WP 0.154 [0.107, 0.198] 0.160 [0.107, 0.213] 0.162 [0.108, 0.214] 0.151 [0.096, 0.205] 0.160 [0.106, 0.213] 0.158 [0.105, 0.211]
CMC * Family WP 0.010 [-0.116, 0.133] 0.006 [-0.139, 0.144] 0.007 [-0.133, 0.141] 0.013 [-0.134, 0.158] 0.004 [-0.132, 0.146] 0.002 [-0.142, 0.140]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.169 [-0.286, -0.055] -0.097 [-0.228, 0.028] -0.090 [-0.218, 0.035] -0.116 [-0.244, 0.011] -0.095 [-0.221, 0.025] -0.092 [-0.228, 0.031]
Mixed * Family WP -0.074 [-0.300, 0.140] -0.037 [-0.319, 0.214] -0.048 [-0.345, 0.206] -0.071 [-0.369, 0.197] -0.051 [-0.322, 0.189] -0.004 [-0.301, 0.250]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.015 [-0.187, 0.152] -0.072 [-0.261, 0.128] -0.076 [-0.259, 0.123] -0.096 [-0.276, 0.105] -0.091 [-0.270, 0.106] -0.073 [-0.259, 0.126]
Weekend WP -0.145 [-0.173, -0.115] -0.152 [-0.185, -0.118] -0.152 [-0.186, -0.119] -0.152 [-0.185, -0.119] -0.152 [-0.186, -0.119] -0.152 [-0.185, -0.119]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.542 [0.528, 0.556] 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] 0.539 [0.524, 0.555] 0.539 [0.523, 0.555]
R2 within 0.070 [0.060, 0.080] 0.079 [0.068, 0.090] 0.077 [0.067, 0.089] 0.079 [0.069, 0.090] 0.079 [0.068, 0.089] 0.079 [0.069, 0.090]
Personality trait -0.004 [-0.059, 0.052] -0.098 [-0.174, -0.023] -0.115 [-0.187, -0.043] 0.212 [0.153, 0.272] -0.023 [-0.098, 0.052]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.001 [-0.050, 0.048] -0.021 [-0.091, 0.050] -0.006 [-0.071, 0.057] 0.053 [-0.003, 0.109] 0.025 [-0.042, 0.093]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.027 [-0.038, 0.094] 0.063 [-0.024, 0.147] -0.045 [-0.132, 0.049] 0.056 [-0.014, 0.125] -0.003 [-0.086, 0.090]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.021 [-0.099, 0.055] -0.023 [-0.129, 0.084] -0.021 [-0.122, 0.081] 0.048 [-0.035, 0.137] 0.161 [0.055, 0.262]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.008 [-0.054, 0.072] -0.060 [-0.152, 0.034] 0.065 [-0.022, 0.150] 0.054 [-0.018, 0.128] -0.015 [-0.100, 0.075]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.068 [-0.093, 0.229] 0.119 [-0.134, 0.370] -0.030 [-0.256, 0.245] -0.099 [-0.286, 0.089] -0.050 [-0.301, 0.195]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.106 [-0.051, 0.252] -0.137 [-0.363, 0.085] 0.169 [-0.063, 0.383] -0.049 [-0.211, 0.115] -0.024 [-0.234, 0.167]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.006 [-0.334, 0.323] 0.076 [-0.347, 0.521] 0.214 [-0.203, 0.712] -0.147 [-0.500, 0.203] 0.252 [-0.178, 0.715]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.015 [-0.233, 0.214] -0.026 [-0.339, 0.288] 0.099 [-0.201, 0.434] -0.005 [-0.245, 0.264] 0.015 [-0.299, 0.335]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.023 [0.001, 0.046] 0.024 [0.000, 0.047] 0.024 [0.000, 0.047] 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.006, 0.042] 0.025 [0.001, 0.048]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.002 [-0.029, 0.027] 0.002 [-0.029, 0.035] 0.005 [-0.025, 0.039] 0.000 [-0.032, 0.034] -0.004 [-0.034, 0.028] 0.002 [-0.029, 0.035]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.029, 0.037] -0.009 [-0.047, 0.028] -0.009 [-0.047, 0.027] -0.009 [-0.048, 0.028] -0.015 [-0.052, 0.021] -0.008 [-0.044, 0.029]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.039, 0.014] -0.018 [-0.050, 0.012] -0.019 [-0.050, 0.011] -0.015 [-0.045, 0.015] -0.025 [-0.055, 0.004] -0.017 [-0.050, 0.013]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.055 [-0.125, 0.011] -0.047 [-0.131, 0.035] -0.046 [-0.126, 0.033] -0.051 [-0.129, 0.029] -0.036 [-0.111, 0.041] -0.044 [-0.129, 0.037]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.039 [-0.099, 0.022] -0.030 [-0.105, 0.048] -0.033 [-0.104, 0.042] -0.022 [-0.093, 0.052] -0.026 [-0.092, 0.049] -0.033 [-0.108, 0.045]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.076 [-0.217, 0.037] -0.094 [-0.244, 0.055] -0.083 [-0.233, 0.066] -0.079 [-0.230, 0.076] -0.063 [-0.204, 0.091] -0.092 [-0.243, 0.054]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.008 [-0.086, 0.096] 0.013 [-0.103, 0.129] 0.012 [-0.103, 0.127] 0.018 [-0.094, 0.130] 0.021 [-0.085, 0.132] 0.013 [-0.102, 0.132]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [-0.001, 0.043] 0.015 [-0.007, 0.039] 0.015 [-0.005, 0.039] 0.013 [-0.007, 0.037] 0.013 [-0.009, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.006, 0.039]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.025 [-0.048, -0.004] -0.022 [-0.048, 0.002] -0.021 [-0.046, 0.003] -0.021 [-0.047, 0.003] -0.022 [-0.049, 0.003] -0.022 [-0.047, 0.003]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.007, 0.035] 0.009 [-0.010, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.010, 0.038] 0.008 [-0.013, 0.035] 0.009 [-0.013, 0.036] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.036]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.044, 0.049] 0.000 [-0.052, 0.052] 0.001 [-0.049, 0.051] -0.003 [-0.054, 0.047] 0.002 [-0.051, 0.050] 0.001 [-0.052, 0.053]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.042, 0.035] 0.006 [-0.034, 0.055] 0.005 [-0.035, 0.055] 0.002 [-0.037, 0.051] 0.008 [-0.032, 0.055] 0.004 [-0.035, 0.052]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.042 [-0.122, 0.042] -0.046 [-0.135, 0.034] -0.046 [-0.131, 0.033] -0.044 [-0.133, 0.035] -0.044 [-0.138, 0.040] -0.050 [-0.133, 0.031]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.059, 0.055] 0.006 [-0.054, 0.082] 0.009 [-0.057, 0.090] 0.010 [-0.054, 0.087] 0.005 [-0.064, 0.091] 0.010 [-0.051, 0.084]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.031, 0.021] 0.002 [-0.028, 0.035] 0.001 [-0.028, 0.036] 0.001 [-0.029, 0.035] 0.001 [-0.032, 0.035] 0.004 [-0.024, 0.038]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [-0.006, 0.035] 0.012 [-0.015, 0.042] 0.012 [-0.015, 0.043] 0.014 [-0.015, 0.046] 0.010 [-0.016, 0.041] 0.012 [-0.014, 0.042]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.019 [-0.059, 0.032] -0.033 [-0.095, 0.031] -0.029 [-0.089, 0.032] -0.035 [-0.098, 0.027] -0.023 [-0.084, 0.034] -0.032 [-0.094, 0.030]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.052, 0.048] -0.005 [-0.076, 0.042] -0.003 [-0.070, 0.042] -0.001 [-0.067, 0.044] 0.004 [-0.054, 0.050] -0.005 [-0.073, 0.044]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.035 [-0.106, 0.044] -0.068 [-0.163, 0.026] -0.065 [-0.160, 0.027] -0.064 [-0.161, 0.031] -0.052 [-0.152, 0.041] -0.070 [-0.161, 0.021]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.071, 0.040] -0.041 [-0.124, 0.030] -0.041 [-0.125, 0.028] -0.034 [-0.120, 0.035] -0.037 [-0.118, 0.042] -0.038 [-0.124, 0.034]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.015, 0.045] 0.009 [-0.025, 0.049] 0.006 [-0.027, 0.046] 0.008 [-0.026, 0.049] 0.006 [-0.026, 0.048] 0.011 [-0.023, 0.048]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.075, 0.032] -0.034 [-0.104, 0.038] -0.034 [-0.105, 0.036] -0.031 [-0.104, 0.041] -0.025 [-0.097, 0.047] -0.030 [-0.097, 0.038]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.054, 0.047] -0.027 [-0.110, 0.050] -0.029 [-0.109, 0.044] -0.025 [-0.105, 0.045] -0.021 [-0.103, 0.056] -0.020 [-0.099, 0.052]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.056 [-0.023, 0.151] 0.086 [-0.027, 0.219] 0.085 [-0.028, 0.215] 0.097 [-0.022, 0.228] 0.098 [-0.020, 0.224] 0.072 [-0.039, 0.201]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.088, 0.069] -0.008 [-0.107, 0.104] -0.003 [-0.104, 0.109] 0.004 [-0.095, 0.119] -0.004 [-0.097, 0.109] -0.016 [-0.114, 0.096]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.008 [-0.049, 0.065] -0.003 [-0.070, 0.065] 0.001 [-0.068, 0.064] -0.001 [-0.070, 0.058] 0.004 [-0.065, 0.070] -0.001 [-0.065, 0.065]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [-0.012, 0.071] 0.033 [-0.023, 0.092] 0.028 [-0.024, 0.086] 0.025 [-0.025, 0.083] 0.033 [-0.018, 0.097] 0.029 [-0.025, 0.089]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.035 [-0.130, 0.067] -0.041 [-0.148, 0.060] -0.036 [-0.146, 0.064] -0.050 [-0.156, 0.057] -0.032 [-0.149, 0.102] -0.044 [-0.146, 0.060]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.063, 0.096] 0.024 [-0.055, 0.118] 0.025 [-0.058, 0.120] 0.020 [-0.063, 0.117] 0.024 [-0.057, 0.120] 0.026 [-0.057, 0.122]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [-0.073, 0.133] 0.036 [-0.089, 0.183] 0.040 [-0.076, 0.188] 0.037 [-0.080, 0.186] 0.033 [-0.077, 0.182] 0.033 [-0.089, 0.176]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.052 [-0.128, 0.274] 0.067 [-0.145, 0.326] 0.063 [-0.150, 0.312] 0.084 [-0.127, 0.337] 0.072 [-0.134, 0.326] 0.074 [-0.123, 0.326]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.036 [-0.107, 0.194] 0.022 [-0.167, 0.207] 0.006 [-0.177, 0.189] 0.008 [-0.172, 0.192] -0.002 [-0.183, 0.205] 0.026 [-0.171, 0.215]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.044 [-0.114, 0.234] -0.049 [-0.250, 0.156] -0.041 [-0.238, 0.158] -0.041 [-0.245, 0.160] -0.046 [-0.254, 0.197] -0.040 [-0.243, 0.159]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.150, 0.165] 0.012 [-0.156, 0.198] 0.005 [-0.166, 0.185] 0.003 [-0.161, 0.171] -0.003 [-0.163, 0.175] 0.013 [-0.162, 0.185]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.018 [-0.235, 0.286] 0.123 [-0.161, 0.447] 0.126 [-0.162, 0.472] 0.125 [-0.149, 0.468] 0.128 [-0.158, 0.454] 0.097 [-0.170, 0.420]
Intercept well-being 2.187 [2.146, 2.229] 2.169 [2.123, 2.216] 2.169 [2.123, 2.216] 2.170 [2.125, 2.217] 2.168 [2.123, 2.213] 2.170 [2.123, 2.216]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.301 [0.269, 0.337] 0.290 [0.255, 0.332] 0.286 [0.250, 0.326] 0.285 [0.250, 0.326] 0.264 [0.232, 0.302] 0.289 [0.254, 0.330]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.048 [0.028, 0.073] 0.040 [0.018, 0.069] 0.040 [0.018, 0.070] 0.038 [0.018, 0.067] 0.041 [0.023, 0.068] 0.041 [0.018, 0.069]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.041 [0.019, 0.076] 0.050 [0.020, 0.090] 0.049 [0.021, 0.088] 0.048 [0.021, 0.088] 0.047 [0.019, 0.086] 0.050 [0.020, 0.089]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.083 [0.048, 0.127] 0.094 [0.056, 0.149] 0.095 [0.057, 0.151] 0.095 [0.056, 0.149] 0.094 [0.055, 0.149] 0.087 [0.051, 0.140]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.063 [0.032, 0.101] 0.073 [0.039, 0.120] 0.070 [0.038, 0.117] 0.072 [0.038, 0.119] 0.071 [0.038, 0.117] 0.073 [0.041, 0.120]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.181 [0.085, 0.393] 0.246 [0.099, 0.463] 0.232 [0.082, 0.449] 0.243 [0.094, 0.461] 0.233 [0.083, 0.446] 0.238 [0.088, 0.447]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.140 [0.051, 0.317] 0.191 [0.090, 0.384] 0.181 [0.083, 0.370] 0.176 [0.077, 0.358] 0.187 [0.078, 0.379] 0.183 [0.082, 0.366]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.496 [0.131, 0.952] 0.704 [0.306, 1.344] 0.681 [0.318, 1.306] 0.735 [0.360, 1.375] 0.701 [0.333, 1.357] 0.668 [0.299, 1.326]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.320 [0.120, 0.638] 0.409 [0.175, 0.811] 0.433 [0.186, 0.825] 0.415 [0.149, 0.802] 0.409 [0.167, 0.796] 0.428 [0.181, 0.835]
R2 between 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] 0.006 [0.000, 0.018] 0.009 [0.001, 0.023] 0.045 [0.024, 0.073] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.040] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.019 [0.000, 0.084] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043]
R2 Mixed WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.066] 0.014 [0.000, 0.095] 0.009 [0.000, 0.072] 0.018 [0.000, 0.116] 0.003 [0.000, 0.042]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.007 [0.000, 0.053] 0.052 [0.006, 0.141]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.009 [0.000, 0.060] 0.011 [0.000, 0.062] 0.011 [0.000, 0.065] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] 0.012 [0.000, 0.119] 0.006 [0.000, 0.080] 0.013 [0.000, 0.111] 0.006 [0.000, 0.076]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.020 [0.000, 0.114] 0.018 [0.000, 0.114] 0.029 [0.000, 0.179] 0.006 [0.000, 0.074] 0.005 [0.000, 0.057]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] 0.013 [0.000, 0.131] 0.011 [0.000, 0.092] 0.018 [0.000, 0.135]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] 0.006 [0.000, 0.061]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,993 10,863 10,863 10,863 10,863 10,863
Study 3
CMC WP 0.163 [0.128, 0.199] 0.163 [0.125, 0.201] 0.165 [0.127, 0.204] 0.166 [0.128, 0.203] 0.163 [0.125, 0.201] 0.161 [0.121, 0.200]
Mixed WP 0.100 [0.054, 0.144] 0.098 [0.053, 0.142] 0.105 [0.058, 0.151] 0.103 [0.061, 0.149] 0.103 [0.053, 0.146] 0.103 [0.059, 0.149]
Family WP 0.085 [0.045, 0.127] 0.097 [0.050, 0.144] 0.094 [0.050, 0.140] 0.094 [0.048, 0.139] 0.091 [0.046, 0.136] 0.093 [0.050, 0.137]
Weak ties WP 0.078 [0.026, 0.132] 0.091 [0.034, 0.148] 0.096 [0.042, 0.151] 0.092 [0.036, 0.147] 0.089 [0.032, 0.145] 0.088 [0.030, 0.145]
CMC * Family WP -0.105 [-0.192, -0.012] -0.096 [-0.200, -0.001] -0.104 [-0.205, 0.015] -0.091 [-0.185, 0.003] -0.091 [-0.198, 0.010] -0.130 [-0.235, -0.024]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.050 [-0.149, 0.057] -0.027 [-0.133, 0.074] -0.058 [-0.158, 0.045] -0.040 [-0.142, 0.060] -0.040 [-0.150, 0.070] -0.035 [-0.141, 0.064]
Mixed * Family WP 0.059 [-0.131, 0.258] 0.078 [-0.110, 0.258] 0.095 [-0.098, 0.286] 0.079 [-0.110, 0.262] 0.068 [-0.129, 0.257] 0.068 [-0.137, 0.261]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.208 [0.002, 0.415] 0.270 [0.064, 0.484] 0.270 [0.079, 0.530] 0.261 [0.061, 0.466] 0.259 [0.015, 0.489] 0.263 [0.043, 0.490]
Weekend WP -0.229 [-0.252, -0.207] -0.231 [-0.255, -0.208] -0.233 [-0.256, -0.209] -0.233 [-0.256, -0.210] -0.231 [-0.254, -0.208] -0.231 [-0.254, -0.207]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.496 [0.486, 0.506] 0.501 [0.490, 0.512] 0.500 [0.489, 0.511] 0.502 [0.491, 0.512] 0.501 [0.490, 0.512] 0.499 [0.489, 0.510]
R2 within 0.080 [0.072, 0.089] 0.084 [0.076, 0.093] 0.084 [0.076, 0.091] 0.083 [0.075, 0.092] 0.084 [0.076, 0.093] 0.083 [0.075, 0.092]
Personality trait -0.073 [-0.138, -0.006] -0.071 [-0.154, 0.013] -0.024 [-0.099, 0.052] 0.322 [0.265, 0.379] 0.054 [-0.019, 0.128]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.022 [-0.076, 0.031] -0.031 [-0.099, 0.037] -0.045 [-0.105, 0.015] 0.023 [-0.026, 0.070] -0.008 [-0.066, 0.048]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.045 [-0.016, 0.108] -0.049 [-0.129, 0.034] 0.007 [-0.066, 0.078] -0.045 [-0.110, 0.014] -0.017 [-0.086, 0.050]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.036 [-0.028, 0.101] -0.052 [-0.128, 0.024] -0.046 [-0.113, 0.020] 0.011 [-0.046, 0.071] 0.050 [-0.021, 0.120]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.036 [-0.045, 0.116] -0.063 [-0.160, 0.036] -0.058 [-0.143, 0.022] 0.005 [-0.061, 0.074] -0.018 [-0.104, 0.066]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.107 [-0.242, 0.024] -0.036 [-0.208, 0.131] 0.066 [-0.088, 0.220] 0.013 [-0.115, 0.138] -0.079 [-0.242, 0.080]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.088 [-0.229, 0.063] 0.085 [-0.101, 0.262] -0.012 [-0.169, 0.156] 0.026 [-0.099, 0.151] -0.033 [-0.197, 0.123]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.057 [-0.197, 0.314] 0.066 [-0.316, 0.398] 0.106 [-0.181, 0.389] -0.055 [-0.339, 0.204] 0.029 [-0.270, 0.321]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.094 [-0.392, 0.212] -0.141 [-0.504, 0.222] -0.028 [-0.356, 0.278] 0.194 [-0.110, 0.483] 0.081 [-0.283, 0.456]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.030 [0.006, 0.056] 0.033 [0.007, 0.060] 0.031 [0.006, 0.058] 0.033 [0.007, 0.060] 0.028 [0.003, 0.053] 0.034 [0.007, 0.062]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.008 [-0.038, 0.022] -0.003 [-0.033, 0.025] -0.009 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.005 [-0.038, 0.025] 0.001 [-0.027, 0.031] -0.006 [-0.037, 0.027]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.012, 0.046] 0.022 [-0.009, 0.052] 0.020 [-0.012, 0.050] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.049] 0.016 [-0.012, 0.045] 0.020 [-0.010, 0.051]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.037, 0.035] 0.005 [-0.035, 0.043] 0.001 [-0.038, 0.040] 0.000 [-0.039, 0.038] 0.000 [-0.036, 0.036] 0.001 [-0.038, 0.042]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.040 [-0.106, 0.021] -0.066 [-0.135, 0.003] -0.053 [-0.120, 0.010] -0.050 [-0.132, 0.027] -0.050 [-0.115, 0.013] -0.055 [-0.124, 0.011]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.068, 0.064] -0.033 [-0.102, 0.043] -0.014 [-0.082, 0.055] -0.013 [-0.088, 0.060] -0.022 [-0.088, 0.045] -0.006 [-0.082, 0.065]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.077 [-0.199, 0.052] -0.040 [-0.165, 0.088] -0.048 [-0.174, 0.079] -0.047 [-0.175, 0.086] -0.029 [-0.151, 0.085] -0.074 [-0.195, 0.054]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.120, 0.165] 0.020 [-0.137, 0.184] 0.040 [-0.098, 0.198] 0.044 [-0.123, 0.189] -0.019 [-0.169, 0.140] 0.039 [-0.150, 0.206]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.020 [0.001, 0.042] 0.025 [0.006, 0.051] 0.025 [0.003, 0.048] 0.025 [0.005, 0.049] 0.027 [0.006, 0.051] 0.028 [0.008, 0.051]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.011 [-0.008, 0.033] 0.020 [-0.002, 0.043] 0.022 [-0.001, 0.046] 0.019 [-0.001, 0.043] 0.020 [-0.002, 0.042] 0.021 [-0.001, 0.045]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.027, 0.024] -0.002 [-0.031, 0.024] -0.005 [-0.030, 0.023] -0.004 [-0.030, 0.021] -0.003 [-0.031, 0.023] -0.004 [-0.031, 0.023]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.046, 0.028] -0.005 [-0.043, 0.039] -0.007 [-0.046, 0.031] 0.002 [-0.040, 0.045] -0.007 [-0.051, 0.032] -0.007 [-0.046, 0.034]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.063, 0.019] -0.017 [-0.059, 0.024] -0.011 [-0.056, 0.032] -0.015 [-0.063, 0.027] -0.021 [-0.076, 0.027] -0.011 [-0.061, 0.032]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.059, 0.087] 0.026 [-0.056, 0.103] 0.040 [-0.032, 0.123] 0.027 [-0.052, 0.095] 0.030 [-0.040, 0.105] 0.028 [-0.048, 0.105]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.068, 0.088] 0.004 [-0.087, 0.089] 0.011 [-0.074, 0.094] 0.002 [-0.086, 0.090] -0.004 [-0.092, 0.081] 0.011 [-0.080, 0.099]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.017, 0.033] 0.007 [-0.016, 0.034] 0.010 [-0.016, 0.037] 0.005 [-0.020, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.016, 0.030] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.038]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.024, 0.033] 0.003 [-0.026, 0.036] 0.003 [-0.025, 0.032] 0.001 [-0.031, 0.035] 0.000 [-0.027, 0.031] 0.000 [-0.031, 0.031]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.022, 0.058] 0.016 [-0.030, 0.064] 0.011 [-0.035, 0.057] 0.024 [-0.014, 0.069] 0.009 [-0.030, 0.053] 0.008 [-0.033, 0.056]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.036, 0.055] 0.007 [-0.044, 0.056] -0.003 [-0.051, 0.047] -0.003 [-0.049, 0.042] -0.009 [-0.061, 0.041] 0.003 [-0.042, 0.052]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.045 [-0.024, 0.120] 0.029 [-0.036, 0.097] 0.039 [-0.026, 0.101] 0.033 [-0.034, 0.108] 0.033 [-0.069, 0.112] 0.039 [-0.036, 0.116]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.069, 0.081] -0.014 [-0.083, 0.069] -0.015 [-0.090, 0.068] -0.020 [-0.100, 0.062] -0.031 [-0.113, 0.053] -0.013 [-0.094, 0.079]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [0.003, 0.057] 0.032 [-0.002, 0.067] 0.029 [0.000, 0.061] 0.028 [-0.004, 0.062] 0.025 [-0.004, 0.057] 0.032 [0.003, 0.067]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.052 [-0.088, -0.018] -0.053 [-0.096, -0.013] -0.053 [-0.099, -0.009] -0.045 [-0.081, -0.004] -0.050 [-0.093, -0.010] -0.047 [-0.085, -0.010]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.045, 0.051] -0.018 [-0.072, 0.032] -0.003 [-0.058, 0.045] -0.011 [-0.067, 0.044] -0.005 [-0.062, 0.042] -0.015 [-0.072, 0.034]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.013 [-0.060, 0.091] 0.020 [-0.046, 0.109] 0.016 [-0.071, 0.104] 0.032 [-0.032, 0.108] 0.018 [-0.061, 0.095] 0.031 [-0.034, 0.112]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.075, 0.088] 0.023 [-0.065, 0.110] 0.033 [-0.080, 0.142] -0.004 [-0.090, 0.104] 0.028 [-0.076, 0.125] 0.022 [-0.088, 0.114]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.050 [-0.100, -0.001] -0.056 [-0.118, 0.013] -0.045 [-0.108, 0.003] -0.052 [-0.112, 0.010] -0.053 [-0.115, 0.001] -0.053 [-0.110, -0.005]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.071 [-0.134, -0.017] -0.082 [-0.149, -0.017] -0.075 [-0.146, -0.021] -0.086 [-0.154, -0.031] -0.078 [-0.147, -0.026] -0.078 [-0.144, -0.025]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.094, 0.092] -0.011 [-0.106, 0.081] -0.010 [-0.120, 0.090] 0.002 [-0.110, 0.117] -0.003 [-0.101, 0.087] 0.004 [-0.083, 0.093]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.005 [-0.090, 0.095] 0.026 [-0.069, 0.140] 0.032 [-0.067, 0.134] 0.030 [-0.071, 0.133] 0.031 [-0.064, 0.141] 0.029 [-0.088, 0.144]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.057 [-0.028, 0.158] 0.059 [-0.019, 0.181] 0.052 [-0.036, 0.161] 0.058 [-0.023, 0.156] 0.070 [-0.021, 0.184] 0.066 [-0.006, 0.171]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.035 [-0.089, 0.178] 0.028 [-0.083, 0.170] 0.039 [-0.077, 0.174] 0.022 [-0.094, 0.173] 0.028 [-0.116, 0.177] 0.018 [-0.096, 0.157]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.148, 0.165] -0.056 [-0.215, 0.069] -0.036 [-0.173, 0.145] -0.024 [-0.154, 0.109] -0.055 [-0.212, 0.101] -0.016 [-0.181, 0.126]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.057 [-0.082, 0.213] 0.067 [-0.114, 0.230] 0.024 [-0.114, 0.179] 0.019 [-0.142, 0.187] 0.030 [-0.134, 0.185] 0.002 [-0.132, 0.170]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.024 [-0.107, 0.206] 0.034 [-0.107, 0.195] 0.013 [-0.134, 0.184] 0.001 [-0.142, 0.193] 0.016 [-0.134, 0.172] 0.015 [-0.148, 0.200]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.178 [-0.041, 0.462] 0.139 [-0.134, 0.431] 0.095 [-0.124, 0.374] 0.148 [-0.128, 0.426] 0.091 [-0.144, 0.389] 0.155 [-0.068, 0.451]
Intercept well-being 2.226 [2.179, 2.274] 2.227 [2.178, 2.275] 2.228 [2.179, 2.278] 2.230 [2.180, 2.278] 2.227 [2.181, 2.272] 2.224 [2.175, 2.274]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.435 [0.392, 0.483] 0.419 [0.375, 0.469] 0.422 [0.378, 0.473] 0.421 [0.377, 0.470] 0.357 [0.319, 0.401] 0.422 [0.379, 0.473]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.059 [0.039, 0.083] 0.064 [0.042, 0.092] 0.063 [0.039, 0.090] 0.063 [0.041, 0.089] 0.063 [0.039, 0.091] 0.066 [0.042, 0.092]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.051 [0.029, 0.079] 0.046 [0.024, 0.078] 0.051 [0.030, 0.085] 0.048 [0.026, 0.077] 0.042 [0.021, 0.074] 0.052 [0.030, 0.082]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.060 [0.036, 0.088] 0.070 [0.041, 0.104] 0.068 [0.043, 0.102] 0.070 [0.043, 0.102] 0.067 [0.041, 0.100] 0.068 [0.038, 0.103]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.102 [0.066, 0.148] 0.104 [0.067, 0.153] 0.102 [0.065, 0.148] 0.099 [0.058, 0.149] 0.102 [0.063, 0.150] 0.104 [0.065, 0.155]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.161 [0.078, 0.277] 0.172 [0.084, 0.319] 0.152 [0.072, 0.281] 0.165 [0.076, 0.279] 0.179 [0.080, 0.310] 0.147 [0.073, 0.275]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.185 [0.086, 0.334] 0.181 [0.072, 0.334] 0.197 [0.078, 0.356] 0.196 [0.083, 0.356] 0.204 [0.098, 0.359] 0.180 [0.075, 0.348]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.479 [0.265, 0.799] 0.413 [0.182, 0.832] 0.363 [0.165, 0.749] 0.399 [0.176, 0.802] 0.404 [0.164, 0.772] 0.384 [0.147, 0.771]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.431 [0.206, 0.838] 0.470 [0.208, 1.046] 0.416 [0.170, 0.946] 0.434 [0.166, 0.832] 0.475 [0.194, 0.914] 0.498 [0.241, 0.988]
R2 between 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] 0.085 [0.058, 0.115] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.023] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.007 [0.000, 0.035] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 Mixed WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.067] 0.008 [0.000, 0.056] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.016 [0.000, 0.095] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] 0.007 [0.000, 0.041] 0.006 [0.000, 0.036] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.008 [0.000, 0.048]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] 0.007 [0.000, 0.042] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.017 [0.000, 0.098] 0.004 [0.000, 0.051] 0.007 [0.000, 0.061] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.010 [0.000, 0.100]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.087] 0.007 [0.000, 0.070] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.063] 0.008 [0.000, 0.086] 0.009 [0.000, 0.078] 0.008 [0.000, 0.093] 0.006 [0.000, 0.072]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.102] 0.010 [0.000, 0.102] 0.006 [0.000, 0.065] 0.025 [0.000, 0.179] 0.007 [0.000, 0.095]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,368 19,358 19,295 19,354 19,345 19,304

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Lonely
Table S4.48
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP 0.313 [0.286, 0.340] 0.304 [0.274, 0.334] 0.302 [0.272, 0.331] 0.303 [0.273, 0.332] 0.302 [0.272, 0.331] 0.301 [0.271, 0.330]
Mixed WP 0.024 [-0.005, 0.049] 0.023 [-0.005, 0.054] 0.021 [-0.007, 0.052] 0.024 [-0.005, 0.055] 0.021 [-0.008, 0.050] 0.020 [-0.007, 0.050]
Family WP 0.037 [-0.001, 0.074] 0.027 [-0.014, 0.069] 0.026 [-0.015, 0.068] 0.028 [-0.013, 0.070] 0.029 [-0.011, 0.071] 0.025 [-0.016, 0.067]
Weak ties WP 0.075 [0.046, 0.105] 0.077 [0.045, 0.108] 0.077 [0.045, 0.109] 0.076 [0.046, 0.108] 0.077 [0.045, 0.109] 0.077 [0.045, 0.109]
CMC * Family WP 0.018 [-0.067, 0.104] -0.004 [-0.099, 0.089] 0.008 [-0.083, 0.103] 0.002 [-0.092, 0.096] 0.003 [-0.090, 0.096] 0.005 [-0.087, 0.098]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.158 [-0.235, -0.083] -0.147 [-0.231, -0.070] -0.151 [-0.236, -0.070] -0.154 [-0.237, -0.075] -0.148 [-0.230, -0.071] -0.152 [-0.237, -0.070]
Mixed * Family WP -0.029 [-0.192, 0.118] -0.039 [-0.207, 0.129] -0.029 [-0.195, 0.127] -0.076 [-0.250, 0.093] -0.005 [-0.186, 0.163] -0.022 [-0.185, 0.135]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.103 [-0.190, -0.020] -0.101 [-0.189, -0.012] -0.089 [-0.180, 0.002] -0.096 [-0.184, -0.003] -0.112 [-0.207, -0.016] -0.089 [-0.182, 0.000]
Weekend WP -0.008 [-0.025, 0.010] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011] -0.008 [-0.027, 0.011]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.313 [0.306, 0.319] 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] 0.304 [0.297, 0.310] 0.304 [0.297, 0.310]
R2 within 0.118 [0.110, 0.127] 0.123 [0.114, 0.132] 0.123 [0.114, 0.132] 0.124 [0.115, 0.132] 0.124 [0.115, 0.132] 0.123 [0.114, 0.131]
Personality trait -0.077 [-0.115, -0.040] -0.118 [-0.168, -0.069] -0.132 [-0.180, -0.083] 0.207 [0.168, 0.245] 0.050 [-0.001, 0.100]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.006 [-0.042, 0.031] -0.019 [-0.065, 0.028] -0.071 [-0.116, -0.026] 0.066 [0.027, 0.105] 0.002 [-0.045, 0.050]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.004 [-0.039, 0.028] 0.008 [-0.039, 0.056] -0.023 [-0.066, 0.020] -0.014 [-0.050, 0.023] -0.012 [-0.056, 0.036]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.001 [-0.050, 0.049] -0.047 [-0.113, 0.018] -0.042 [-0.105, 0.020] -0.015 [-0.069, 0.038] 0.000 [-0.066, 0.071]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.011 [-0.049, 0.026] -0.018 [-0.069, 0.033] -0.037 [-0.086, 0.013] -0.005 [-0.046, 0.036] -0.003 [-0.053, 0.048]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.066 [-0.180, 0.052] 0.016 [-0.140, 0.172] 0.081 [-0.072, 0.238] 0.063 [-0.061, 0.191] -0.166 [-0.328, 0.002]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.022 [-0.074, 0.122] 0.015 [-0.116, 0.142] -0.009 [-0.128, 0.115] 0.032 [-0.069, 0.140] -0.058 [-0.188, 0.079]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.001 [-0.192, 0.184] -0.021 [-0.291, 0.243] 0.313 [0.046, 0.593] -0.005 [-0.212, 0.213] 0.010 [-0.271, 0.297]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.074 [-0.033, 0.177] -0.084 [-0.237, 0.057] 0.013 [-0.160, 0.151] 0.043 [-0.093, 0.166] -0.012 [-0.157, 0.131]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.088 [0.071, 0.106] 0.079 [0.063, 0.097] 0.079 [0.062, 0.097] 0.077 [0.060, 0.094] 0.072 [0.056, 0.089] 0.080 [0.063, 0.098]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.014 [-0.001, 0.031] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.022] 0.009 [-0.007, 0.025] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.021] 0.010 [-0.007, 0.025] 0.007 [-0.008, 0.024]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.010, 0.034] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.023, 0.021] 0.004 [-0.017, 0.026] 0.002 [-0.020, 0.024]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.003 [-0.014, 0.020] 0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] 0.002 [-0.015, 0.019] 0.000 [-0.017, 0.017] 0.003 [-0.013, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.015, 0.020]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.075, 0.030] -0.019 [-0.070, 0.032] -0.017 [-0.067, 0.036] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.038] -0.023 [-0.070, 0.027] -0.019 [-0.069, 0.034]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.046 [-0.090, -0.002] -0.055 [-0.098, -0.009] -0.055 [-0.100, -0.010] -0.055 [-0.098, -0.010] -0.057 [-0.097, -0.016] -0.054 [-0.098, -0.008]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.105 [0.019, 0.193] 0.090 [-0.019, 0.196] 0.089 [-0.019, 0.194] 0.109 [0.001, 0.215] 0.093 [-0.001, 0.210] 0.084 [-0.024, 0.191]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.055, 0.049] 0.001 [-0.056, 0.046] -0.002 [-0.055, 0.051] -0.001 [-0.056, 0.046] -0.005 [-0.060, 0.036] -0.003 [-0.056, 0.053]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.012 [0.000, 0.022] 0.015 [0.003, 0.028] 0.014 [0.004, 0.027] 0.014 [0.003, 0.026] 0.017 [0.005, 0.031] 0.014 [0.003, 0.026]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.011 [-0.028, 0.006] -0.013 [-0.032, 0.005] -0.015 [-0.034, 0.003] -0.014 [-0.033, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.007] -0.014 [-0.033, 0.004]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.015 [0.001, 0.030] 0.019 [0.004, 0.036] 0.020 [0.005, 0.036] 0.018 [0.004, 0.035] 0.022 [0.006, 0.037] 0.020 [0.005, 0.037]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.060, 0.028] -0.028 [-0.073, 0.017] -0.027 [-0.074, 0.016] -0.028 [-0.074, 0.015] -0.035 [-0.079, 0.009] -0.029 [-0.075, 0.014]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.058 [-0.094, -0.026] -0.045 [-0.081, -0.009] -0.043 [-0.079, -0.008] -0.045 [-0.081, -0.009] -0.044 [-0.079, -0.011] -0.043 [-0.079, -0.008]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.052 [-0.010, 0.117] 0.053 [-0.025, 0.133] 0.048 [-0.027, 0.124] 0.057 [-0.019, 0.137] 0.056 [-0.015, 0.125] 0.045 [-0.029, 0.121]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.056, 0.020] -0.017 [-0.052, 0.023] -0.009 [-0.049, 0.042] -0.014 [-0.049, 0.022] -0.008 [-0.047, 0.030] -0.010 [-0.051, 0.044]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.022, 0.003] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.009] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.006] -0.004 [-0.018, 0.011] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [0.000, 0.021] 0.012 [0.000, 0.027] 0.013 [0.000, 0.028] 0.011 [0.000, 0.026] 0.015 [0.002, 0.028] 0.012 [0.000, 0.028]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.033, 0.031] 0.002 [-0.032, 0.034] 0.002 [-0.030, 0.036] 0.004 [-0.030, 0.036] 0.006 [-0.028, 0.040] 0.002 [-0.030, 0.035]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.035, 0.019] -0.007 [-0.044, 0.022] -0.007 [-0.040, 0.021] -0.007 [-0.044, 0.021] -0.008 [-0.040, 0.022] -0.007 [-0.039, 0.021]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.021 [-0.017, 0.071] 0.034 [-0.023, 0.087] 0.033 [-0.017, 0.089] 0.038 [-0.020, 0.090] 0.040 [-0.010, 0.095] 0.031 [-0.019, 0.086]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.023, 0.029] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.013] -0.006 [-0.027, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.012] -0.003 [-0.028, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.028, 0.017]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.013, 0.023] 0.000 [-0.018, 0.021] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.020, 0.020] 0.003 [-0.015, 0.022] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.019]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.037, 0.040] 0.000 [-0.045, 0.045] 0.003 [-0.042, 0.047] 0.002 [-0.043, 0.046] 0.006 [-0.035, 0.048] 0.000 [-0.044, 0.044]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.021, 0.059] 0.009 [-0.032, 0.051] 0.008 [-0.035, 0.046] 0.010 [-0.030, 0.051] 0.013 [-0.029, 0.057] 0.005 [-0.037, 0.044]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.031 [-0.031, 0.090] 0.033 [-0.040, 0.124] 0.039 [-0.030, 0.119] 0.031 [-0.041, 0.121] 0.047 [-0.018, 0.116] 0.038 [-0.030, 0.116]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.040, 0.062] 0.006 [-0.036, 0.047] 0.003 [-0.028, 0.042] 0.007 [-0.032, 0.048] 0.009 [-0.027, 0.045] 0.003 [-0.029, 0.042]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.055, 0.031] -0.002 [-0.049, 0.045] -0.005 [-0.053, 0.044] 0.001 [-0.045, 0.049] -0.007 [-0.053, 0.035] -0.004 [-0.052, 0.045]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.033, 0.024] -0.005 [-0.033, 0.029] -0.006 [-0.035, 0.029] -0.005 [-0.033, 0.029] -0.004 [-0.034, 0.028] -0.005 [-0.034, 0.030]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.062, 0.079] 0.025 [-0.051, 0.105] 0.021 [-0.050, 0.102] 0.027 [-0.049, 0.105] 0.019 [-0.052, 0.109] 0.020 [-0.049, 0.100]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.025, 0.038] -0.010 [-0.042, 0.032] -0.008 [-0.038, 0.036] -0.009 [-0.040, 0.026] 0.001 [-0.030, 0.035] -0.010 [-0.038, 0.038]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.068 [-0.048, 0.171] 0.088 [-0.025, 0.209] 0.081 [-0.030, 0.189] 0.083 [-0.027, 0.202] 0.074 [-0.050, 0.196] 0.082 [-0.032, 0.192]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.027 [-0.165, 0.138] -0.031 [-0.208, 0.157] -0.018 [-0.203, 0.164] -0.003 [-0.194, 0.190] -0.033 [-0.206, 0.160] -0.025 [-0.208, 0.159]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.090, 0.113] 0.010 [-0.087, 0.094] -0.010 [-0.111, 0.085] 0.009 [-0.092, 0.094] 0.012 [-0.087, 0.120] -0.006 [-0.106, 0.088]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.047 [-0.095, 0.187] 0.008 [-0.148, 0.177] -0.011 [-0.152, 0.159] 0.007 [-0.139, 0.166] -0.015 [-0.180, 0.210] -0.007 [-0.151, 0.167]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.063 [-0.005, 0.139] 0.043 [-0.039, 0.136] 0.043 [-0.036, 0.146] 0.042 [-0.043, 0.140] 0.058 [-0.022, 0.148] 0.044 [-0.033, 0.140]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.063 [-0.050, 0.229] 0.057 [-0.086, 0.202] 0.057 [-0.049, 0.201] 0.064 [-0.077, 0.205] 0.061 [-0.073, 0.210] 0.050 [-0.053, 0.193]
Intercept well-being 1.536 [1.506, 1.567] 1.514 [1.483, 1.545] 1.514 [1.483, 1.545] 1.515 [1.484, 1.546] 1.513 [1.483, 1.543] 1.514 [1.483, 1.546]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.280 [0.257, 0.306] 0.252 [0.230, 0.277] 0.251 [0.229, 0.276] 0.249 [0.227, 0.274] 0.229 [0.209, 0.252] 0.255 [0.233, 0.281]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.092 [0.076, 0.112] 0.096 [0.078, 0.116] 0.095 [0.077, 0.116] 0.094 [0.076, 0.114] 0.094 [0.076, 0.115] 0.095 [0.077, 0.116]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.014 [0.004, 0.025] 0.016 [0.006, 0.031] 0.015 [0.007, 0.030] 0.015 [0.006, 0.030] 0.019 [0.009, 0.032] 0.015 [0.007, 0.029]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.057 [0.034, 0.083] 0.050 [0.028, 0.078] 0.052 [0.029, 0.083] 0.049 [0.028, 0.077] 0.053 [0.029, 0.086] 0.051 [0.028, 0.082]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.048 [0.032, 0.066] 0.053 [0.036, 0.074] 0.053 [0.035, 0.075] 0.053 [0.035, 0.074] 0.056 [0.037, 0.077] 0.053 [0.035, 0.075]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.293 [0.185, 0.436] 0.336 [0.194, 0.491] 0.326 [0.193, 0.489] 0.337 [0.198, 0.491] 0.321 [0.194, 0.502] 0.327 [0.194, 0.489]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.222 [0.133, 0.330] 0.217 [0.120, 0.358] 0.221 [0.126, 0.351] 0.217 [0.119, 0.355] 0.209 [0.119, 0.327] 0.224 [0.128, 0.358]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.446 [0.222, 0.770] 0.578 [0.272, 1.000] 0.572 [0.280, 0.976] 0.600 [0.296, 1.033] 0.541 [0.295, 0.954] 0.579 [0.286, 0.982]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.120 [0.049, 0.215] 0.084 [0.033, 0.177] 0.084 [0.029, 0.184] 0.085 [0.034, 0.182] 0.091 [0.035, 0.187] 0.082 [0.028, 0.182]
R2 between 0.008 [0.002, 0.017] 0.011 [0.004, 0.021] 0.013 [0.005, 0.025] 0.051 [0.034, 0.070] 0.002 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.010 [0.001, 0.028] 0.013 [0.002, 0.033] 0.001 [0.000, 0.006]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.005 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.016 [0.000, 0.060]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.031 [0.001, 0.116] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.022 [0.000, 0.136] 0.016 [0.000, 0.141] 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] 0.005 [0.000, 0.064]
Number of participants 1,347 1,131 1,131 1,131 1,130 1,131
Number of observations 23,755 20,496 20,496 20,496 20,491 20,496
Study 2
CMC WP 0.305 [0.269, 0.341] 0.297 [0.258, 0.336] 0.296 [0.257, 0.336] 0.299 [0.260, 0.339] 0.296 [0.257, 0.335] 0.296 [0.257, 0.335]
Mixed WP 0.023 [-0.014, 0.065] 0.032 [-0.010, 0.072] 0.036 [-0.002, 0.077] 0.036 [-0.007, 0.075] 0.033 [-0.006, 0.073] 0.036 [-0.003, 0.078]
Family WP 0.009 [-0.032, 0.052] 0.023 [-0.025, 0.071] 0.023 [-0.028, 0.071] 0.017 [-0.031, 0.068] 0.025 [-0.022, 0.076] 0.028 [-0.023, 0.077]
Weak ties WP 0.030 [-0.008, 0.069] 0.022 [-0.023, 0.065] 0.023 [-0.021, 0.067] 0.029 [-0.016, 0.072] 0.022 [-0.022, 0.066] 0.022 [-0.023, 0.065]
CMC * Family WP 0.014 [-0.089, 0.111] 0.027 [-0.087, 0.137] 0.012 [-0.101, 0.131] 0.013 [-0.104, 0.128] 0.030 [-0.092, 0.141] 0.010 [-0.107, 0.127]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.066 [-0.150, 0.021] -0.031 [-0.124, 0.061] -0.035 [-0.133, 0.066] -0.018 [-0.114, 0.075] -0.028 [-0.132, 0.058] -0.036 [-0.132, 0.065]
Mixed * Family WP -0.042 [-0.198, 0.113] -0.042 [-0.247, 0.143] -0.048 [-0.231, 0.126] -0.070 [-0.285, 0.124] -0.048 [-0.241, 0.147] -0.035 [-0.215, 0.141]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.012 [-0.127, 0.106] -0.066 [-0.209, 0.087] -0.081 [-0.213, 0.052] -0.063 [-0.209, 0.089] -0.066 [-0.203, 0.082] -0.087 [-0.232, 0.040]
Weekend WP -0.047 [-0.070, -0.025] -0.040 [-0.065, -0.015] -0.040 [-0.066, -0.015] -0.040 [-0.065, -0.015] -0.041 [-0.065, -0.016] -0.039 [-0.065, -0.014]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.307 [0.299, 0.316] 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] 0.300 [0.291, 0.308] 0.300 [0.291, 0.309] 0.300 [0.291, 0.309]
R2 within 0.118 [0.109, 0.128] 0.118 [0.106, 0.129] 0.119 [0.107, 0.130] 0.118 [0.107, 0.130] 0.120 [0.108, 0.130] 0.118 [0.107, 0.131]
Personality trait 0.018 [-0.031, 0.070] -0.063 [-0.130, 0.006] -0.112 [-0.177, -0.046] 0.190 [0.136, 0.245] 0.041 [-0.026, 0.110]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.023 [-0.024, 0.071] -0.030 [-0.095, 0.036] -0.069 [-0.132, -0.006] 0.107 [0.054, 0.158] 0.016 [-0.048, 0.079]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.039 [-0.013, 0.090] -0.011 [-0.075, 0.055] -0.030 [-0.099, 0.037] 0.022 [-0.035, 0.072] -0.010 [-0.080, 0.059]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.010 [-0.048, 0.066] -0.002 [-0.085, 0.081] 0.014 [-0.064, 0.090] 0.005 [-0.060, 0.070] 0.108 [0.026, 0.189]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.002 [-0.055, 0.051] -0.071 [-0.146, 0.006] -0.083 [-0.153, -0.013] 0.077 [0.016, 0.136] 0.022 [-0.050, 0.092]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.036 [-0.090, 0.167] 0.073 [-0.125, 0.279] 0.081 [-0.105, 0.287] -0.069 [-0.208, 0.086] -0.063 [-0.264, 0.144]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.006 [-0.115, 0.129] -0.113 [-0.282, 0.052] -0.080 [-0.253, 0.078] 0.047 [-0.089, 0.177] 0.073 [-0.080, 0.224]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.039 [-0.197, 0.308] 0.040 [-0.294, 0.383] 0.142 [-0.157, 0.465] -0.088 [-0.356, 0.167] 0.079 [-0.279, 0.376]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.037 [-0.218, 0.143] -0.157 [-0.368, 0.074] -0.162 [-0.396, 0.066] 0.053 [-0.131, 0.249] -0.166 [-0.404, 0.074]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.069 [0.048, 0.091] 0.063 [0.041, 0.086] 0.063 [0.041, 0.086] 0.059 [0.038, 0.082] 0.051 [0.031, 0.072] 0.063 [0.041, 0.086]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.007 [-0.032, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.020, 0.030] 0.005 [-0.017, 0.029] 0.003 [-0.021, 0.029] 0.002 [-0.021, 0.027] 0.004 [-0.017, 0.029]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.007, 0.041] 0.010 [-0.015, 0.037] 0.012 [-0.013, 0.038] 0.011 [-0.014, 0.037] 0.009 [-0.015, 0.034] 0.012 [-0.012, 0.038]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.021, 0.023] 0.005 [-0.019, 0.029] 0.004 [-0.021, 0.028] 0.001 [-0.023, 0.024] -0.003 [-0.027, 0.019] 0.005 [-0.019, 0.029]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.030 [-0.089, 0.028] -0.020 [-0.083, 0.041] -0.016 [-0.077, 0.043] -0.018 [-0.078, 0.044] -0.014 [-0.074, 0.046] -0.020 [-0.082, 0.040]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.028 [-0.021, 0.082] 0.047 [-0.002, 0.101] 0.043 [-0.010, 0.098] 0.040 [-0.007, 0.093] 0.040 [-0.005, 0.092] 0.044 [-0.011, 0.098]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.004 [-0.089, 0.086] -0.002 [-0.105, 0.110] 0.008 [-0.089, 0.120] 0.001 [-0.100, 0.105] 0.019 [-0.077, 0.115] 0.001 [-0.098, 0.113]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.045 [-0.023, 0.125] 0.018 [-0.055, 0.093] 0.021 [-0.058, 0.096] 0.009 [-0.063, 0.083] 0.007 [-0.065, 0.082] 0.022 [-0.055, 0.096]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.015 [-0.002, 0.032] 0.021 [0.004, 0.039] 0.020 [0.001, 0.040] 0.019 [0.003, 0.037] 0.020 [0.005, 0.040] 0.020 [0.001, 0.040]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021] -0.004 [-0.026, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.004 [-0.025, 0.019] -0.004 [-0.025, 0.018]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.002, 0.037] 0.021 [0.001, 0.044] 0.019 [0.000, 0.042] 0.019 [0.000, 0.041] 0.017 [-0.002, 0.039] 0.020 [0.000, 0.042]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.068, 0.023] -0.013 [-0.063, 0.039] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.040] -0.012 [-0.061, 0.040] -0.014 [-0.064, 0.034] -0.012 [-0.065, 0.039]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.039 [-0.078, -0.002] -0.030 [-0.072, 0.014] -0.031 [-0.070, 0.011] -0.031 [-0.072, 0.011] -0.032 [-0.071, 0.013] -0.029 [-0.069, 0.013]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.071, 0.063] -0.037 [-0.114, 0.049] -0.023 [-0.094, 0.052] -0.034 [-0.112, 0.044] -0.029 [-0.106, 0.044] -0.030 [-0.104, 0.039]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.023 [-0.080, 0.026] -0.034 [-0.096, 0.027] -0.034 [-0.093, 0.024] -0.039 [-0.101, 0.019] -0.041 [-0.100, 0.011] -0.032 [-0.092, 0.029]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] 0.006 [-0.011, 0.025] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.024] 0.006 [-0.011, 0.025] 0.006 [-0.011, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.010, 0.025]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.004, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.030] 0.011 [-0.006, 0.028] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.029] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.026] 0.010 [-0.007, 0.028]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.005 [-0.040, 0.028] 0.000 [-0.040, 0.041] -0.002 [-0.041, 0.039] -0.001 [-0.041, 0.039] -0.001 [-0.045, 0.040] -0.001 [-0.045, 0.040]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.035, 0.024] -0.006 [-0.037, 0.023] -0.009 [-0.038, 0.018] -0.005 [-0.036, 0.023] -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] -0.007 [-0.037, 0.019]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.034, 0.050] 0.008 [-0.034, 0.057] 0.006 [-0.035, 0.060] 0.007 [-0.032, 0.054] 0.011 [-0.030, 0.057] 0.004 [-0.036, 0.058]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.035, 0.032] -0.007 [-0.051, 0.030] -0.012 [-0.054, 0.024] -0.007 [-0.051, 0.029] -0.008 [-0.047, 0.023] -0.012 [-0.052, 0.025]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.028 [0.009, 0.051] 0.036 [0.013, 0.063] 0.036 [0.013, 0.064] 0.038 [0.015, 0.064] 0.036 [0.014, 0.061] 0.033 [0.011, 0.061]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.008 [-0.041, 0.051] 0.004 [-0.055, 0.057] 0.004 [-0.054, 0.060] -0.001 [-0.058, 0.052] 0.007 [-0.047, 0.057] 0.003 [-0.057, 0.056]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [-0.018, 0.057] 0.024 [-0.011, 0.062] 0.024 [-0.015, 0.065] 0.023 [-0.013, 0.061] 0.027 [-0.009, 0.063] 0.021 [-0.018, 0.063]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.013 [-0.045, 0.070] 0.030 [-0.037, 0.120] 0.029 [-0.041, 0.109] 0.027 [-0.040, 0.115] 0.039 [-0.028, 0.127] 0.024 [-0.047, 0.105]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.039, 0.069] 0.012 [-0.041, 0.064] 0.018 [-0.040, 0.073] 0.013 [-0.041, 0.065] 0.004 [-0.052, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.035, 0.072]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.043, 0.046] 0.018 [-0.038, 0.068] 0.012 [-0.042, 0.064] 0.018 [-0.038, 0.067] 0.023 [-0.034, 0.075] 0.014 [-0.041, 0.067]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.027, 0.043] 0.024 [-0.011, 0.071] 0.020 [-0.019, 0.069] 0.023 [-0.013, 0.068] 0.022 [-0.014, 0.067] 0.023 [-0.017, 0.072]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.028 [-0.079, 0.021] -0.031 [-0.100, 0.039] -0.024 [-0.101, 0.050] -0.028 [-0.093, 0.040] -0.029 [-0.095, 0.039] -0.034 [-0.108, 0.038]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.035 [-0.016, 0.085] 0.030 [-0.018, 0.085] 0.025 [-0.027, 0.088] 0.029 [-0.020, 0.083] 0.027 [-0.022, 0.079] 0.028 [-0.023, 0.089]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.057 [-0.012, 0.147] 0.057 [-0.027, 0.163] 0.065 [-0.035, 0.160] 0.063 [-0.022, 0.170] 0.056 [-0.023, 0.165] 0.063 [-0.036, 0.160]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.099, 0.144] -0.015 [-0.161, 0.119] -0.014 [-0.173, 0.139] -0.031 [-0.176, 0.104] -0.041 [-0.172, 0.103] -0.015 [-0.172, 0.133]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.039 [-0.134, 0.068] -0.048 [-0.168, 0.066] -0.048 [-0.166, 0.056] -0.053 [-0.172, 0.057] -0.042 [-0.159, 0.066] -0.046 [-0.165, 0.064]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.085, 0.100] 0.014 [-0.092, 0.131] 0.021 [-0.099, 0.138] 0.013 [-0.090, 0.130] 0.016 [-0.087, 0.134] 0.020 [-0.097, 0.135]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [-0.040, 0.108] 0.028 [-0.043, 0.122] 0.019 [-0.060, 0.109] 0.023 [-0.047, 0.121] 0.026 [-0.042, 0.122] 0.020 [-0.056, 0.110]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.107, 0.102] 0.045 [-0.110, 0.206] 0.023 [-0.119, 0.192] 0.050 [-0.092, 0.211] 0.043 [-0.107, 0.191] 0.023 [-0.122, 0.181]
Intercept well-being 1.561 [1.522, 1.600] 1.525 [1.483, 1.568] 1.525 [1.482, 1.567] 1.526 [1.484, 1.569] 1.524 [1.483, 1.566] 1.526 [1.483, 1.568]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.287 [0.257, 0.321] 0.252 [0.222, 0.286] 0.250 [0.221, 0.285] 0.246 [0.217, 0.280] 0.232 [0.205, 0.263] 0.251 [0.222, 0.285]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.102 [0.080, 0.127] 0.094 [0.071, 0.120] 0.094 [0.071, 0.122] 0.093 [0.070, 0.119] 0.089 [0.068, 0.115] 0.095 [0.071, 0.122]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.023 [0.009, 0.045] 0.023 [0.010, 0.046] 0.022 [0.009, 0.044] 0.022 [0.009, 0.044] 0.022 [0.009, 0.045] 0.022 [0.009, 0.043]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.059 [0.034, 0.088] 0.059 [0.031, 0.095] 0.060 [0.030, 0.096] 0.059 [0.032, 0.094] 0.062 [0.033, 0.097] 0.054 [0.026, 0.090]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.072 [0.049, 0.100] 0.082 [0.055, 0.113] 0.080 [0.054, 0.112] 0.080 [0.053, 0.111] 0.078 [0.053, 0.109] 0.080 [0.054, 0.113]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.193 [0.075, 0.353] 0.224 [0.088, 0.409] 0.227 [0.098, 0.401] 0.233 [0.093, 0.418] 0.222 [0.087, 0.398] 0.240 [0.103, 0.424]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.117 [0.048, 0.218] 0.129 [0.060, 0.236] 0.124 [0.046, 0.221] 0.126 [0.056, 0.231] 0.122 [0.053, 0.234] 0.122 [0.044, 0.218]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.165 [0.068, 0.365] 0.287 [0.109, 0.627] 0.274 [0.103, 0.582] 0.276 [0.101, 0.613] 0.312 [0.129, 0.660] 0.272 [0.101, 0.577]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.171 [0.062, 0.329] 0.184 [0.073, 0.350] 0.174 [0.075, 0.358] 0.189 [0.073, 0.356] 0.181 [0.066, 0.381] 0.173 [0.074, 0.342]
R2 between 0.001 [0.000, 0.006] 0.003 [0.000, 0.012] 0.010 [0.002, 0.024] 0.042 [0.022, 0.068] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] 0.034 [0.009, 0.077] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.023 [0.000, 0.115] 0.004 [0.000, 0.053] 0.009 [0.000, 0.112] 0.008 [0.000, 0.076] 0.005 [0.000, 0.069]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.039 [0.002, 0.127]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.011 [0.000, 0.046] 0.016 [0.001, 0.055] 0.021 [0.001, 0.065] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.052] 0.006 [0.000, 0.064] 0.007 [0.000, 0.072] 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] 0.005 [0.000, 0.058]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] 0.018 [0.000, 0.114] 0.011 [0.000, 0.098] 0.008 [0.000, 0.088] 0.009 [0.000, 0.083]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.133] 0.009 [0.000, 0.116] 0.016 [0.000, 0.170] 0.011 [0.000, 0.107] 0.011 [0.000, 0.115]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.098] 0.024 [0.000, 0.135] 0.026 [0.000, 0.158] 0.008 [0.000, 0.097] 0.029 [0.000, 0.166]
Number of participants 834 623 623 623 623 623
Number of observations 13,982 10,857 10,857 10,857 10,857 10,857
Study 3
CMC WP 0.243 [0.209, 0.277] 0.241 [0.203, 0.278] 0.240 [0.203, 0.278] 0.243 [0.205, 0.280] 0.237 [0.201, 0.273] 0.239 [0.201, 0.276]
Mixed WP 0.035 [0.000, 0.073] 0.031 [-0.008, 0.067] 0.035 [-0.003, 0.073] 0.035 [-0.001, 0.072] 0.037 [-0.001, 0.074] 0.033 [-0.005, 0.073]
Family WP 0.088 [0.049, 0.128] 0.092 [0.049, 0.135] 0.090 [0.049, 0.132] 0.090 [0.048, 0.133] 0.088 [0.046, 0.131] 0.089 [0.048, 0.131]
Weak ties WP 0.056 [0.013, 0.096] 0.063 [0.017, 0.109] 0.063 [0.018, 0.107] 0.060 [0.016, 0.105] 0.059 [0.014, 0.103] 0.057 [0.013, 0.100]
CMC * Family WP -0.083 [-0.163, 0.001] -0.066 [-0.159, 0.020] -0.065 [-0.152, 0.033] -0.060 [-0.151, 0.031] -0.064 [-0.156, 0.028] -0.079 [-0.166, 0.008]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.198 [-0.283, -0.106] -0.194 [-0.292, -0.100] -0.208 [-0.302, -0.112] -0.195 [-0.289, -0.100] -0.193 [-0.287, -0.098] -0.192 [-0.289, -0.092]
Mixed * Family WP -0.048 [-0.197, 0.104] -0.031 [-0.183, 0.128] -0.042 [-0.201, 0.132] -0.039 [-0.205, 0.123] -0.023 [-0.181, 0.134] -0.045 [-0.186, 0.102]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.106 [-0.248, 0.060] -0.083 [-0.245, 0.078] -0.084 [-0.260, 0.074] -0.074 [-0.233, 0.077] -0.084 [-0.248, 0.077] -0.099 [-0.293, 0.081]
Weekend WP -0.033 [-0.051, -0.016] -0.035 [-0.053, -0.017] -0.035 [-0.054, -0.017] -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] -0.036 [-0.053, -0.018] -0.034 [-0.052, -0.016]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.295 [0.289, 0.301] 0.292 [0.286, 0.299] 0.293 [0.286, 0.299] 0.293 [0.287, 0.299] 0.293 [0.287, 0.299] 0.291 [0.285, 0.298]
R2 within 0.105 [0.097, 0.113] 0.111 [0.102, 0.120] 0.109 [0.102, 0.118] 0.109 [0.102, 0.118] 0.108 [0.100, 0.117] 0.110 [0.100, 0.118]
Personality trait -0.080 [-0.136, -0.026] -0.061 [-0.130, 0.008] -0.040 [-0.102, 0.024] 0.196 [0.147, 0.244] 0.001 [-0.060, 0.064]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.034 [-0.087, 0.018] -0.004 [-0.070, 0.063] -0.049 [-0.107, 0.008] 0.082 [0.037, 0.128] -0.059 [-0.115, -0.003]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.044 [-0.006, 0.098] 0.017 [-0.050, 0.082] 0.022 [-0.035, 0.078] 0.007 [-0.043, 0.055] -0.007 [-0.063, 0.050]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.021 [-0.081, 0.043] -0.053 [-0.126, 0.020] -0.073 [-0.137, -0.009] 0.043 [-0.008, 0.096] 0.017 [-0.049, 0.081]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.032 [-0.096, 0.031] -0.025 [-0.102, 0.054] 0.022 [-0.045, 0.089] 0.046 [-0.009, 0.099] -0.005 [-0.074, 0.061]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.003 [-0.126, 0.124] 0.104 [-0.062, 0.254] 0.057 [-0.087, 0.192] -0.141 [-0.246, -0.028] 0.030 [-0.106, 0.158]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.044 [-0.082, 0.174] 0.073 [-0.093, 0.241] -0.076 [-0.224, 0.071] -0.122 [-0.237, -0.006] -0.046 [-0.195, 0.105]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.025 [-0.238, 0.194] 0.190 [-0.075, 0.466] 0.138 [-0.112, 0.372] -0.170 [-0.375, 0.061] -0.019 [-0.265, 0.232]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.073 [-0.153, 0.308] -0.020 [-0.295, 0.237] -0.018 [-0.275, 0.216] -0.055 [-0.285, 0.124] -0.015 [-0.305, 0.255]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.083 [0.062, 0.106] 0.083 [0.061, 0.107] 0.084 [0.062, 0.107] 0.083 [0.060, 0.107] 0.074 [0.052, 0.096] 0.083 [0.062, 0.106]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.024 [0.000, 0.048] 0.031 [0.008, 0.053] 0.030 [0.008, 0.053] 0.030 [0.006, 0.054] 0.029 [0.006, 0.053] 0.029 [0.006, 0.052]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.048 [0.025, 0.073] 0.050 [0.026, 0.076] 0.048 [0.023, 0.075] 0.050 [0.024, 0.077] 0.043 [0.019, 0.068] 0.049 [0.024, 0.074]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.028 [0.006, 0.053] 0.033 [0.008, 0.059] 0.033 [0.007, 0.059] 0.035 [0.010, 0.061] 0.027 [0.004, 0.052] 0.035 [0.008, 0.061]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.075 [-0.127, -0.025] -0.087 [-0.137, -0.036] -0.081 [-0.132, -0.029] -0.081 [-0.137, -0.026] -0.062 [-0.115, -0.012] -0.085 [-0.137, -0.032]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.081 [-0.136, -0.031] -0.088 [-0.148, -0.034] -0.086 [-0.145, -0.030] -0.092 [-0.151, -0.034] -0.071 [-0.127, -0.018] -0.089 [-0.149, -0.031]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.064 [-0.016, 0.149] 0.048 [-0.030, 0.127] 0.051 [-0.032, 0.144] 0.050 [-0.037, 0.135] 0.071 [-0.010, 0.153] 0.050 [-0.032, 0.128]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.102, 0.121] -0.017 [-0.104, 0.081] -0.025 [-0.117, 0.055] -0.016 [-0.111, 0.085] -0.006 [-0.102, 0.084] -0.027 [-0.136, 0.086]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.020 [0.004, 0.038] 0.026 [0.008, 0.047] 0.027 [0.008, 0.046] 0.026 [0.008, 0.045] 0.025 [0.008, 0.044] 0.026 [0.008, 0.045]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.030 [0.008, 0.053] 0.036 [0.014, 0.062] 0.036 [0.013, 0.059] 0.033 [0.012, 0.057] 0.033 [0.011, 0.057] 0.035 [0.013, 0.058]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.009, 0.035] 0.013 [-0.012, 0.035] 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.008, 0.036] 0.009 [-0.013, 0.032] 0.013 [-0.010, 0.037]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.027 [-0.064, 0.013] -0.032 [-0.074, 0.011] -0.028 [-0.072, 0.012] -0.026 [-0.072, 0.020] -0.021 [-0.062, 0.022] -0.036 [-0.078, 0.009]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.064 [-0.112, -0.023] -0.073 [-0.126, -0.022] -0.073 [-0.122, -0.027] -0.082 [-0.134, -0.034] -0.066 [-0.115, -0.017] -0.072 [-0.126, -0.022]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.064, 0.070] 0.005 [-0.063, 0.081] 0.021 [-0.046, 0.090] 0.010 [-0.056, 0.074] 0.010 [-0.054, 0.073] 0.005 [-0.068, 0.077]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.043, 0.079] 0.005 [-0.071, 0.075] 0.001 [-0.066, 0.072] -0.014 [-0.072, 0.054] -0.011 [-0.073, 0.055] 0.001 [-0.069, 0.070]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.006 [-0.013, 0.026] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.031] 0.007 [-0.012, 0.028] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.027] 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026] 0.010 [-0.011, 0.030]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.013, 0.025] 0.001 [-0.024, 0.023] 0.000 [-0.019, 0.023] 0.001 [-0.019, 0.022] 0.003 [-0.020, 0.023] 0.001 [-0.019, 0.021]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.031, 0.043] -0.003 [-0.044, 0.037] 0.000 [-0.038, 0.035] -0.002 [-0.040, 0.041] -0.002 [-0.041, 0.037] -0.006 [-0.041, 0.034]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.027, 0.058] 0.010 [-0.042, 0.052] 0.009 [-0.038, 0.056] 0.004 [-0.042, 0.052] 0.006 [-0.042, 0.056] 0.015 [-0.029, 0.060]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.029 [-0.019, 0.082] 0.039 [-0.009, 0.092] 0.038 [-0.006, 0.091] 0.036 [-0.015, 0.098] 0.038 [-0.017, 0.100] 0.040 [-0.004, 0.093]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.046, 0.059] 0.008 [-0.040, 0.062] 0.011 [-0.042, 0.068] 0.000 [-0.051, 0.065] 0.005 [-0.037, 0.070] 0.009 [-0.042, 0.073]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.047 [0.029, 0.068] 0.053 [0.029, 0.078] 0.045 [0.021, 0.071] 0.050 [0.027, 0.075] 0.047 [0.024, 0.075] 0.051 [0.027, 0.078]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.113 [-0.153, -0.077] -0.119 [-0.164, -0.079] -0.111 [-0.158, -0.067] -0.111 [-0.157, -0.067] -0.110 [-0.154, -0.067] -0.119 [-0.166, -0.080]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.056 [-0.107, -0.008] -0.077 [-0.136, -0.023] -0.068 [-0.126, -0.011] -0.079 [-0.135, -0.032] -0.072 [-0.129, -0.021] -0.079 [-0.137, -0.026]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.024 [-0.090, 0.045] -0.035 [-0.107, 0.050] -0.037 [-0.107, 0.049] -0.025 [-0.090, 0.049] -0.022 [-0.092, 0.044] -0.034 [-0.104, 0.034]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.065, 0.078] 0.010 [-0.072, 0.093] 0.010 [-0.070, 0.102] -0.009 [-0.097, 0.096] 0.001 [-0.089, 0.101] 0.010 [-0.070, 0.095]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.057 [-0.101, -0.016] -0.053 [-0.108, -0.008] -0.059 [-0.109, -0.014] -0.053 [-0.108, -0.004] -0.053 [-0.109, -0.008] -0.062 [-0.117, -0.012]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.080 [-0.136, -0.033] -0.097 [-0.157, -0.046] -0.105 [-0.166, -0.055] -0.107 [-0.170, -0.056] -0.103 [-0.165, -0.052] -0.106 [-0.174, -0.056]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.041 [-0.098, 0.027] -0.043 [-0.108, 0.033] -0.034 [-0.107, 0.042] -0.032 [-0.103, 0.042] -0.023 [-0.095, 0.056] -0.043 [-0.114, 0.026]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.024 [-0.078, 0.030] -0.003 [-0.077, 0.060] -0.007 [-0.068, 0.068] -0.016 [-0.079, 0.072] -0.017 [-0.081, 0.096] -0.020 [-0.090, 0.048]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.144 [0.056, 0.258] 0.145 [0.033, 0.301] 0.176 [0.065, 0.301] 0.173 [0.066, 0.295] 0.163 [0.061, 0.287] 0.179 [0.069, 0.311]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.046 [-0.056, 0.168] 0.059 [-0.053, 0.188] 0.062 [-0.061, 0.183] 0.041 [-0.063, 0.168] 0.047 [-0.062, 0.173] 0.061 [-0.054, 0.187]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.096, 0.139] -0.005 [-0.146, 0.128] 0.014 [-0.132, 0.152] 0.027 [-0.135, 0.155] 0.024 [-0.124, 0.155] 0.036 [-0.099, 0.188]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.083 [-0.056, 0.241] 0.121 [-0.091, 0.273] 0.060 [-0.092, 0.232] 0.072 [-0.099, 0.249] 0.070 [-0.086, 0.234] 0.121 [-0.041, 0.315]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.051 [-0.088, 0.219] 0.076 [-0.068, 0.251] 0.071 [-0.073, 0.233] 0.079 [-0.082, 0.258] 0.098 [-0.096, 0.270] 0.138 [-0.027, 0.336]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.135 [-0.022, 0.317] 0.079 [-0.097, 0.297] 0.072 [-0.070, 0.269] 0.072 [-0.113, 0.278] 0.071 [-0.113, 0.302] 0.101 [-0.036, 0.314]
Intercept well-being 1.534 [1.494, 1.572] 1.527 [1.485, 1.567] 1.526 [1.486, 1.568] 1.527 [1.487, 1.568] 1.526 [1.488, 1.566] 1.526 [1.486, 1.566]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.305 [0.275, 0.338] 0.293 [0.263, 0.328] 0.296 [0.265, 0.331] 0.296 [0.265, 0.331] 0.272 [0.243, 0.304] 0.297 [0.266, 0.332]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.105 [0.084, 0.129] 0.111 [0.088, 0.139] 0.110 [0.087, 0.137] 0.110 [0.087, 0.136] 0.104 [0.082, 0.131] 0.109 [0.086, 0.136]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.043 [0.026, 0.064] 0.042 [0.026, 0.062] 0.044 [0.026, 0.066] 0.040 [0.025, 0.060] 0.042 [0.026, 0.062] 0.044 [0.027, 0.064]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.096 [0.071, 0.125] 0.108 [0.080, 0.142] 0.100 [0.071, 0.133] 0.102 [0.075, 0.135] 0.102 [0.074, 0.135] 0.102 [0.074, 0.135]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.060 [0.040, 0.090] 0.069 [0.042, 0.105] 0.067 [0.041, 0.101] 0.066 [0.041, 0.096] 0.066 [0.041, 0.096] 0.066 [0.041, 0.101]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.244 [0.162, 0.363] 0.251 [0.155, 0.409] 0.257 [0.153, 0.394] 0.258 [0.157, 0.390] 0.251 [0.158, 0.385] 0.260 [0.161, 0.400]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.319 [0.200, 0.483] 0.372 [0.231, 0.553] 0.396 [0.248, 0.583] 0.409 [0.264, 0.599] 0.391 [0.244, 0.571] 0.406 [0.264, 0.601]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.359 [0.174, 0.632] 0.351 [0.160, 0.650] 0.316 [0.142, 0.629] 0.321 [0.145, 0.591] 0.330 [0.161, 0.617] 0.350 [0.158, 0.654]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.240 [0.116, 0.491] 0.221 [0.070, 0.493] 0.213 [0.083, 0.486] 0.217 [0.082, 0.460] 0.208 [0.077, 0.483] 0.283 [0.079, 0.554]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.009] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.044 [0.025, 0.066] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.021 [0.004, 0.049] 0.007 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Mixed WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.055] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.027] 0.011 [0.000, 0.036] 0.006 [0.000, 0.029] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.010 [0.000, 0.050] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.007 [0.000, 0.044] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.025 [0.001, 0.081] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025] 0.012 [0.000, 0.046] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.019 [0.000, 0.104] 0.013 [0.000, 0.087] 0.028 [0.000, 0.135] 0.005 [0.000, 0.053]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.121] 0.007 [0.000, 0.086] 0.006 [0.000, 0.079] 0.009 [0.000, 0.107] 0.008 [0.000, 0.084]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,336 19,326 19,263 19,322 19,314 19,272

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness in S1, S2, and S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Angry
Table S4.49
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.051 [0.028, 0.075] 0.044 [0.020, 0.068] 0.047 [0.022, 0.071] 0.046 [0.021, 0.070] 0.046 [0.021, 0.070] 0.044 [0.020, 0.069]
Mixed WP 0.027 [0.000, 0.055] 0.029 [0.001, 0.058] 0.030 [0.000, 0.059] 0.032 [0.003, 0.061] 0.032 [0.004, 0.061] 0.031 [0.001, 0.063]
Family WP 0.064 [0.036, 0.093] 0.074 [0.044, 0.104] 0.075 [0.046, 0.104] 0.073 [0.045, 0.102] 0.073 [0.045, 0.102] 0.074 [0.045, 0.102]
Weak ties WP 0.021 [-0.012, 0.053] 0.029 [-0.008, 0.065] 0.027 [-0.008, 0.063] 0.028 [-0.007, 0.062] 0.029 [-0.007, 0.062] 0.024 [-0.012, 0.060]
CMC * Family WP -0.037 [-0.098, 0.019] -0.042 [-0.108, 0.019] -0.042 [-0.102, 0.024] -0.034 [-0.095, 0.028] -0.033 [-0.092, 0.029] -0.050 [-0.104, 0.008]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.150 [-0.213, -0.087] -0.156 [-0.218, -0.090] -0.163 [-0.221, -0.101] -0.149 [-0.212, -0.078] -0.149 [-0.212, -0.077] -0.144 [-0.211, -0.076]
Mixed * Family WP -0.042 [-0.165, 0.085] -0.001 [-0.136, 0.127] -0.002 [-0.144, 0.123] -0.022 [-0.149, 0.099] -0.015 [-0.138, 0.105] -0.024 [-0.140, 0.091]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.029 [-0.111, 0.175] 0.034 [-0.120, 0.184] 0.006 [-0.134, 0.175] 0.019 [-0.131, 0.146] 0.009 [-0.138, 0.142] 0.005 [-0.139, 0.156]
Weekend WP -0.028 [-0.043, -0.013] -0.031 [-0.047, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.016] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.031 [-0.046, -0.015]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.224 [0.220, 0.229] 0.221 [0.216, 0.226] 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] 0.222 [0.217, 0.226] 0.220 [0.216, 0.225]
R2 within 0.047 [0.041, 0.053] 0.051 [0.044, 0.059] 0.051 [0.043, 0.059] 0.051 [0.044, 0.058] 0.050 [0.043, 0.059] 0.050 [0.041, 0.057]
Personality trait -0.007 [-0.035, 0.021] -0.083 [-0.118, -0.047] -0.016 [-0.048, 0.016] 0.092 [0.067, 0.117] -0.002 [-0.034, 0.030]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.001 [-0.035, 0.034] -0.016 [-0.061, 0.028] -0.006 [-0.044, 0.032] 0.016 [-0.015, 0.047] 0.005 [-0.031, 0.042]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.027 [-0.013, 0.066] 0.023 [-0.026, 0.075] 0.016 [-0.031, 0.062] 0.010 [-0.031, 0.049] 0.016 [-0.028, 0.058]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.013 [-0.028, 0.056] -0.013 [-0.062, 0.037] 0.005 [-0.037, 0.050] 0.010 [-0.027, 0.046] 0.001 [-0.043, 0.047]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.008 [-0.040, 0.056] -0.029 [-0.090, 0.032] -0.020 [-0.074, 0.032] 0.005 [-0.034, 0.048] 0.014 [-0.040, 0.068]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.027 [-0.112, 0.054] -0.049 [-0.153, 0.074] 0.009 [-0.089, 0.109] 0.001 [-0.084, 0.073] -0.030 [-0.123, 0.062]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.031 [-0.068, 0.118] 0.115 [0.006, 0.230] 0.048 [-0.053, 0.154] -0.025 [-0.109, 0.050] -0.026 [-0.119, 0.068]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.057 [-0.231, 0.135] 0.010 [-0.238, 0.242] 0.106 [-0.105, 0.307] -0.038 [-0.219, 0.132] -0.075 [-0.283, 0.117]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.058 [-0.259, 0.148] -0.174 [-0.406, 0.045] -0.008 [-0.210, 0.189] 0.143 [-0.035, 0.319] -0.112 [-0.354, 0.117]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.023 [0.015, 0.032] 0.018 [0.011, 0.027] 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] 0.018 [0.010, 0.026] 0.017 [0.010, 0.025] 0.017 [0.010, 0.026]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.003 [-0.006, 0.012] 0.007 [-0.001, 0.016] 0.007 [0.000, 0.016] 0.006 [-0.002, 0.016] 0.006 [-0.002, 0.015] 0.008 [-0.001, 0.016]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.021 [0.012, 0.032] 0.026 [0.017, 0.036] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.026 [0.017, 0.035] 0.025 [0.016, 0.035] 0.027 [0.017, 0.037]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [0.000, 0.022] 0.015 [0.004, 0.026] 0.014 [0.003, 0.024] 0.016 [0.006, 0.027] 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] 0.016 [0.005, 0.028]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.023, 0.019] -0.002 [-0.022, 0.019] -0.002 [-0.023, 0.017] 0.000 [-0.021, 0.018] 0.000 [-0.019, 0.017] -0.006 [-0.025, 0.014]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.067 [-0.090, -0.044] -0.056 [-0.077, -0.034] -0.048 [-0.068, -0.028] -0.055 [-0.078, -0.035] -0.055 [-0.075, -0.035] -0.056 [-0.078, -0.032]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.024, 0.062] 0.034 [-0.003, 0.073] 0.033 [-0.003, 0.072] 0.041 [0.002, 0.081] 0.042 [0.005, 0.080] 0.039 [0.005, 0.080]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.038 [-0.017, 0.094] 0.008 [-0.037, 0.055] 0.011 [-0.036, 0.050] 0.023 [-0.029, 0.069] 0.010 [-0.039, 0.058] 0.021 [-0.037, 0.075]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.000 [-0.007, 0.007] 0.002 [-0.004, 0.010] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.011] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.012] 0.003 [-0.004, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.004, 0.011]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.008 [0.000, 0.017] 0.008 [-0.001, 0.016] 0.007 [-0.001, 0.016] 0.007 [-0.001, 0.017] 0.007 [0.000, 0.017] 0.008 [-0.001, 0.018]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.018, 0.001] -0.010 [-0.021, 0.000] -0.010 [-0.020, 0.000] -0.009 [-0.020, 0.002] -0.009 [-0.020, 0.002] -0.009 [-0.020, 0.001]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.014, 0.011] 0.003 [-0.011, 0.017] 0.000 [-0.013, 0.013] 0.003 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.003 [-0.011, 0.016] 0.000 [-0.013, 0.015]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.021 [-0.036, -0.007] -0.013 [-0.030, 0.003] -0.013 [-0.028, 0.002] -0.015 [-0.032, -0.001] -0.016 [-0.032, -0.001] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.003]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.034, 0.030] -0.005 [-0.037, 0.029] 0.000 [-0.035, 0.034] -0.006 [-0.034, 0.028] -0.004 [-0.032, 0.028] -0.003 [-0.030, 0.029]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [-0.014, 0.045] 0.013 [-0.014, 0.043] 0.019 [-0.011, 0.047] 0.014 [-0.019, 0.045] 0.011 [-0.019, 0.045] 0.016 [-0.020, 0.055]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.002 [-0.006, 0.011] 0.001 [-0.007, 0.009] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.009] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.007] 0.000 [-0.008, 0.008] 0.001 [-0.008, 0.010]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.009, 0.011] -0.003 [-0.014, 0.007] -0.003 [-0.015, 0.008] -0.003 [-0.014, 0.010] -0.003 [-0.015, 0.009] -0.001 [-0.013, 0.009]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.013, 0.010] -0.001 [-0.013, 0.014] 0.001 [-0.011, 0.013] 0.001 [-0.012, 0.013] 0.001 [-0.011, 0.012] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.015, 0.013] -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] -0.004 [-0.017, 0.014] -0.004 [-0.020, 0.012] -0.004 [-0.020, 0.011] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.012]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.010, 0.040] 0.019 [-0.007, 0.046] 0.017 [-0.009, 0.046] 0.020 [-0.005, 0.051] 0.020 [-0.006, 0.047] 0.017 [-0.012, 0.051]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.013, 0.032] 0.013 [-0.013, 0.041] 0.013 [-0.013, 0.050] 0.009 [-0.020, 0.037] 0.008 [-0.024, 0.036] 0.011 [-0.015, 0.050]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [-0.001, 0.023] 0.006 [-0.005, 0.020] 0.007 [-0.005, 0.021] 0.006 [-0.007, 0.019] 0.006 [-0.006, 0.018] 0.008 [-0.006, 0.021]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.018 [-0.035, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.028, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.030, 0.004] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.007] -0.010 [-0.027, 0.006] -0.010 [-0.025, 0.006]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.014 [-0.033, 0.006] -0.018 [-0.038, 0.000] -0.014 [-0.035, 0.005] -0.016 [-0.033, 0.004] -0.016 [-0.035, 0.003] -0.017 [-0.037, 0.001]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.031 [-0.001, 0.067] 0.014 [-0.022, 0.053] 0.014 [-0.022, 0.050] 0.017 [-0.015, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.051] 0.018 [-0.019, 0.056]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.023 [-0.007, 0.061] 0.019 [-0.017, 0.057] 0.016 [-0.030, 0.056] 0.014 [-0.020, 0.052] 0.014 [-0.022, 0.052] 0.026 [-0.013, 0.063]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.020, 0.017] 0.003 [-0.020, 0.023] 0.004 [-0.016, 0.021] 0.002 [-0.018, 0.023] 0.003 [-0.017, 0.024] 0.002 [-0.020, 0.020]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.041, -0.002] -0.030 [-0.051, -0.013] -0.027 [-0.053, -0.008] -0.031 [-0.062, -0.011] -0.031 [-0.062, -0.011] -0.030 [-0.055, -0.010]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.025 [-0.012, 0.064] 0.022 [-0.014, 0.068] 0.019 [-0.022, 0.057] 0.033 [-0.004, 0.073] 0.032 [-0.004, 0.072] 0.026 [-0.017, 0.064]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.059, 0.014] -0.031 [-0.080, 0.015] -0.037 [-0.087, 0.007] -0.031 [-0.079, 0.011] -0.032 [-0.080, 0.012] -0.036 [-0.088, 0.011]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [-0.013, 0.042] 0.007 [-0.019, 0.042] 0.009 [-0.018, 0.041] 0.011 [-0.016, 0.045] 0.009 [-0.018, 0.039] 0.012 [-0.014, 0.045]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.023 [-0.016, 0.081] 0.049 [0.000, 0.119] 0.055 [0.004, 0.118] 0.050 [-0.001, 0.119] 0.048 [-0.008, 0.117] 0.049 [-0.004, 0.107]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.064, 0.027] -0.025 [-0.076, 0.027] -0.019 [-0.065, 0.027] -0.011 [-0.062, 0.035] -0.011 [-0.065, 0.038] -0.020 [-0.080, 0.036]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.058, 0.062] -0.013 [-0.077, 0.049] 0.003 [-0.057, 0.072] -0.022 [-0.088, 0.048] -0.030 [-0.101, 0.038] -0.011 [-0.091, 0.053]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.010 [-0.061, 0.062] 0.020 [-0.029, 0.085] 0.024 [-0.039, 0.087] 0.015 [-0.043, 0.094] 0.024 [-0.033, 0.103] 0.023 [-0.044, 0.103]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.100, 0.110] -0.037 [-0.151, 0.083] -0.031 [-0.144, 0.083] -0.016 [-0.132, 0.092] -0.030 [-0.158, 0.091] -0.022 [-0.139, 0.098]
Intercept well-being 1.234 [1.212, 1.256] 1.221 [1.200, 1.242] 1.223 [1.202, 1.244] 1.222 [1.200, 1.243] 1.221 [1.201, 1.242] 1.220 [1.198, 1.241]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.090 [0.080, 0.101] 0.070 [0.062, 0.080] 0.068 [0.060, 0.077] 0.070 [0.062, 0.079] 0.065 [0.057, 0.074] 0.070 [0.062, 0.079]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.035] 0.023 [0.015, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.024 [0.014, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.010 [0.004, 0.020] 0.012 [0.006, 0.023] 0.015 [0.007, 0.027] 0.014 [0.007, 0.025] 0.013 [0.007, 0.025] 0.014 [0.006, 0.027]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.037 [0.024, 0.053] 0.032 [0.020, 0.046] 0.031 [0.018, 0.045] 0.030 [0.019, 0.043] 0.030 [0.019, 0.044] 0.031 [0.020, 0.047]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.032 [0.018, 0.049] 0.040 [0.023, 0.061] 0.040 [0.024, 0.061] 0.038 [0.023, 0.060] 0.039 [0.024, 0.060] 0.036 [0.022, 0.056]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.043 [0.016, 0.080] 0.050 [0.023, 0.093] 0.041 [0.017, 0.083] 0.049 [0.022, 0.093] 0.048 [0.022, 0.088] 0.043 [0.020, 0.078]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.087 [0.045, 0.134] 0.075 [0.045, 0.121] 0.072 [0.037, 0.117] 0.086 [0.039, 0.139] 0.086 [0.050, 0.141] 0.080 [0.042, 0.136]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.254 [0.131, 0.409] 0.280 [0.140, 0.491] 0.259 [0.138, 0.437] 0.280 [0.146, 0.471] 0.275 [0.145, 0.472] 0.266 [0.134, 0.466]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.165 [0.060, 0.344] 0.203 [0.086, 0.400] 0.191 [0.083, 0.398] 0.186 [0.060, 0.369] 0.193 [0.062, 0.381] 0.255 [0.115, 0.450]
R2 between 0.000 [0.000, 0.005] 0.017 [0.005, 0.033] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.040 [0.021, 0.064] 0.000 [0.000, 0.004]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.004 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Mixed WP 0.016 [0.000, 0.097] 0.007 [0.000, 0.064] 0.006 [0.000, 0.059] 0.006 [0.000, 0.057] 0.006 [0.000, 0.055]
R2 Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.004 [0.000, 0.033] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.068] 0.013 [0.000, 0.105] 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] 0.007 [0.000, 0.085]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.047] 0.030 [0.000, 0.126] 0.007 [0.000, 0.055] 0.004 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] 0.009 [0.000, 0.069] 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] 0.006 [0.000, 0.063]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] 0.025 [0.000, 0.159] 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] 0.034 [0.000, 0.199] 0.012 [0.000, 0.095]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,369 19,356 19,293 19,352 19,344 19,302

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on anger in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Worried
Table S4.50
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.109 [0.076, 0.143] 0.109 [0.073, 0.143] 0.108 [0.073, 0.144] 0.106 [0.071, 0.142] 0.105 [0.069, 0.140] 0.103 [0.067, 0.140]
Mixed WP 0.019 [-0.019, 0.061] 0.036 [-0.008, 0.078] 0.031 [-0.012, 0.073] 0.030 [-0.009, 0.073] 0.033 [-0.009, 0.073] 0.031 [-0.009, 0.072]
Family WP 0.059 [0.020, 0.097] 0.065 [0.023, 0.109] 0.064 [0.025, 0.104] 0.065 [0.024, 0.106] 0.065 [0.024, 0.106] 0.065 [0.025, 0.106]
Weak ties WP -0.017 [-0.065, 0.031] -0.010 [-0.061, 0.043] -0.002 [-0.054, 0.047] -0.008 [-0.059, 0.042] -0.006 [-0.057, 0.044] -0.008 [-0.059, 0.044]
CMC * Family WP -0.116 [-0.201, -0.029] -0.114 [-0.206, -0.023] -0.114 [-0.207, 0.000] -0.117 [-0.206, -0.020] -0.112 [-0.200, -0.014] -0.138 [-0.231, -0.035]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.048 [-0.145, 0.058] -0.041 [-0.139, 0.059] -0.066 [-0.165, 0.034] -0.055 [-0.148, 0.043] -0.060 [-0.163, 0.043] -0.050 [-0.152, 0.048]
Mixed * Family WP -0.019 [-0.188, 0.145] -0.004 [-0.166, 0.167] 0.017 [-0.156, 0.190] -0.004 [-0.162, 0.152] 0.019 [-0.160, 0.178] 0.005 [-0.172, 0.165]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.089 [-0.106, 0.277] 0.140 [-0.087, 0.324] 0.114 [-0.114, 0.357] 0.119 [-0.068, 0.292] 0.133 [-0.064, 0.323] 0.102 [-0.097, 0.325]
Weekend WP -0.194 [-0.216, -0.174] -0.197 [-0.220, -0.175] -0.196 [-0.219, -0.174] -0.197 [-0.220, -0.175] -0.196 [-0.218, -0.174] -0.195 [-0.217, -0.173]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.452 [0.443, 0.461] 0.459 [0.449, 0.469] 0.459 [0.449, 0.468] 0.460 [0.450, 0.470] 0.459 [0.450, 0.469] 0.457 [0.447, 0.467]
R2 within 0.066 [0.058, 0.073] 0.067 [0.058, 0.075] 0.066 [0.058, 0.075] 0.067 [0.060, 0.075] 0.067 [0.059, 0.075] 0.066 [0.058, 0.074]
Personality trait -0.094 [-0.150, -0.035] -0.054 [-0.126, 0.018] -0.066 [-0.131, 0.001] 0.260 [0.210, 0.310] 0.061 [-0.003, 0.126]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.050 [-0.101, -0.001] -0.104 [-0.164, -0.040] -0.040 [-0.094, 0.013] 0.018 [-0.027, 0.062] -0.021 [-0.074, 0.032]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.006 [-0.061, 0.051] -0.039 [-0.109, 0.038] -0.029 [-0.091, 0.032] -0.013 [-0.071, 0.040] -0.007 [-0.070, 0.057]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.026 [-0.085, 0.035] -0.089 [-0.162, -0.016] -0.013 [-0.074, 0.047] 0.005 [-0.044, 0.056] -0.004 [-0.068, 0.060]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.052 [-0.021, 0.124] -0.001 [-0.094, 0.088] -0.025 [-0.107, 0.054] -0.019 [-0.080, 0.043] -0.024 [-0.102, 0.053]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.150 [-0.275, -0.039] -0.061 [-0.223, 0.086] -0.085 [-0.235, 0.047] 0.067 [-0.048, 0.185] -0.081 [-0.224, 0.063]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.142 [-0.288, -0.004] 0.057 [-0.121, 0.233] -0.076 [-0.237, 0.078] 0.090 [-0.036, 0.207] -0.030 [-0.181, 0.124]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.089 [-0.139, 0.344] -0.017 [-0.339, 0.298] 0.031 [-0.267, 0.291] -0.128 [-0.375, 0.146] 0.061 [-0.202, 0.350]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.128 [-0.341, 0.135] -0.187 [-0.515, 0.158] -0.250 [-0.524, 0.047] 0.131 [-0.142, 0.346] 0.055 [-0.263, 0.377]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.046 [0.026, 0.068] 0.045 [0.025, 0.067] 0.043 [0.023, 0.066] 0.046 [0.025, 0.069] 0.044 [0.024, 0.065] 0.047 [0.026, 0.069]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.004 [-0.020, 0.029] 0.006 [-0.019, 0.030] 0.004 [-0.020, 0.027] 0.006 [-0.019, 0.029] 0.006 [-0.017, 0.029] 0.006 [-0.019, 0.031]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.010 [-0.015, 0.033] 0.009 [-0.016, 0.033] 0.010 [-0.015, 0.035] 0.011 [-0.015, 0.039] 0.009 [-0.015, 0.033] 0.014 [-0.009, 0.037]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.016 [-0.042, 0.014] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.018] -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.013 [-0.043, 0.017] -0.011 [-0.040, 0.019] -0.013 [-0.045, 0.019]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.013 [-0.064, 0.038] -0.029 [-0.086, 0.027] -0.017 [-0.072, 0.035] -0.020 [-0.077, 0.032] -0.030 [-0.083, 0.025] -0.021 [-0.079, 0.028]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.009 [-0.067, 0.046] -0.028 [-0.086, 0.028] -0.017 [-0.079, 0.041] -0.021 [-0.080, 0.038] -0.034 [-0.092, 0.026] -0.014 [-0.076, 0.046]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.072 [-0.166, 0.024] -0.047 [-0.146, 0.053] -0.044 [-0.136, 0.051] -0.049 [-0.141, 0.061] -0.038 [-0.129, 0.055] -0.053 [-0.153, 0.047]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.014 [-0.106, 0.129] 0.011 [-0.106, 0.116] 0.029 [-0.076, 0.147] 0.019 [-0.088, 0.124] -0.004 [-0.112, 0.096] 0.023 [-0.110, 0.151]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.013 [-0.002, 0.030] 0.017 [0.002, 0.037] 0.015 [0.000, 0.030] 0.014 [-0.001, 0.032] 0.015 [0.001, 0.032] 0.019 [0.003, 0.036]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.007 [-0.008, 0.025] 0.010 [-0.008, 0.031] 0.010 [-0.007, 0.028] 0.008 [-0.010, 0.026] 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] 0.014 [-0.002, 0.032]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.006 [-0.028, 0.013] -0.003 [-0.024, 0.019] -0.004 [-0.025, 0.017] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.015] -0.005 [-0.029, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.017]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.016, 0.046] 0.020 [-0.013, 0.049] 0.013 [-0.017, 0.043] 0.021 [-0.011, 0.053] 0.018 [-0.015, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.012, 0.048]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.036 [-0.072, 0.002] -0.039 [-0.079, -0.006] -0.035 [-0.072, -0.002] -0.038 [-0.079, -0.002] -0.042 [-0.081, -0.007] -0.032 [-0.075, 0.005]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.050, 0.060] 0.022 [-0.029, 0.085] 0.019 [-0.030, 0.075] 0.015 [-0.046, 0.068] 0.016 [-0.041, 0.075] 0.021 [-0.035, 0.074]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.067, 0.047] -0.026 [-0.101, 0.036] -0.022 [-0.080, 0.038] -0.031 [-0.090, 0.020] -0.032 [-0.095, 0.026] -0.025 [-0.097, 0.039]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.001 [-0.017, 0.018] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.016, 0.018] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.012] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.012] 0.000 [-0.017, 0.020]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.022, 0.026] 0.000 [-0.025, 0.029] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.021] -0.005 [-0.028, 0.020] -0.006 [-0.029, 0.017] -0.006 [-0.029, 0.018]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.027, 0.037] 0.008 [-0.025, 0.037] 0.008 [-0.023, 0.041] 0.009 [-0.023, 0.044] 0.003 [-0.027, 0.043] 0.005 [-0.022, 0.040]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.045, 0.036] -0.016 [-0.059, 0.024] -0.005 [-0.049, 0.040] -0.007 [-0.060, 0.034] -0.010 [-0.052, 0.034] -0.008 [-0.048, 0.037]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.033 [-0.018, 0.087] 0.027 [-0.022, 0.082] 0.028 [-0.015, 0.082] 0.023 [-0.029, 0.088] 0.015 [-0.045, 0.084] 0.032 [-0.028, 0.091]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.052, 0.043] -0.015 [-0.065, 0.047] -0.009 [-0.062, 0.055] -0.011 [-0.065, 0.039] -0.013 [-0.065, 0.051] -0.016 [-0.071, 0.050]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.004 [-0.016, 0.027] 0.012 [-0.016, 0.038] 0.008 [-0.017, 0.034] 0.009 [-0.016, 0.037] 0.008 [-0.017, 0.037] 0.009 [-0.015, 0.036]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.031 [-0.066, 0.004] -0.030 [-0.064, 0.004] -0.029 [-0.062, 0.003] -0.024 [-0.057, 0.009] -0.029 [-0.061, 0.004] -0.017 [-0.048, 0.014]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.037, 0.051] -0.008 [-0.057, 0.031] 0.003 [-0.042, 0.048] -0.004 [-0.056, 0.037] -0.006 [-0.061, 0.042] -0.015 [-0.066, 0.028]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.021 [-0.074, 0.021] -0.015 [-0.072, 0.045] -0.026 [-0.075, 0.034] -0.018 [-0.080, 0.035] -0.018 [-0.079, 0.035] -0.018 [-0.069, 0.038]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.042, 0.062] 0.011 [-0.049, 0.074] 0.014 [-0.050, 0.093] -0.005 [-0.063, 0.060] 0.009 [-0.059, 0.069] 0.003 [-0.077, 0.078]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.011 [-0.033, 0.049] 0.007 [-0.036, 0.056] 0.007 [-0.040, 0.052] 0.013 [-0.034, 0.055] 0.004 [-0.040, 0.052] 0.001 [-0.047, 0.041]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.040 [-0.092, 0.006] -0.044 [-0.109, 0.009] -0.054 [-0.118, -0.001] -0.051 [-0.110, -0.006] -0.057 [-0.119, -0.006] -0.050 [-0.113, 0.001]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.082, 0.063] -0.023 [-0.105, 0.053] -0.013 [-0.093, 0.070] -0.011 [-0.100, 0.083] -0.012 [-0.094, 0.070] -0.024 [-0.103, 0.047]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.024 [-0.103, 0.054] 0.000 [-0.087, 0.089] -0.005 [-0.088, 0.087] 0.003 [-0.066, 0.086] 0.000 [-0.070, 0.084] -0.012 [-0.105, 0.077]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.013 [-0.058, 0.095] -0.010 [-0.066, 0.085] 0.007 [-0.063, 0.097] 0.007 [-0.069, 0.092] 0.022 [-0.046, 0.100] 0.026 [-0.044, 0.121]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.077 [-0.011, 0.198] 0.084 [-0.004, 0.198] 0.087 [-0.020, 0.213] 0.080 [-0.021, 0.187] 0.088 [-0.006, 0.210] 0.078 [-0.011, 0.191]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.019 [-0.124, 0.105] -0.056 [-0.171, 0.040] -0.032 [-0.156, 0.105] -0.025 [-0.136, 0.084] -0.042 [-0.158, 0.084] -0.007 [-0.129, 0.108]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.025 [-0.100, 0.169] 0.043 [-0.113, 0.176] 0.013 [-0.119, 0.164] 0.025 [-0.123, 0.197] 0.042 [-0.111, 0.198] 0.015 [-0.115, 0.190]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.082 [-0.039, 0.239] 0.085 [-0.026, 0.236] 0.084 [-0.037, 0.264] 0.069 [-0.089, 0.233] 0.084 [-0.064, 0.253] 0.107 [-0.035, 0.307]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.072 [-0.066, 0.263] 0.040 [-0.185, 0.261] 0.044 [-0.149, 0.275] 0.050 [-0.146, 0.259] 0.032 [-0.179, 0.279] 0.077 [-0.103, 0.305]
Intercept well-being 1.823 [1.781, 1.864] 1.822 [1.781, 1.863] 1.822 [1.778, 1.865] 1.824 [1.780, 1.867] 1.823 [1.783, 1.863] 1.820 [1.777, 1.862]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.332 [0.299, 0.370] 0.313 [0.280, 0.350] 0.319 [0.285, 0.359] 0.317 [0.284, 0.356] 0.276 [0.246, 0.310] 0.317 [0.284, 0.356]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.047 [0.032, 0.068] 0.046 [0.028, 0.068] 0.042 [0.025, 0.064] 0.046 [0.029, 0.068] 0.047 [0.029, 0.068] 0.048 [0.030, 0.070]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.033 [0.018, 0.056] 0.033 [0.018, 0.057] 0.034 [0.015, 0.058] 0.029 [0.012, 0.050] 0.027 [0.012, 0.051] 0.035 [0.018, 0.058]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.042 [0.024, 0.065] 0.049 [0.028, 0.078] 0.045 [0.024, 0.072] 0.046 [0.026, 0.072] 0.045 [0.027, 0.071] 0.045 [0.022, 0.073]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.037, 0.102] 0.076 [0.043, 0.119] 0.078 [0.044, 0.121] 0.080 [0.047, 0.123] 0.081 [0.048, 0.126] 0.079 [0.044, 0.124]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.127 [0.047, 0.217] 0.126 [0.061, 0.226] 0.113 [0.056, 0.206] 0.130 [0.072, 0.224] 0.137 [0.069, 0.233] 0.106 [0.046, 0.206]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.208 [0.101, 0.346] 0.182 [0.080, 0.337] 0.227 [0.105, 0.397] 0.205 [0.098, 0.357] 0.230 [0.115, 0.375] 0.201 [0.084, 0.379]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.307 [0.141, 0.555] 0.342 [0.159, 0.647] 0.283 [0.115, 0.608] 0.298 [0.127, 0.568] 0.315 [0.144, 0.602] 0.300 [0.130, 0.609]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.282 [0.136, 0.562] 0.276 [0.085, 0.576] 0.306 [0.123, 0.646] 0.249 [0.097, 0.580] 0.273 [0.134, 0.618] 0.354 [0.157, 0.693]
R2 between 0.007 [0.001, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.008] 0.003 [0.000, 0.011] 0.073 [0.048, 0.102] 0.003 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 CMC WP 0.014 [0.000, 0.058] 0.040 [0.006, 0.107] 0.007 [0.000, 0.039] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.008 [0.000, 0.063] 0.007 [0.000, 0.067] 0.005 [0.000, 0.066] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034]
R2 Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.028 [0.001, 0.105] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.051] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.045 [0.003, 0.155] 0.007 [0.000, 0.074] 0.012 [0.000, 0.088] 0.011 [0.000, 0.076] 0.014 [0.000, 0.126]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.027 [0.000, 0.141] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.006 [0.000, 0.056] 0.012 [0.000, 0.066] 0.004 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.082] 0.007 [0.000, 0.087] 0.008 [0.000, 0.079] 0.019 [0.000, 0.138] 0.008 [0.000, 0.077]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.018 [0.000, 0.118] 0.020 [0.000, 0.160] 0.048 [0.000, 0.214] 0.021 [0.000, 0.141] 0.009 [0.000, 0.087]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,373 19,360 19,297 19,356 19,348 19,306

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on worries in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Sad
Table S4.51
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 3
CMC WP 0.124 [0.096, 0.153] 0.124 [0.094, 0.152] 0.121 [0.092, 0.152] 0.124 [0.093, 0.154] 0.126 [0.095, 0.157] 0.123 [0.092, 0.153]
Mixed WP 0.023 [-0.010, 0.061] 0.028 [-0.011, 0.066] 0.027 [-0.012, 0.066] 0.028 [-0.009, 0.065] 0.028 [-0.013, 0.066] 0.026 [-0.012, 0.064]
Family WP 0.062 [0.026, 0.098] 0.064 [0.023, 0.104] 0.063 [0.025, 0.100] 0.064 [0.026, 0.102] 0.064 [0.025, 0.101] 0.064 [0.026, 0.101]
Weak ties WP -0.030 [-0.071, 0.009] -0.028 [-0.072, 0.016] -0.027 [-0.069, 0.017] -0.030 [-0.072, 0.011] -0.033 [-0.077, 0.009] -0.036 [-0.079, 0.006]
CMC * Family WP -0.049 [-0.126, 0.031] -0.059 [-0.149, 0.023] -0.063 [-0.147, 0.033] -0.053 [-0.140, 0.033] -0.054 [-0.144, 0.032] -0.063 [-0.147, 0.021]
CMC * Weak ties WP -0.067 [-0.146, 0.018] -0.071 [-0.156, 0.012] -0.087 [-0.166, -0.005] -0.074 [-0.155, 0.005] -0.074 [-0.162, 0.010] -0.066 [-0.153, 0.017]
Mixed * Family WP -0.104 [-0.257, 0.048] -0.071 [-0.229, 0.091] -0.055 [-0.221, 0.162] -0.045 [-0.207, 0.116] -0.085 [-0.253, 0.097] -0.067 [-0.203, 0.077]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.041 [-0.112, 0.239] 0.103 [-0.087, 0.302] 0.070 [-0.097, 0.297] 0.090 [-0.114, 0.269] 0.073 [-0.133, 0.267] 0.036 [-0.148, 0.247]
Weekend WP -0.046 [-0.065, -0.028] -0.051 [-0.071, -0.033] -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033] -0.053 [-0.071, -0.034] -0.052 [-0.070, -0.033] -0.052 [-0.071, -0.033]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.324 [0.317, 0.330] 0.325 [0.319, 0.333] 0.325 [0.318, 0.332] 0.326 [0.319, 0.333] 0.326 [0.319, 0.333] 0.324 [0.318, 0.331]
R2 within 0.062 [0.054, 0.069] 0.065 [0.058, 0.074] 0.065 [0.057, 0.073] 0.066 [0.058, 0.075] 0.065 [0.058, 0.073] 0.065 [0.057, 0.072]
Personality trait -0.057 [-0.103, -0.009] -0.058 [-0.116, 0.001] -0.067 [-0.120, -0.014] 0.220 [0.180, 0.261] 0.031 [-0.022, 0.083]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.006 [-0.050, 0.037] 0.003 [-0.049, 0.057] -0.039 [-0.084, 0.005] 0.035 [-0.003, 0.072] 0.030 [-0.016, 0.076]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.015 [-0.036, 0.066] -0.013 [-0.076, 0.055] 0.027 [-0.033, 0.083] -0.003 [-0.054, 0.049] 0.007 [-0.054, 0.062]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.034 [-0.088, 0.023] -0.041 [-0.108, 0.026] -0.010 [-0.068, 0.047] 0.031 [-0.018, 0.080] -0.034 [-0.092, 0.024]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.005 [-0.066, 0.058] -0.077 [-0.152, -0.001] 0.031 [-0.036, 0.093] 0.023 [-0.029, 0.076] -0.018 [-0.084, 0.046]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.012 [-0.106, 0.129] 0.069 [-0.076, 0.213] 0.037 [-0.092, 0.157] -0.011 [-0.119, 0.101] -0.023 [-0.154, 0.107]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.001 [-0.115, 0.120] 0.115 [-0.024, 0.271] 0.007 [-0.117, 0.136] -0.073 [-0.177, 0.028] 0.013 [-0.115, 0.149]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.136 [-0.069, 0.361] -0.043 [-0.296, 0.259] -0.116 [-0.359, 0.115] 0.003 [-0.229, 0.212] 0.024 [-0.231, 0.284]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.181 [-0.448, 0.064] -0.110 [-0.419, 0.224] 0.069 [-0.186, 0.324] 0.011 [-0.231, 0.235] -0.176 [-0.455, 0.115]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.055 [0.039, 0.071] 0.055 [0.040, 0.071] 0.054 [0.039, 0.070] 0.054 [0.038, 0.070] 0.048 [0.034, 0.064] 0.054 [0.038, 0.070]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.016 [-0.005, 0.035] 0.016 [-0.002, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.003, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.004, 0.033] 0.014 [-0.004, 0.031] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.029 [0.009, 0.047] 0.028 [0.009, 0.049] 0.029 [0.011, 0.049] 0.028 [0.009, 0.049] 0.025 [0.007, 0.043] 0.031 [0.012, 0.051]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.002 [-0.023, 0.018] 0.000 [-0.021, 0.021] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.022] 0.000 [-0.022, 0.022] -0.003 [-0.022, 0.017] 0.001 [-0.021, 0.022]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.016 [-0.061, 0.026] -0.027 [-0.069, 0.017] -0.030 [-0.074, 0.016] -0.032 [-0.075, 0.013] -0.028 [-0.067, 0.013] -0.027 [-0.070, 0.014]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.023 [-0.067, 0.018] -0.034 [-0.078, 0.009] -0.030 [-0.070, 0.012] -0.032 [-0.075, 0.009] -0.027 [-0.068, 0.013] -0.033 [-0.080, 0.011]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.018 [-0.057, 0.100] 0.043 [-0.033, 0.115] 0.038 [-0.031, 0.113] 0.010 [-0.064, 0.087] 0.024 [-0.046, 0.097] 0.033 [-0.041, 0.104]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [-0.083, 0.110] 0.009 [-0.068, 0.097] 0.023 [-0.054, 0.102] 0.010 [-0.077, 0.093] 0.003 [-0.075, 0.081] 0.030 [-0.058, 0.121]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.010 [-0.002, 0.021] 0.012 [0.001, 0.026] 0.012 [0.000, 0.026] 0.013 [0.002, 0.026] 0.013 [0.000, 0.028] 0.013 [0.001, 0.028]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.012, 0.016] 0.002 [-0.011, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.020] 0.002 [-0.013, 0.017] 0.002 [-0.012, 0.016] 0.004 [-0.011, 0.019]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.029, 0.000] -0.013 [-0.030, 0.001] -0.013 [-0.030, 0.004] -0.011 [-0.027, 0.003] -0.013 [-0.029, 0.003] -0.014 [-0.031, 0.001]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.014 [-0.009, 0.042] 0.021 [-0.004, 0.048] 0.015 [-0.012, 0.044] 0.019 [-0.007, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.009, 0.045] 0.016 [-0.010, 0.045]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.038, 0.014] -0.009 [-0.039, 0.018] -0.008 [-0.038, 0.020] -0.014 [-0.041, 0.016] -0.012 [-0.042, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.036, 0.021]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.043 [-0.004, 0.098] 0.041 [0.002, 0.088] 0.049 [0.002, 0.101] 0.035 [-0.007, 0.082] 0.045 [0.001, 0.098] 0.044 [-0.003, 0.093]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.061, 0.033] -0.015 [-0.066, 0.029] -0.020 [-0.072, 0.026] -0.035 [-0.083, 0.012] -0.035 [-0.082, 0.011] -0.018 [-0.073, 0.039]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.010 [-0.026, 0.007] -0.011 [-0.030, 0.007] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.005] -0.011 [-0.030, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.030, 0.006] -0.011 [-0.028, 0.006]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.018, 0.014] -0.008 [-0.026, 0.009] -0.007 [-0.024, 0.013] -0.009 [-0.026, 0.009] -0.007 [-0.026, 0.012] -0.009 [-0.029, 0.010]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.017, 0.048] 0.012 [-0.020, 0.055] 0.009 [-0.025, 0.042] 0.005 [-0.030, 0.040] 0.005 [-0.031, 0.040] 0.014 [-0.020, 0.052]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.030, 0.027] -0.003 [-0.038, 0.036] -0.006 [-0.037, 0.025] -0.006 [-0.039, 0.028] -0.008 [-0.041, 0.027] -0.004 [-0.039, 0.033]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.032 [-0.014, 0.082] 0.031 [-0.016, 0.083] 0.032 [-0.015, 0.081] 0.022 [-0.033, 0.082] 0.023 [-0.033, 0.080] 0.035 [-0.022, 0.087]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.011 [-0.061, 0.033] -0.007 [-0.065, 0.052] -0.018 [-0.079, 0.045] -0.018 [-0.077, 0.043] -0.017 [-0.076, 0.044] -0.019 [-0.080, 0.052]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [0.007, 0.043] 0.024 [0.005, 0.045] 0.020 [0.000, 0.044] 0.020 [0.003, 0.043] 0.022 [0.004, 0.044] 0.025 [0.006, 0.050]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.044 [-0.078, -0.014] -0.041 [-0.076, -0.006] -0.033 [-0.070, 0.001] -0.036 [-0.070, 0.000] -0.033 [-0.066, 0.002] -0.029 [-0.063, 0.006]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.027 [-0.062, 0.003] -0.023 [-0.067, 0.011] -0.018 [-0.058, 0.018] -0.023 [-0.063, 0.015] -0.023 [-0.062, 0.014] -0.025 [-0.069, 0.014]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.007 [-0.062, 0.045] -0.002 [-0.058, 0.069] -0.012 [-0.073, 0.051] -0.006 [-0.068, 0.065] 0.003 [-0.055, 0.070] -0.001 [-0.057, 0.068]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.041 [-0.018, 0.116] 0.013 [-0.047, 0.094] 0.041 [-0.044, 0.126] 0.027 [-0.044, 0.102] 0.036 [-0.043, 0.113] 0.040 [-0.059, 0.109]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.031 [-0.073, 0.007] -0.033 [-0.077, 0.021] -0.029 [-0.069, 0.008] -0.032 [-0.082, 0.011] -0.031 [-0.079, 0.010] -0.025 [-0.065, 0.012]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.048 [-0.093, -0.014] -0.056 [-0.100, -0.019] -0.053 [-0.095, -0.018] -0.053 [-0.097, -0.017] -0.056 [-0.105, -0.017] -0.052 [-0.101, -0.020]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.006 [-0.069, 0.046] -0.002 [-0.069, 0.066] -0.020 [-0.084, 0.059] -0.009 [-0.068, 0.048] -0.002 [-0.065, 0.064] -0.001 [-0.062, 0.063]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.001 [-0.062, 0.056] -0.015 [-0.087, 0.058] 0.005 [-0.066, 0.080] 0.005 [-0.063, 0.080] 0.010 [-0.061, 0.090] -0.003 [-0.086, 0.070]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.074 [0.011, 0.159] 0.075 [-0.003, 0.163] 0.076 [0.007, 0.160] 0.083 [0.000, 0.168] 0.078 [0.001, 0.162] 0.067 [0.006, 0.151]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.064 [-0.026, 0.173] 0.101 [-0.005, 0.235] 0.081 [-0.025, 0.195] 0.074 [-0.022, 0.189] 0.080 [-0.020, 0.210] 0.079 [-0.015, 0.196]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.061 [-0.190, 0.068] -0.062 [-0.199, 0.079] -0.070 [-0.189, 0.092] -0.068 [-0.185, 0.067] -0.076 [-0.200, 0.067] -0.044 [-0.167, 0.098]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.029 [-0.133, 0.064] -0.031 [-0.156, 0.084] -0.017 [-0.136, 0.092] -0.001 [-0.104, 0.113] -0.024 [-0.136, 0.099] -0.030 [-0.151, 0.076]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.081, 0.155] 0.088 [-0.040, 0.229] 0.043 [-0.061, 0.212] 0.050 [-0.063, 0.202] 0.049 [-0.087, 0.191] 0.082 [-0.046, 0.240]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.093 [-0.261, 0.050] -0.152 [-0.375, 0.052] -0.149 [-0.334, 0.043] -0.172 [-0.375, 0.011] -0.161 [-0.375, 0.026] -0.132 [-0.327, 0.047]
Intercept well-being 1.501 [1.467, 1.535] 1.494 [1.459, 1.529] 1.494 [1.460, 1.530] 1.495 [1.460, 1.530] 1.494 [1.461, 1.527] 1.494 [1.459, 1.528]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.226 [0.203, 0.252] 0.209 [0.186, 0.235] 0.210 [0.187, 0.236] 0.207 [0.185, 0.233] 0.178 [0.158, 0.201] 0.211 [0.188, 0.237]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.037 [0.022, 0.053] 0.034 [0.022, 0.050] 0.035 [0.021, 0.052] 0.035 [0.022, 0.051] 0.035 [0.020, 0.052] 0.036 [0.023, 0.053]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.033 [0.017, 0.051] 0.036 [0.019, 0.059] 0.039 [0.020, 0.063] 0.035 [0.017, 0.056] 0.036 [0.019, 0.059] 0.037 [0.019, 0.061]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.059 [0.038, 0.081] 0.064 [0.045, 0.090] 0.062 [0.041, 0.087] 0.062 [0.043, 0.086] 0.063 [0.043, 0.087] 0.062 [0.042, 0.086]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.049 [0.029, 0.076] 0.051 [0.029, 0.080] 0.050 [0.028, 0.080] 0.050 [0.027, 0.078] 0.053 [0.030, 0.082] 0.050 [0.026, 0.082]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.184 [0.102, 0.288] 0.203 [0.114, 0.320] 0.185 [0.106, 0.316] 0.197 [0.116, 0.309] 0.196 [0.111, 0.309] 0.177 [0.093, 0.288]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.138 [0.062, 0.256] 0.161 [0.081, 0.271] 0.143 [0.064, 0.249] 0.151 [0.063, 0.261] 0.158 [0.069, 0.276] 0.151 [0.067, 0.284]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.367 [0.184, 0.642] 0.416 [0.200, 0.729] 0.354 [0.166, 0.689] 0.347 [0.173, 0.663] 0.375 [0.189, 0.686] 0.340 [0.145, 0.640]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.342 [0.162, 0.716] 0.387 [0.183, 0.798] 0.401 [0.147, 0.772] 0.394 [0.189, 0.742] 0.398 [0.199, 0.768] 0.456 [0.216, 0.883]
R2 between 0.004 [0.000, 0.013] 0.003 [0.000, 0.010] 0.004 [0.000, 0.014] 0.080 [0.054, 0.110] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.009 [0.000, 0.041] 0.011 [0.000, 0.050] 0.006 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.005 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.003 [0.000, 0.025]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.032] 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] 0.001 [0.000, 0.016] 0.005 [0.000, 0.032] 0.004 [0.000, 0.029]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.019 [0.000, 0.080] 0.005 [0.000, 0.039] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.005 [0.000, 0.040] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.028] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.015 [0.000, 0.086] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.011 [0.000, 0.077] 0.003 [0.000, 0.037]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.012 [0.000, 0.075] 0.005 [0.000, 0.047] 0.009 [0.000, 0.080] 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] 0.005 [0.000, 0.056]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.021 [0.000, 0.117] 0.008 [0.000, 0.075] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] 0.015 [0.000, 0.103]
Number of participants 855 756 751 755 755 753
Number of observations 21,353 19,341 19,278 19,337 19,329 19,287

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on sadness in S3 reference category: FtF interactions with close peers. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Well-Being / Affect Balance
Table S4.52
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.417 [-.440, -.393] -.406 [-.430, -.382] -.398 [-.423, -.372] -.393 [-.418, -.368] -.395 [-.419, -.370] -.402 [-.428, -.375]
Mixed WP -.039 [-.068, -.010] -.034 [-.064, -.004] -.041 [-.072, -.010] -.038 [-.067, -.008] -.051 [-.081, -.021] -.043 [-.073, -.012]
Family WP -.088 [-.122, -.053] -.107 [-.146, -.068] -.085 [-.125, -.046] -.100 [-.139, -.061] -.111 [-.152, -.071] -.091 [-.130, -.052]
Weak ties WP -.312 [-.341, -.282] -.314 [-.347, -.282] -.319 [-.349, -.288] -.320 [-.349, -.290] -.312 [-.343, -.281] -.313 [-.344, -.282]
CMC * Family WP .047 [-.030, .123] .051 [-.030, .133] .034 [-.053, .120] .031 [-.056, .117] .043 [-.047, .132] .039 [-.046, .125]
CMC * Weak ties WP .278 [.201, .354] .246 [.172, .320] .263 [.188, .338] .255 [.184, .326] .258 [.185, .330] .269 [.197, .341]
Mixed * Family WP .113 [-.006, .233] .072 [-.059, .202] .068 [-.091, .228] .080 [-.068, .227] .038 [-.108, .185] .019 [-.121, .160]
Mixed * Weak ties WP .058 [-.036, .152] .101 [-.008, .210] .096 [.005, .186] .071 [-.031, .173] .036 [-.069, .141] .115 [.021, .209]
Personality trait .140 [.111, .169] .135 [.107, .164] .128 [.099, .156] -.323 [-.350, -.296] .012 [-.017, .041]
Personality trait * CMC WP .021 [-.032, .074] .014 [-.039, .067] .071 [.018, .123] -.119 [-.174, -.064] -.029 [-.082, .024]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.040 [-.116, .036] .005 [-.071, .081] .000 [-.079, .079] .026 [-.053, .104] .005 [-.072, .083]
Personality trait * Family WP .058 [-.009, .125] .043 [-.023, .108] .027 [-.037, .091] -.031 [-.097, .035] -.042 [-.108, .024]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .011 [-.057, .078] .076 [.007, .144] .046 [-.020, .113] -.052 [-.117, .014] .024 [-.042, .091]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.005 [-.085, .075] -.055 [-.134, .023] -.033 [-.111, .046] .022 [-.057, .101] .051 [-.031, .133]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP .037 [-.051, .125] .023 [-.062, .109] .015 [-.068, .097] -.001 [-.087, .085] .038 [-.047, .124]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP .051 [-.060, .163] -.037 [-.151, .077] -.092 [-.207, .024] .010 [-.099, .119] .030 [-.089, .149]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -.051 [-.179, .078] .102 [-.026, .231] .035 [-.088, .158] -.027 [-.151, .097] -.016 [-.147, .114]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Content / Happy
Table S4.53
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.311 [-.335, -.287] -.310 [-.335, -.285] -.309 [-.334, -.283] -.310 [-.335, -.285] -.310 [-.333, -.286] -.313 [-.338, -.288]
Mixed WP -.010 [-.040, .020] -.010 [-.043, .022] -.015 [-.046, .017] -.011 [-.042, .021] -.026 [-.054, .003] -.017 [-.049, .015]
Family WP -.046 [-.080, -.012] -.081 [-.120, -.042] -.085 [-.125, -.046] -.077 [-.116, -.039] -.070 [-.107, -.033] -.071 [-.110, -.032]
Weak ties WP -.373 [-.404, -.342] -.374 [-.409, -.339] -.379 [-.415, -.344] -.375 [-.407, -.343] -.384 [-.416, -.351] -.375 [-.407, -.342]
CMC * Family WP .067 [-.004, .138] .061 [-.018, .140] .058 [-.027, .142] .060 [-.025, .145] .037 [-.048, .121] .066 [-.018, .149]
CMC * Weak ties WP .272 [.194, .350] .240 [.166, .314] .245 [.169, .321] .245 [.169, .320] .244 [.171, .317] .257 [.181, .334]
Mixed * Family WP .052 [-.066, .170] .036 [-.094, .166] -.017 [-.162, .128] .020 [-.119, .160] -.009 [-.154, .136] -.011 [-.149, .126]
Mixed * Weak ties WP .067 [-.035, .170] .094 [-.017, .204] .068 [-.036, .173] .060 [-.056, .177] .021 [-.084, .125] .064 [-.054, .182]
Personality trait .196 [.168, .225] .136 [.107, .164] .112 [.084, .141] -.260 [-.288, -.232] .036 [.007, .066]
Personality trait * CMC WP .034 [-.021, .090] -.032 [-.088, .024] .050 [-.006, .105] -.090 [-.147, -.034] -.039 [-.095, .017]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.053 [-.134, .029] -.012 [-.094, .070] -.021 [-.103, .061] .064 [-.020, .148] -.024 [-.107, .058]
Personality trait * Family WP .064 [-.001, .128] .022 [-.042, .086] .027 [-.036, .089] -.024 [-.089, .041] -.018 [-.081, .046]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .023 [-.045, .090] .053 [-.016, .122] .052 [-.014, .118] -.040 [-.106, .025] .023 [-.043, .089]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.008 [-.093, .076] -.049 [-.134, .037] -.028 [-.112, .055] .036 [-.048, .121] .048 [-.042, .138]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP .078 [-.021, .177] .027 [-.069, .123] .020 [-.072, .113] .023 [-.076, .121] .029 [-.065, .124]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP .065 [-.067, .198] -.071 [-.203, .061] -.030 [-.168, .108] -.040 [-.169, .088] .057 [-.087, .201]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -.051 [-.174, .072] .073 [-.048, .194] .039 [-.082, .160] .017 [-.109, .143] -.038 [-.159, .084]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on contentment and happiness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Stressed
Table S4.54
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP .219 [.196, .242] .213 [.188, .238] .211 [.187, .234] .213 [.188, .237] .213 [.188, .238] .212 [.186, .237]
Mixed WP .074 [.042, .106] .073 [.042, .104] .073 [.042, .103] .073 [.044, .102] .075 [.043, .106] .072 [.041, .102]
Family WP .021 [-.011, .053] .041 [.006, .077] .037 [.002, .072] .039 [.004, .074] .040 [.005, .076] .027 [-.008, .063]
Weak ties WP .195 [.164, .225] .200 [.165, .235] .200 [.166, .234] .186 [.152, .220] .206 [.175, .237] .195 [.162, .229]
CMC * Family WP -.003 [-.078, .073] .014 [-.068, .096] .030 [-.050, .110] .002 [-.077, .081] .020 [-.066, .106] -.025 [-.103, .053]
CMC * Weak ties WP -.136 [-.207, -.065] -.109 [-.189, -.029] -.103 [-.189, -.017] -.106 [-.184, -.028] -.113 [-.188, -.037] -.105 [-.180, -.030]
Mixed * Family WP -.052 [-.207, .103] -.007 [-.151, .136] -.006 [-.136, .124] -.038 [-.175, .100] -.037 [-.174, .101] -.019 [-.156, .119]
Mixed * Weak ties WP .017 [-.092, .126] .057 [-.066, .181] .081 [-.032, .193] .056 [-.061, .174] .020 [-.081, .122] .035 [-.093, .163]
Personality trait -.036 [-.065, -.007] -.084 [-.113, -.055] -.074 [-.103, -.045] .266 [.238, .293] -.009 [-.038, .020]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.010 [-.074, .055] -.053 [-.118, .012] -.026 [-.090, .038] .046 [-.019, .111] .006 [-.059, .070]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .023 [-.060, .106] -.069 [-.151, .014] -.021 [-.103, .060] .012 [-.071, .095] -.040 [-.119, .040]
Personality trait * Family WP -.005 [-.084, .073] -.048 [-.125, .028] -.047 [-.121, .028] .023 [-.056, .101] .104 [.021, .187]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .031 [-.040, .102] -.051 [-.124, .023] -.001 [-.071, .069] .040 [-.029, .109] -.025 [-.096, .046]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.005 [-.101, .091] .062 [-.039, .163] .038 [-.062, .137] -.006 [-.105, .093] -.038 [-.145, .069]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -.019 [-.114, .077] -.007 [-.104, .090] .021 [-.074, .116] -.006 [-.099, .086] -.038 [-.132, .056]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -.058 [-.170, .054] .032 [-.088, .151] .089 [-.035, .213] -.014 [-.133, .106] .006 [-.122, .135]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -.013 [-.139, .113] -.046 [-.167, .075] .003 [-.122, .129] .061 [-.068, .191] .032 [-.097, .161]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on stress (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Lonely
Table S4.55
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP .474 [.450, .498] .462 [.437, .488] .459 [.433, .485] .465 [.439, .491] .462 [.436, .487] .459 [.434, .485]
Mixed WP .045 [.014, .075] .039 [.009, .070] .038 [.009, .067] .045 [.015, .076] .046 [.014, .079] .035 [.005, .064]
Family WP .082 [.048, .116] .082 [.043, .121] .083 [.046, .120] .086 [.048, .124] .088 [.051, .125] .079 [.040, .118]
Weak ties WP .094 [.063, .125] .093 [.058, .129] .096 [.063, .129] .096 [.062, .131] .091 [.059, .124] .093 [.060, .125]
CMC * Family WP -.034 [-.116, .047] -.028 [-.115, .060] -.028 [-.116, .059] -.037 [-.123, .050] -.023 [-.109, .062] -.041 [-.133, .052]
CMC * Weak ties WP -.230 [-.311, -.150] -.217 [-.301, -.133] -.227 [-.306, -.149] -.215 [-.300, -.129] -.194 [-.267, -.121] -.206 [-.284, -.128]
Mixed * Family WP -.111 [-.251, .028] -.079 [-.237, .078] -.082 [-.231, .067] -.110 [-.284, .063] -.032 [-.191, .128] -.050 [-.203, .104]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -.116 [-.221, -.011] -.146 [-.247, -.045] -.144 [-.260, -.027] -.132 [-.246, -.018] -.194 [-.304, -.085] -.145 [-.261, -.028]
Personality trait -.058 [-.087, -.029] -.072 [-.101, -.044] -.087 [-.116, -.058] .215 [.187, .243] .028 [-.001, .057]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.011 [-.055, .033] -.024 [-.068, .021] -.090 [-.134, -.047] .140 [.096, .185] -.019 [-.063, .025]
Personality trait * Mixed WP .079 [-.009, .166] .017 [-.074, .108] -.016 [-.109, .077] .004 [-.084, .093] -.026 [-.116, .063]
Personality trait * Family WP -.011 [-.079, .056] -.060 [-.127, .006] -.071 [-.135, -.007] .031 [-.035, .097] .052 [-.016, .119]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.030 [-.091, .032] -.058 [-.121, .005] -.059 [-.121, .003] .065 [.003, .127] .006 [-.056, .067]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.017 [-.095, .060] .049 [-.031, .129] .060 [-.017, .137] -.047 [-.125, .030] -.047 [-.125, .031]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP .030 [-.045, .105] .009 [-.066, .083] -.042 [-.115, .031] -.034 [-.108, .041] -.022 [-.096, .052]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -.001 [-.105, .103] .047 [-.065, .159] .143 [.032, .254] -.065 [-.177, .048] .010 [-.106, .126]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP .065 [-.070, .200] -.102 [-.234, .030] -.054 [-.188, .080] .025 [-.111, .161] -.065 [-.199, .069]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on loneliness (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers). Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

S5: Demographic Control Variables

Unstandardized Models

Analysis 1a

Table S5.1
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Social interaction WP 0.151 [0.132, 0.169] 0.150 [0.129, 0.170] 0.155 [0.134, 0.174] 0.152 [0.131, 0.171] 0.151 [0.131, 0.170] 0.152 [0.131, 0.171]
Weekend WP 0.101 [0.088, 0.113] 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] 0.102 [0.088, 0.115] 0.102 [0.088, 0.115]
Social interaction WP variance 0.148 [0.146, 0.150] 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] 0.150 [0.148, 0.152] 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] 0.150 [0.147, 0.152] 0.150 [0.147, 0.152]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.248 [0.244, 0.252] 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] 0.245 [0.241, 0.249] 0.245 [0.241, 0.249]
R2 within 0.033 [0.029, 0.038] 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] 0.035 [0.031, 0.040] 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] 0.035 [0.030, 0.040] 0.035 [0.030, 0.040]
Social interaction BP 0.044 [-0.157, 0.245] -0.074 [-0.292, 0.145] -0.004 [-0.212, 0.202] 0.061 [-0.147, 0.269] -0.006 [-0.197, 0.185] 0.075 [-0.136, 0.287]
Personality trait 0.090 [0.050, 0.132] 0.148 [0.095, 0.201] 0.118 [0.067, 0.169] -0.259 [-0.298, -0.218] 0.006 [-0.048, 0.060]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.015 [-0.040, 0.009] 0.060 [0.028, 0.093] -0.003 [-0.034, 0.028] 0.044 [0.018, 0.069] 0.008 [-0.024, 0.040]
Gender 0.003 [-0.061, 0.066] -0.021 [-0.089, 0.045] -0.035 [-0.101, 0.031] -0.029 [-0.096, 0.038] 0.057 [-0.006, 0.121] -0.018 [-0.087, 0.049]
Ethnicity -0.068 [-0.133, -0.004] -0.069 [-0.136, -0.001] -0.061 [-0.127, 0.006] -0.047 [-0.115, 0.022] -0.074 [-0.136, -0.012] -0.079 [-0.147, -0.011]
SES -0.017 [-0.105, 0.070] -0.024 [-0.116, 0.069] -0.006 [-0.098, 0.085] -0.011 [-0.103, 0.082] -0.014 [-0.101, 0.072] -0.016 [-0.110, 0.078]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.021 [-0.030, -0.013] -0.022 [-0.031, -0.013] -0.026 [-0.036, -0.017] -0.022 [-0.032, -0.013] -0.017 [-0.025, -0.009] -0.023 [-0.032, -0.014]
Social interaction BP mean 0.779 [0.767, 0.791] 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] 0.773 [0.761, 0.786] 0.774 [0.761, 0.786] 0.773 [0.761, 0.786]
Intercept well-being 2.976 [2.797, 3.150] 3.099 [2.903, 3.290] 3.035 [2.847, 3.216] 2.974 [2.785, 3.157] 2.991 [2.818, 3.159] 2.982 [2.791, 3.168]
Social interaction BP variance 0.028 [0.026, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.207 [0.188, 0.229] 0.198 [0.179, 0.220] 0.195 [0.176, 0.216] 0.198 [0.179, 0.219] 0.167 [0.150, 0.185] 0.203 [0.184, 0.225]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.025 [0.019, 0.032] 0.026 [0.019, 0.034] 0.025 [0.018, 0.033] 0.026 [0.019, 0.034] 0.025 [0.018, 0.033] 0.026 [0.019, 0.034]
R2 between 0.005 [0.001, 0.015] 0.021 [0.009, 0.041] 0.027 [0.013, 0.045] 0.019 [0.009, 0.036] 0.112 [0.083, 0.145] 0.008 [0.002, 0.021]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.021] 0.027 [0.006, 0.063] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.021 [0.004, 0.055] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
Number of participants 941 794 794 794 794 794
Number of observations 33,070 28,889 28,889 28,889 28,889 28,889
Study 2
Social interaction WP 0.155 [0.128, 0.184] 0.162 [0.129, 0.196] 0.161 [0.129, 0.194] 0.160 [0.128, 0.193] 0.159 [0.127, 0.192] 0.160 [0.128, 0.194]
Weekend WP 0.148 [0.128, 0.167] 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] 0.141 [0.119, 0.163] 0.141 [0.119, 0.163]
Social interaction WP variance 0.151 [0.148, 0.155] 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] 0.157 [0.153, 0.161] 0.157 [0.153, 0.161]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.264 [0.258, 0.271] 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] 0.260 [0.253, 0.267] 0.260 [0.253, 0.267]
R2 within 0.038 [0.030, 0.045] 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] 0.040 [0.033, 0.049] 0.040 [0.033, 0.049]
Social interaction BP -0.095 [-0.367, 0.172] -0.027 [-0.341, 0.297] -0.011 [-0.305, 0.288] 0.024 [-0.267, 0.322] -0.053 [-0.332, 0.233] 0.004 [-0.296, 0.309]
Personality trait 0.019 [-0.043, 0.081] 0.118 [0.043, 0.194] 0.141 [0.065, 0.216] -0.217 [-0.280, -0.156] 0.040 [-0.042, 0.120]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.010 [-0.030, 0.048] 0.025 [-0.026, 0.079] 0.001 [-0.049, 0.053] 0.049 [0.008, 0.094] -0.003 [-0.055, 0.050]
Gender -0.025 [-0.115, 0.063] -0.063 [-0.165, 0.040] -0.085 [-0.187, 0.017] -0.090 [-0.192, 0.012] 0.019 [-0.079, 0.118] -0.058 [-0.160, 0.047]
Ethnicity -0.096 [-0.190, 0.000] -0.066 [-0.172, 0.037] -0.060 [-0.164, 0.040] -0.054 [-0.157, 0.046] -0.018 [-0.118, 0.079] -0.066 [-0.171, 0.036]
SES -0.066 [-0.200, 0.067] -0.028 [-0.171, 0.120] -0.023 [-0.162, 0.122] -0.007 [-0.147, 0.137] -0.024 [-0.157, 0.113] -0.025 [-0.167, 0.123]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.019 [-0.031, -0.006] -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004] -0.017 [-0.031, -0.005] -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004] -0.010 [-0.023, 0.002] -0.016 [-0.030, -0.004]
Social interaction BP mean 0.765 [0.746, 0.783] 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] 0.754 [0.732, 0.776] 0.754 [0.732, 0.776]
Intercept well-being 3.113 [2.862, 3.366] 3.069 [2.797, 3.340] 3.063 [2.802, 3.321] 3.022 [2.761, 3.280] 3.001 [2.752, 3.246] 3.040 [2.774, 3.303]
Social interaction BP variance 0.031 [0.027, 0.037] 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] 0.031 [0.026, 0.038] 0.031 [0.026, 0.038]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.190 [0.164, 0.220] 0.171 [0.144, 0.204] 0.165 [0.139, 0.197] 0.163 [0.138, 0.195] 0.146 [0.123, 0.175] 0.171 [0.144, 0.203]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.019 [0.010, 0.030] 0.021 [0.012, 0.035] 0.021 [0.012, 0.034] 0.021 [0.012, 0.035] 0.020 [0.011, 0.033] 0.022 [0.012, 0.035]
R2 between 0.014 [0.003, 0.038] 0.016 [0.004, 0.045] 0.032 [0.010, 0.066] 0.039 [0.014, 0.077] 0.095 [0.053, 0.147] 0.016 [0.004, 0.043]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.006 [0.000, 0.055] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.034 [0.001, 0.126] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032]
Number of participants 425 311 311 311 311 311
Number of observations 13,215 10,349 10,349 10,349 10,349 10,349
Study 3
Social interaction WP 0.347 [0.321, 0.374] 0.350 [0.323, 0.377] 0.351 [0.324, 0.378] 0.351 [0.323, 0.378] 0.350 [0.322, 0.377] 0.350 [0.323, 0.378]
Weekend WP 0.266 [0.248, 0.283] 0.273 [0.254, 0.291] 0.274 [0.256, 0.293] 0.273 [0.255, 0.291] 0.273 [0.254, 0.292] 0.272 [0.253, 0.290]
Social interaction WP variance 0.199 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.198, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.200 [0.197, 0.202] 0.199 [0.197, 0.202]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.964 [0.954, 0.975] 0.972 [0.961, 0.984] 0.972 [0.961, 0.984] 0.974 [0.963, 0.986] 0.973 [0.962, 0.984] 0.969 [0.958, 0.981]
R2 within 0.050 [0.046, 0.053] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.047, 0.054] 0.050 [0.046, 0.053]
Social interaction BP 1.002 [0.730, 1.272] 0.783 [0.508, 1.053] 0.957 [0.679, 1.230] 1.023 [0.752, 1.304] 0.935 [0.690, 1.178] 1.037 [0.764, 1.315]
Personality trait 0.335 [0.257, 0.412] 0.244 [0.143, 0.341] 0.211 [0.120, 0.301] -0.506 [-0.572, -0.439] 0.021 [-0.069, 0.110]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -0.001 [-0.038, 0.037] -0.012 [-0.060, 0.036] -0.038 [-0.079, 0.005] 0.014 [-0.020, 0.048] 0.006 [-0.038, 0.049]
Gender -0.227 [-0.347, -0.101] -0.234 [-0.355, -0.108] -0.283 [-0.406, -0.155] -0.294 [-0.422, -0.165] -0.014 [-0.132, 0.106] -0.285 [-0.413, -0.158]
Ethnicity -0.095 [-0.217, 0.031] -0.061 [-0.179, 0.059] -0.108 [-0.230, 0.017] -0.079 [-0.206, 0.044] -0.047 [-0.156, 0.065] -0.120 [-0.246, 0.009]
SES -0.056 [-0.205, 0.094] -0.054 [-0.201, 0.092] -0.037 [-0.190, 0.113] -0.043 [-0.195, 0.109] -0.076 [-0.211, 0.057] -0.034 [-0.189, 0.121]
Well-being - Social interaction WP covariance -0.053 [-0.075, -0.031] -0.045 [-0.066, -0.024] -0.045 [-0.068, -0.024] -0.042 [-0.064, -0.021] -0.041 [-0.061, -0.022] -0.048 [-0.071, -0.026]
Social interaction BP mean 0.479 [0.463, 0.494] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.484 [0.467, 0.500] 0.483 [0.467, 0.500] 0.483 [0.467, 0.499] 0.483 [0.467, 0.500]
Intercept well-being 0.695 [0.471, 0.921] 0.775 [0.547, 1.001] 0.740 [0.509, 0.971] 0.702 [0.477, 0.928] 0.552 [0.355, 0.761] 0.708 [0.471, 0.943]
Social interaction BP variance 0.049 [0.045, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.049 [0.044, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055] 0.050 [0.045, 0.055]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.685 [0.620, 0.757] 0.573 [0.516, 0.637] 0.613 [0.554, 0.680] 0.608 [0.547, 0.675] 0.480 [0.430, 0.534] 0.628 [0.568, 0.699]
Slope Social interaction WP residual variance 0.075 [0.062, 0.089] 0.073 [0.059, 0.088] 0.072 [0.059, 0.088] 0.072 [0.059, 0.087] 0.073 [0.059, 0.089] 0.072 [0.059, 0.088]
R2 between 0.077 [0.044, 0.118] 0.106 [0.073, 0.145] 0.098 [0.062, 0.141] 0.107 [0.067, 0.154] 0.210 [0.168, 0.256] 0.094 [0.056, 0.140]
R2 Social interaction WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.007] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.004 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
Number of participants 852 754 749 753 753 751
Number of observations 64,632 58,223 57,976 58,217 58,201 58,117

Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 1b

Table S5.2
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
FtF WP 0.211 [0.190, 0.232] 0.210 [0.187, 0.233] 0.215 [0.192, 0.238] 0.212 [0.189, 0.235] 0.211 [0.189, 0.234] 0.212 [0.190, 0.236]
CMC WP 0.015 [-0.005, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.009, 0.039] 0.020 [-0.004, 0.043] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.040] 0.017 [-0.007, 0.040] 0.018 [-0.006, 0.041]
Mixed WP 0.206 [0.182, 0.230] 0.205 [0.178, 0.231] 0.209 [0.183, 0.235] 0.206 [0.180, 0.232] 0.204 [0.179, 0.230] 0.206 [0.180, 0.232]
Weekend WP 0.091 [0.079, 0.104] 0.092 [0.079, 0.106] 0.092 [0.079, 0.105] 0.092 [0.079, 0.105] 0.092 [0.079, 0.106] 0.092 [0.079, 0.106]
FtF WP variance 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] 0.192 [0.189, 0.195] 0.192 [0.189, 0.195]
CMC WP variance 0.162 [0.160, 0.165] 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] 0.163 [0.160, 0.166] 0.163 [0.160, 0.166]
Mixed WP variance 0.137 [0.135, 0.139] 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] 0.137 [0.134, 0.139] 0.137 [0.134, 0.139]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.237 [0.233, 0.241] 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] 0.234 [0.230, 0.238] 0.234 [0.230, 0.238]
R2 within 0.114 [0.105, 0.125] 0.113 [0.102, 0.124] 0.114 [0.103, 0.126] 0.113 [0.102, 0.125] 0.113 [0.102, 0.124] 0.113 [0.102, 0.125]
FtF BP 0.167 [-0.125, 0.464] 0.010 [-0.328, 0.344] 0.137 [-0.179, 0.453] 0.211 [-0.106, 0.528] 0.051 [-0.249, 0.348] 0.208 [-0.117, 0.529]
CMC BP -0.246 [-0.520, 0.021] -0.307 [-0.610, -0.002] -0.217 [-0.507, 0.075] -0.188 [-0.482, 0.104] -0.214 [-0.487, 0.057] -0.181 [-0.478, 0.117]
Mixed BP 0.304 [0.071, 0.538] 0.146 [-0.118, 0.407] 0.188 [-0.060, 0.437] 0.272 [0.024, 0.521] 0.179 [-0.055, 0.412] 0.296 [0.043, 0.549]
Personality trait 0.083 [0.042, 0.124] 0.144 [0.093, 0.196] 0.117 [0.067, 0.168] -0.253 [-0.292, -0.214] 0.012 [-0.040, 0.065]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.023 [-0.051, 0.005] 0.063 [0.025, 0.099] -0.009 [-0.043, 0.028] 0.055 [0.025, 0.084] 0.017 [-0.021, 0.056]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.010 [-0.038, 0.019] 0.051 [0.013, 0.090] 0.012 [-0.025, 0.048] 0.027 [-0.002, 0.058] 0.015 [-0.024, 0.054]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.026 [-0.060, 0.006] 0.044 [0.000, 0.088] -0.009 [-0.050, 0.035] 0.072 [0.038, 0.107] 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052]
Gender 0.003 [-0.059, 0.065] -0.023 [-0.092, 0.045] -0.035 [-0.103, 0.032] -0.030 [-0.098, 0.039] 0.052 [-0.012, 0.116] -0.020 [-0.088, 0.049]
Ethnicity -0.062 [-0.125, 0.001] -0.064 [-0.129, 0.006] -0.056 [-0.121, 0.012] -0.041 [-0.107, 0.029] -0.068 [-0.129, -0.005] -0.072 [-0.138, -0.003]
SES -0.018 [-0.105, 0.069] -0.022 [-0.115, 0.069] -0.005 [-0.096, 0.083] -0.009 [-0.102, 0.082] -0.012 [-0.097, 0.073] -0.015 [-0.109, 0.077]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.027 [-0.037, -0.017] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017] -0.033 [-0.044, -0.022] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.018] -0.022 [-0.032, -0.012] -0.029 [-0.041, -0.019]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.009 [-0.019, 0.001] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.001] -0.015 [-0.025, -0.005] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.002] -0.008 [-0.018, 0.001] -0.012 [-0.022, -0.001]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] -0.030 [-0.042, -0.018] -0.026 [-0.039, -0.014] -0.017 [-0.029, -0.006] -0.027 [-0.040, -0.015]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.013 [0.007, 0.021] 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] 0.012 [0.005, 0.020] 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] 0.012 [0.005, 0.020]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.033 [0.025, 0.042] 0.033 [0.024, 0.043] 0.032 [0.023, 0.042] 0.033 [0.025, 0.043] 0.031 [0.023, 0.041] 0.033 [0.025, 0.043]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.026 [0.018, 0.035] 0.023 [0.014, 0.033] 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] 0.023 [0.015, 0.033] 0.022 [0.014, 0.032] 0.023 [0.014, 0.033]
FtF BP mean 0.321 [0.309, 0.332] 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] 0.318 [0.306, 0.330] 0.318 [0.306, 0.331] 0.318 [0.306, 0.331]
CMC BP mean 0.248 [0.237, 0.259] 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] 0.246 [0.234, 0.257] 0.246 [0.234, 0.257]
Mixed BP mean 0.208 [0.196, 0.219] 0.208 [0.195, 0.221] 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] 0.208 [0.195, 0.220] 0.208 [0.195, 0.220]
Intercept well-being 2.953 [2.759, 3.151] 3.081 [2.861, 3.301] 2.998 [2.791, 3.204] 2.939 [2.731, 3.144] 2.984 [2.792, 3.179] 2.952 [2.740, 3.159]
FtF BP variance 0.025 [0.023, 0.028] 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] 0.024 [0.021, 0.027] 0.024 [0.021, 0.027]
CMC BP variance 0.023 [0.021, 0.026] 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] 0.022 [0.020, 0.025] 0.022 [0.020, 0.025]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032] 0.028 [0.025, 0.032]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.202 [0.184, 0.224] 0.195 [0.176, 0.216] 0.192 [0.173, 0.213] 0.194 [0.176, 0.216] 0.164 [0.149, 0.183] 0.200 [0.180, 0.222]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.037 [0.029, 0.047] 0.038 [0.029, 0.048] 0.037 [0.028, 0.047] 0.038 [0.029, 0.049] 0.037 [0.028, 0.047] 0.038 [0.029, 0.049]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.028 [0.019, 0.038] 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.024 [0.015, 0.034] 0.023 [0.014, 0.034] 0.024 [0.014, 0.034]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.050 [0.038, 0.064] 0.048 [0.036, 0.063] 0.047 [0.035, 0.062] 0.049 [0.036, 0.063] 0.046 [0.034, 0.060] 0.049 [0.037, 0.063]
R2 between 0.031 [0.012, 0.065] 0.036 [0.017, 0.074] 0.043 [0.022, 0.076] 0.042 [0.020, 0.083] 0.123 [0.091, 0.160] 0.031 [0.011, 0.073]
R2 FtF WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.023] 0.019 [0.003, 0.050] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.023 [0.005, 0.054] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.021 [0.001, 0.065] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.009 [0.000, 0.043] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023]
R2 Mixed WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.025] 0.008 [0.000, 0.030] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.031 [0.009, 0.070] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
Number of participants 941 794 794 794 794 794
Number of observations 32,853 28,725 28,725 28,725 28,725 28,725
Study 2
FtF WP 0.235 [0.203, 0.267] 0.238 [0.202, 0.276] 0.237 [0.201, 0.274] 0.238 [0.202, 0.275] 0.235 [0.200, 0.272] 0.238 [0.202, 0.275]
CMC WP 0.022 [-0.008, 0.053] 0.032 [-0.005, 0.069] 0.031 [-0.007, 0.067] 0.031 [-0.006, 0.067] 0.030 [-0.008, 0.066] 0.030 [-0.007, 0.066]
Mixed WP 0.207 [0.167, 0.248] 0.198 [0.153, 0.244] 0.197 [0.152, 0.242] 0.195 [0.150, 0.241] 0.195 [0.151, 0.241] 0.198 [0.152, 0.243]
Weekend WP 0.133 [0.114, 0.153] 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] 0.129 [0.107, 0.151] 0.129 [0.107, 0.152] 0.130 [0.108, 0.152]
FtF WP variance 0.192 [0.188, 0.197] 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] 0.196 [0.191, 0.202] 0.196 [0.191, 0.202]
CMC WP variance 0.163 [0.159, 0.167] 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] 0.165 [0.160, 0.169] 0.165 [0.160, 0.169]
Mixed WP variance 0.120 [0.117, 0.123] 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] 0.121 [0.118, 0.124] 0.121 [0.117, 0.124]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.251 [0.244, 0.257] 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] 0.249 [0.242, 0.256] 0.249 [0.242, 0.256]
R2 within 0.110 [0.095, 0.129] 0.114 [0.099, 0.132] 0.114 [0.099, 0.132] 0.114 [0.099, 0.131] 0.113 [0.098, 0.131] 0.114 [0.099, 0.131]
FtF BP 0.109 [-0.321, 0.556] 0.005 [-0.472, 0.497] -0.088 [-0.538, 0.366] -0.014 [-0.468, 0.443] -0.111 [-0.546, 0.329] 0.003 [-0.458, 0.466]
CMC BP -0.238 [-0.548, 0.066] -0.110 [-0.476, 0.264] -0.092 [-0.443, 0.263] -0.084 [-0.434, 0.275] -0.210 [-0.544, 0.133] -0.122 [-0.478, 0.239]
Mixed BP 0.263 [-0.077, 0.614] 0.227 [-0.173, 0.625] 0.192 [-0.186, 0.564] 0.234 [-0.144, 0.609] 0.221 [-0.140, 0.577] 0.243 [-0.139, 0.620]
Personality trait 0.010 [-0.049, 0.073] 0.111 [0.035, 0.188] 0.132 [0.058, 0.210] -0.220 [-0.282, -0.156] 0.046 [-0.035, 0.129]
Personality trait * FtF WP -0.001 [-0.046, 0.044] 0.038 [-0.020, 0.101] -0.038 [-0.096, 0.022] 0.070 [0.021, 0.119] 0.015 [-0.045, 0.075]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.025 [-0.021, 0.075] -0.027 [-0.088, 0.037] 0.012 [-0.051, 0.075] 0.012 [-0.036, 0.061] -0.035 [-0.096, 0.030]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.000 [-0.056, 0.056] 0.053 [-0.019, 0.126] 0.027 [-0.044, 0.103] 0.040 [-0.019, 0.102] 0.005 [-0.069, 0.082]
Gender -0.026 [-0.113, 0.062] -0.050 [-0.150, 0.050] -0.071 [-0.168, 0.027] -0.074 [-0.174, 0.025] 0.024 [-0.073, 0.121] -0.041 [-0.141, 0.060]
Ethnicity -0.096 [-0.186, -0.004] -0.080 [-0.182, 0.022] -0.070 [-0.168, 0.030] -0.066 [-0.165, 0.035] -0.028 [-0.123, 0.070] -0.075 [-0.175, 0.028]
SES -0.107 [-0.241, 0.026] -0.067 [-0.206, 0.074] -0.059 [-0.195, 0.078] -0.044 [-0.182, 0.095] -0.058 [-0.190, 0.074] -0.060 [-0.199, 0.080]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.032 [-0.048, -0.018] -0.032 [-0.049, -0.017] -0.034 [-0.051, -0.019] -0.030 [-0.046, -0.015] -0.023 [-0.038, -0.009] -0.033 [-0.049, -0.017]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.000 [-0.014, 0.013] 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] 0.006 [-0.008, 0.022] 0.004 [-0.010, 0.020] 0.006 [-0.007, 0.022] 0.005 [-0.009, 0.021]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.023 [-0.042, -0.005] -0.021 [-0.042, -0.001] -0.025 [-0.046, -0.005] -0.023 [-0.044, -0.004] -0.017 [-0.036, 0.001] -0.022 [-0.042, -0.002]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.002 [-0.006, 0.013] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021] 0.008 [-0.003, 0.021]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.031 [0.018, 0.047] 0.032 [0.018, 0.050] 0.032 [0.019, 0.050] 0.033 [0.019, 0.051] 0.031 [0.018, 0.049] 0.032 [0.019, 0.050]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.014 [0.003, 0.030] 0.021 [0.007, 0.040] 0.021 [0.007, 0.039] 0.020 [0.007, 0.039] 0.021 [0.007, 0.039] 0.021 [0.007, 0.039]
FtF BP mean 0.311 [0.294, 0.327] 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] 0.316 [0.298, 0.335] 0.316 [0.298, 0.335]
CMC BP mean 0.279 [0.259, 0.299] 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] 0.264 [0.243, 0.285] 0.264 [0.243, 0.285]
Mixed BP mean 0.173 [0.157, 0.189] 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] 0.172 [0.154, 0.190] 0.172 [0.154, 0.190]
Intercept well-being 3.071 [2.797, 3.337] 3.077 [2.787, 3.360] 3.107 [2.834, 3.379] 3.063 [2.786, 3.335] 3.052 [2.786, 3.314] 3.063 [2.783, 3.338]
FtF BP variance 0.022 [0.018, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026]
CMC BP variance 0.037 [0.031, 0.043] 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] 0.029 [0.024, 0.035] 0.029 [0.024, 0.035]
Mixed BP variance 0.023 [0.019, 0.027] 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] 0.021 [0.018, 0.026] 0.021 [0.017, 0.026] 0.021 [0.018, 0.026]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.185 [0.160, 0.216] 0.171 [0.143, 0.204] 0.165 [0.138, 0.197] 0.164 [0.137, 0.196] 0.145 [0.121, 0.173] 0.171 [0.143, 0.204]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.035 [0.022, 0.052] 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] 0.034 [0.021, 0.052] 0.032 [0.018, 0.049] 0.034 [0.021, 0.052]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.016 [0.007, 0.029] 0.023 [0.010, 0.042] 0.023 [0.010, 0.041] 0.023 [0.009, 0.041] 0.023 [0.010, 0.042] 0.022 [0.009, 0.040]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.048 [0.029, 0.072] 0.049 [0.029, 0.076] 0.050 [0.029, 0.077] 0.050 [0.029, 0.077] 0.049 [0.028, 0.076] 0.049 [0.029, 0.077]
R2 between 0.044 [0.015, 0.095] 0.036 [0.010, 0.094] 0.047 [0.016, 0.101] 0.054 [0.021, 0.109] 0.122 [0.068, 0.192] 0.036 [0.010, 0.091]
R2 FtF WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.026] 0.008 [0.000, 0.054] 0.008 [0.000, 0.053] 0.043 [0.004, 0.124] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031]
R2 CMC WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.080] 0.007 [0.000, 0.069] 0.004 [0.000, 0.054] 0.004 [0.000, 0.049] 0.010 [0.000, 0.088]
R2 Mixed WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.011 [0.000, 0.060] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.010 [0.000, 0.061] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
Number of participants 424 310 310 310 310 310
Number of observations 13,122 10,280 10,280 10,280 10,280 10,280
Study 3
FtF WP 0.444 [0.410, 0.477] 0.445 [0.410, 0.481] 0.444 [0.408, 0.480] 0.445 [0.410, 0.481] 0.444 [0.409, 0.480] 0.445 [0.409, 0.481]
CMC WP 0.171 [0.139, 0.204] 0.173 [0.140, 0.208] 0.179 [0.145, 0.213] 0.173 [0.140, 0.207] 0.174 [0.139, 0.208] 0.176 [0.142, 0.210]
Mixed WP 0.401 [0.361, 0.441] 0.412 [0.370, 0.452] 0.407 [0.364, 0.448] 0.410 [0.368, 0.450] 0.408 [0.367, 0.450] 0.407 [0.366, 0.449]
Weekend WP 0.243 [0.225, 0.260] 0.249 [0.230, 0.268] 0.251 [0.232, 0.269] 0.249 [0.231, 0.268] 0.249 [0.231, 0.268] 0.248 [0.230, 0.266]
FtF WP variance 0.144 [0.143, 0.146] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.146 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147] 0.145 [0.144, 0.147]
CMC WP variance 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.101] 0.099 [0.098, 0.100]
Mixed WP variance 0.091 [0.090, 0.092] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094] 0.093 [0.092, 0.094]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.946 [0.935, 0.957] 0.953 [0.942, 0.964] 0.953 [0.942, 0.965] 0.955 [0.944, 0.967] 0.954 [0.943, 0.965] 0.951 [0.939, 0.962]
R2 within 0.085 [0.080, 0.090] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091] 0.085 [0.079, 0.090] 0.085 [0.080, 0.091]
FtF BP 1.445 [0.977, 1.911] 1.164 [0.698, 1.612] 1.364 [0.901, 1.840] 1.454 [0.989, 1.915] 1.187 [0.767, 1.609] 1.455 [0.984, 1.923]
CMC BP 0.403 [-0.142, 0.948] 0.327 [-0.238, 0.872] 0.328 [-0.261, 0.914] 0.388 [-0.176, 0.958] 0.629 [0.124, 1.138] 0.483 [-0.086, 1.060]
Mixed BP 1.034 [0.680, 1.387] 0.811 [0.468, 1.152] 1.023 [0.668, 1.373] 1.079 [0.741, 1.428] 0.955 [0.655, 1.268] 1.082 [0.731, 1.421]
Personality trait 0.328 [0.252, 0.405] 0.253 [0.154, 0.353] 0.222 [0.130, 0.311] -0.499 [-0.566, -0.432] 0.021 [-0.069, 0.110]
Personality trait * FtF WP 0.010 [-0.039, 0.059] 0.028 [-0.035, 0.091] -0.038 [-0.094, 0.015] 0.032 [-0.013, 0.076] 0.005 [-0.051, 0.060]
Personality trait * CMC WP -0.019 [-0.067, 0.028] -0.067 [-0.124, -0.010] -0.009 [-0.063, 0.044] -0.001 [-0.043, 0.042] 0.030 [-0.022, 0.082]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.046 [-0.104, 0.011] -0.001 [-0.075, 0.072] -0.065 [-0.129, 0.000] 0.040 [-0.015, 0.095] 0.006 [-0.058, 0.069]
Gender -0.215 [-0.342, -0.092] -0.224 [-0.349, -0.103] -0.272 [-0.398, -0.143] -0.287 [-0.408, -0.164] -0.015 [-0.135, 0.102] -0.279 [-0.410, -0.149]
Ethnicity -0.060 [-0.182, 0.063] -0.028 [-0.150, 0.098] -0.073 [-0.199, 0.055] -0.042 [-0.168, 0.084] -0.026 [-0.139, 0.085] -0.085 [-0.208, 0.044]
SES -0.066 [-0.210, 0.079] -0.057 [-0.204, 0.090] -0.042 [-0.190, 0.110] -0.046 [-0.196, 0.105] -0.078 [-0.214, 0.056] -0.034 [-0.185, 0.122]
Well-being - FtF WP covariance -0.066 [-0.097, -0.038] -0.061 [-0.089, -0.033] -0.062 [-0.092, -0.034] -0.054 [-0.083, -0.026] -0.054 [-0.080, -0.030] -0.061 [-0.091, -0.033]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance -0.035 [-0.063, -0.008] -0.025 [-0.052, 0.002] -0.022 [-0.051, 0.006] -0.027 [-0.056, 0.000] -0.025 [-0.050, 0.000] -0.031 [-0.060, -0.003]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.080 [-0.117, -0.046] -0.059 [-0.094, -0.028] -0.068 [-0.103, -0.035] -0.061 [-0.095, -0.028] -0.055 [-0.086, -0.026] -0.070 [-0.108, -0.036]
FtF WP - CMC WP covariance 0.019 [0.002, 0.036] 0.016 [0.000, 0.034] 0.017 [0.001, 0.035] 0.016 [-0.001, 0.033] 0.017 [0.000, 0.035] 0.015 [-0.001, 0.033]
FtF WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.082 [0.063, 0.105] 0.077 [0.057, 0.101] 0.077 [0.056, 0.101] 0.075 [0.054, 0.098] 0.078 [0.057, 0.101] 0.077 [0.057, 0.101]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.045 [0.026, 0.066] 0.040 [0.020, 0.063] 0.041 [0.020, 0.063] 0.041 [0.020, 0.063] 0.042 [0.022, 0.064] 0.040 [0.018, 0.062]
FtF BP mean 0.207 [0.197, 0.217] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.210 [0.199, 0.220] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.219] 0.209 [0.198, 0.220]
CMC BP mean 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136] 0.128 [0.120, 0.137] 0.128 [0.120, 0.136] 0.128 [0.119, 0.136]
Mixed BP mean 0.141 [0.130, 0.153] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.145 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.132, 0.157] 0.144 [0.131, 0.157] 0.145 [0.132, 0.157]
Intercept well-being 0.661 [0.427, 0.891] 0.732 [0.496, 0.968] 0.709 [0.463, 0.951] 0.664 [0.425, 0.908] 0.536 [0.318, 0.750] 0.669 [0.422, 0.915]
FtF BP variance 0.019 [0.017, 0.021] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022] 0.019 [0.017, 0.022]
CMC BP variance 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.012 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.011, 0.014]
Mixed BP variance 0.028 [0.025, 0.031] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033] 0.030 [0.027, 0.033]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.675 [0.613, 0.747] 0.567 [0.512, 0.633] 0.603 [0.545, 0.672] 0.597 [0.537, 0.664] 0.478 [0.430, 0.533] 0.621 [0.558, 0.692]
Slope FtF WP residual variance 0.122 [0.101, 0.146] 0.122 [0.100, 0.147] 0.121 [0.099, 0.147] 0.121 [0.100, 0.146] 0.121 [0.100, 0.147] 0.122 [0.100, 0.148]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.063 [0.045, 0.086] 0.060 [0.039, 0.082] 0.056 [0.037, 0.078] 0.060 [0.040, 0.085] 0.059 [0.040, 0.082] 0.056 [0.038, 0.078]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.135 [0.106, 0.169] 0.128 [0.098, 0.167] 0.130 [0.099, 0.165] 0.128 [0.097, 0.165] 0.129 [0.099, 0.165] 0.130 [0.100, 0.166]
R2 between 0.107 [0.064, 0.158] 0.129 [0.089, 0.177] 0.132 [0.085, 0.184] 0.143 [0.094, 0.198] 0.230 [0.182, 0.280] 0.128 [0.079, 0.184]
R2 FtF WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.008] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.014] 0.003 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.014 [0.000, 0.049] 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.004 [0.000, 0.026]
R2 Mixed WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009] 0.007 [0.000, 0.026] 0.004 [0.000, 0.022] 0.001 [0.000, 0.009]
Number of participants 852 754 749 753 753 751
Number of observations 64,351 57,984 57,735 57,976 57,961 57,877

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 1c

Table S5.3
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
Close peers WP 0.179 [0.159, 0.200] 0.177 [0.155, 0.199] 0.182 [0.160, 0.204] 0.179 [0.157, 0.201] 0.179 [0.156, 0.200] 0.180 [0.157, 0.201]
Family WP 0.159 [0.117, 0.198] 0.170 [0.126, 0.214] 0.175 [0.131, 0.218] 0.172 [0.127, 0.215] 0.171 [0.127, 0.214] 0.174 [0.129, 0.216]
Weak ties WP 0.046 [0.022, 0.069] 0.048 [0.019, 0.071] 0.053 [0.025, 0.076] 0.050 [0.022, 0.073] 0.050 [0.022, 0.073] 0.051 [0.022, 0.073]
Weekend WP 0.066 [0.051, 0.081] 0.064 [0.049, 0.081] 0.065 [0.049, 0.081] 0.064 [0.049, 0.080] 0.064 [0.048, 0.080] 0.064 [0.049, 0.080]
Close peers WP variance 0.198 [0.195, 0.202] 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] 0.200 [0.196, 0.204] 0.200 [0.196, 0.204]
Family WP variance 0.059 [0.058, 0.060] 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] 0.058 [0.057, 0.059] 0.058 [0.057, 0.059]
Weak ties WP variance 0.102 [0.100, 0.103] 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.103 [0.101, 0.105] 0.103 [0.101, 0.105]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.241 [0.237, 0.246] 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] 0.237 [0.233, 0.242] 0.237 [0.233, 0.242]
R2 within 0.075 [0.066, 0.084] 0.077 [0.068, 0.087] 0.079 [0.070, 0.088] 0.077 [0.068, 0.087] 0.078 [0.068, 0.087] 0.078 [0.068, 0.087]
Close peers BP 0.025 [-0.163, 0.207] -0.023 [-0.225, 0.181] 0.048 [-0.146, 0.240] 0.101 [-0.093, 0.297] 0.037 [-0.140, 0.216] 0.104 [-0.093, 0.302]
Family BP -0.013 [-0.497, 0.471] 0.287 [-0.251, 0.822] 0.206 [-0.326, 0.737] 0.269 [-0.264, 0.803] 0.283 [-0.210, 0.776] 0.324 [-0.217, 0.855]
Weak ties BP -0.186 [-0.723, 0.340] -0.295 [-0.873, 0.312] -0.135 [-0.694, 0.466] -0.097 [-0.652, 0.505] -0.241 [-0.753, 0.303] -0.069 [-0.633, 0.552]
Personality trait 0.096 [0.056, 0.137] 0.143 [0.090, 0.197] 0.113 [0.061, 0.166] -0.265 [-0.305, -0.225] 0.010 [-0.044, 0.064]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.018 [-0.045, 0.008] 0.053 [0.018, 0.088] -0.011 [-0.046, 0.024] 0.041 [0.013, 0.068] 0.010 [-0.026, 0.045]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.013 [-0.063, 0.039] 0.064 [-0.004, 0.130] 0.007 [-0.062, 0.074] 0.058 [0.002, 0.113] 0.035 [-0.032, 0.102]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.026 [-0.055, 0.009] 0.038 [-0.005, 0.087] 0.007 [-0.031, 0.049] 0.033 [-0.001, 0.066] -0.008 [-0.049, 0.032]
Gender -0.012 [-0.076, 0.051] -0.047 [-0.115, 0.023] -0.057 [-0.125, 0.011] -0.049 [-0.118, 0.021] 0.037 [-0.028, 0.103] -0.039 [-0.109, 0.032]
Ethnicity -0.075 [-0.140, -0.012] -0.070 [-0.139, 0.000] -0.064 [-0.132, 0.005] -0.051 [-0.122, 0.021] -0.076 [-0.140, -0.012] -0.082 [-0.151, -0.011]
SES -0.006 [-0.096, 0.082] -0.026 [-0.125, 0.070] -0.008 [-0.104, 0.087] -0.010 [-0.108, 0.085] -0.015 [-0.106, 0.073] -0.015 [-0.114, 0.080]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.022 [-0.033, -0.013] -0.021 [-0.032, -0.011] -0.025 [-0.036, -0.015] -0.021 [-0.032, -0.011] -0.016 [-0.026, -0.007] -0.022 [-0.033, -0.012]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.034, 0.004] -0.021 [-0.040, -0.001] -0.025 [-0.044, -0.005] -0.021 [-0.040, -0.002] -0.012 [-0.030, 0.006] -0.022 [-0.041, -0.002]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.027 [-0.039, -0.015] -0.027 [-0.038, -0.016] -0.030 [-0.041, -0.019] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017] -0.023 [-0.034, -0.013] -0.028 [-0.039, -0.017]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.027 [0.015, 0.041] 0.029 [0.015, 0.043] 0.027 [0.014, 0.041] 0.029 [0.015, 0.043] 0.027 [0.014, 0.042] 0.029 [0.015, 0.043]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.012 [0.004, 0.020] 0.011 [0.005, 0.020] 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] 0.011 [0.005, 0.019] 0.011 [0.004, 0.019] 0.011 [0.005, 0.020]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.018] 0.004 [-0.007, 0.018] 0.005 [-0.007, 0.019] 0.004 [-0.008, 0.017] 0.005 [-0.006, 0.019]
Close peers BP mean 0.512 [0.496, 0.528] 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] 0.508 [0.491, 0.525] 0.508 [0.491, 0.525]
Family BP mean 0.070 [0.064, 0.076] 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] 0.068 [0.062, 0.075] 0.068 [0.062, 0.075]
Weak ties BP mean 0.127 [0.121, 0.134] 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] 0.128 [0.120, 0.135] 0.128 [0.121, 0.135] 0.128 [0.121, 0.135]
Intercept well-being 3.025 [2.842, 3.213] 3.089 [2.888, 3.289] 3.026 [2.827, 3.215] 2.978 [2.776, 3.168] 2.993 [2.810, 3.170] 2.987 [2.782, 3.180]
Close peers BP variance 0.051 [0.046, 0.057] 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] 0.050 [0.044, 0.056] 0.050 [0.044, 0.056]
Family BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] 0.006 [0.006, 0.007] 0.006 [0.006, 0.007]
Weak ties BP variance 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008] 0.007 [0.006, 0.008]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.210 [0.191, 0.232] 0.201 [0.181, 0.224] 0.200 [0.180, 0.222] 0.202 [0.183, 0.225] 0.168 [0.152, 0.188] 0.207 [0.187, 0.231]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] 0.026 [0.019, 0.036] 0.028 [0.020, 0.037] 0.027 [0.019, 0.036] 0.028 [0.020, 0.037]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.094 [0.071, 0.124] 0.095 [0.069, 0.127] 0.093 [0.067, 0.125] 0.094 [0.068, 0.127] 0.093 [0.067, 0.125] 0.095 [0.069, 0.128]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.014 [0.006, 0.024] 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] 0.013 [0.006, 0.025] 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] 0.012 [0.005, 0.024] 0.012 [0.005, 0.024]
R2 between 0.011 [0.003, 0.032] 0.033 [0.015, 0.065] 0.033 [0.017, 0.061] 0.028 [0.012, 0.059] 0.124 [0.091, 0.162] 0.018 [0.005, 0.050]
R2 Close peers WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] 0.019 [0.002, 0.054] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.018 [0.002, 0.051] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.015] 0.008 [0.000, 0.034] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.010 [0.000, 0.041] 0.003 [0.000, 0.020]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.018 [0.000, 0.103] 0.022 [0.000, 0.118] 0.003 [0.000, 0.050] 0.027 [0.000, 0.124] 0.004 [0.000, 0.041]
Number of participants 935 791 791 791 791 791
Number of observations 24,382 21,305 21,305 21,305 21,305 21,305
Study 2
Close peers WP 0.182 [0.149, 0.214] 0.185 [0.149, 0.222] 0.187 [0.150, 0.223] 0.186 [0.149, 0.223] 0.185 [0.148, 0.221] 0.187 [0.150, 0.224]
Family WP 0.202 [0.143, 0.259] 0.186 [0.120, 0.249] 0.187 [0.122, 0.249] 0.189 [0.125, 0.251] 0.186 [0.121, 0.248] 0.179 [0.116, 0.240]
Weak ties WP 0.070 [0.028, 0.111] 0.081 [0.034, 0.125] 0.082 [0.035, 0.124] 0.082 [0.035, 0.126] 0.082 [0.036, 0.125] 0.082 [0.035, 0.124]
Weekend WP 0.123 [0.100, 0.146] 0.122 [0.097, 0.148] 0.122 [0.097, 0.148] 0.122 [0.096, 0.148] 0.122 [0.096, 0.148] 0.122 [0.096, 0.148]
Close peers WP variance 0.195 [0.189, 0.200] 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] 0.199 [0.193, 0.206] 0.199 [0.193, 0.206]
Family WP variance 0.070 [0.068, 0.071] 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] 0.069 [0.067, 0.072] 0.069 [0.067, 0.072]
Weak ties WP variance 0.103 [0.100, 0.106] 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] 0.100 [0.097, 0.104] 0.100 [0.097, 0.103] 0.100 [0.097, 0.104]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.257 [0.250, 0.265] 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] 0.255 [0.247, 0.264] 0.255 [0.247, 0.264]
R2 within 0.082 [0.068, 0.099] 0.085 [0.069, 0.104] 0.086 [0.069, 0.104] 0.085 [0.069, 0.104] 0.085 [0.070, 0.103] 0.085 [0.069, 0.103]
Close peers BP -0.006 [-0.254, 0.244] 0.068 [-0.232, 0.391] 0.058 [-0.222, 0.357] 0.096 [-0.187, 0.393] 0.016 [-0.246, 0.294] 0.074 [-0.213, 0.376]
Family BP -0.255 [-0.747, 0.251] -0.036 [-0.596, 0.538] -0.085 [-0.636, 0.476] -0.079 [-0.619, 0.482] -0.146 [-0.667, 0.380] -0.038 [-0.597, 0.530]
Weak ties BP -0.138 [-0.778, 0.542] -0.214 [-0.976, 0.511] -0.314 [-1.046, 0.390] -0.309 [-1.042, 0.380] -0.475 [-1.180, 0.196] -0.210 [-0.952, 0.502]
Personality trait 0.012 [-0.054, 0.077] 0.128 [0.046, 0.208] 0.147 [0.066, 0.227] -0.228 [-0.294, -0.162] 0.030 [-0.058, 0.117]
Personality trait * Close peers WP 0.008 [-0.036, 0.052] 0.015 [-0.042, 0.073] -0.008 [-0.065, 0.050] 0.048 [0.000, 0.096] 0.011 [-0.049, 0.071]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.005 [-0.083, 0.070] 0.026 [-0.076, 0.129] -0.042 [-0.147, 0.061] 0.018 [-0.068, 0.103] -0.151 [-0.251, -0.051]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.018 [-0.076, 0.038] 0.052 [-0.019, 0.126] -0.022 [-0.096, 0.048] 0.063 [0.006, 0.120] -0.012 [-0.086, 0.066]
Gender -0.031 [-0.124, 0.060] -0.068 [-0.173, 0.034] -0.089 [-0.192, 0.011] -0.094 [-0.198, 0.008] 0.016 [-0.086, 0.115] -0.063 [-0.169, 0.039]
Ethnicity -0.101 [-0.200, -0.001] -0.088 [-0.196, 0.020] -0.078 [-0.184, 0.028] -0.070 [-0.176, 0.038] -0.031 [-0.133, 0.072] -0.087 [-0.196, 0.022]
SES -0.117 [-0.249, 0.020] -0.101 [-0.248, 0.047] -0.100 [-0.243, 0.045] -0.080 [-0.224, 0.066] -0.095 [-0.234, 0.043] -0.099 [-0.246, 0.050]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.018 [-0.034, -0.002] -0.015 [-0.033, 0.001] -0.016 [-0.033, 0.000] -0.015 [-0.032, 0.001] -0.009 [-0.025, 0.007] -0.015 [-0.033, 0.001]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.035, 0.018] -0.017 [-0.045, 0.011] -0.018 [-0.046, 0.009] -0.016 [-0.042, 0.011] -0.015 [-0.041, 0.010] -0.016 [-0.043, 0.010]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021] -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021] -0.043 [-0.064, -0.024] -0.039 [-0.060, -0.020] -0.033 [-0.053, -0.014] -0.041 [-0.062, -0.021]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.001, 0.037] 0.022 [0.005, 0.045] 0.022 [0.004, 0.044] 0.022 [0.005, 0.044] 0.022 [0.005, 0.045] 0.024 [0.007, 0.046]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.009, 0.016] 0.001 [-0.010, 0.016] 0.001 [-0.009, 0.016] 0.001 [-0.010, 0.015] -0.001 [-0.011, 0.014] 0.001 [-0.010, 0.016]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.004 [-0.022, 0.018] 0.007 [-0.013, 0.030] 0.007 [-0.013, 0.029] 0.007 [-0.013, 0.030] 0.007 [-0.014, 0.029] 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029]
Close peers BP mean 0.475 [0.450, 0.499] 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] 0.467 [0.439, 0.495] 0.467 [0.439, 0.495]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.079, 0.104] 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] 0.091 [0.076, 0.105] 0.091 [0.076, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.131 [0.120, 0.143] 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] 0.127 [0.114, 0.140] 0.127 [0.114, 0.140]
Intercept well-being 3.135 [2.880, 3.383] 3.116 [2.854, 3.402] 3.144 [2.889, 3.419] 3.105 [2.852, 3.378] 3.087 [2.845, 3.346] 3.108 [2.847, 3.387]
Close peers BP variance 0.053 [0.045, 0.063] 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] 0.049 [0.040, 0.060] 0.049 [0.040, 0.060]
Family BP variance 0.013 [0.011, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016] 0.013 [0.010, 0.016]
Weak ties BP variance 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011] 0.009 [0.007, 0.011]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.198 [0.171, 0.232] 0.183 [0.153, 0.219] 0.176 [0.147, 0.210] 0.174 [0.146, 0.209] 0.155 [0.129, 0.185] 0.183 [0.154, 0.219]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.022 [0.010, 0.037] 0.027 [0.013, 0.045] 0.026 [0.013, 0.044] 0.026 [0.013, 0.044] 0.026 [0.013, 0.043] 0.027 [0.013, 0.045]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.067 [0.036, 0.108] 0.072 [0.037, 0.122] 0.071 [0.037, 0.121] 0.071 [0.036, 0.120] 0.072 [0.037, 0.121] 0.062 [0.031, 0.108]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.020 [0.006, 0.040] 0.022 [0.010, 0.043] 0.023 [0.011, 0.043] 0.022 [0.010, 0.043] 0.020 [0.009, 0.040] 0.022 [0.011, 0.043]
R2 between 0.029 [0.009, 0.075] 0.036 [0.011, 0.091] 0.055 [0.022, 0.113] 0.062 [0.025, 0.118] 0.122 [0.069, 0.196] 0.035 [0.011, 0.087]
R2 Close peers WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.004 [0.000, 0.040] 0.003 [0.000, 0.033] 0.026 [0.000, 0.111] 0.003 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.004 [0.000, 0.043] 0.006 [0.000, 0.061] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046] 0.063 [0.006, 0.185]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.088] 0.022 [0.000, 0.116] 0.007 [0.000, 0.087] 0.052 [0.001, 0.230] 0.007 [0.000, 0.065]
Number of participants 419 307 307 307 307 307
Number of observations 9,995 7,791 7,791 7,791 7,791 7,791
Study 3
Close peers WP 0.442 [0.407, 0.476] 0.450 [0.414, 0.486] 0.450 [0.414, 0.486] 0.450 [0.412, 0.485] 0.448 [0.410, 0.485] 0.448 [0.412, 0.485]
Family WP 0.257 [0.209, 0.305] 0.260 [0.208, 0.310] 0.260 [0.209, 0.310] 0.258 [0.208, 0.307] 0.257 [0.209, 0.308] 0.257 [0.206, 0.308]
Weak ties WP 0.131 [0.084, 0.177] 0.131 [0.084, 0.180] 0.134 [0.085, 0.182] 0.131 [0.085, 0.179] 0.132 [0.084, 0.181] 0.137 [0.088, 0.183]
Weekend WP 0.238 [0.218, 0.257] 0.242 [0.222, 0.262] 0.244 [0.224, 0.263] 0.243 [0.223, 0.263] 0.242 [0.222, 0.262] 0.242 [0.221, 0.262]
Close peers WP variance 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.139, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142] 0.140 [0.138, 0.142]
Family WP variance 0.072 [0.071, 0.073] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075] 0.074 [0.073, 0.075]
Weak ties WP variance 0.047 [0.046, 0.047] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048] 0.048 [0.047, 0.048]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.926 [0.915, 0.937] 0.932 [0.920, 0.944] 0.933 [0.921, 0.945] 0.935 [0.923, 0.947] 0.934 [0.922, 0.946] 0.930 [0.918, 0.942]
R2 within 0.071 [0.066, 0.076] 0.073 [0.067, 0.078] 0.073 [0.069, 0.079] 0.073 [0.067, 0.078] 0.072 [0.067, 0.078] 0.073 [0.068, 0.078]
Close peers BP 1.061 [0.756, 1.376] 0.834 [0.521, 1.151] 1.021 [0.696, 1.346] 1.103 [0.787, 1.419] 0.979 [0.691, 1.260] 1.113 [0.787, 1.439]
Family BP 1.088 [0.507, 1.675] 1.062 [0.502, 1.609] 1.055 [0.477, 1.633] 1.121 [0.555, 1.689] 1.000 [0.488, 1.519] 1.133 [0.546, 1.715]
Weak ties BP 0.087 [-0.962, 1.153] 0.105 [-0.961, 1.160] 0.299 [-0.799, 1.413] 0.375 [-0.721, 1.448] 0.695 [-0.283, 1.660] 0.400 [-0.715, 1.481]
Personality trait 0.347 [0.270, 0.426] 0.253 [0.153, 0.352] 0.211 [0.119, 0.302] -0.507 [-0.576, -0.439] 0.020 [-0.070, 0.109]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -0.022 [-0.073, 0.029] -0.039 [-0.102, 0.026] -0.061 [-0.117, -0.005] 0.040 [-0.006, 0.086] -0.004 [-0.059, 0.052]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.017 [-0.056, 0.088] 0.011 [-0.073, 0.098] -0.042 [-0.119, 0.034] 0.001 [-0.063, 0.065] 0.033 [-0.048, 0.112]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.012 [-0.081, 0.057] 0.025 [-0.056, 0.108] 0.013 [-0.059, 0.086] 0.019 [-0.043, 0.078] 0.029 [-0.047, 0.103]
Gender -0.216 [-0.339, -0.094] -0.225 [-0.350, -0.105] -0.269 [-0.397, -0.140] -0.280 [-0.408, -0.150] -0.001 [-0.121, 0.119] -0.272 [-0.404, -0.143]
Ethnicity -0.068 [-0.194, 0.059] -0.041 [-0.168, 0.083] -0.078 [-0.209, 0.052] -0.050 [-0.183, 0.073] -0.024 [-0.137, 0.090] -0.090 [-0.221, 0.040]
SES -0.083 [-0.236, 0.066] -0.074 [-0.222, 0.078] -0.060 [-0.213, 0.095] -0.068 [-0.220, 0.089] -0.094 [-0.236, 0.045] -0.056 [-0.218, 0.105]
Well-being - Close peers WP covariance -0.062 [-0.093, -0.033] -0.056 [-0.086, -0.026] -0.056 [-0.088, -0.027] -0.052 [-0.083, -0.022] -0.049 [-0.077, -0.022] -0.060 [-0.091, -0.029]
Well-being - Family WP covariance -0.045 [-0.088, -0.005] -0.039 [-0.078, -0.001] -0.038 [-0.080, 0.003] -0.032 [-0.072, 0.008] -0.032 [-0.069, 0.002] -0.039 [-0.081, 0.001]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.052 [-0.091, -0.012] -0.040 [-0.077, -0.005] -0.043 [-0.085, -0.004] -0.043 [-0.083, -0.005] -0.037 [-0.072, -0.003] -0.040 [-0.082, 0.000]
Close peers WP - Family WP covariance 0.028 [0.004, 0.052] 0.028 [0.003, 0.052] 0.027 [0.003, 0.052] 0.026 [0.001, 0.051] 0.029 [0.004, 0.055] 0.027 [0.002, 0.052]
Close peers WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.019 [-0.003, 0.041] 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] 0.025 [0.001, 0.049] 0.024 [0.002, 0.049] 0.025 [0.000, 0.050] 0.024 [-0.001, 0.048]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.022 [-0.008, 0.052] 0.016 [-0.014, 0.047] 0.015 [-0.016, 0.047] 0.017 [-0.014, 0.047] 0.017 [-0.017, 0.049] 0.018 [-0.013, 0.049]
Close peers BP mean 0.258 [0.243, 0.273] 0.258 [0.242, 0.274] 0.259 [0.243, 0.275] 0.258 [0.242, 0.274] 0.258 [0.243, 0.274] 0.258 [0.243, 0.274]
Family BP mean 0.092 [0.084, 0.100] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.088, 0.105] 0.096 [0.087, 0.105]
Weak ties BP mean 0.055 [0.050, 0.059] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.051, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060] 0.055 [0.050, 0.060]
Intercept well-being 0.776 [0.546, 1.002] 0.809 [0.588, 1.038] 0.793 [0.554, 1.032] 0.755 [0.523, 0.989] 0.590 [0.383, 0.799] 0.765 [0.532, 1.004]
Close peers BP variance 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.041, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050] 0.045 [0.040, 0.050]
Family BP variance 0.013 [0.011, 0.014] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015] 0.013 [0.012, 0.015]
Weak ties BP variance 0.004 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004] 0.003 [0.003, 0.004]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.697 [0.632, 0.772] 0.580 [0.523, 0.647] 0.623 [0.561, 0.695] 0.620 [0.557, 0.689] 0.491 [0.441, 0.547] 0.641 [0.576, 0.713]
Slope Close peers WP residual variance 0.115 [0.093, 0.139] 0.117 [0.094, 0.145] 0.116 [0.092, 0.142] 0.115 [0.093, 0.142] 0.116 [0.093, 0.143] 0.116 [0.093, 0.144]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.159 [0.123, 0.203] 0.165 [0.127, 0.210] 0.166 [0.128, 0.213] 0.164 [0.125, 0.210] 0.166 [0.126, 0.213] 0.166 [0.127, 0.211]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.068 [0.034, 0.105] 0.070 [0.037, 0.111] 0.068 [0.040, 0.107] 0.069 [0.037, 0.108] 0.067 [0.032, 0.109] 0.065 [0.034, 0.106]
R2 between 0.097 [0.054, 0.150] 0.131 [0.088, 0.184] 0.121 [0.072, 0.179] 0.131 [0.080, 0.191] 0.230 [0.181, 0.284] 0.119 [0.068, 0.178]
R2 Close peers WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.002 [0.000, 0.015] 0.007 [0.000, 0.024] 0.005 [0.000, 0.021] 0.001 [0.000, 0.007]
R2 Family WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.013] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035]
Number of participants 850 752 747 751 751 749
Number of observations 55,229 49,538 49,324 49,510 49,507 49,430

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2a

Table S5.4
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.247 [-0.272, -0.221] -0.241 [-0.268, -0.213] -0.241 [-0.268, -0.212] -0.241 [-0.268, -0.212] -0.241 [-0.268, -0.213] -0.241 [-0.269, -0.213]
Mixed WP -0.013 [-0.039, 0.014] -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.010 [-0.040, 0.021] -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019] -0.010 [-0.041, 0.020]
Family WP -0.014 [-0.052, 0.022] 0.003 [-0.037, 0.044] 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043] 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043] 0.001 [-0.039, 0.041] 0.002 [-0.038, 0.043]
Weak ties WP -0.207 [-0.235, -0.180] -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] -0.207 [-0.236, -0.177] -0.207 [-0.236, -0.178]
Weekend WP 0.054 [0.036, 0.073] 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] 0.053 [0.033, 0.072] 0.052 [0.033, 0.072] 0.053 [0.033, 0.072]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.233 [0.227, 0.238] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234] 0.228 [0.223, 0.234]
R2 within 0.099 [0.089, 0.109] 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] 0.101 [0.091, 0.111] 0.100 [0.091, 0.111] 0.101 [0.091, 0.111]
Personality trait 0.078 [0.039, 0.117] 0.155 [0.104, 0.208] 0.110 [0.059, 0.162] -0.251 [-0.290, -0.210] 0.009 [-0.042, 0.063]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.008 [-0.025, 0.041] 0.000 [-0.044, 0.045] 0.037 [-0.006, 0.079] -0.032 [-0.067, 0.004] -0.020 [-0.064, 0.024]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.007 [-0.030, 0.042] 0.007 [-0.042, 0.053] 0.018 [-0.031, 0.064] 0.016 [-0.023, 0.054] -0.005 [-0.057, 0.044]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.015 [-0.031, 0.062] 0.011 [-0.051, 0.072] 0.005 [-0.056, 0.067] 0.016 [-0.038, 0.070] 0.010 [-0.054, 0.077]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.015 [-0.020, 0.051] -0.005 [-0.051, 0.041] 0.026 [-0.019, 0.075] -0.026 [-0.064, 0.011] -0.020 [-0.067, 0.028]
Gender -0.002 [-0.062, 0.060] -0.037 [-0.104, 0.029] -0.047 [-0.113, 0.018] -0.035 [-0.102, 0.030] 0.044 [-0.017, 0.105] -0.024 [-0.092, 0.042]
Ethnicity -0.080 [-0.145, -0.015] -0.076 [-0.143, -0.007] -0.069 [-0.134, -0.001] -0.060 [-0.127, 0.010] -0.080 [-0.141, -0.016] -0.089 [-0.155, -0.019]
SES -0.013 [-0.104, 0.076] -0.024 [-0.117, 0.071] -0.008 [-0.099, 0.085] -0.007 [-0.100, 0.087] -0.010 [-0.095, 0.076] -0.013 [-0.106, 0.082]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.024 [0.011, 0.037] 0.021 [0.008, 0.035] 0.021 [0.008, 0.035] 0.019 [0.007, 0.033] 0.017 [0.006, 0.030] 0.022 [0.009, 0.036]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.007 [-0.006, 0.021] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.021] 0.006 [-0.009, 0.021] 0.005 [-0.010, 0.020] 0.009 [-0.004, 0.023] 0.006 [-0.009, 0.021]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.008, 0.027] 0.000 [-0.017, 0.017] 0.000 [-0.018, 0.017] 0.000 [-0.017, 0.018] 0.003 [-0.013, 0.020] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.018]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.012, 0.015] -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] 0.000 [-0.014, 0.014] -0.001 [-0.015, 0.013] -0.003 [-0.016, 0.009] 0.000 [-0.014, 0.014]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.023 [0.012, 0.034] 0.023 [0.012, 0.035] 0.022 [0.012, 0.034] 0.023 [0.013, 0.035] 0.023 [0.012, 0.035]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.017, 0.010] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.008] -0.006 [-0.021, 0.007]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.029 [0.018, 0.040] 0.029 [0.019, 0.042] 0.030 [0.019, 0.042] 0.029 [0.019, 0.041] 0.029 [0.018, 0.041] 0.030 [0.019, 0.042]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.009 [-0.023, 0.009] -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] -0.011 [-0.025, 0.002] -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003] -0.011 [-0.024, 0.003]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.017 [0.008, 0.028] 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] 0.020 [0.010, 0.031] 0.021 [0.010, 0.031] 0.021 [0.011, 0.032] 0.021 [0.010, 0.031]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.011]
Intercept well-being 3.060 [2.952, 3.170] 3.100 [2.986, 3.213] 3.088 [2.975, 3.200] 3.073 [2.958, 3.187] 3.038 [2.932, 3.145] 3.089 [2.974, 3.204]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.199 [0.180, 0.220] 0.189 [0.170, 0.212] 0.184 [0.165, 0.206] 0.189 [0.169, 0.211] 0.158 [0.142, 0.177] 0.193 [0.173, 0.217]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.049 [0.036, 0.063] 0.048 [0.034, 0.064] 0.049 [0.034, 0.064] 0.048 [0.033, 0.063] 0.048 [0.033, 0.063] 0.049 [0.034, 0.064]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.021 [0.010, 0.037] 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] 0.025 [0.015, 0.039] 0.025 [0.015, 0.039]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.053 [0.030, 0.076] 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] 0.049 [0.028, 0.073] 0.049 [0.028, 0.074]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.036 [0.023, 0.051] 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] 0.039 [0.024, 0.054] 0.039 [0.025, 0.054] 0.039 [0.025, 0.054]
R2 between 0.005 [0.001, 0.014] 0.017 [0.007, 0.032] 0.030 [0.015, 0.049] 0.017 [0.007, 0.032] 0.110 [0.079, 0.142] 0.007 [0.002, 0.018]
R2 CMC WP 0.001 [0.000, 0.012] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.006 [0.000, 0.026] 0.006 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016]
R2 Mixed WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.004 [0.000, 0.032] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025]
R2 Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.001 [0.000, 0.014] 0.004 [0.000, 0.030] 0.005 [0.000, 0.031] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
Number of participants 932 790 790 790 790 790
Number of observations 16,664 14,491 14,491 14,491 14,491 14,491
Study 2
CMC WP -0.252 [-0.295, -0.208] -0.238 [-0.285, -0.191] -0.239 [-0.286, -0.192] -0.238 [-0.286, -0.191] -0.239 [-0.286, -0.193] -0.239 [-0.286, -0.193]
Mixed WP -0.047 [-0.095, 0.000] -0.066 [-0.117, -0.014] -0.068 [-0.119, -0.015] -0.074 [-0.124, -0.023] -0.068 [-0.119, -0.016] -0.071 [-0.123, -0.016]
Family WP 0.030 [-0.028, 0.088] 0.012 [-0.050, 0.077] 0.016 [-0.046, 0.080] 0.017 [-0.046, 0.081] 0.015 [-0.048, 0.077] 0.004 [-0.055, 0.066]
Weak ties WP -0.170 [-0.213, -0.125] -0.161 [-0.215, -0.108] -0.162 [-0.216, -0.109] -0.160 [-0.215, -0.107] -0.162 [-0.216, -0.109] -0.161 [-0.216, -0.108]
Weekend WP 0.109 [0.081, 0.138] 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] 0.114 [0.081, 0.146] 0.113 [0.081, 0.146] 0.114 [0.081, 0.146]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.246 [0.237, 0.255] 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] 0.246 [0.236, 0.257] 0.247 [0.236, 0.257]
R2 within 0.105 [0.092, 0.121] 0.100 [0.082, 0.117] 0.098 [0.081, 0.117] 0.099 [0.082, 0.116] 0.099 [0.082, 0.117] 0.098 [0.082, 0.116]
Personality trait 0.007 [-0.051, 0.067] 0.135 [0.057, 0.213] 0.123 [0.046, 0.201] -0.197 [-0.262, -0.133] 0.022 [-0.058, 0.107]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.044 [-0.011, 0.098] -0.017 [-0.094, 0.059] 0.037 [-0.038, 0.112] -0.081 [-0.144, -0.017] -0.029 [-0.103, 0.044]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.020 [-0.088, 0.054] 0.026 [-0.061, 0.107] 0.099 [0.015, 0.185] -0.044 [-0.116, 0.023] -0.030 [-0.121, 0.063]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.020 [-0.098, 0.051] 0.017 [-0.092, 0.127] -0.032 [-0.142, 0.076] -0.044 [-0.126, 0.043] -0.163 [-0.260, -0.068]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.023 [-0.089, 0.042] 0.060 [-0.032, 0.151] 0.010 [-0.076, 0.093] -0.046 [-0.117, 0.023] -0.028 [-0.114, 0.053]
Gender -0.037 [-0.127, 0.055] -0.054 [-0.156, 0.050] -0.076 [-0.177, 0.026] -0.075 [-0.177, 0.029] 0.019 [-0.080, 0.119] -0.051 [-0.153, 0.056]
Ethnicity -0.110 [-0.206, -0.016] -0.103 [-0.211, 0.004] -0.090 [-0.195, 0.014] -0.087 [-0.194, 0.019] -0.049 [-0.152, 0.054] -0.101 [-0.207, 0.006]
SES -0.113 [-0.244, 0.021] -0.091 [-0.239, 0.055] -0.090 [-0.234, 0.054] -0.075 [-0.220, 0.071] -0.086 [-0.227, 0.051] -0.089 [-0.237, 0.059]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.024 [0.005, 0.045] 0.028 [0.007, 0.050] 0.029 [0.008, 0.050] 0.026 [0.005, 0.048] 0.019 [-0.001, 0.038] 0.028 [0.007, 0.050]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.006 [-0.015, 0.028] 0.016 [-0.008, 0.044] 0.014 [-0.009, 0.042] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.038] 0.010 [-0.013, 0.037] 0.016 [-0.007, 0.044]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.008 [-0.018, 0.033] -0.005 [-0.032, 0.023] -0.006 [-0.033, 0.021] -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021] -0.011 [-0.036, 0.015] -0.005 [-0.031, 0.021]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.042, 0.001] -0.018 [-0.043, 0.005] -0.021 [-0.045, 0.001] -0.019 [-0.043, 0.004] -0.026 [-0.050, -0.004] -0.019 [-0.043, 0.004]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.034 [0.017, 0.055] 0.029 [0.013, 0.053] 0.026 [0.010, 0.050] 0.025 [0.009, 0.048] 0.024 [0.009, 0.048] 0.027 [0.011, 0.051]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.037, 0.007] -0.009 [-0.033, 0.013] -0.008 [-0.030, 0.015] -0.007 [-0.031, 0.015] -0.010 [-0.034, 0.012] -0.011 [-0.034, 0.010]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.020 [-0.001, 0.044] 0.016 [-0.005, 0.039] 0.014 [-0.007, 0.037] 0.015 [-0.006, 0.039] 0.013 [-0.008, 0.035] 0.014 [-0.006, 0.039]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.020 [-0.040, 0.002] -0.010 [-0.034, 0.013] -0.008 [-0.031, 0.016] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.016] -0.010 [-0.033, 0.012] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.014]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.001, 0.034] 0.008 [-0.013, 0.029] 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029] 0.010 [-0.010, 0.030] 0.007 [-0.013, 0.027] 0.008 [-0.012, 0.029]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.012 [-0.031, 0.012] -0.002 [-0.025, 0.028] -0.001 [-0.024, 0.030] 0.000 [-0.023, 0.031] -0.003 [-0.025, 0.025] -0.001 [-0.022, 0.025]
Intercept well-being 3.150 [2.991, 3.306] 3.167 [2.988, 3.345] 3.171 [2.997, 3.344] 3.154 [2.976, 3.328] 3.079 [2.907, 3.249] 3.161 [2.977, 3.339]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.186 [0.160, 0.218] 0.171 [0.143, 0.206] 0.163 [0.136, 0.197] 0.165 [0.137, 0.199] 0.151 [0.125, 0.182] 0.171 [0.142, 0.206]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.067 [0.045, 0.094] 0.047 [0.027, 0.074] 0.047 [0.028, 0.074] 0.047 [0.027, 0.074] 0.044 [0.025, 0.070] 0.045 [0.025, 0.073]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.033 [0.015, 0.063] 0.030 [0.012, 0.065] 0.028 [0.012, 0.062] 0.026 [0.010, 0.058] 0.027 [0.010, 0.061] 0.029 [0.012, 0.064]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.050 [0.021, 0.084] 0.051 [0.021, 0.095] 0.049 [0.020, 0.093] 0.049 [0.021, 0.094] 0.049 [0.021, 0.094] 0.036 [0.013, 0.076]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.047 [0.026, 0.077] 0.051 [0.025, 0.086] 0.048 [0.024, 0.084] 0.049 [0.024, 0.084] 0.049 [0.025, 0.084] 0.051 [0.026, 0.086]
R2 between 0.015 [0.003, 0.038] 0.017 [0.003, 0.045] 0.036 [0.012, 0.071] 0.033 [0.011, 0.066] 0.080 [0.040, 0.130] 0.017 [0.003, 0.044]
R2 CMC WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.068] 0.003 [0.000, 0.034] 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] 0.042 [0.002, 0.130] 0.005 [0.000, 0.043]
R2 Mixed WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] 0.008 [0.000, 0.087] 0.067 [0.002, 0.290] 0.021 [0.000, 0.158] 0.009 [0.000, 0.093]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.058] 0.007 [0.000, 0.077] 0.013 [0.000, 0.098] 0.117 [0.018, 0.354]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.056] 0.013 [0.000, 0.091] 0.003 [0.000, 0.042] 0.013 [0.000, 0.081] 0.004 [0.000, 0.046]
Number of participants 414 305 305 305 305 305
Number of observations 6,722 5,117 5,117 5,117 5,117 5,117
Study 3
CMC WP -0.338 [-0.389, -0.289] -0.335 [-0.392, -0.277] -0.329 [-0.386, -0.275] -0.337 [-0.392, -0.283] -0.331 [-0.385, -0.277] -0.333 [-0.389, -0.277]
Mixed WP -0.015 [-0.074, 0.046] -0.011 [-0.078, 0.049] -0.017 [-0.081, 0.042] -0.012 [-0.078, 0.052] -0.015 [-0.081, 0.049] -0.019 [-0.082, 0.043]
Family WP -0.287 [-0.352, -0.221] -0.299 [-0.368, -0.231] -0.294 [-0.364, -0.224] -0.297 [-0.368, -0.228] -0.291 [-0.361, -0.222] -0.297 [-0.369, -0.227]
Weak ties WP -0.235 [-0.294, -0.174] -0.244 [-0.307, -0.175] -0.245 [-0.309, -0.178] -0.239 [-0.305, -0.175] -0.238 [-0.304, -0.173] -0.237 [-0.303, -0.166]
Weekend WP 0.245 [0.213, 0.276] 0.254 [0.221, 0.287] 0.255 [0.222, 0.287] 0.255 [0.223, 0.288] 0.254 [0.222, 0.287] 0.252 [0.220, 0.285]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.950 [0.931, 0.970] 0.959 [0.939, 0.980] 0.960 [0.939, 0.981] 0.961 [0.940, 0.981] 0.960 [0.940, 0.981] 0.955 [0.935, 0.977]
R2 within 0.083 [0.075, 0.092] 0.088 [0.080, 0.097] 0.087 [0.079, 0.095] 0.088 [0.080, 0.096] 0.087 [0.079, 0.096] 0.087 [0.079, 0.096]
Personality trait 0.371 [0.292, 0.448] 0.276 [0.174, 0.378] 0.200 [0.108, 0.293] -0.500 [-0.570, -0.430] 0.044 [-0.048, 0.136]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.060 [-0.017, 0.137] -0.028 [-0.123, 0.070] 0.097 [0.013, 0.180] -0.087 [-0.158, -0.019] 0.002 [-0.081, 0.083]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.066 [-0.152, 0.020] -0.060 [-0.169, 0.046] -0.039 [-0.137, 0.058] 0.034 [-0.052, 0.115] 0.011 [-0.076, 0.103]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.099 [0.000, 0.198] 0.051 [-0.073, 0.174] 0.048 [-0.059, 0.156] -0.097 [-0.184, -0.007] 0.012 [-0.096, 0.123]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.036 [-0.056, 0.127] 0.071 [-0.038, 0.182] 0.039 [-0.058, 0.140] -0.024 [-0.101, 0.056] 0.057 [-0.040, 0.159]
Gender -0.127 [-0.253, -0.004] -0.148 [-0.272, -0.027] -0.179 [-0.308, -0.049] -0.183 [-0.310, -0.057] 0.075 [-0.046, 0.192] -0.173 [-0.304, -0.042]
Ethnicity -0.126 [-0.251, 0.001] -0.066 [-0.190, 0.058] -0.126 [-0.254, 0.003] -0.104 [-0.232, 0.025] -0.070 [-0.186, 0.047] -0.140 [-0.269, -0.011]
SES -0.052 [-0.206, 0.101] -0.055 [-0.205, 0.098] -0.033 [-0.192, 0.125] -0.030 [-0.191, 0.128] -0.067 [-0.214, 0.074] -0.030 [-0.194, 0.135]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.081 [0.036, 0.128] 0.069 [0.026, 0.113] 0.083 [0.038, 0.130] 0.072 [0.028, 0.117] 0.059 [0.020, 0.099] 0.081 [0.034, 0.130]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance -0.007 [-0.060, 0.047] 0.002 [-0.049, 0.050] -0.007 [-0.056, 0.045] -0.010 [-0.060, 0.042] 0.001 [-0.045, 0.047] -0.010 [-0.062, 0.040]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.082 [0.026, 0.138] 0.072 [0.018, 0.129] 0.083 [0.026, 0.142] 0.083 [0.025, 0.142] 0.062 [0.012, 0.112] 0.088 [0.029, 0.148]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.076, 0.034] -0.020 [-0.072, 0.029] -0.019 [-0.072, 0.033] -0.018 [-0.072, 0.035] -0.021 [-0.070, 0.027] -0.014 [-0.066, 0.038]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.062 [0.023, 0.106] 0.070 [0.032, 0.112] 0.064 [0.024, 0.110] 0.068 [0.029, 0.114] 0.064 [0.027, 0.112] 0.069 [0.028, 0.113]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.066 [0.018, 0.115] 0.074 [0.022, 0.131] 0.076 [0.027, 0.131] 0.071 [0.025, 0.127] 0.067 [0.022, 0.123] 0.077 [0.028, 0.129]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.016 [-0.061, 0.024] -0.021 [-0.070, 0.026] -0.020 [-0.068, 0.028] -0.022 [-0.074, 0.024] -0.023 [-0.074, 0.024] -0.020 [-0.069, 0.028]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.009 [-0.039, 0.060] 0.020 [-0.040, 0.082] 0.012 [-0.044, 0.071] 0.016 [-0.037, 0.077] 0.012 [-0.041, 0.073] 0.011 [-0.041, 0.075]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.030 [-0.076, 0.014] -0.030 [-0.089, 0.025] -0.035 [-0.093, 0.015] -0.034 [-0.085, 0.020] -0.034 [-0.086, 0.020] -0.030 [-0.085, 0.028]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.105 [0.052, 0.164] 0.098 [0.034, 0.163] 0.097 [0.041, 0.160] 0.100 [0.041, 0.162] 0.098 [0.040, 0.160] 0.102 [0.041, 0.166]
Intercept well-being 1.305 [1.111, 1.505] 1.278 [1.079, 1.478] 1.321 [1.114, 1.527] 1.304 [1.097, 1.511] 1.134 [0.945, 1.323] 1.325 [1.112, 1.542]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.676 [0.608, 0.753] 0.555 [0.496, 0.622] 0.605 [0.540, 0.677] 0.607 [0.543, 0.683] 0.480 [0.427, 0.540] 0.627 [0.560, 0.703]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.137 [0.089, 0.190] 0.146 [0.098, 0.204] 0.140 [0.093, 0.196] 0.137 [0.084, 0.193] 0.136 [0.083, 0.195] 0.145 [0.097, 0.200]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.100 [0.054, 0.157] 0.111 [0.066, 0.168] 0.109 [0.063, 0.168] 0.112 [0.069, 0.173] 0.111 [0.067, 0.172] 0.114 [0.069, 0.170]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.293 [0.226, 0.375] 0.313 [0.238, 0.404] 0.315 [0.242, 0.401] 0.318 [0.243, 0.408] 0.311 [0.240, 0.398] 0.324 [0.248, 0.414]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.164 [0.110, 0.236] 0.158 [0.095, 0.233] 0.152 [0.094, 0.225] 0.163 [0.107, 0.237] 0.163 [0.108, 0.236] 0.160 [0.102, 0.235]
R2 between 0.007 [0.001, 0.017] 0.066 [0.044, 0.093] 0.030 [0.015, 0.050] 0.022 [0.010, 0.041] 0.147 [0.110, 0.186] 0.011 [0.003, 0.025]
R2 CMC WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.034] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.014 [0.000, 0.049] 0.018 [0.001, 0.060] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.056] 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] 0.004 [0.000, 0.034] 0.004 [0.000, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021]
R2 Family WP 0.008 [0.000, 0.032] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.002 [0.000, 0.016] 0.010 [0.000, 0.035] 0.001 [0.000, 0.011]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.006 [0.000, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035]
Number of participants 843 746 741 745 745 743
Number of observations 21,096 19,133 19,070 19,129 19,121 19,079

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Analysis 2b

Table S5.5
Parameter Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Study 1
CMC WP -0.241 [-0.267, -0.216] -0.235 [-0.264, -0.208] -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] -0.235 [-0.263, -0.208] -0.236 [-0.264, -0.208]
Mixed WP -0.012 [-0.038, 0.015] -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019] -0.012 [-0.043, 0.019] -0.011 [-0.041, 0.020] -0.013 [-0.043, 0.018] -0.011 [-0.042, 0.019]
Family WP 0.003 [-0.039, 0.042] 0.019 [-0.024, 0.061] 0.019 [-0.024, 0.061] 0.020 [-0.022, 0.062] 0.015 [-0.028, 0.059] 0.019 [-0.024, 0.060]
Weak ties WP -0.177 [-0.204, -0.149] -0.175 [-0.205, -0.145] -0.174 [-0.204, -0.143] -0.174 [-0.204, -0.144] -0.175 [-0.205, -0.144] -0.175 [-0.204, -0.144]
CMC * Family WP -0.081 [-0.167, 0.012] -0.097 [-0.192, 0.002] -0.092 [-0.187, 0.004] -0.092 [-0.186, 0.003] -0.088 [-0.181, 0.007] -0.089 [-0.181, 0.006]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.169 [0.099, 0.245] 0.174 [0.098, 0.250] 0.174 [0.094, 0.250] 0.175 [0.096, 0.252] 0.172 [0.093, 0.249] 0.173 [0.093, 0.250]
Mixed * Family WP 0.050 [-0.115, 0.187] -0.014 [-0.183, 0.156] -0.003 [-0.169, 0.166] 0.014 [-0.156, 0.184] -0.008 [-0.186, 0.156] -0.009 [-0.175, 0.158]
Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.078 [-0.019, 0.166] 0.092 [0.006, 0.181] 0.079 [-0.011, 0.170] 0.083 [-0.006, 0.170] 0.086 [-0.003, 0.176] 0.080 [-0.013, 0.172]
Weekend WP 0.050 [0.032, 0.068] 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] 0.049 [0.029, 0.068] 0.049 [0.029, 0.068]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.228 [0.222, 0.233] 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] 0.223 [0.217, 0.229] 0.223 [0.217, 0.229]
R2 within 0.118 [0.109, 0.128] 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] 0.123 [0.113, 0.133] 0.123 [0.113, 0.133]
Personality trait 0.079 [0.039, 0.118] 0.156 [0.103, 0.208] 0.110 [0.058, 0.162] -0.251 [-0.291, -0.211] 0.011 [-0.043, 0.065]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.015 [-0.019, 0.049] -0.001 [-0.045, 0.043] 0.033 [-0.010, 0.077] -0.035 [-0.071, 0.003] -0.012 [-0.058, 0.035]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.005 [-0.032, 0.044] 0.012 [-0.039, 0.064] 0.007 [-0.042, 0.058] 0.011 [-0.029, 0.051] -0.004 [-0.053, 0.046]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.017 [-0.034, 0.068] 0.015 [-0.048, 0.081] -0.010 [-0.074, 0.058] 0.019 [-0.037, 0.075] -0.002 [-0.070, 0.066]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP 0.021 [-0.017, 0.058] 0.005 [-0.043, 0.054] 0.033 [-0.016, 0.085] -0.025 [-0.062, 0.014] -0.017 [-0.067, 0.033]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP 0.033 [-0.079, 0.143] -0.047 [-0.206, 0.100] 0.031 [-0.119, 0.178] -0.059 [-0.186, 0.066] 0.171 [0.019, 0.320]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.079 [-0.019, 0.188] -0.017 [-0.144, 0.114] 0.048 [-0.081, 0.183] -0.001 [-0.103, 0.103] 0.061 [-0.078, 0.195]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP 0.066 [-0.128, 0.250] 0.066 [-0.189, 0.303] -0.174 [-0.466, 0.093] -0.065 [-0.301, 0.166] 0.081 [-0.183, 0.348]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.084 [-0.198, 0.035] 0.151 [0.004, 0.300] 0.029 [-0.127, 0.184] -0.041 [-0.160, 0.085] -0.045 [-0.197, 0.102]
Gender 0.000 [-0.062, 0.055] -0.038 [-0.106, 0.026] -0.047 [-0.115, 0.017] -0.036 [-0.103, 0.028] 0.045 [-0.017, 0.105] -0.025 [-0.092, 0.042]
Ethnicity -0.085 [-0.154, -0.023] -0.081 [-0.149, -0.012] -0.073 [-0.139, -0.005] -0.063 [-0.131, 0.007] -0.084 [-0.146, -0.020] -0.093 [-0.161, -0.024]
SES -0.023 [-0.108, 0.066] -0.029 [-0.122, 0.063] -0.010 [-0.102, 0.081] -0.009 [-0.101, 0.083] -0.012 [-0.098, 0.075] -0.015 [-0.108, 0.079]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.022 [0.009, 0.035] 0.020 [0.007, 0.034] 0.021 [0.008, 0.034] 0.019 [0.006, 0.033] 0.016 [0.005, 0.029] 0.021 [0.008, 0.035]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.010 [-0.004, 0.025] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025] 0.011 [-0.005, 0.025] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025] 0.013 [-0.002, 0.028] 0.010 [-0.006, 0.025]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.011 [-0.007, 0.029] 0.000 [-0.019, 0.019] -0.001 [-0.019, 0.018] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.021] 0.003 [-0.014, 0.021] 0.001 [-0.017, 0.021]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.007 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.009 [-0.024, 0.005] -0.007 [-0.021, 0.007] -0.009 [-0.023, 0.005] -0.011 [-0.024, 0.002] -0.007 [-0.022, 0.007]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.003 [-0.044, 0.037] 0.003 [-0.040, 0.046] 0.009 [-0.033, 0.052] 0.003 [-0.040, 0.046] -0.002 [-0.042, 0.037] 0.003 [-0.041, 0.046]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.032 [-0.069, 0.008] -0.033 [-0.073, 0.005] -0.028 [-0.067, 0.010] -0.029 [-0.069, 0.009] -0.028 [-0.064, 0.007] -0.028 [-0.070, 0.010]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.059 [-0.014, 0.121] 0.054 [-0.028, 0.139] 0.051 [-0.030, 0.134] 0.062 [-0.022, 0.147] 0.041 [-0.036, 0.125] 0.049 [-0.033, 0.134]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.007 [-0.042, 0.048] 0.004 [-0.044, 0.058] -0.008 [-0.052, 0.046] -0.008 [-0.053, 0.049] -0.010 [-0.051, 0.044] -0.005 [-0.051, 0.052]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.024 [0.015, 0.035] 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] 0.026 [0.015, 0.039] 0.026 [0.015, 0.039]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.004 [-0.018, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.020, 0.010] -0.004 [-0.019, 0.010] -0.005 [-0.021, 0.010]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.016 [0.005, 0.027] 0.018 [0.007, 0.032] 0.019 [0.007, 0.033] 0.018 [0.007, 0.033] 0.018 [0.007, 0.031] 0.019 [0.007, 0.033]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.017 [-0.013, 0.047] 0.019 [-0.017, 0.051] 0.019 [-0.015, 0.052] 0.018 [-0.017, 0.051] 0.018 [-0.016, 0.051] 0.020 [-0.014, 0.052]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.044 [-0.068, -0.019] -0.029 [-0.055, -0.003] -0.029 [-0.056, -0.002] -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001] -0.028 [-0.054, -0.002] -0.028 [-0.055, -0.001]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.015 [-0.030, 0.056] 0.036 [-0.019, 0.094] 0.033 [-0.022, 0.091] 0.036 [-0.018, 0.092] 0.033 [-0.024, 0.090] 0.036 [-0.018, 0.093]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.017 [-0.046, 0.014] -0.012 [-0.045, 0.020] -0.011 [-0.047, 0.019] -0.010 [-0.046, 0.021] -0.010 [-0.046, 0.018] -0.011 [-0.047, 0.019]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.006 [-0.020, 0.007] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009] -0.005 [-0.018, 0.009] -0.005 [-0.019, 0.009]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.010 [0.001, 0.019] 0.015 [0.002, 0.026] 0.015 [0.002, 0.026] 0.016 [0.004, 0.027] 0.015 [0.003, 0.026] 0.015 [0.002, 0.026]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.018 [-0.012, 0.049] 0.027 [-0.005, 0.061] 0.027 [-0.006, 0.062] 0.027 [-0.004, 0.061] 0.028 [-0.005, 0.061] 0.027 [-0.004, 0.061]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.022 [-0.045, 0.002] -0.008 [-0.034, 0.017] -0.007 [-0.034, 0.020] -0.006 [-0.033, 0.021] -0.006 [-0.036, 0.018] -0.006 [-0.034, 0.021]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.022 [-0.018, 0.062] 0.043 [-0.003, 0.096] 0.044 [0.000, 0.099] 0.044 [0.000, 0.098] 0.043 [-0.002, 0.100] 0.043 [-0.002, 0.097]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.040, 0.004] -0.014 [-0.041, 0.012] -0.012 [-0.038, 0.013] -0.012 [-0.039, 0.012] -0.013 [-0.038, 0.011] -0.014 [-0.040, 0.012]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.003 [-0.016, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.017, 0.014] -0.003 [-0.017, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.016, 0.013] -0.003 [-0.017, 0.013] -0.002 [-0.016, 0.014]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.001 [-0.038, 0.034] -0.001 [-0.039, 0.037] -0.001 [-0.039, 0.036] 0.000 [-0.036, 0.037] -0.001 [-0.039, 0.036] -0.001 [-0.037, 0.035]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.025 [-0.013, 0.061] 0.024 [-0.012, 0.062] 0.024 [-0.012, 0.063] 0.024 [-0.012, 0.063] 0.025 [-0.011, 0.063] 0.025 [-0.011, 0.065]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.042 [-0.003, 0.091] 0.048 [-0.010, 0.108] 0.045 [-0.011, 0.104] 0.049 [-0.006, 0.113] 0.050 [-0.005, 0.107] 0.049 [-0.006, 0.108]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.027, 0.043] 0.013 [-0.030, 0.051] 0.012 [-0.029, 0.049] 0.013 [-0.024, 0.050] 0.011 [-0.025, 0.050] 0.014 [-0.024, 0.052]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.025, 0.033] 0.015 [-0.018, 0.046] 0.015 [-0.018, 0.047] 0.016 [-0.017, 0.048] 0.016 [-0.017, 0.045] 0.017 [-0.016, 0.049]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.021 [-0.041, 0.004] -0.014 [-0.037, 0.013] -0.014 [-0.037, 0.012] -0.012 [-0.036, 0.013] -0.014 [-0.037, 0.011] -0.013 [-0.036, 0.015]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.061, 0.043] -0.004 [-0.050, 0.047] 0.000 [-0.050, 0.049] 0.000 [-0.048, 0.050] -0.001 [-0.050, 0.050] 0.000 [-0.049, 0.049]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.002 [-0.021, 0.025] -0.007 [-0.029, 0.022] -0.008 [-0.030, 0.021] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.021] -0.008 [-0.029, 0.018] -0.007 [-0.030, 0.023]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.067 [-0.013, 0.154] 0.082 [-0.004, 0.163] 0.082 [0.000, 0.165] 0.084 [0.001, 0.165] 0.086 [0.002, 0.169] 0.081 [-0.001, 0.163]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.105 [-0.014, 0.231] 0.133 [0.013, 0.289] 0.130 [0.009, 0.287] 0.132 [0.014, 0.289] 0.128 [0.012, 0.282] 0.127 [0.009, 0.282]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.013 [-0.093, 0.070] -0.020 [-0.092, 0.064] -0.019 [-0.093, 0.057] -0.020 [-0.091, 0.059] -0.023 [-0.098, 0.063] -0.019 [-0.092, 0.063]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.082 [-0.044, 0.213] 0.101 [-0.027, 0.230] 0.097 [-0.024, 0.224] 0.108 [-0.017, 0.235] 0.103 [-0.021, 0.232] 0.101 [-0.021, 0.227]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.046 [-0.023, 0.120] 0.044 [-0.020, 0.127] 0.045 [-0.015, 0.125] 0.042 [-0.016, 0.123] 0.040 [-0.025, 0.118] 0.047 [-0.014, 0.130]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [-0.071, 0.122] 0.025 [-0.085, 0.154] 0.026 [-0.079, 0.152] 0.030 [-0.076, 0.155] 0.024 [-0.080, 0.134] 0.028 [-0.087, 0.153]
Intercept well-being 3.077 [2.972, 3.186] 3.116 [3.003, 3.231] 3.101 [2.989, 3.214] 3.087 [2.972, 3.200] 3.051 [2.943, 3.157] 3.104 [2.988, 3.219]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.198 [0.179, 0.221] 0.189 [0.169, 0.211] 0.184 [0.164, 0.206] 0.188 [0.168, 0.211] 0.157 [0.140, 0.177] 0.193 [0.173, 0.216]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.047 [0.035, 0.061] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.048 [0.035, 0.063] 0.048 [0.035, 0.062] 0.047 [0.034, 0.062] 0.048 [0.035, 0.062]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.029 [0.016, 0.044] 0.031 [0.018, 0.048] 0.031 [0.018, 0.049] 0.031 [0.019, 0.048] 0.031 [0.018, 0.048] 0.031 [0.018, 0.048]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.049 [0.031, 0.075] 0.042 [0.022, 0.069] 0.042 [0.022, 0.068] 0.042 [0.022, 0.069] 0.042 [0.018, 0.069] 0.042 [0.022, 0.069]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.024 [0.010, 0.039] 0.028 [0.016, 0.044] 0.028 [0.015, 0.044] 0.028 [0.016, 0.044] 0.028 [0.015, 0.043] 0.028 [0.015, 0.044]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.195 [0.102, 0.328] 0.211 [0.116, 0.335] 0.210 [0.118, 0.336] 0.206 [0.112, 0.328] 0.210 [0.114, 0.334] 0.203 [0.111, 0.324]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.191 [0.116, 0.287] 0.188 [0.109, 0.293] 0.191 [0.113, 0.297] 0.188 [0.108, 0.292] 0.193 [0.116, 0.299] 0.192 [0.113, 0.300]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.287 [0.145, 0.488] 0.428 [0.215, 0.768] 0.416 [0.211, 0.761] 0.429 [0.225, 0.772] 0.423 [0.225, 0.800] 0.420 [0.220, 0.746]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.097 [0.040, 0.184] 0.095 [0.029, 0.197] 0.088 [0.031, 0.184] 0.092 [0.031, 0.189] 0.089 [0.033, 0.190] 0.094 [0.032, 0.196]
R2 between 0.005 [0.001, 0.016] 0.018 [0.007, 0.034] 0.030 [0.015, 0.050] 0.018 [0.007, 0.033] 0.110 [0.080, 0.144] 0.008 [0.002, 0.019]
R2 CMC WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.001 [0.000, 0.010] 0.004 [0.000, 0.025] 0.008 [0.000, 0.032] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.023] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 Family WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.037] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.003 [0.000, 0.029] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.006 [0.000, 0.045] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.008 [0.000, 0.050] 0.006 [0.000, 0.040] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.035] 0.003 [0.000, 0.038] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.006 [0.000, 0.049] 0.025 [0.001, 0.099]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.011 [0.000, 0.060] 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.003 [0.000, 0.036] 0.002 [0.000, 0.021] 0.004 [0.000, 0.035]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.049] 0.004 [0.000, 0.044] 0.014 [0.000, 0.090] 0.006 [0.000, 0.058] 0.005 [0.000, 0.052]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.024 [0.000, 0.166] 0.046 [0.001, 0.225] 0.008 [0.000, 0.094] 0.009 [0.000, 0.094] 0.007 [0.000, 0.077]
Number of participants 932 790 790 790 790 790
Number of observations 16,664 14,491 14,491 14,491 14,491 14,491
Study 2
CMC WP -0.247 [-0.290, -0.201] -0.234 [-0.281, -0.187] -0.235 [-0.282, -0.188] -0.234 [-0.280, -0.187] -0.236 [-0.283, -0.188] -0.235 [-0.281, -0.188]
Mixed WP -0.054 [-0.108, 0.001] -0.075 [-0.131, -0.010] -0.072 [-0.126, -0.012] -0.077 [-0.131, -0.014] -0.076 [-0.129, -0.011] -0.078 [-0.136, -0.017]
Family WP 0.028 [-0.035, 0.092] 0.005 [-0.069, 0.073] 0.010 [-0.061, 0.077] 0.009 [-0.063, 0.075] 0.011 [-0.062, 0.080] -0.004 [-0.073, 0.062]
Weak ties WP -0.154 [-0.206, -0.104] -0.142 [-0.204, -0.083] -0.146 [-0.207, -0.087] -0.142 [-0.203, -0.083] -0.144 [-0.207, -0.086] -0.143 [-0.205, -0.085]
CMC * Family WP 0.000 [-0.144, 0.150] 0.002 [-0.169, 0.171] 0.004 [-0.161, 0.173] 0.005 [-0.161, 0.175] -0.006 [-0.171, 0.160] 0.005 [-0.161, 0.171]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.125 [0.010, 0.252] 0.132 [-0.004, 0.271] 0.119 [-0.019, 0.253] 0.126 [-0.015, 0.265] 0.117 [-0.022, 0.257] 0.125 [-0.011, 0.262]
Mixed * Family WP 0.120 [-0.143, 0.374] 0.080 [-0.243, 0.352] 0.103 [-0.199, 0.367] 0.116 [-0.194, 0.391] 0.116 [-0.213, 0.423] 0.068 [-0.249, 0.341]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.056 [-0.212, 0.135] 0.017 [-0.195, 0.227] 0.031 [-0.184, 0.233] 0.048 [-0.170, 0.254] 0.034 [-0.181, 0.231] 0.040 [-0.179, 0.247]
Weekend WP 0.108 [0.080, 0.136] 0.112 [0.080, 0.145] 0.112 [0.080, 0.144] 0.112 [0.080, 0.145] 0.112 [0.080, 0.144] 0.112 [0.079, 0.144]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.239 [0.230, 0.248] 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] 0.239 [0.229, 0.249] 0.239 [0.228, 0.249] 0.239 [0.229, 0.249]
R2 within 0.136 [0.121, 0.150] 0.136 [0.119, 0.154] 0.137 [0.120, 0.154] 0.137 [0.120, 0.154] 0.138 [0.121, 0.155] 0.137 [0.121, 0.154]
Personality trait 0.008 [-0.052, 0.068] 0.134 [0.055, 0.214] 0.121 [0.043, 0.200] -0.199 [-0.266, -0.133] 0.021 [-0.063, 0.107]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.046 [-0.013, 0.103] -0.015 [-0.095, 0.066] 0.038 [-0.040, 0.116] -0.072 [-0.137, -0.007] -0.030 [-0.108, 0.046]
Personality trait * Mixed WP 0.001 [-0.088, 0.084] 0.016 [-0.085, 0.110] 0.073 [-0.022, 0.170] -0.072 [-0.147, 0.004] -0.040 [-0.152, 0.065]
Personality trait * Family WP -0.012 [-0.097, 0.072] -0.009 [-0.116, 0.108] -0.066 [-0.189, 0.052] -0.053 [-0.148, 0.042] -0.176 [-0.293, -0.064]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.012 [-0.081, 0.057] 0.084 [-0.020, 0.181] 0.013 [-0.086, 0.109] -0.056 [-0.134, 0.019] -0.029 [-0.124, 0.065]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.048 [-0.258, 0.157] -0.054 [-0.332, 0.213] 0.040 [-0.257, 0.329] 0.114 [-0.096, 0.338] 0.084 [-0.190, 0.350]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP -0.020 [-0.184, 0.140] 0.179 [-0.052, 0.410] 0.035 [-0.180, 0.274] 0.001 [-0.167, 0.169] -0.016 [-0.227, 0.201]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.038 [-0.416, 0.371] -0.361 [-0.840, 0.091] -0.543 [-1.083, 0.044] -0.055 [-0.479, 0.320] -0.159 [-0.762, 0.423]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.151 [-0.111, 0.434] 0.136 [-0.211, 0.470] 0.007 [-0.337, 0.398] -0.235 [-0.505, 0.031] 0.000 [-0.339, 0.360]
Gender -0.036 [-0.127, 0.054] -0.055 [-0.158, 0.049] -0.074 [-0.173, 0.026] -0.076 [-0.177, 0.026] 0.020 [-0.081, 0.123] -0.052 [-0.153, 0.051]
Ethnicity -0.111 [-0.208, -0.011] -0.112 [-0.213, -0.007] -0.100 [-0.197, 0.005] -0.097 [-0.198, 0.008] -0.064 [-0.160, 0.041] -0.108 [-0.210, -0.003]
SES -0.126 [-0.252, 0.004] -0.103 [-0.248, 0.044] -0.099 [-0.240, 0.046] -0.086 [-0.228, 0.061] -0.092 [-0.229, 0.047] -0.102 [-0.248, 0.044]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.022 [0.001, 0.044] 0.026 [0.003, 0.050] 0.027 [0.005, 0.050] 0.023 [0.001, 0.048] 0.018 [-0.003, 0.040] 0.026 [0.004, 0.050]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.009 [-0.017, 0.033] 0.021 [-0.007, 0.051] 0.018 [-0.010, 0.049] 0.015 [-0.012, 0.045] 0.013 [-0.012, 0.043] 0.021 [-0.007, 0.051]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.005 [-0.023, 0.033] -0.006 [-0.036, 0.026] -0.006 [-0.035, 0.024] -0.007 [-0.035, 0.023] -0.010 [-0.038, 0.018] -0.004 [-0.033, 0.025]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.024 [-0.049, -0.001] -0.022 [-0.050, 0.004] -0.025 [-0.053, 0.000] -0.023 [-0.050, 0.003] -0.031 [-0.058, -0.006] -0.023 [-0.051, 0.004]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.048 [-0.117, 0.017] -0.045 [-0.123, 0.026] -0.042 [-0.117, 0.031] -0.040 [-0.114, 0.028] -0.036 [-0.106, 0.029] -0.044 [-0.120, 0.028]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.015 [-0.061, 0.043] -0.025 [-0.084, 0.043] -0.034 [-0.093, 0.031] -0.028 [-0.088, 0.038] -0.031 [-0.086, 0.033] -0.025 [-0.085, 0.042]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.002 [-0.106, 0.115] 0.001 [-0.136, 0.163] 0.019 [-0.112, 0.178] 0.002 [-0.135, 0.155] 0.017 [-0.117, 0.162] 0.012 [-0.125, 0.170]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.043 [-0.038, 0.132] 0.010 [-0.099, 0.112] 0.004 [-0.101, 0.105] 0.008 [-0.096, 0.106] -0.023 [-0.123, 0.075] 0.011 [-0.098, 0.115]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.038 [0.020, 0.059] 0.032 [0.014, 0.055] 0.031 [0.013, 0.055] 0.029 [0.011, 0.052] 0.030 [0.013, 0.053] 0.032 [0.014, 0.055]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance -0.016 [-0.040, 0.008] -0.011 [-0.036, 0.014] -0.008 [-0.033, 0.016] -0.011 [-0.036, 0.014] -0.011 [-0.037, 0.013] -0.012 [-0.036, 0.013]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.011 [-0.011, 0.035] 0.005 [-0.017, 0.028] 0.005 [-0.016, 0.028] 0.007 [-0.016, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.015, 0.028] 0.006 [-0.016, 0.030]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.032 [-0.026, 0.090] 0.018 [-0.046, 0.079] 0.017 [-0.048, 0.074] 0.018 [-0.046, 0.079] 0.023 [-0.035, 0.084] 0.020 [-0.046, 0.079]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.020 [-0.063, 0.023] -0.017 [-0.067, 0.032] -0.018 [-0.067, 0.028] -0.016 [-0.067, 0.037] -0.016 [-0.065, 0.031] -0.016 [-0.066, 0.032]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.048 [-0.132, 0.033] -0.023 [-0.136, 0.082] -0.007 [-0.113, 0.096] -0.020 [-0.126, 0.083] -0.029 [-0.138, 0.076] -0.028 [-0.139, 0.076]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.054 [-0.118, 0.016] -0.064 [-0.142, 0.008] -0.060 [-0.136, 0.014] -0.057 [-0.133, 0.016] -0.069 [-0.146, 0.002] -0.061 [-0.138, 0.018]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance -0.014 [-0.038, 0.010] -0.015 [-0.042, 0.012] -0.014 [-0.040, 0.013] -0.014 [-0.040, 0.011] -0.016 [-0.043, 0.010] -0.012 [-0.038, 0.012]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.006 [-0.011, 0.026] 0.003 [-0.021, 0.031] 0.005 [-0.019, 0.033] 0.006 [-0.018, 0.033] 0.004 [-0.021, 0.032] 0.005 [-0.019, 0.033]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.026 [-0.033, 0.084] 0.008 [-0.060, 0.075] 0.008 [-0.062, 0.074] 0.006 [-0.063, 0.072] 0.015 [-0.055, 0.077] 0.008 [-0.061, 0.072]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.051, 0.029] -0.018 [-0.073, 0.041] -0.017 [-0.070, 0.033] -0.014 [-0.071, 0.044] -0.012 [-0.063, 0.036] -0.015 [-0.067, 0.042]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.034 [-0.096, 0.028] -0.032 [-0.133, 0.072] -0.015 [-0.111, 0.085] -0.021 [-0.113, 0.078] -0.037 [-0.132, 0.064] -0.029 [-0.130, 0.069]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.048 [-0.106, 0.010] -0.047 [-0.115, 0.020] -0.050 [-0.120, 0.015] -0.039 [-0.109, 0.024] -0.051 [-0.119, 0.011] -0.045 [-0.112, 0.023]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.005 [-0.030, 0.020] 0.006 [-0.022, 0.036] 0.007 [-0.017, 0.037] 0.007 [-0.019, 0.036] 0.005 [-0.023, 0.034] 0.004 [-0.023, 0.033]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.046 [-0.112, 0.013] -0.025 [-0.104, 0.043] -0.021 [-0.098, 0.046] -0.026 [-0.104, 0.041] -0.021 [-0.100, 0.044] -0.021 [-0.095, 0.040]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.001 [-0.052, 0.045] 0.006 [-0.050, 0.057] 0.006 [-0.045, 0.058] 0.007 [-0.047, 0.058] 0.007 [-0.049, 0.061] 0.003 [-0.048, 0.052]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.037 [-0.052, 0.137] 0.044 [-0.064, 0.173] 0.016 [-0.089, 0.137] 0.033 [-0.066, 0.157] 0.053 [-0.059, 0.198] 0.038 [-0.060, 0.158]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.033 [-0.042, 0.102] 0.033 [-0.055, 0.120] 0.031 [-0.057, 0.118] 0.030 [-0.058, 0.118] 0.027 [-0.065, 0.113] 0.026 [-0.058, 0.109]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.036 [-0.019, 0.101] 0.021 [-0.057, 0.093] 0.027 [-0.046, 0.096] 0.026 [-0.048, 0.097] 0.025 [-0.045, 0.095] 0.026 [-0.049, 0.097]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.022 [-0.019, 0.072] 0.024 [-0.016, 0.085] 0.022 [-0.017, 0.078] 0.024 [-0.016, 0.085] 0.029 [-0.010, 0.090] 0.026 [-0.015, 0.088]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.036 [-0.104, 0.033] -0.020 [-0.117, 0.080] -0.002 [-0.091, 0.091] -0.022 [-0.116, 0.074] -0.018 [-0.117, 0.088] -0.028 [-0.128, 0.077]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.009 [-0.052, 0.082] 0.040 [-0.031, 0.128] 0.031 [-0.038, 0.117] 0.030 [-0.038, 0.117] 0.031 [-0.036, 0.120] 0.038 [-0.033, 0.128]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.071 [-0.032, 0.195] 0.073 [-0.064, 0.214] 0.079 [-0.054, 0.223] 0.075 [-0.060, 0.220] 0.071 [-0.058, 0.213] 0.072 [-0.059, 0.211]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.058 [-0.261, 0.175] -0.027 [-0.321, 0.271] -0.004 [-0.286, 0.282] -0.012 [-0.291, 0.279] -0.053 [-0.364, 0.251] -0.023 [-0.327, 0.263]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.057 [-0.251, 0.178] -0.062 [-0.314, 0.161] -0.061 [-0.295, 0.173] -0.065 [-0.299, 0.162] -0.057 [-0.289, 0.173] -0.079 [-0.317, 0.145]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.144, 0.145] 0.011 [-0.185, 0.230] 0.016 [-0.164, 0.205] 0.019 [-0.181, 0.237] 0.001 [-0.206, 0.222] 0.002 [-0.201, 0.212]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.018 [-0.098, 0.176] 0.043 [-0.088, 0.214] 0.035 [-0.092, 0.190] 0.030 [-0.103, 0.189] 0.042 [-0.083, 0.201] 0.035 [-0.097, 0.201]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.028 [-0.154, 0.212] -0.021 [-0.312, 0.312] -0.022 [-0.304, 0.271] -0.023 [-0.314, 0.293] -0.012 [-0.316, 0.309] -0.024 [-0.322, 0.293]
Intercept well-being 3.164 [3.003, 3.320] 3.187 [3.011, 3.367] 3.186 [3.015, 3.359] 3.174 [3.001, 3.351] 3.094 [2.924, 3.263] 3.179 [3.001, 3.361]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.190 [0.164, 0.224] 0.176 [0.146, 0.214] 0.167 [0.139, 0.204] 0.169 [0.140, 0.205] 0.154 [0.128, 0.188] 0.176 [0.146, 0.213]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.069 [0.047, 0.096] 0.052 [0.031, 0.080] 0.053 [0.032, 0.081] 0.052 [0.032, 0.080] 0.052 [0.031, 0.079] 0.053 [0.031, 0.080]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.042 [0.024, 0.070] 0.043 [0.020, 0.081] 0.042 [0.018, 0.081] 0.039 [0.016, 0.077] 0.040 [0.018, 0.078] 0.043 [0.019, 0.080]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.057 [0.032, 0.093] 0.058 [0.028, 0.107] 0.055 [0.024, 0.101] 0.056 [0.025, 0.102] 0.059 [0.028, 0.107] 0.047 [0.019, 0.090]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.052 [0.028, 0.086] 0.056 [0.024, 0.098] 0.055 [0.024, 0.097] 0.056 [0.025, 0.098] 0.056 [0.026, 0.098] 0.059 [0.028, 0.102]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.353 [0.173, 0.604] 0.380 [0.169, 0.702] 0.377 [0.167, 0.688] 0.383 [0.176, 0.706] 0.353 [0.140, 0.650] 0.364 [0.158, 0.681]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.120 [0.044, 0.256] 0.142 [0.052, 0.296] 0.140 [0.048, 0.285] 0.145 [0.052, 0.299] 0.144 [0.056, 0.299] 0.140 [0.048, 0.299]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.405 [0.170, 0.839] 0.614 [0.200, 1.352] 0.532 [0.198, 1.203] 0.569 [0.210, 1.264] 0.703 [0.278, 1.489] 0.607 [0.180, 1.335]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.311 [0.132, 0.596] 0.454 [0.199, 0.896] 0.439 [0.189, 0.873] 0.426 [0.181, 0.853] 0.422 [0.176, 0.837] 0.466 [0.195, 0.912]
R2 between 0.015 [0.003, 0.039] 0.018 [0.004, 0.047] 0.037 [0.013, 0.073] 0.033 [0.011, 0.068] 0.080 [0.041, 0.132] 0.018 [0.004, 0.045]
R2 CMC WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.067] 0.003 [0.000, 0.032] 0.006 [0.000, 0.052] 0.029 [0.001, 0.101] 0.004 [0.000, 0.040]
R2 Mixed WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.073] 0.005 [0.000, 0.062] 0.026 [0.000, 0.146] 0.038 [0.000, 0.159] 0.010 [0.000, 0.091]
R2 Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.055] 0.005 [0.000, 0.057] 0.016 [0.000, 0.116] 0.015 [0.000, 0.102] 0.106 [0.013, 0.304]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.004 [0.000, 0.041] 0.022 [0.000, 0.116] 0.004 [0.000, 0.047] 0.017 [0.000, 0.091] 0.005 [0.000, 0.047]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.005 [0.000, 0.059] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.005 [0.000, 0.060] 0.012 [0.000, 0.096] 0.006 [0.000, 0.067]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.009 [0.000, 0.087] 0.040 [0.000, 0.212] 0.008 [0.000, 0.102] 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] 0.007 [0.000, 0.082]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.120] 0.043 [0.000, 0.232] 0.089 [0.001, 0.311] 0.008 [0.000, 0.085] 0.016 [0.000, 0.168]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.017 [0.000, 0.120] 0.010 [0.000, 0.094] 0.007 [0.000, 0.078] 0.038 [0.000, 0.167] 0.005 [0.000, 0.059]
Number of participants 414 305 305 305 305 305
Number of observations 6,722 5,117 5,117 5,117 5,117 5,117
Study 3
CMC WP -0.332 [-0.386, -0.280] -0.328 [-0.383, -0.271] -0.318 [-0.373, -0.261] -0.327 [-0.385, -0.271] -0.323 [-0.378, -0.267] -0.322 [-0.377, -0.265]
Mixed WP -0.028 [-0.094, 0.038] -0.029 [-0.096, 0.039] -0.037 [-0.102, 0.032] -0.034 [-0.102, 0.031] -0.042 [-0.106, 0.023] -0.037 [-0.101, 0.029]
Family WP -0.286 [-0.355, -0.214] -0.304 [-0.379, -0.226] -0.296 [-0.367, -0.220] -0.304 [-0.374, -0.233] -0.295 [-0.368, -0.223] -0.296 [-0.370, -0.221]
Weak ties WP -0.289 [-0.362, -0.216] -0.308 [-0.386, -0.227] -0.315 [-0.393, -0.230] -0.301 [-0.379, -0.224] -0.304 [-0.379, -0.223] -0.292 [-0.369, -0.209]
CMC * Family WP 0.228 [0.068, 0.376] 0.207 [0.047, 0.371] 0.240 [0.084, 0.401] 0.219 [0.068, 0.376] 0.220 [0.062, 0.383] 0.249 [0.085, 0.404]
CMC * Weak ties WP 0.252 [0.106, 0.393] 0.264 [0.119, 0.408] 0.277 [0.133, 0.437] 0.273 [0.120, 0.420] 0.265 [0.124, 0.414] 0.251 [0.099, 0.401]
Mixed * Family WP 0.175 [-0.100, 0.415] 0.077 [-0.178, 0.327] 0.045 [-0.206, 0.305] 0.061 [-0.208, 0.332] 0.035 [-0.206, 0.297] 0.101 [-0.188, 0.351]
Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.156 [-0.473, 0.118] -0.149 [-0.442, 0.149] -0.215 [-0.528, 0.124] -0.179 [-0.482, 0.104] -0.231 [-0.536, 0.103] -0.185 [-0.460, 0.085]
Weekend WP 0.243 [0.211, 0.274] 0.252 [0.219, 0.284] 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] 0.252 [0.219, 0.285] 0.251 [0.218, 0.284] 0.250 [0.217, 0.283]
Well-being WP residual variance 0.936 [0.916, 0.955] 0.943 [0.924, 0.963] 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] 0.944 [0.924, 0.965] 0.940 [0.921, 0.961]
R2 within 0.097 [0.090, 0.106] 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] 0.102 [0.094, 0.112] 0.103 [0.094, 0.111] 0.103 [0.094, 0.113] 0.103 [0.094, 0.112]
Personality trait 0.357 [0.277, 0.436] 0.275 [0.174, 0.379] 0.194 [0.098, 0.287] -0.491 [-0.562, -0.419] 0.039 [-0.054, 0.131]
Personality trait * CMC WP 0.044 [-0.031, 0.123] -0.032 [-0.130, 0.064] 0.086 [0.002, 0.172] -0.073 [-0.141, -0.001] 0.011 [-0.071, 0.095]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -0.069 [-0.165, 0.025] -0.072 [-0.177, 0.039] -0.029 [-0.136, 0.073] 0.033 [-0.052, 0.118] 0.018 [-0.084, 0.114]
Personality trait * Family WP 0.086 [-0.019, 0.194] 0.047 [-0.079, 0.174] 0.048 [-0.065, 0.158] -0.077 [-0.170, 0.018] 0.007 [-0.108, 0.121]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -0.001 [-0.111, 0.112] 0.099 [-0.039, 0.236] 0.038 [-0.078, 0.159] -0.009 [-0.105, 0.089] 0.047 [-0.072, 0.164]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -0.042 [-0.265, 0.188] -0.033 [-0.304, 0.238] -0.019 [-0.258, 0.220] 0.113 [-0.098, 0.308] -0.037 [-0.276, 0.221]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP 0.058 [-0.141, 0.268] -0.122 [-0.391, 0.154] 0.015 [-0.223, 0.267] -0.022 [-0.207, 0.162] 0.029 [-0.208, 0.241]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP -0.055 [-0.418, 0.319] -0.072 [-0.496, 0.391] 0.092 [-0.251, 0.462] 0.102 [-0.234, 0.434] -0.107 [-0.548, 0.312]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -0.213 [-0.620, 0.262] 0.056 [-0.496, 0.620] 0.050 [-0.460, 0.511] 0.018 [-0.356, 0.372] -0.076 [-0.549, 0.374]
Gender -0.128 [-0.252, -0.005] -0.147 [-0.273, -0.024] -0.180 [-0.307, -0.052] -0.179 [-0.309, -0.052] 0.080 [-0.043, 0.197] -0.174 [-0.302, -0.045]
Ethnicity -0.125 [-0.252, -0.005] -0.070 [-0.193, 0.053] -0.128 [-0.260, -0.003] -0.104 [-0.232, 0.024] -0.070 [-0.185, 0.041] -0.144 [-0.274, -0.016]
SES -0.047 [-0.198, 0.110] -0.050 [-0.208, 0.105] -0.021 [-0.185, 0.138] -0.027 [-0.186, 0.131] -0.058 [-0.201, 0.088] -0.019 [-0.186, 0.141]
Well-being - CMC WP covariance 0.079 [0.033, 0.125] 0.070 [0.027, 0.116] 0.082 [0.035, 0.129] 0.073 [0.027, 0.122] 0.063 [0.022, 0.106] 0.079 [0.029, 0.129]
Well-being - Mixed WP covariance 0.008 [-0.042, 0.063] 0.014 [-0.039, 0.065] 0.010 [-0.040, 0.066] 0.002 [-0.052, 0.054] 0.016 [-0.032, 0.068] 0.002 [-0.056, 0.057]
Well-being - Family WP covariance 0.069 [0.008, 0.129] 0.063 [0.002, 0.123] 0.071 [0.013, 0.132] 0.071 [0.007, 0.134] 0.057 [0.004, 0.112] 0.074 [0.010, 0.139]
Well-being - Weak ties WP covariance -0.008 [-0.073, 0.053] 0.004 [-0.059, 0.069] -0.007 [-0.071, 0.061] -0.001 [-0.066, 0.063] -0.002 [-0.058, 0.057] 0.001 [-0.065, 0.068]
Well-being - CMC * Family WP covariance 0.003 [-0.120, 0.127] -0.003 [-0.121, 0.117] -0.003 [-0.135, 0.123] 0.003 [-0.130, 0.134] 0.015 [-0.099, 0.132] -0.005 [-0.137, 0.135]
Well-being - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.052 [-0.177, 0.074] -0.079 [-0.196, 0.039] -0.053 [-0.176, 0.073] -0.073 [-0.206, 0.050] -0.077 [-0.186, 0.035] -0.053 [-0.175, 0.078]
Well-being - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.078 [-0.137, 0.318] 0.128 [-0.087, 0.350] 0.144 [-0.087, 0.344] 0.132 [-0.106, 0.334] 0.161 [-0.037, 0.352] 0.161 [-0.087, 0.376]
Well-being - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.027 [-0.239, 0.254] 0.031 [-0.198, 0.272] 0.004 [-0.228, 0.256] -0.012 [-0.234, 0.243] 0.039 [-0.182, 0.261] -0.004 [-0.274, 0.263]
CMC WP - Mixed WP covariance 0.065 [0.028, 0.115] 0.076 [0.037, 0.119] 0.068 [0.026, 0.116] 0.070 [0.029, 0.119] 0.066 [0.027, 0.114] 0.072 [0.028, 0.120]
CMC WP - Family WP covariance 0.051 [0.004, 0.101] 0.058 [0.007, 0.111] 0.056 [0.001, 0.113] 0.061 [0.012, 0.115] 0.060 [0.006, 0.121] 0.061 [0.009, 0.113]
CMC WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.000 [-0.049, 0.045] -0.003 [-0.068, 0.054] -0.003 [-0.065, 0.052] -0.010 [-0.059, 0.039] -0.005 [-0.061, 0.047] -0.010 [-0.062, 0.043]
CMC WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.089 [-0.190, 0.011] -0.075 [-0.170, 0.030] -0.092 [-0.191, 0.009] -0.071 [-0.179, 0.036] -0.085 [-0.190, 0.024] -0.074 [-0.179, 0.025]
CMC WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.124 [-0.234, -0.036] -0.118 [-0.219, -0.024] -0.133 [-0.240, -0.033] -0.135 [-0.236, -0.041] -0.148 [-0.257, -0.049] -0.106 [-0.213, -0.001]
CMC WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.043 [-0.179, 0.116] -0.035 [-0.177, 0.094] -0.056 [-0.215, 0.089] -0.020 [-0.168, 0.129] -0.038 [-0.187, 0.117] -0.028 [-0.176, 0.135]
CMC WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.039 [-0.209, 0.101] -0.054 [-0.224, 0.125] -0.071 [-0.243, 0.104] -0.081 [-0.269, 0.073] -0.094 [-0.295, 0.070] -0.070 [-0.254, 0.123]
Mixed WP - Family WP covariance 0.012 [-0.041, 0.069] 0.022 [-0.040, 0.086] 0.019 [-0.045, 0.081] 0.021 [-0.034, 0.081] 0.017 [-0.037, 0.083] 0.012 [-0.041, 0.076]
Mixed WP - Weak ties WP covariance -0.018 [-0.080, 0.041] -0.020 [-0.077, 0.038] -0.017 [-0.078, 0.051] -0.031 [-0.091, 0.032] -0.024 [-0.088, 0.042] -0.024 [-0.088, 0.040]
Mixed WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.053 [-0.181, 0.054] -0.046 [-0.151, 0.071] -0.080 [-0.189, 0.068] -0.051 [-0.174, 0.070] -0.069 [-0.194, 0.055] -0.056 [-0.178, 0.046]
Mixed WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.068 [-0.184, 0.048] -0.045 [-0.142, 0.061] -0.048 [-0.156, 0.045] -0.029 [-0.142, 0.084] -0.056 [-0.174, 0.045] -0.041 [-0.156, 0.059]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.022 [-0.121, 0.122] -0.025 [-0.144, 0.120] -0.010 [-0.156, 0.128] -0.001 [-0.125, 0.123] 0.000 [-0.161, 0.148] -0.027 [-0.168, 0.109]
Mixed WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.109 [-0.269, 0.064] -0.074 [-0.276, 0.110] -0.104 [-0.281, 0.099] -0.086 [-0.248, 0.104] -0.095 [-0.247, 0.054] -0.088 [-0.266, 0.074]
Family WP - Weak ties WP covariance 0.125 [0.052, 0.194] 0.125 [0.051, 0.201] 0.123 [0.051, 0.200] 0.124 [0.059, 0.199] 0.117 [0.046, 0.193] 0.133 [0.066, 0.212]
Family WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.342 [-0.469, -0.225] -0.360 [-0.495, -0.244] -0.363 [-0.505, -0.240] -0.362 [-0.507, -0.243] -0.347 [-0.486, -0.221] -0.364 [-0.504, -0.238]
Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.169 [-0.286, -0.047] -0.179 [-0.310, -0.056] -0.176 [-0.308, -0.049] -0.171 [-0.297, -0.052] -0.175 [-0.313, -0.051] -0.192 [-0.321, -0.056]
Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.080 [-0.216, 0.111] -0.094 [-0.290, 0.095] -0.121 [-0.298, 0.080] -0.109 [-0.282, 0.087] -0.093 [-0.252, 0.090] -0.096 [-0.268, 0.120]
Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.167 [-0.044, 0.376] 0.184 [-0.057, 0.460] 0.190 [-0.063, 0.424] 0.172 [-0.079, 0.394] 0.190 [-0.047, 0.435] 0.190 [-0.047, 0.435]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Family WP covariance -0.110 [-0.232, 0.015] -0.131 [-0.278, 0.005] -0.145 [-0.281, -0.025] -0.143 [-0.298, -0.003] -0.135 [-0.277, 0.024] -0.168 [-0.330, -0.025]
Weak ties WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance -0.180 [-0.324, -0.070] -0.216 [-0.360, -0.090] -0.212 [-0.353, -0.098] -0.209 [-0.339, -0.103] -0.202 [-0.349, -0.094] -0.241 [-0.391, -0.122]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance -0.015 [-0.186, 0.140] -0.011 [-0.225, 0.176] -0.029 [-0.208, 0.134] -0.047 [-0.267, 0.135] -0.026 [-0.236, 0.154] -0.045 [-0.209, 0.145]
Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.070 [-0.132, 0.358] 0.129 [-0.108, 0.343] 0.101 [-0.099, 0.319] 0.042 [-0.186, 0.274] 0.079 [-0.136, 0.325] 0.077 [-0.132, 0.273]
CMC * Family WP - CMC * Weak ties WP covariance 0.261 [0.029, 0.517] 0.254 [0.039, 0.526] 0.292 [0.068, 0.582] 0.283 [0.041, 0.582] 0.302 [0.039, 0.587] 0.331 [0.058, 0.629]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.238 [-0.044, 0.540] 0.314 [0.000, 0.689] 0.340 [0.017, 0.697] 0.333 [-0.035, 0.740] 0.328 [-0.004, 0.727] 0.371 [0.003, 0.736]
CMC * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.242 [-0.606, 0.196] -0.232 [-0.732, 0.206] -0.263 [-0.682, 0.204] -0.158 [-0.700, 0.268] -0.188 [-0.626, 0.240] -0.257 [-0.628, 0.220]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Family WP covariance 0.108 [-0.165, 0.384] 0.125 [-0.158, 0.431] 0.132 [-0.143, 0.434] 0.159 [-0.110, 0.476] 0.144 [-0.206, 0.492] 0.191 [-0.059, 0.495]
CMC * Weak ties WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance 0.111 [-0.260, 0.432] 0.025 [-0.317, 0.481] 0.085 [-0.253, 0.575] 0.193 [-0.162, 0.673] 0.159 [-0.198, 0.670] 0.139 [-0.195, 0.597]
Mixed * Family WP - Mixed * Weak ties WP covariance -0.016 [-0.359, 0.403] -0.027 [-0.424, 0.452] -0.090 [-0.505, 0.315] -0.010 [-0.464, 0.511] -0.010 [-0.446, 0.501] 0.000 [-0.446, 0.592]
Intercept well-being 1.306 [1.104, 1.511] 1.280 [1.083, 1.487] 1.321 [1.112, 1.535] 1.304 [1.093, 1.510] 1.130 [0.938, 1.313] 1.327 [1.115, 1.535]
Intercept well-being residual variance 0.678 [0.610, 0.756] 0.563 [0.501, 0.633] 0.609 [0.543, 0.683] 0.613 [0.547, 0.690] 0.488 [0.435, 0.550] 0.629 [0.562, 0.706]
Slope CMC WP residual variance 0.142 [0.098, 0.194] 0.152 [0.103, 0.208] 0.146 [0.100, 0.203] 0.145 [0.098, 0.209] 0.145 [0.096, 0.206] 0.154 [0.103, 0.211]
Slope Mixed WP residual variance 0.106 [0.061, 0.163] 0.124 [0.071, 0.184] 0.118 [0.067, 0.181] 0.120 [0.065, 0.191] 0.116 [0.063, 0.185] 0.124 [0.072, 0.189]
Slope Family WP residual variance 0.267 [0.201, 0.348] 0.282 [0.206, 0.373] 0.283 [0.211, 0.374] 0.293 [0.213, 0.386] 0.288 [0.210, 0.380] 0.290 [0.216, 0.383]
Slope Weak ties WP residual variance 0.195 [0.119, 0.286] 0.213 [0.129, 0.314] 0.199 [0.120, 0.300] 0.205 [0.134, 0.295] 0.206 [0.128, 0.309] 0.206 [0.126, 0.315]
Slope CMC * Family WP residual variance 0.836 [0.515, 1.208] 0.880 [0.566, 1.284] 0.897 [0.558, 1.307] 0.925 [0.581, 1.328] 0.888 [0.550, 1.325] 0.930 [0.572, 1.378]
Slope CMC * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.512 [0.269, 0.846] 0.500 [0.230, 0.820] 0.539 [0.285, 0.874] 0.560 [0.329, 0.908] 0.554 [0.313, 0.916] 0.544 [0.305, 0.908]
Slope Mixed * Family WP residual variance 0.551 [0.161, 1.190] 0.688 [0.283, 1.338] 0.645 [0.309, 1.303] 0.658 [0.302, 1.417] 0.659 [0.279, 1.332] 0.652 [0.295, 1.225]
Slope Mixed * Weak ties WP residual variance 0.961 [0.337, 1.604] 1.021 [0.403, 1.966] 1.075 [0.471, 2.106] 1.005 [0.411, 1.973] 1.056 [0.430, 2.114] 1.010 [0.512, 2.002]
R2 between 0.006 [0.001, 0.017] 0.062 [0.039, 0.087] 0.030 [0.015, 0.051] 0.021 [0.009, 0.039] 0.140 [0.104, 0.178] 0.011 [0.003, 0.025]
R2 CMC WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.026] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.010 [0.000, 0.040] 0.012 [0.000, 0.046] 0.001 [0.000, 0.013]
R2 Mixed WP 0.010 [0.000, 0.058] 0.007 [0.000, 0.045] 0.003 [0.000, 0.031] 0.004 [0.000, 0.039] 0.002 [0.000, 0.024]
R2 Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.033] 0.002 [0.000, 0.018] 0.002 [0.000, 0.017] 0.007 [0.000, 0.032] 0.001 [0.000, 0.012]
R2 Weak ties WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.008 [0.000, 0.048] 0.002 [0.000, 0.025] 0.002 [0.000, 0.020] 0.003 [0.000, 0.028]
R2 CMC * Family WP 0.002 [0.000, 0.022] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019] 0.001 [0.000, 0.018] 0.005 [0.000, 0.038] 0.002 [0.000, 0.019]
R2 CMC * Weak ties WP 0.003 [0.000, 0.042] 0.005 [0.000, 0.053] 0.003 [0.000, 0.030] 0.002 [0.000, 0.027] 0.003 [0.000, 0.027]
R2 Mixed * Family WP 0.007 [0.000, 0.080] 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] 0.006 [0.000, 0.060] 0.009 [0.000, 0.090] 0.008 [0.000, 0.098]
R2 Mixed * Weak ties WP 0.013 [0.000, 0.101] 0.006 [0.000, 0.067] 0.006 [0.000, 0.071] 0.005 [0.000, 0.054] 0.005 [0.000, 0.068]
Number of participants 843 746 741 745 745 743
Number of observations 21,096 19,133 19,070 19,129 19,121 19,079

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being in S1 and S2 and affect balance in S3 (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are unstandardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; Gender: 0 = male, 1 = female; Ethnicity: 0 = Anglo/White only, 1 = Non-Anglo/White, multi-ethnic; SES: 0 = less than some college, 1 = at least one parent completed some college; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with one-tailed p < .005.

Meta-Analysis

Analysis 1a

Table S5.6
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Social interaction WP .325 [.311, .340] .327 [.312, .342] .330 [.316, .345] .329 [.314, .343] .327 [.312, .342] .329 [.315, .344]
Social interaction BP .117 [.072, .163] .090 [.039, .141] .120 [.071, .168] .140 [.092, .188] .124 [.078, .170] .142 [.094, .191]
Personality trait .148 [.115, .181] .131 [.100, .163] .122 [.090, .155] -.337 [-.368, -.307] .014 [-.019, .046]
Personality trait * Social interaction WP -.016 [-.069, .037] .057 [.004, .110] -.036 [-.088, .015] .089 [.036, .141] .011 [-.041, .063]

Note: Effect of social interactions on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Social interaction = any kind of social interaction; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 1b

Table S5.7
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
FtF WP .418 [.402, .434] .417 [.398, .437] .418 [.399, .438] .418 [.399, .438] .417 [.398, .437] .420 [.400, .439]
CMC WP .106 [.087, .124] .109 [.085, .132] .127 [.107, .147] .109 [.086, .132] .103 [.081, .126] .124 [.104, .144]
Mixed WP .381 [.358, .404] .383 [.360, .406] .386 [.363, .409] .385 [.362, .408] .382 [.359, .405] .383 [.360, .406]
FtF BP .155 [.101, .209] .122 [.063, .182] .144 [.087, .202] .163 [.105, .220] .128 [.072, .183] .162 [.105, .219]
CMC BP -.015 [-.067, .038] -.014 [-.071, .042] -.008 [-.064, .048] .001 [-.054, .057] .015 [-.038, .067] .009 [-.046, .064]
Mixed BP .152 [.105, .200] .123 [.069, .176] .145 [.093, .196] .165 [.114, .215] .147 [.098, .197] .166 [.116, .217]
Personality trait .138 [.105, .171] .129 [.098, .161] .121 [.089, .153] -.331 [-.361, -.301] .017 [-.015, .049]
Personality trait * FtF WP -.020 [-.071, .031] .082 [.031, .134] -.043 [-.093, .007] .110 [.059, .161] .022 [-.029, .072]
Personality trait * CMC WP -.021 [-.089, .047] -.005 [-.074, .063] .011 [-.057, .078] .043 [-.024, .111] .032 [-.036, .100]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.058 [-.114, -.003] .051 [-.004, .107] -.037 [-.092, .018] .118 [.062, .174] .011 [-.043, .066]

Note: Effect of FtF interactions, CMC, and mixed episodes on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 1c

Table S5.8
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
Close peers WP .389 [.370, .408] .399 [.379, .418] .402 [.382, .422] .399 [.379, .419] .397 [.377, .416] .398 [.378, .418]
Family WP .273 [.243, .303] .278 [.243, .313] .281 [.246, .316] .278 [.243, .313] .278 [.243, .313] .276 [.241, .311]
Weak ties WP .102 [.075, .129] .116 [.085, .147] .118 [.088, .149] .115 [.084, .146] .117 [.087, .148] .122 [.091, .153]
Close peers BP .138 [.087, .190] .115 [.058, .172] .145 [.089, .201] .172 [.117, .227] .144 [.092, .197] .172 [.117, .227]
Family BP .058 [.007, .109] .094 [.040, .148] .083 [.028, .137] .093 [.039, .147] .087 [.035, .139] .095 [.041, .150]
Weak ties BP -.011 [-.065, .042] -.018 [-.075, .040] -.006 [-.062, .051] -.001 [-.057, .056] -.000 [-.054, .054] .006 [-.051, .063]
Personality trait .150 [.118, .183] .130 [.097, .162] .118 [.086, .151] -.337 [-.368, -.307] .013 [-.019, .046]
Personality trait * Close peers WP -.037 [-.092, .018] .032 [-.024, .087] -.057 [-.112, -.002] .102 [.046, .157] .009 [-.046, .063]
Personality trait * Family WP -.002 [-.063, .059] .048 [-.012, .108] -.028 [-.089, .033] .046 [-.016, .108] .006 [-.055, .067]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP -.063 [-.162, .036] .096 [.002, .191] .008 [-.085, .100] .115 [.017, .214] .007 [-.087, .102]

Note: Effect of close peers, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: no social interaction), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2a

Table S5.9
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.414 [-.441, -.388] -.403 [-.433, -.374] -.400 [-.429, -.371] -.404 [-.434, -.374] -.404 [-.434, -.375] -.403 [-.432, -.373]
Mixed WP -.027 [-.059, .006] -.029 [-.066, .008] -.032 [-.067, .004] -.031 [-.066, .005] -.031 [-.066, .005] -.033 [-.068, .002]
Family WP -.144 [-.182, -.106] -.163 [-.205, -.121] -.159 [-.200, -.118] -.155 [-.197, -.112] -.152 [-.194, -.110] -.159 [-.200, -.117]
Weak ties WP -.314 [-.347, -.282] -.323 [-.357, -.288] -.329 [-.364, -.294] -.320 [-.354, -.286] -.322 [-.357, -.288] -.325 [-.360, -.291]
Personality trait .149 [.117, .181] .146 [.113, .179] .116 [.082, .150] -.335 [-.367, -.304] .018 [-.016, .051]
Personality trait * CMC WP .058 [-.004, .119] -.016 [-.076, .045] .090 [.028, .151] -.117 [-.181, -.054] -.027 [-.087, .032]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.042 [-.128, .045] -.012 [-.097, .074] .031 [-.056, .119] .027 [-.062, .116] -.008 [-.093, .077]
Personality trait * Family WP .056 [-.012, .124] .032 [-.036, .099] .019 [-.048, .087] -.060 [-.130, .010] -.021 [-.089, .048]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .026 [-.045, .098] .040 [-.031, .110] .046 [-.025, .116] -.063 [-.133, .006] -.006 [-.075, .063]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

Analysis 2b

Table S5.10
Baseline Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness
CMC WP -.405 [-.432, -.377] -.390 [-.419, -.361] -.387 [-.416, -.358] -.395 [-.424, -.365] -.393 [-.423, -.363] -.390 [-.419, -.360]
Mixed WP -.025 [-.059, .008] -.036 [-.073, .002] -.044 [-.081, -.007] -.044 [-.082, -.006] -.049 [-.085, -.013] -.045 [-.081, -.009]
Family WP -.130 [-.172, -.088] -.133 [-.179, -.087] -.150 [-.194, -.105] -.158 [-.201, -.114] -.158 [-.202, -.114] -.155 [-.200, -.110]
Weak ties WP -.320 [-.352, -.289] -.313 [-.353, -.273] -.314 [-.355, -.274] -.308 [-.348, -.268] -.313 [-.353, -.273] -.307 [-.349, -.266]
CMC * Family WP .066 [-.028, .159] .053 [-.053, .160] .086 [-.017, .189] .069 [-.037, .174] .050 [-.052, .153] .084 [-.022, .191]
CMC * Weak ties WP .279 [.201, .357] .280 [.189, .371] .269 [.170, .368] .266 [.169, .362] .255 [.155, .355] .244 [.147, .341]
Mixed * Family WP .160 [.001, .319] .069 [-.104, .242] .043 [-.108, .195] .072 [-.105, .249] .060 [-.129, .249] .080 [-.093, .254]
Mixed * Weak ties WP .034 [-.087, .154] .116 [-.008, .240] .094 [-.045, .233] .033 [-.099, .165] .035 [-.095, .165] .022 [-.116, .160]
Personality trait .143 [.110, .175] .146 [.112, .179] .114 [.080, .148] -.332 [-.363, -.300] .017 [-.017, .051]
Personality trait * CMC WP .058 [-.003, .119] -.017 [-.077, .043] .080 [.020, .141] -.109 [-.172, -.046] -.016 [-.076, .044]
Personality trait * Mixed WP -.030 [-.118, .058] -.017 [-.100, .066] .019 [-.066, .104] .004 [-.080, .088] -.005 [-.087, .077]
Personality trait * Family WP .056 [-.020, .132] .028 [-.045, .102] .006 [-.067, .079] -.053 [-.131, .025] -.037 [-.113, .038]
Personality trait * Weak ties WP .019 [-.060, .098] .070 [-.011, .150] .053 [-.026, .132] -.062 [-.139, .016] -.008 [-.085, .070]
Personality trait * CMC * Family WP -.005 [-.088, .078] -.028 [-.110, .054] .010 [-.072, .092] .030 [-.057, .116] .054 [-.029, .138]
Personality trait * CMC * Weak ties WP .063 [-.032, .157] -.007 [-.099, .084] .032 [-.061, .126] -.008 [-.095, .080] .032 [-.058, .122]
Personality trait * Mixed * Family WP .017 [-.107, .141] -.028 [-.146, .090] -.081 [-.201, .040] -.012 [-.138, .114] -.003 [-.132, .127]
Personality trait * Mixed * Weak ties WP -.043 [-.174, .088] .104 [-.025, .234] .023 [-.116, .162] -.081 [-.204, .042] -.032 [-.156, .091]

Note: Effect of CMC, mixed episodes, family, and weak ties on well-being and affect balance (reference category: FtF interactions with close peers), controlling for demographic variables. Shown are standardized estimates with 95% credible intervals in square brackets. Meta-analytical results are based on a linear fixed-effects meta-analysis of the individual estimates from the three samples. FtF = face-to-face interactions; CMC = computer-mediated communication; Mixed = mix of FtF and CMC; Close peers = interactions with friends, roommates, and/or significant others; Family = interactions with family members; Weak ties = interactions with classmates, co-workers, and/or strangers; WP = within-person; BP = between-person; E = extraversion; A = agreeableness; C = conscientiousness; N = neuroticism; O = openness. All models were estimated in Mplus using the Bayesian estimator with uninformed priors. Coefficients in bold are significant with two-tailed p < .01.

S6: Plots

Simple Slope Plots

Social interaction

Figure S6.1

Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,533, observations N = 120,973). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Figure S6.2


Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,533, observations N = 120,973). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

FtF

Figure S6.3

Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Figure S6.4


Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Mixed

Figure S6.5

Note: Shown are simple slopes for two levels of neuroticism: 1 SD below the mean (low) and 1 SD above the mean (high). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Figure S6.6


Note: Shown are simple slopes for five levels of neuroticism: 2 SD below the mean, 1 SD below the mean, average, 1 SD above the mean, and 2 SD above the mean. The plots were generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

CMC * Weak Ties

Figure S6.7

Note: Interaction effect between mode of communication and type of interaction partner. The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 3,036, observations N = 59,110). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Johnson Neyman Plots

Social interaction

Figure S6.8

Note: Shown are simple slopes for varying levels of neuroticism. Neuroticism was grand-mean centered (max = 1.89, min = -2.03). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,533, observations N = 120,973). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

FtF

Figure S6.9

Note: Shown are simple slopes for varying levels of neuroticism. Neuroticism was grand-mean centered (max = 1.89, min = -2.02). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

Mixed

Figure S6.10

Note: Shown are simple slopes for varying levels of neuroticism. Neuroticism was grand-mean centered (max = 1.89, min = -2.02). The plot was generated in a pooled data set, which included data from all three studies (participants N = 2,531, observations N = 120,315). Due to the differences in scales across studies, well-being was z-standardized before merging the three data sets (max = 1.5, min = -3).

S7: Power Analysis

Table S7.1
Parameter Poulation estimate Average estimate Population SD Average SE MSE CI coverage % sig
Social interaction WP 0.184 0.184 0.007 0.006 0.000 0.934 1.000
Social interaction BP 0.285 0.287 0.053 0.053 0.003 0.935 1.000
Personality trait * Social interaction WP 0.029 0.029 0.009 0.008 0.000 0.930 0.929

Note: Results of a Monte Carlo power simulation for the power to detect small (standardized coefficient = 0.10) within-person and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being. Number of samples = 1,000; Level 2 sample size = 3,075 participants; Level 1 sample size = 45 observations per participant.

We conducted a Monte Carlo power simulation to calculate the power we had to detect small (standardized coefficient = 0.10) within- and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being. A standardized within- or between-person coefficient of 0.10 indicates that social interactions explain 1% of the within- or between-person variance in well-being, respectively. A standardized cross-level interaction effect of 0.10 indicates that personality explains 1% of the random slope variance of social interactions predicting well-being.

The parameters for the population model were generated as described in Arend & Schäfer (2019):

  1. To obtain realistic estimates of the variances and covariances, we created a pooled data set and specified (a) a null model in which we estimated the unconditional variances of social interactions and well-being (i.e., without predictors), and (b) a random intercept-random slope model for the within-person relationship between social interactions and well-being, in which we estimated the unconditional random slope variance (i.e., without the cross-level interaction effect). From the null model, we derived the within- and between-person variances of well-being (within: 0.583, between: 0.431) and social interactions (within: 0.173, between: 0.053). From the random intercept-random slope model, we derived the random slope variance (0.048) and the random intercept-random slope covariance (-0.036). The mean of personality was set to 0 and the variance was set to 0.589 (variance of neuroticism in the pooled data set). The Level 2 mean of social interactions was set to 0.690 (adapted from the null model) and the Level 2 intercept of well-being was set to -0.200 (expected value for a person who never interacts if the overall mean is 0).

  2. We adjusted the standardized coefficients to the scales in the empirical data set using the following equation:
    standardized coefficient * sd outcome / sd predictor (see Equation 15 in Arend & Schäfer, 2019).
    This resulted in the following parameters for the simulation:
    Level 1 effect (Int -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.583) / sqrt(0.173) = 0.184
    Level 2 effect (Int -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.431) / sqrt(0.053) = 0.285
    Level 2 effect (P -> WB): 0.10 * sqrt(0.431) / sqrt(0.589) = 0.086
    Cross-level interaction effect (P -> S): 0.10 * sqrt(0.048) / sqrt(0.589) = 0.029

  3. We adjusted the residual variances of well-being and the residual variance of the random slope to account for the variance explained, as described by Arend & Schäfer (2019). Specifically, the residual variances were estimated as:
    Residual variance WB within: 0.583 * 0.99 = 0.577 (1% of the variance explained)
    Residual variance WB between: 0.431 * 0.98 = 0.422 (2% of the variance explained)
    Residual variance slope: 0.048 * 0.99 = 0.048 (1% of the variance explained)

Based on these input parameters, we generated 1,000 samples (level 2 sample size = 3,075 participants, level 1 sample size = 45 observations per participant; total number of observations = 138,375) and determined the proportion of samples in which the estimates were significant (alpha = 0.05). The results indicated that we had 100% power to detect small within- and between-person effects of social interactions on well-being and 93% power to detect a small cross-level interaction effect between personality and social interactions in the prediction of well-being.

S8: Reliabilites

The reliabilities (McDonald’s omega) for the individual traits were as follows: .87 (extraversion), .78 (agreeableness), .79 (conscientiousness), .82 (neuroticism), and .79 (openness) in S1; .87 (extraversion), .78 (agreeableness), .80 (conscientiousness), .81 (neuroticism), and .79 (openness) in S2; .87 (extraversion), .81 (agreeableness), .83 (conscientiousness), .89 (neuroticism), and .84 (openness) in S3.